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The Conditions for Admission Access Equity and the
Social Contract of Public Universities 1st Edition John
Douglass Digital Instant Download
Author(s): John Douglass
ISBN(s): 9781435608962, 1435608968
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.21 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
THE CONDITIONS
FOR ADMISSION

John Aubrey Douglass

Stanford University Press

 t h e co n d it io n s fo r a d mi ssi o n

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S4065.indb ii 2/7/07 6:57:23 AM
 THE CONDITIONS
FOR ADMISSION
Access, Equity, and the Social Contract
of Public Universities

john aub r ey d o u glas s

sta nfor d uni v e rs i ty p re s s

Stanford, California
2007

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 ©2007 by John Aubrey Douglass. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted

in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system without the prior
written permission of Stanford University Press.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free,

archival-quality paper

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Douglass, John Aubrey.

The conditions for admission : access, equity, and
the social contract of public universities / John Aubrey
Douglass.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8047-5558-0 (cloth : alk. paper)—
ISBN 978-0-8047-5559-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Public universities and colleges—United States—
Admission. 2. Educational equalization—United States.
I. Title. II. Title: Access, equity, and the social contract
of public universities.

LB2351.2.D68 2007
378.1⬘610973 — dc22
2006100234

Typeset by Newgen in 10.5/13 Bembo

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 To my inspiring daughters,
Claire and Aubrey,
and my beloved Jill

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S4065.indb vi 2/7/07 6:57:24 AM
 contents

List of Figures and Tables ix

Preface xi

Part I Building a Public University and Creating

the Social Contract 1
1. The Public University Movement
and California 3
2. Building a Higher Education
System and Broadening Access 31
3. Inclusion, Exclusion, and the Issue
of Race 46

Part II The Managerial University and

the Post–World War II Era 77
4. The Master Plan, the SAT, and Managing
Demand 79
5. Countervailing Forces: Standardized
Testing and Affirmative Action 93
6. For Every Action a Reaction: Race,
Bakke, and the Social Contract Revisited 120

Part III Modern Battles over Equity,

Affirmative Action, and Testing 149
7. California’s Affirmative-Action Fight 151
8. The First Aftermath: Outreach and
Comprehensive Review 184

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 viii Contents

9. The Second Aftermath: President Atkinson

Versus the SAT 214

Part IV Whither the Social Contract? The Postmodern

World and the Primacy of Higher Education 235
10. Perils and Opportunities: Autonomy,
Merit, and Privatization 237
11. The Waning of America’s Higher
Education Advantage 261

Notes 293
Index 323

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 f i g u r e s a n d ta b l e s

Figures
2.1 Enrollment growth in California public
higher education: 1900 –1950 38
2.2 Percentage of Berkeley and UCLA freshman
admitted as special action: 1930 –1970 42
4.1 Berkeley and UCLA admissions: Freshmen, advance
standing (transfers), and special action students: 1930 –1960 89
5.1 University of California special action
freshman admissions: 1960 –1990 118
7.1 University of California freshman eligibility rates:
1983, 1990, and 1996 155
7.2 University of California total minority
enrollment by racial group: 1980 and 1995 157
7.3 California high school graduates and University of
California enrollment by racial/ethnic group: 1995 158
8.1 Post-Proposition 209 changes in underrepresented minority
enrollment in the UC system by campus: 1997–1999 189
8.2 Funding allocations for University of California
outreach by program area: 2000 –2001 196
8.3 University of California freshman underrepresented minority
applications, admissions, and enrollment and post-proposition
209 policies: 1995 –2002 210
10.1 Differential fees among a sample group of public and private
universities: 2003 –2004 253
11.1 U.S. high school graduating classes of 1972 and 1992
and accumulative higher education degree attainment
nine years later (in percentage) 265

ix

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 x Figures and Tables

11.2 Percentage change in student enrollment

by area of world: 1990 –1997 268

Tables
4.1 BOARS 1958 study: Comparing high
school and first-semester UC freshman GPAs 87
4.2 BOARS 1958 study: UC freshman admissions by status,
high school, and UC Berkeley GPA 88
4.3 BOARS 1958 study: Comparison of junior college transfers
and regular and special action admits enrolled at UC
Berkeley and UCLA 89
5.1 Estimate of California public high school seniors
and UC freshmen by race/ethnicity: 1973 –1974 107
5.2 Major University of California EOP and student
affirmative-action programs and funding sources: 1965 –1979 109
6.1 Major court cases related to access and equity
in higher education: 1954 –1996 122
6.2 UC Berkeley freshman applicants,
admits, and enrolled: 1975 –1995 127
6.3 Criteria and weighting for Tier 2 supplemental regular
admission to UC Berkeley: 1980 –1988 130
6.4 UC Berkeley freshman admissions tiers: Admits
and likelihood to enroll, 1988 131
7.1 Percentage of undergraduate minority enrollment,
University of California: 1968, 1975, 1980, and 1995 156
8.1 California underrepresented high school graduates
and University of California enrollment by admission status:
1994 –2002 212
9.1 Explained variance in UC first-year GPA: Fall 1996 –Fall 1999 225
11.1 Private and public benefits to higher education participation 281
11.2 Percentage of fifteen-year-olds’ occupational expectations by
age thirty in selected OECD countries: 2000 286
11.3 Projection of U.S. postsecondary participation, steady
state and benchmark: 2000 –2015 290

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 preface

Why most states chose to create public universities in the mid-1800s and,
in essence, to reject a model of private institutions solely fulfilling the
higher education needs of the United States marks a profound shift in the
course of the nation’s development. It is a choice that relatively few histo-
rians have broached in much detail. Yet the character of our contemporary
public universities and, arguably, much of the nation’s economic growth
and its relatively high rates of socioeconomic mobility relate directly to this
powerful movement.
The route to mass higher education in the United States came through
the progressive attempts of state governments to create public universities,
buttressed and prodded at key moments by federal funding aid and influ-
ence. Although it began slowly, no other nation embarked with such en-
thusiasm on a model of widely accessible higher education. A remarkable
aspect of this early push to establish public universities was the relatively low
initial demand. The actual number of Americans enrolling in some form of
higher education would remain small well into the twentieth century. Gov-
ernment and public university leaders ventured to nurture and encourage
this demand; the charters of these institutions and their subsequent admis-
sions policies sought wide participation among America’s population—
although with many ugly caveats—that formed a social contract that grew
more expansive and more complex over time.
Research for this book began as I was completing another on how Cali-
fornia developed its pioneering higher education system, The California Idea
and American Higher Education (Stanford University Press, 2000). More than
midway through that effort, I was asked by the University of California’s
academic senate to develop a series of policy briefs on the development
of admissions policy at the university focused on the question of author-
ity for “setting the conditions of admission”: the faculty, the university’s
board of regents, or the administration. This request came just after the
board of regents decided in 1995 to effectively end affirmative action and,

xi

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 xii Preface

more specifically, the use of race and ethnicity as factors in admission, hir-
ing, and contracting. These reports helped support ideas for alternative ap-
proaches to admissions and successfully advocated a greater faculty role in
setting not only admissions standards but in overseeing the actual process of
admissions— a revival of the senate’s historical responsibilities.
As I delved into the university’s early efforts to set the conditions for
admissions and to broaden participation in California higher education, and
assessed the highly charged political environment surrounding university
admissions, I sensed there was an important need to tell a tale central to the
American experience; my hope was also to enlighten contemporary policy-
makers and the public on the historical purpose of public universities.
Archival resources form the basis of most of the early chapters in this
book, including extensive use of the University of California’s main ar-
chives located at the Bancroft Library on the Berkeley campus, the records
of the University of California board of regents located in the University of
California Office of the President in Oakland, the records of the universi-
ty’s academic senate, the California State Library, and the California State
Archives in Sacramento. I also made trips to the archives of a number of
major universities, including Pennsylvania State University and the Uni-
versity of Michigan, and I made use of a growing body of digital resources
that include original charters and other documents related to the Univer-
sity of Virginia, the City University of New York, MIT, the University of
Wisconsin, and other institutions.
The work of previous historians also greatly informed and shaped my
analysis, particularly Harold S. Wechsler’s The Qualified Student (1977) and
Marcia Graham Synnott’s The Half Open Door (1979). These and other im-
portant works reflected to some degree a fascination with the admissions
policies at Ivy League and similar selective private institutions. But there
is a dearth of analysis regarding the unique history and mission of public
universities and a general lack of understanding regarding the complex and
very different political world in which they must operate. As I argue in
later chapters of this book, and while reserving an important role for the
nation’s collection of private colleges and universities, the future of Amer-
ica’s democratic experiment and its global economic competitiveness are
tied directly to the future vitality of its public universities.
Over the course of my research, I interviewed or discussed admissions
policy and the role of public universities with a number of higher education
leaders, most whom reviewed various chapters or related articles, includ-
ing Clark Kerr, David Gardner, Albert Bowker, Jack Peltason, Michael Ire
Heyman, Karl Pister, Robert Berdahl, and Richard Atkinson (all were, at

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 Preface xiii

one time, a University of California chancellor or president of the system),

David Ward, and Katharine C. Lyall. Various colleagues read portions of
the manuscript and offered their criticisms and constructive comments as
well. They include Marian Gade, who offered many important critiques
and corrections, Pat Hayashi, C. Judson King, Philo Hutchinson, Bruce
Leslie, Todd Greenspan, and Pamela Burdman. John R. Thelin, in particu-
lar, provided me with perhaps the most beneficial overall review of the
evolving manuscript.
I was also influenced by discussions and written works by a host of col-
leagues, including Martin Trow, Tom Kane, William G. Tierney, Warren
Fox, Bruce Hamlett, Bruce Johnstone, Norton Grubb, Philip Altbach,
Brian Pusser, Robert Shireman, Sheldon Rothblatt, Arnie Lieman, Daniel
Simmons, Keith Widaman, Duncan Mellichamp, Steven Brint, Margaret
Miller, Roger Geiger, Calvin Moore, Richard Flacks, Rudy Alverez, and
Dennis Galligani. Particularly in reference to the last two chapters related
to higher education policy among competitor nations, I gained the input
of a number of non-American scholars, including David Palfreyman and
Ted Tapper at the Oxford Centre for Studies in Higher Education, Sarah
Guri-Rosenblit, Guy Neave, Michael Shattock, Gareth Perry, Clark Brun-
din, Roger Brown, Celia M. Whitchurch, Marijk van der Wende, and
Christine Musselin. Final work on the manuscript occurred while I was
a visiting professor at Science Po, and discussion with faculty and graduates
there and with colleagues at the OECD on the path of reform in the Euro-
pean Union helped fashion additional observations in these final chapters.
Kate Wahl and others at Stanford University Press provided much needed
guidance and an enthusiasm for the topic and content of the resulting book.
My thanks to Andy Sieverman for his assistance in the final production of
the manuscript.
Finally, it appears a cliché but it is an irrefutable truth that family and
friends make all the difference in a large and time-consuming venture. My
deepest of thanks and indebtedness to my wife, Jill Shinkle, who patiently
and critically read numerous reiterations of chapters; a smile for my two
daughters, Claire and Aubrey, who watched as I toiled in my home office
through a number of ups and downs. I also have been informed by friends
and acquaintances with children who, captured by the modern competi-
tion to get their child into the right college or university, regularly con-
versed about the dynamics of admissions practices at selective institutions.
Attesting to the primacy of higher education in the postmodern world,
many students in the United States, and increasingly throughout the world,
are intensely vying for a place at a brand-name college and university. For

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 xiv Preface

public universities in the business of, essentially, dispersing a highly sought

public good, this means increased scrutiny and political pressure. How these
essential institutions have made these choices, and how they may do it in
the future, is the subject of this book.

John Aubrey Douglass

Center for Studies in Higher Education
University of California—Berkeley
November 2006

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 t h e co n d it io n s fo r a d mi ssi o n

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S4065.indb xvi 2/7/07 6:57:25 AM
 Part I

Building a Public University and Creating

the Social Contract

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S4065.indb 2 2/7/07 6:57:25 AM
 Chapter 1

The Public University Movement and California

Among the universities of America there is none which has sprung up by itself
like Bologna or Paris or El Azhar or Oxford, none founded by an Emperor
like Prague, or by a Pope like Glasgow. All have been the creatures of private
munificence or denominational zeal or State action. Their history is short
indeed compared with that of the universities of Europe. Yet it is full of inter-
est, for it shows a steady growth, it records many experiments, it gives valuable
data for comparing the educational results of diverse systems.
—Lord James Bryce, The American Commonwealth, 1891
Now comes the turn of this new “Empire State.” California, queen of
the Pacific, is to speak from her golden throne, and decree the future of her
University.
—Daniel Coit Gilman, inaugural address as the second
the president of the University of California, 1872

In 1872, three years after the completion of the transcontinental railroad,

Daniel Coit Gilman boarded a train in New Haven, Connecticut. It was
the start of a journey that lasted just over a week, a dramatic new chapter
in the opening of the American West. Gilman, a geographer, historian, and
well-known member of the nation’s emerging scientific community, was
leaving Yale’s Sheffield Scientific School to become the second president
of the University of California, a new land-grant university chartered in
1868. There were a number of reasons he exchanged the prestige of Yale
for California. One was the relatively low status Yale faculty gave to the sci-
ences and to practical training—a common feature of most private colleges
and the smattering of private institutions that called themselves universities.
Yale would eventually change in this regard, but it was slow in doing so,
and Gilman was impatient. Another reason was more personal: His wife
had recently died, leaving him to raise two young daughters, the younger
of whom had become ill.
California offered a milder climate and a new setting, far from the mem-
ories of New Haven. But perhaps the most compelling reason for his jour-
ney to California was the opportunity to shape one of the nation’s new
state universities. The University of California was to be a modern public
university, serving the broad needs of society, embracing literature and the

S4065.indb 3 2/7/07 6:57:25 AM

Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
real now than then, and the approvings of conscience some way
c^me with rebukes that c«i.U8ed tears to flow. %k
 38 MARV: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID He felt
something akin to real penitence for a life that had not been always
up to the ideal that this debate had caused him to exalt. As he fell
back he closed his eyes and turned his face from his canter ; the act
was a prayer to be helped to shut out of his mind the picture of
gilded lust depicted by the false teacher that stood by. For a few
moments the wounded man was left to his own thoughts, and then
his heart went out toward home, crying like a sick or lost child in the
night, for " Mother t ** Once more he returned to that duality of
existence which comes when one enters into personal
introspections. There seemed to be two Sir Charleroys, one writing
the history of the other, and the writer was recording such estimates
as these : " As he lay there, nigh death, he drew near to God. He
had once been a rover, seeking the wildest pleasures^)f the
European capitals ; but meeting passion, presented as the ultimate
of life, for all eternity, his soul recoiled from it, and ho became the
herald of purity. Once he had friends, wealth, and physical prowosja
; but he squandered them as a prodigal ; when he lay bleeding,
powerless in body, amid strangers, a slave, he rose to the majesty of
a moral giant." The Sir Gharleroy that was thus reviewed was
comforted, and he stood off from the picture in imagination to
admire it, as one standing before a mirror. Just then he thought of
his mother and Mary, his ideal, standing on either side of him, before
the same presentment. It might have been a dream ; but he
believed they smiled through tears, pressed their beating hearts to
his, and upheld him by their arms with tenderness and strength. His
captor left him for a few moments only, undisturbed At a sign from
Azrael, he was soon carried away by a guard ; the parley was ended,
and he that had so bravely spoken doomed to confront that that is
to the vigorous mind the worst of happenings, uncertainty. For
months the captive mechanically submitted to the fortunes of the
Sheik's caravan ; in health improving ; in spirit depressed, numbed.
The knight had constantly before him threlB grim certainties, escape
impossible ; rebellion useless ; each day hope darkened by further
departure from the sea. The captive's treatment from the Sheik was
not unkind. - The latter met him by times with a sort of courtly
condescension, varied only by an occasional penetrating, questioning
glance. They had little conversation, yet the Sheik's looks plainly said
: '* When thou are subdued, sue for favours ; they'll be granted." De
GrifBn nursed his pride and
 OF DA VID AND MOTHER OF JESUS, 39 firmness, and
prevented all familiarity on Azrael's part. The latter was puzzled
sometimes, sometimes angered ; but he was too polite to show liis
feelings. For months the only conversation between the two alert,
strcng men, might be summed up in these words on the Sheik's part
: " Slave, freedom and heaven are sweet." ** Knight, Allah knows
only the followers of the Prophet an ftiends." On the knight's part a
look of scorn or an expression of disgust was the sole reply. In the
Sheik's retinue was another captive, a Jew. Ho was constantly near
the knight ; for being more fully trusted than the latter, the Sheik
had made the Israelite in part the custodian of the Christian. The
knight discerned the relationship very quickly ; though both Jew and
chief endeavoured to conceal it. Sir Gharleroy, at the first, treated
his companion captive with loathing and resentment, as a spy. After
a time, the "sphinx, eyes open, mouth shut," as Azrael described Sir
Charleroy, deemed it wise and politic to make the Jew his ally. The
resolution once formed, he found many circumstances to aid in
bridging the gulf that separated the captive aifd his guard ; the
cultured Teutonic leader and the wandering Israelite. They both
hated the same man, their captor ; both loathed the religion he was
covertly aiming to lure them to ; both were anxious for freedom.
They gave voice to these feelings when together, alone, and ere long
sympathy made theia friends. The next step was natural and easy ;
the stronger mind took the leadership of the two, and Sir Charleroy
became teacher ; his keeper became his pupil and woUgL The twain,
one day, after this change of relation, walked together conversing,
on a hill overlooking Jericho, by which place the Sheik's caravan was
encamped. " Ichabod, thou wearest a fitting nama" " I suppose so,
since my mother gave it. But why say so now ? " "Ichabod, 'glory
departed,' thou art like thy people — despoiled." " Oh, Lord I how
long 1 piously exclaimed the Jew. " Till Shiloh comes ! " " Verily it is
so written," was the Jew's reply. " But he has come, Israelite 1 " "
Where % " the startled Jew questioned, drawing back as if he
expected his, to him mysterious, companion to throw back his tunic
and declare, " lam He! " " In the world and in my heart."
 40 AfARV: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID w ** Ah,
Sir Knight, Israel's desolation refutes all that." ** Jew, thine eyes are
veiled. I'll teach thee to see Him yet." The Jew was puzzled. The
twain fell into prolonged converse, and then in that lone place the
Crusader waxed eloquent, preaching Christ and Him crucified to one
of Abraham's seed. When the two captives descended to their tents,
each was conscious of a new peculiar joy. One had the joy of having
proclaimed exalted truth, faithfully, to the almost persuading of his
hearer; the other was moving about in the growing delight and
wonder of a new dawning ^jiith. At frequent intervals Ichabod
besought the Ic night to take him " io the mountain." Each visit
thither was a delight to the new inquirer. On such a journey one day
spoke lohabod : " Christian, I am consumed with anxiety to hear thy
words, and anxiety lest they do me harm. I am thinking, thinking by
day, and, what little time my thoughts permit sleep, I'm filled with
wondrous dreams ! I fear to lose my old faith, and yet it becomes
like Dead Sea apples under the light of this new way. So new, so
infatuating. None I've met, and I've met many, ever so moved me.
Why, knight I've traversed half the world ; sometimes as wealth's
favorite, sometimes of necessity in misfortune ; I've seen the faiths
of Egypt and India in their homes, and walked amid the temples of
great Rome, but with abiding contempt for all not Israelitish. Not so
this creed pf the knight afi^ects me." " And for good reason ; I offer
thee the true, new, refined, and final Judaism ! " ** It seems so,
and yet I tremble. I dare not doubt : that's sin ; but here's the
puzzle that harasses me : What if, in doubting these things I'm now
told, I be doubting the very truth, the Jewish faith I " ** Ichabod,
thy heart has been a buried seed awaiting the spring. It has come.
** Oh, knight, I'm trusting my dear soul to thee. As a dog his
master, a maid her lover, so blindly I follow thee. I cannot go back ;
I cannot pause, nor can I go onward alone. I'm in the misery of a
joy too great to be borne, almost, and yet too much my master to
be given up. Oh, knight, thou art so wise, 80 strong ! Steady me ;
hold me up I I can only pray «nd adjure thee to be sincere with me ;
only sincere ; that's ail^ as sincere as if thou wert ministering to the
ills of a sick man battling death."
 OF DA VI D AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 41 The child of
Abraham, with a sudden movement, flung his arms with all
vehemence about Sir Charleroy. The East and West embracing, truth
leading, love triumphant " i'oor Ichabod, if thou hadst no soul, thy
clingings and yearnings would bind me to thee faithfully. Thou hast
tried to gi\e me charge over that that is immortal. A Higher Being
has it in loving trust ; were it not so, I'd turn in dread from thy
confiding ! " '' Is mine so bad a soul, master ? " " Indeed, no. Its
preciousness to Him that created it is what would make me dread its
partial custody." " Thou'lt help me, master, now % " " For three
objects I'll willingly die ; my mother ; our lady ; and the soul of one
who abandons himself, as thou, to my poor pilotage." " Then thou
strangely lovest me. Oh ! this but more persuades me that thy faith
is right ; it makes thee so good to a stranger, a slave, a hated Jew !
" " But then we are so apart, and so unlike each other ! " " No, Jew,
I want to show you that humanity ic^ one. The very creed I'm trying
to teach thee and would fairx have all thy race, ay, all mankind, fully
understand, is full of love, joy, peace. These follow it as naturally as
the flower the stem, the humming the flying wing made to fly and
be musical." " Oh, my dear light, with thee I'm in joy and
wilderment. Thy presence seems to bring me hosts of crowned
truths, all seeking to enter my being. I feel like a tired runner ready
to faint when thou'rt absent, but when thou talkest the tired runner
is plunged into a cooling ocean, whose circling waves, as it were
charged with the stimulus of tempered lightnings, glowing with a
million rainbows, overwhelm, lift up, and rest him. I'm floating
thereon now." " Thy strange fancies make me wonder, Ichabod." "
Wonder ! Why, my strength dies from over-wonder. I was ill for
hours yesterday. Light to my sweat-blinded, feverish eyes, all calm
and healing comes when I yield to thy will ; but still all my joy is
haunted by ghosts, which rise in daymare troops, pointing
rebukingly to labyrinths into which I seem to be pushed. I
sometimes wonder if I'm seeing real spirits or going mad." " Dost
pray^ Jew 1 " "I dare not live without praying."
 42 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID " Then
tell the All-Pitiful what thou hast this day told to me. He loves the
sincere, down to the deepest hell of doubt, and from it all, at last,
will lead tamulted souls safely. An honest doubt is a real prayer, well
winged ; quickly it reaches heaven, at whose porta) it dies to rise
again all peace." CHAPTER VIII. FKOM JR.-^ICHO TO JORDAN. "
Through aiina of sense, perveraities of will, Through doubt and pain,
through guilt and shame and ill, Thy pitying Eye is on Thy creature
still." " Wilt Thou not make, eternal Source and Goal, In Thy l« ig
years life's broken circle whole. And change to praise the cry of a
lost soul ? " Whittikr. Jew and Crusader came to love each other
after the manner of David and Jonathan, and they were both made
stronger and happier men on account of this loving. " Sir Charleroy,
a year gone to day, thou and I climbed to glory." '* Thou hast a
prolific imagination or I a poor memory. I have no remembrance of
either climbing or glory of a year ago." "I may well remember the
greatest day of my life ; the day thou tookst me up yon hill over
against Jericho ; I saw, as Elisha, the mountains, that day, full of the
chariots and angels of God." " But, Jew, the chariot separated Elijah
and Elisha ; we were, in thy * great day,' made one." " True, but I
got the prophet's insight and power. Oh ! now I see Shiloh coming in
the redemption of Jew and Gentile." " Radiant proselyte, give God,
not me, the glory." *• ril call thee, knight, Jordan — my Jordan." "
The Jew rambles amid strange conceptions. Why am I like that
mighty stream 1 " '* Its bed and banks, God's cup ; they nobly
serve, catching the pure waters of mountain springs and heaven's
clouds, to bear them, mingled with sweet Galilee, to the black
burning lips of Sodom's plains below. I was a dead sea, alive alone
to
 AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 43 misery; nothing to me but my
historic past, and that sinstained. I'm now refreshed and purified ;
sor e time there'll be life growing about me ! " " The highlands of
Galilee gather from heaven, oceans of sweet, pure water, which
Jordan, year after year, night and day, hurries down to the Asphalt
sea ; but still that sea remains lifeless and bitter. Even so, the clean,
white truth comes to some, lifelong, yet vainly. I think I'm little like
Jordan, but much like that sea." " And yet, knight, all is not vain that
seems so. I learned this once, long ago, in the vale of Siddim, by the
sea of Lot. As I entered that place of desolation, I thought of
Gehenna ! The lime-cliffs about, all barren and pitiless as the walls
of a furnace, shut out the breezes, and intensified the sun's
scorching rays. A solemn stillness, unbroken by wind, wave, or voice
of life, was there ; suffocating, plutonic odours ladened the air, and a
fog hung over that watery winding>sheet of the cities of the plain. I
watched that overhanging cloud until my heated brain shaped it into
a vast company of shades ; the ghostly forms of the overwhelmed
denizens of those accursed habitations, now in mute terror and
confusion, holdihj to one another desperately ; fearing to go to final
judgment. Once I thought they were together trying to look down
into the depths, perchance to seek for vestiges of their ancient,
earthly habitations. These fancies grew and grew upon me, mad
dreamer that I was, until I was nigh to desperate fright ; but I found
some little angels on the shore who comforted." " Angels at Sodom f
" " Even so. The first was light and liquid silver ; it sang a bar of
nature's tireless, varied melody by my footsteps. Ah ! the little, fresh
spring that burst forth through the rim of the crystalline basin, was
an angel to me. Then I found others here and there. At first I was
glad, then I began to pity them, and to wish I could change their
courses. They all wended their ways to the desolate sea, and their
sweet currents were swallowed up in the yawning gulf of death. *
Vainly/ I said at first Then I saw other angels in the forms of
bending willows, and gorgeous oleanders. Just then it all came to
me ; the springs, though small and few, were not in vain. The
oleanders and the willow, whose roots kissed their fresh life, were
evidences that the sprinss had been for good. Ay, more, the flowers
i-ejoioed me in these desolations more
 44 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DA VID than
could the rose gardens of the Temple in days of happiness. Tea,
knight, thou hast been a rivulet to Ichabod in a day when he
wandered as among arid mountains and dead seas." " Blest child of
Abraham, thy faith is great, though I be but a pitiable guide ; yet Til
adopt thy similies. Be thou and I, to each other, Jordan, rivulet and
flower by
 ^ DA VI D AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 46 le n-3 an "
Tcbabod, Ichabod ! " with trembliog voice and in a halfwhisper. It
was the Jew. " I did not mean to fright thee," he hurriedly explained
when he had recovered from his fear of being thrust through ; *' but
I've news ; bad news that would not wait ! " " What is the bad ? Is it
near ? " " Oh, knight, speak low — the news is bad enough, and the
ill, though not on us, close after us ! " '* Thou art excited, uiy friend
; sit down and then unfold the matter. Meanwhile I'll light a faggot."
" In truth, I can't sit, and I've reason to be nervous." Then the man
spread out his arms and his fingers as if he would stand all ready to
fly ; his eyes wide open, staring as he talked. '* Our Sheik leaves
Jericho to-morrow ; summoned by the sheriff of Mecca. The sheriff
is supreme to Moslem. The command is for war toward the east.
Blood, blood ; when will the world be done shedding blood 1 " "
Well, my loving alarmist," replied Sir Charleroy, coolly, " that's not
very bad news. If the Sheik leaves us, we'll be free ; if he takes us,
there will be a change, and for that I could almost cry * Blessed be
'Allah ! ' I am sickened, crushed, dry-rotted by this humdrum life ;
this slavery ; dancing abjeci; attendance on a gluttonous master,
whose soh^ object seem;} to be eatiog or dallying about the
marquees of his harem." " Oh, Sir Charleroy, the change has
dreadful things for usl" " Why ] " '^ I heard that the runner bringing
the mandate from Mecca brings also command that all prisoners,
such as we, must be made to embrace Islamism, enlist to die, if
need be, in this socalled holy war, or be sent to the slave-mart." "
This is a carnival for the furies ! Why, Ichabod, the latter is burial
alive; the former death with a dishonoured couseience ! " "Sir
Charleroy, I prefer the slrtvery." " Well, I prefer neither. Is the
mandate final ? " " Yes ; I've an order to commence packing at
sunrise ; by noun we will be enlisted or in chains." " Who gav« thee
these state secrets, so in detail 1 Perhaps 'tis only camp-fire gossip,
recounted for lack of novel ghost stories." " Ah ! 'tis too true. I'd
swear my life on it ! " "Hash, credulous ; but which now, comrade, I
canaob tell."
 46 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID **
Master, I had this from one that loves me as I love thee; the young
Nourahmal,^ light of the harem, favourite of tiie Sheik." ** Well,
now it seems to me that this light of the harem is thy favourite
rather than the Sheik's." , " She adores me." " Doubtless 1 Where a
woman unfolds her mind there she brings all else an offering easily
possessed. She seals her change of allegiance by scattering the
secrets of the dethroned to the enthroned lover. * Nourahmal ' 1 Is
she as charming in form as in name 1 " " Hold now ! If thou lov'st
me thou will'st not continue thus to wound. I love that girl, but not
the way thou meanest ! " " So 1 Is there an elopement pending 1 "
'^Unworthy gibe ! Say no more like it, but answer this : Is it not
possible tor a man and woman to be knit together ir soul, as I and
thou have been, without the shadow of a remembrance that they
are animals of different sexes 1 " '* Possibly 1 Really I do not know.
It may be possible, but so very rare that I have failed to hear of anv
such relationship." ** Then thou shalt hear of it now in Nourahmal
and me." '* ril take both to Paris ! Another wonder of the world ! But
explain further." *' My Nourahmal is a captive ; hates the man to
whom she , must submit as we hate him, and loves me with the new
love that you have revealed to mo, because I've shown her that I
love her that way ; so different from anything she ever knew
before." ** Well, there are many women yoked to men for whom
they feel no great affection, yet they glorify womanhood by their
unfaltering loyalty. Loyalty is woman's glory ; the hope of society. If
the women b j traitors, then alas ! " " Nourahmal is not a wife ! The
man that parcels out his heart to a dozen favourites buys but scraps
in return. A woman in misery's chains, without the bands of the
confiding, utter love of her lord, will talk ; she must talk, or go mad.
I tell thee knight, such gossip is the panacea of suicidal bent.
There's many a woman kills herself for lack of a confidant " ** Thou
hast learned much philosophy going around the world, Jew, but
perhaps not this bitter truth ; the woman who it traitor to one man
will be to another. Thou mayest be the
 AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 47 next What if she set us fleeing
for the sake of laughing at our forced return." " lui possible, knight ;
she reveres me truly ; even as she does God ; just as I did Sir
Charleroy uhen He brought me light and . rest. I was to her what
thou art to me. One day I told her women had souls, as dear to
Heaven as the souls of men 1 She laughed at me like a monkey, at
first, and reminded me that were I a true disciple of Islam, I'd know
that only young and beautiful women go to heaven, and they even
there had a lowly place. Thou knowest these infidels believe that the
large majority of hellians are women." " Not strange, Jew ; they
treat women as pretty or useful animals, and so degrade, not only
themselves, but these very womcii. A woman so demeaned does not
become heavenly, to say the least But I think, if I were a Turk, I'd
kc^p only argus-eyed eunuchs to guard m.y harem ; in faith, I'd
even have the tongues out of those guards." " There, now, thou dost
jest again." '' Well, go on, in seriousness. Tell us the pipings of this
seraglio beauty." " I've won her over completely." " This is not
strange. Poets are always valiant, victorious orators with women.
The female heart is emotionally moved up to believe with little logic,
if the speaker be fair, or musical or brave I " " I was none of these ;
I told her of the ' Friend of Publicans and Sinners \ ' that fed her
soul. I do not believe there is a woman on earth that can resist that
story." " Oh, well, I'm not going to forget that the first woman
outran her mate in evil, nor that she exchanged the All-Beautiful for
the snaky demon." " It would be nobler for a knight, truer for all, to
judge, if judge they will, by wider circles. Do not remember the sin
of one, or a few, to the disparas;ement of all 1 " " Eve, the best
made of all, fell ; then her weaker sisters are more likely to follow in
her way," said the knight, " She found a sin and fell : thousands of
her daughters have fallen by sins that men invented and thrust on
them. Thou knowest that n^ost women who go wrong, go in ways
they would not without t . temptings of the stronger will. The si i
that ruins most : .it to woman's nature abhorrent, until honeyed over
by thi bongue of man*"
 48 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DA VID **
Dexterous la ace art thou, Jew ; but, any way, some women are
bom bad." *' No ; I'm not able for one so wise as the knight, unless
I've the strength of truth. I've beard that our wise men say that if
we could trace the ancestry of any one evil, from birth, we would
find somewhere, up the line, a father, pre*eminent in weakness. Say,
women are weak to resist evil ; then, say men are strong to
propagate it. Now, which way turns the scale % " ** Oh, I say
always, dogmatically, if ne'^d be, in man's favour." '* Let me see :
Eve's humanity that sinned was out of the finest part of Adam's
body, and the serpent which betrayed her was a male." " I'll parry
the thrust by asking why the Holy Writings reveal no female angels 1
I think there are none." ** I've a wiser reason, knight. It is this :
Man has so foully dealt with the angels in the flesh that God's mercy
reserves their finer spiritual counterparts ^or the sole
companionship of heaven, which justly appreciates these holy, pi^re
and tender creations. Heaven would not be perfectly beautiful
without them and, methinks, cannot spare one for a moment." " Not
even to minister to a needy world 1 " ** Woman's life is here,
generally, all service, all ministry ; her return to earth after death
would be a work of supererogation. God sends back the male spirits
to help restore the world their sex did most to ruin." Then both the
debaters laughed out as heartily as they dared, but there was in the
tones of the knight's laughter a part-confession of defeat After a
time Sir Oharleroy spoke again : ** Thou art calm now, after
diversion, Ichabod ; proceed with thy story of danger." " Well,
Nourahmal— " "Oh, yes, begin again with Nourahmal. Samson was a
pretty good man for a giant, but he had a betraying Delilah ! " **
True enough ; but he had also a noble mother. Remember the better,
rather than the worse." " I remember her peers, Mary and my
mother." " So, then, when sweepingly condemning all the sex, please
except the mothers, at least of those who may be thy hearers." "
Good Jew, ru not wound thee ! " ** No pity for me ; pity thyself.
Such thought -a as thou hast spoken wound thine own soul. We
Jews have an order called * Tumbler Pharisees ; ' they affect
humility, shuflla as they walk,
 AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 49 5 women and stumble on
purpose that they may not seem to walk with confidence. Akin to
them we have the * Bleeding Pharisees ; * they walk with shut eyes,
lest they should see a woman, and, stumbling against many a post,
are soon covered with their own blood, receiving real harm in
flyingfrom imaginary dangers." '"Maya, Maya^ Ichabod," laughing
aloud, exclaimed Sir Charleroy. ^ The latter catching the knight's
am*, hofirsely whispered : " Hush I Thou mayst be heard. What dost
thou mean by HlayaV " Perhaps, Nourahmal ! Maya was the reputed
wife of the supposed god Brabm of the Hmdus. It is reported that
she was in form like unto fog, and her name means * illusion.' A
subtle truth, Jew ; even a god, in love, is near a fog-bank I " "Thou
dost not know Nourahmal and dost discredit her ; that's slander ;
thou dost know me and ridiculest me ; that's — but — I'll not say it."
" I'd not pain my Ichabod." " Nor discredit Nourahmal t " " No ; but
did this angel, or syren of thine, having sho^ the peril, present a
map to a city of refuge % " *' All, poor helpless girl ! she has none
for herself, much less for us. She just told me all and wept and
kissed isg a farewell, praying me to flee. I could think of no question
in the delight of hearing her say she hoped I'd meet her in Heaven,
in peace away from Moslem and wars. Only think of her faith i All
new ; just a little while ago she did not kn(^w there was a heaven
for women. I felt I could die then in peace. I've taught one woman
that she is more than a pretty animal ! " "Then, Jew, to thee, life is
worth liv'ig ! " " Oh, truly ! Oh, if this light could only spread over
Egypt and all my own Syria I " " Thy desire is akin to that of Mary's
son, and noble. Certain it is that we cannot spread that light by
fighting to sustain the fateful Crescent." " By the glory of God, I
never will." *"Nor I, son of Abraham ; so let's decline." " And go to
the slave mart 1 " " Oh, no, not while I've a sword, Ichabod." " Then
to flee is the word % " "The eastern campaigning with the sheik
would be a little longer route to Paradise ) " J) .4m
 50 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID " Perhaps
not ; I am assured that we are needed of God by the use He has
recently made of us. He will keep us in our flight from bloody
persecuting war, and possible apostasy." " I bate the last word ! A
knight enchanted of Mary can never become a renegade ; not I, at
least. I was born October 9th. Tradition says that the holy St. John
Damascene, having had his hand cut off by the Saracens that day,
was by Our Lady miraculously made whole, and lived long after to
wield a powerful, facile pen in her behalf. Til trust my head and
sabre-band, used for her, to her protection." " And I'll trust Him that
led the wandering hosts of Moses ; for ' in all their affliction. He was
afflicted with them, and the angel of His presence saved them ; and
He bore them and carried them all the days of old.' Oh, master, I've
comfort I cannot tell, when I feel orphaned, by thinking of my Maker
not only as a Father, but as a Mother ! God is our Mother when we,
bereft of mother-love, most feel our need of it. So thou toldst me in
the mountains." " True ; but shall we try our escape now 1 " *' Nay,
we had better wait till a little before dawn ; the camp patrol is then
withdrawn ; then we'll embrace freedom." "The Jew seems very
confident." " Oh, I spent the hour after I met Nourahmal (God keep
her), amid the palms for which Jericho is fitly named, and got a
token." " A token 1" *' My eyes were touched in the darkness." ^ "
Sweet Nourahmal followed thee 1 " " No, but He that opened the
eyes of blind Bartimeus near here." «* What didst thou see 1 " «
Elisha healing the streams about this palm city, type of God healing
the floods of bitterest fates ; after that I saw Jericho's walls falling at
the blasts of Joshua's trumpets, and remembered that his God then
is ours now." " Didst thou see two poor men fleeing in the dark from
peril to peril, pursued by a hundred horsemen, who ^sabre-la8he
 ^^ •'-ff fjFTRW'Tif^! AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 61 meuB
near house, blinded the eyes of the pursuers of the two ; and the
angel of Peter gave them guidance and light. But come, the night-
guard has retired ; between now and tk: call to morning prayers is
our opportunity." Out of the old stone stable silently knight and Jew
glided, threading their way amid splendours they believed to be, but
could not see. The ministering spirits were over and around them,
their path was through the Kelt, the sublimest waddy ot Palestine ;
but night shrouded the latter ; their weak faith dimly discerned the
other. " Canst thou not see any way-marks, Jew 1 " " I discern but
few. Yot what matter ? It is enough that He who leads us sees % ^'
" The nighc is getting; ulf
 w. 62 MARV: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID " It's
pious to take the beasts ; for we pay so honest debts of these
heathens, and shorten the list of their souls' sins by removing from
them, in our escape, the opportunity for our murder." '^ If this be
sophistry, Ichabod, it is so sweet that it is taken as delightful truth."
•* Thou art persuaded % "
 AND MOTHER OF JESUS. 53 drew him forth. " See,
Ichabod, the Turks are running along the river bank?, watching the
mummy bobbing along in the torrent. See, it sinks. Ah, the brutes,
hovir they shout ! They think that body alive, and that one poor
slave is hounded to death." " Jehovah Jeireh, now help us ; they'll
soon be back ! " cried Ichabod. " Ah 1 I forgot ; they'll remember
there were two of us." " Calm, Sir Knight, ' By this sign I conquer,'
quoting thy words of another. I'll go forth ; the only one left ; at
least so they'll think." Sir Charleroy turned and looked at the Jew,
and was amazed to see him binding in front of himself a board,
having the ominous words " Unclean " upon it. " What ; thou, a Jew,
and touch that foul thing, worn to festering death by some leper ! "
" Better night and a clean soul, though in a body burned by the
cursed leprosy, than life in Moslem slavery." " But what if the disease
cleave to thee, and we escape ) " " Sir Knight, thou wilt live to tell
others that a once hated Jew was led of thee to truth, and after died
a living death, that his benefactors might survive. I think such deeds
cause noble lights to glow in human souls." " God bless and pity
thee, Ichabod." " Ah, He does ; even now. I see the scarlet line of
Rahab, and it binds the pestilence that walketh by noonday." The
furious pursuers spurred their steeds up toward the tombs, but as
they beheld the solitary man, sitting in painful attitude, with begger-
like palm extended, and wearing the dread sign, they rapidly
wheeled their steeds about and galloped away. The Moslem had
heard that a Jew would suffer any torture rather than ceremonial
pollution ; hence judged that the object before themi could not be
the refugee they sought " I wonder not that the demoniac cut
himself madly when among the tombs, good Jew. Sure it's like going
to glory to get out once more. Methinks freedom is only sweet when
taken with fresh air I Well, we are out and the enemy thwarted." "
Methinks, master, that the leper that died here, leaving no legacy
but the sign of his death, did some '^ood in unknowingly making me
his heir."
 54 MAHY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVJD " And the
corpse I disposed of so unoeremoDiously left me a hoase of safety,
though small and musty. I've a bitter thought." ** So, Sir Charleroy,
tell it me, perhaps I can sweeten it. " '* I, the heir for a little time of
that soulless clay, am like it." "Not much, being here and alive." " I
rather think like it. See me tossed about by straneers, robbed of my
rights, helpless to resist fate's tides, begrudged the room I occupy,
and not one who once knew me to weep over my besetments. "Sir
Knight, the miracles of our frequent preservation should make our
murmuriogs dumb." In the evening Jordan ebbed a little, and the
two wanderers passed over. Nor did they regret the consequent
immersing in its flood. No word was spoken as they passed through
the current, for, before they entered, having remembered that at this
Bethabara ford man's Saviour was baptise d, they were each busy
with his own meditations. When they stood on the other shore, Sir
Ciiarleroy reverently said, " Comrade, I prayed as we passed that we
might have the dove of peace henceforth above our souls at least" "
I prayed on my part that God would accept the act as the Christian's
typical burial to the world and separation from its sins." " How like
death and birth is that beautiful type ! They level all life." " Are our
lives levelled, knight ) " " Henceforth ; and we are brethren." " And
our King and Saviour was baptised here by the herald of His
Kingdom, John ? " " Yea \ here the new Judaism was formally
inaugurated. Tradition says also that Jesus baptised His mother
afterward at this ford." " How filial ! how beautiful ! how expressive !
He was her God, yet her son, she His mother and disciple ; and each
by all ties and forms bound together in a fellowship of helpfulness." "
The Jew's an interpreter." " Sir Charleroy sweetens my trust as
Jordan sweetens the bitter waters of Bahr Lut" imatmvimi^i^- .
 AND MOTHER OF JESUS, 05 CHAPTEU IX. THE FEAHT OK
THE ROHK. " They arise now like the Htani before me, l*hr(>tigh
the long, long night of years ; Some are bright with heavenly
radiance, And others shine out through our tears. They arise, too,
like mystical flowers, All different and all the same— « As they lie on
rav heart like a garland That is wreathed around MARY'Hname." "
GooD-MORNiNC} and a blessing, comrade." It was tlic greet' ing of
the Jew to the knight, who lay asleep under a palm the day after the
flight. The sleeper slowly rising, murmured : " I'm half-vexed at
thee, Ichabod ; thou hast dissolyed a dream filled with sights of
home and mother." " I've brought lentils, barley, and grape-clusters ;
they are. better than dreams when the sun is up." "To those sad
when awake, joyful dreams are welcome." " There are real joys just
l)efore us." " Real jovB just before us? Grim sarcasm ; a oorry jest,
i^Vf I " "No; oh, no. I'm telling thee the smiling, clean-faced truth.
We'll be safe at Jabbock's city by sunset ! " " Safe % safe 7 I'm
unused to that word ; always afraid of it. What does it meah in this
country ) " " Oh, these cavalrymen ! always on the charge ; now
here, now there. Thy thoughts go by habit, sometimes racing
forward, sometimes retreating. A while ago thou wert as full of faith
as Gideon, now thou art as timorous as Canaan's spies." " My habits
have grown fat by feeding on piebald experiences," " Experience is a
lying prophet, when it counts without reckoning God." " I cannot see
a step ahead. That's cp^'tainty to me, though thou callest it doubt I
know not how hang rainbows upon the ghostly brows of the future
when /e no power to lay hands on the ghostly form and have no
rainbows." " He that lifteth the burdens of the past from off us holds
:^i
 56 MARY: THE QUEEN OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID the
changing winds of the future in His fists. One second of life goes
ever with only one second of care. I learned this of Sir Charleroy
long ago. Now he forgets his own teachings. Shall I call him Reuben,
never excelling because unstable as water ! " " Call me slave :
Uncertainty's slave ! Thou didst waken me from a dream of home, to
the shock of remembering <:gain that="" i="" was="" homeless=""
dead="" to="" all="" once="" made="" life="" worth="" living.=""
the="" gorgeous="" hopes="" of="" thy="" fertile="" mind=""
are="" mocked="" by="" stern="" present="" facts.="" odd=""
talk="" from="" one="" is="" just="" dreaming="" his="" mother=""
a="" good="" woman="" didst="" say="" then="" very=""
hopeful="" women="" are.="" remember="" how="" thou="" lift=""
me="" gates="" heaven="" yesterday.="" canst="" not="" see=""
step="" ahead="" well="" look="" back="" miles="" years.=""
our="" god="" in="" battles="" thickets="" mountains="" jordan=""
my="" poor="" reasoning="" tells="" he="" has="" wrought=""
too="" much="" for="" us="" drop="" now.="" must="" get=""
reward="" keeping="" end.="" some="" past="" makes=""
shudder="" ichabod.="" pick="" out="" best="" worst.="" we=""
escaped="" gehenna="" at="" jericho="" following="" murderers=""
storm="" slavery="" now="" free="" rested="" eastern="" air=""
washed="" and="" sunned="" tonic.="" drinking="" lotus=""
balm="" it.="" there="" it="" sun="" brain="" poet-="" preacher.=""
no="" only="" giving="" thee="" thine="" own="" sermons.=""
draw="" heart="" monster="" memories.="" if="" fought=""
hard="" sufficeth="" have="" them="" once.="" recall="" their=""
bloody="" sweat="" tears="" sake="" refighting="" them.=""
going="" sweet="" happy="" hours="" boyhood="" tell=""
knight="" world="" joy="" man="" scorched="" experience=""
forget="" himself="" simotimes="" lullaby="" s="" warblings=""
days="" jnuoceuce.="" can="" do="" help="" doing=""
especially="" this="" place="" whole="" being="" feeds="" on=""
scent="" home.="" knowest="" country="" hereabouts="" soul=""
lauuhs="" friendly="" converse="" with="" these="" crocuses=""
pinks="" asphodels="" turning="" velvet="" grassy="" plains=""
palace="" carpets.="" saying:="" ixiyself="" blossoms="" know=""
bowing="" heads="" offered="" odors="" nursing="" mothers=""
when="" boy.="" ilif=""/>
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