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 i

Information Communication
Technologies and Emerging
Business Strategies
Shenja van der Graaf, LSE, UK

Yuichi Washida, Hakuhodo Inc. & The University of Tokyo, Japan

IDEA GROUP PUBLISHING

Hershey • London • Melbourne • Singapore
ii

Acquisitions Editor: Michelle Potter

Development Editor: Kristin Roth
Senior Managing Editor: Jennifer Neidig
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Cover Design: Lisa Tosheff
Printed at: Yurchak Printing Inc.

Published in the United States of America by

Idea Group Publishing (an imprint of Idea Group Inc.)
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Copyright © 2007 by Idea Group Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, without written permission from the publisher.

Product or company names used in this book are for identification purposes only.
Inclusion of the names of the products or companies does not indicate a claim of
ownership by IGI of the trademark or registered trademark.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Graaf, Shenja Van Der, 1976-

Information communication technologies and emerging business strategies / Shenja Van Der
Graaf and Yuichi Washida.
p. cm.
Summary: "This book explores new media such as online music stores, iPods, games, and
digital TV and the way corporations are seeking innovative ways to (re)engage with their
consumers in the digital era"--Provided by publisher.
ISBN 1-59904-234-7 -- ISBN 1-59904-235-5 (softcover) -- ISBN 1-59904-236-3 (ebook)
1. Electronic commerce. 2. Digital communications. I. Washida, Yuichi, 1968- II. Title.
HF5548.32.G72 2006
658.8'72--dc22
2006010100

British Cataloguing in Publication Data

A Cataloguing in Publication record for this book is available from the British Library.

All work contributed to this book is new, previously-unpublished material. The views
expressed in this book are those of the authors, but not necessarily of the publisher.
 iii

Information
Communication
Technologies and
Emerging Business
Strategies
Table of Contents

Preface .................................................................................................. vi

Section I: Innovation, Communication

Technologies, and Consumer Clusters

Chapter I
Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox ................. 1
Imar de Vries, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Chapter II
Beauty and the Nerd: Ethnographical Analyses in the Japanese
Digitalization .................................................................................................. 20
Gaby Anne Wildenbos, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Yuichi Washida, Hakuhodo Inc. & The University of Tokyo, Japan

Chapter III
The Right of Interpretation: Who Decides the Success of
Picture Mail? ................................................................................................. 36
Michael Björn, Ericsson Consumer & Enterprise Lab, Sweden
iv

Chapter IV
Foreseeing the Future Lifestyle with Digital Music:
A Comparative Study Between Mobile Phone Ring Tones and
Hard-Disk Music Players Like iPod ......................................................... 59
Masataka Yoshikawa, Hakuhodo Inc., Japan

Section II: Commerce, Community, and

Consumer-Generated Content

Chapter V
“You’re in My World Now.”™ Ownership and Access in the
Proprietary Community of an MMOG ...................................................... 76
Sal Humphreys, Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Chapter VI
Games and Advertisement: Beyond Banners and Billboards ............... 97
David B. Nieborg, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chapter VII
Digital Petri Dishes: LiveJournal User Icons as a Space and
Medium of Popular Cultural Production ................................................ 118
Alek Tarkowski, Polish Academy of Science, Poland

Section III: Creative Industries

Chapter VIII
Creative London? Investigating New Modalities of Work in the
Cultural Industries .................................................................................... 140
David Lee, Goldsmiths College, University of London, UK

Chapter IX
Digital Cinema as Disruptive Technology: Exploring New Business
Models in the Age of Digital Distribution ............................................. 160
Nigel Culkin, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Norbert Morawetz, University of Hertfordshire, UK
Keith Randle, University of Hertfordshire, UK
 v

Chapter X
Access to the Living Room: Triple Play and Interactive
Television Reshaping the Producer/Consumer Relation ................... 179
Eggo Müller, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Chapter XI
Screening in High Standard: Innovating Film and Television in a
Digital Age Through High Definition ..................................................... 191
Bas Agterberg, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Section IV: Emerging Markets and

Organizational Cultures

Chapter XII
Bringing the Next Billion Online: Cooperative Strategies to
Create Internet Demand in Emerging Markets ................................... 209
Karen Coppock, Stanford University, USA

Chapter XIII
Organizing Across Distances: Managing Successful Virtual
Team Meetings .......................................................................................... 238
Kris M. Markman, Bridgewater State College, USA

Chapter XIV
Working at Home: Negotiating Space and Place .................................. 257
Tracy L. M. Kennedy, University of Toronto, Canada

Chapter XV
Media Life Cycle and Consumer-Generated Innovation .................... 280
Yuichi Washida, Hakuhodo Inc. & The University of Tokyo, Japan
Shenja van der Graaf, LSE, UK
Eva Keeris, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

About the Authors ..................................................................................... 306

Index ............................................................................................................ 311

vi

2HAB=?A

Introduction Towards ICTs and

Innovative Market Creation Strategies
At MTV we try to reinvent what we know as media—perspectives on
innovative, upcoming media formats and where to effectively place products
to make them ‘buzz-worthy’ in a time of online and offline convergence. 1

MTV Networks (MTVN) kicked 2005 off by signing a strategic agreement

with Microsoft to “create new ways for consumers to access MTVN enter-
tainment programming and brands such as MTV, VH1, CMT and Comedy Cen-
tral via a variety of digital entertainment products and platforms… [MTV is]
committed to being on the platforms where our young consumers are today, and
will be in the future, whether it is PC, mobile, portable device, Web or TV.
Microsoft continues to innovate and change the game, and that is a great envi-
ronment for our content and our consumers.”2 MTV and Microsoft also formed
a digital media strategy task force that works to identify and collaborate on
new strategic opportunities, that is, “the development of digital entertainment
offerings, digital media co-marketing and new distribution initiatives.”3
MTV is not an isolated example of a firm that is seeking ways to capture,
engage, and retain consumers on multiple digital media platforms. Coca-Cola
for instance, launched CokeMusic.com in June 2002, an online meeting place
for teens with a real interest in music.4 The site hosts, among others, the Launch-
ing Pad5 which, each month, features music, videos, and bios of eight upcom-
ing artists, and Coke Studios which is a virtual hang out place where registered
users can create “their own music mixes and customized avatars, called V-
egos. Each visitor’s V-ego allows the person to extend his or her personality
into the Web sphere”6—making it a vivid Coke brand community (Van der Graaf,
2004). The U.S. Army has also been very successful at generating buzz through
 vii

their online game America’s Army: Operations.7 The game is part of the ad
campaign “Together We Stand: An Army of One” which aimed at counteract-
ing missed recruiting goals8 and results have shown that they have succeeded
very well (Van der Graaf & Nieborg, 2003).
Were digital technologies such as the Web previously seen as a direct threat or
even competitor to various sectors—especially media? These examples show
that the Internet is presently being incorporated into the calculus of major firms—
consolidating multiple platforms and digital divisions. Two intertwined trends
have emerged—particularly since the mid-1990s—that reflect the social, politi-
cal, and economic impact of information and communication technologies (ICTs)
on changes in the architecture of interaction. On the one hand, digital technolo-
gies have opened up ways for decentralization and diversification by enabling
consumers to become participants in the production and distribution of media
content rather than being endpoints for the delivery of a product or service.
This shift can be marked by a transition from a message- and transmission-
based architecture, where the sender controlled the rate and frequency of the
information, to a network model with greater reliance on the user’s self-regula-
tion, bypassing traditional media controls. On the other hand, firms have aimed
to use and leverage some of the unique qualities of ICTs by linking consumers
directly into the production and distribution of media content for reasons of
reputation and loyalty building and increasing returns on investment.
These two trends have attracted much attention across many academic disci-
plines and industrial sectors, especially regarding copyright issues, that is, the
control over the distribution of copyrighted material and the collection of rev-
enues for intellectual creations. More recently however, new ways of doing
business are being sought by capitalizing on the features of the digital environ-
ment—ranging from slight variations of off-line models to more radical
reconceptualizations of the roles of, and relationships among, content produc-
ers, intermediaries, and consumers (Slater et al., 2005). The relationship be-
tween a top down corporate-driven and a bottom up consumer-driven process
involving digital platforms can be viewed as an emerging site for revenue op-
portunities, expanding markets, and reenforcing consumer commitments, laying
bare the underlying structures by which both firms and consumers gain, pro-
cess, and exchange information. In other words, digital technologies are said to
have facilitated information and knowledge sharing to a far greater extent than
previous media forms, while offering a structure of interdependence character-
ized by relations of minimal hierarchy and organizational heterogeneity (Jenkins,
in press; Powell, 1990). This is achieved by permitting or even fostering a di-
versity of organizational logics that minimize conformity rather than maximize it
by enforcing a hierarchical system through standardized lines of authority
(Benkler, 2002; Stark, 2000).
In the current crowded state of the digital marketplace, firms increasingly are
said to look for ways to specifically acquire, engage, and retain their consum-
viii

ers. In doing so, they hope to be enabled to enhance their ability to monitor and
predict consumer expression and affiliation, while they rely on consumers to
spread the word about a product. Looking then at various communication tech-
nologies and relevant practices seems to be an increasingly important aspect of
emerging commercial strategies. The changing base underlying a firm’s inno-
vative activities can then be expected to have profound implications for the
way firms create innovative market strategies.

ICTs and Emerging Business Strategies

This book provides a collection of theoretical and empirical strands that, with
the growing usage of communication technologies such as the Internet and
mobile phones, what used to be understood as the domain of consumption seems
to have become a player in, on the one hand, production, distribution, and inte-
gration processes and, on the other hand, seems to potentially impact on a firm’s
competitive (dis)advantage. It is indirectly the result of a collaboration of
Hakuhodo Inc., Ericsson Consumer & Enterprise Lab, and the Utrecht Univer-
sity that came up with an international comparative survey program, named
Media Landscape Survey 2003-2004 to examine and compare communication
technology environments in the U.S., The Netherlands, Sweden, South Korea,
Japan, and China.
This very broad initiative brought us in contact with other researchers and prac-
titioners interested in similar issues that center on the relationships among emerg-
ing and existing firms, markets, and consumers. Specifically, this book focuses
on the wide and rapid diffusion of the use of various new media, such as e-mail,
mobile phones, Internet, interactive TV, games, and Web logs, and the way they
have impacted the paradigm of human and business communications.
These new communication means that are major products of ICTs, are gradu-
ally complementing or even replacing some more conventional communication
means, such as physical mailing or using fixed phones rather than wireless
ones. As some of the chapters will show, new technologies have contributed to
changes in the way we communicate and seem to have given way to new or
alternative social norms and cultures within and across cultures, for example,
striking differences between Japan, Europe, and the U.S. regarding the way
various media are used, seemingly based in each region’s political, economical,
cultural, and social contexts.
The most important viewpoint in the examination of communication means and
new technologies are, we believe, innovation processes that occur while these
technologies diffuse among users. Investigating the changes of interpretation in
our society for each communication means and its technology is significant
from various disciplines as we have sought to represent in this volume. By
investigating such innovation processes, we can examine emerging business
 ix

strategies—especially in the creative industries—processes of innovation, com-

munity-thinking, the evolution of social norms, and emergence of new
(sub)cultures, emerging markets, and organizational cultures rather than merely
tracing superficial trends of ICTs.
All chapters combined, provide an in-depth overview and at times a challenging
framework, in which a variety of new media technologies are mapped, based
on empirical and theoretical studies and not on mere subjective impressions or
fashions in the forefront of ICT industries in the East and West.

Contributions Towards
Innovative Market Creation Strategies
This book is divided into four sections. Innovation, Communication Tech-
nologies, and Consumer Clusters is kicked off by Imar de Vries. He explores
visions of mobile communication by focusing on idealized ideas surrounding
wireless technology. By examining sources on the development, marketing, and
use of wireless technology, he contextualizes these visions within earlier ac-
counts of ideal communication found in media history and isolates the regulari-
ties that are part of these accounts. On close examination, a paradox reveals
itself in these regularities, one that can be described as resulting from an un-
easiness in the human communication psyche: an unfulfilled desire for divine
togetherness clashes with individual communication needs. While the exact
nature of this paradox—innate and hard-wired into our brains, or culturally
fostered—remains unknown, the author claims that the paradox will continue to
fuel idealized ideas about future communication technology. He concludes with
the observation that not all use of mobile technology can immediately be inter-
preted as transcendental, and that built-in locational awareness balances the
mobile communication act.
Gaby Anne Wildenbos and Yuichi Washida focus on the Japanese usage of
digital products. Both the consumer and production side are addressed, whereby
emphasizing the mobile phone industry on the basis of two consumer groups
otakus and kogals. First, key characteristics of each consumer group are de-
scribed. Second, social and cultural aspects related to consumption behavior of
the otakus and kogals are examined, that is, collectivism, individualism and
kawaiiness. This is followed by the production side of digital products in Japan,
highlighting two major companies involved in mobile telephony: NTT DoCoMo
and Label Mobile, which in their turn, are linked to the consumption cultures of
otaku and kogals.
Michael Björn offers an empirical research report that describes the diffusion
of mobile camera phones and picture mail services in Japan between the years
1997 and 2005, based on annual consumer surveys conducted by Ericsson Con-
x

sumer & Enterprise Lab. A general framework based on sociocultural values

and attitudes to telecom for describing the telecom market from a consumer
perspective is presented. This framework is then used to put different con-
sumer-life-stage segments in relation to each other in respect to product diffu-
sion. The change over time of attitudes and behavior is described, and the con-
clusion is drawn that the product terminology spontaneously created by con-
sumers themselves in order to relate to the product is an important step for
mass market diffusion. Furthermore, the group of people who develop this ter-
minology becomes a crucial catalyst for diffusion—the Japanese case presented
here consists of female students.
Masataka Yoshikawa’s chapter aims to explore the future trajectory of enjoy-
ing digital music entertainment among consumers comparing the characteris-
tics of the usage patterns of digital music appliances in the U.S. and those in
Japan. As the first step of this research, the author conducted two empirical
surveys in the U.S. and Japan, and found some basic differences in the usage
patterns of a variety of digital music appliances. Next, a series of ethnographi-
cal research based on focus-group interviews with Japanese young women
was done and some interesting reasons of the differences were discovered. In
Japan, sharing the experiences of listening to the latest hit songs with friends by
playing them with mobile phones that have the high quality, ring tone functions
can be a new way of enjoying music contents, while iPod has become a de
facto standard of the digital music appliances in the world.
Section II is titled Commerce, Community, and Consumer-Generated Con-
tent. The next chapter, authored by Sal Humphreys, discusses ownership in
massively multi-player online games (MMOGs). She considers how the inter-
active and social nature of MMOGs presents challenges to systems of organi-
zation, control, and regulation used for more conventional media products. She
examines how the interactive structures of games cast players as producers of
content, not merely consumers. This productive role creates a distributed pro-
duction network that challenges the ideas of authorship which underpin copy-
right and intellectual property. The role of the publishers is shown to encom-
pass community, as well as intellectual property management. The communi-
ties generated within these games are a key source of economic benefit to the
publishers. The contract that determines the conditions of access and the forms
of governance inside proprietary worlds is considered in light of this newly
intensified relationship between commerce and community. Questions are raised
about the accountability of publishers, the role of the market, and the state in
determining conditions of access.
David B. Nieborg’s overview on advertising practices surrounding the games
industries views the use of digital games for the promotion of goods and ser-
vices as becoming more popular with the maturing and penetration of the me-
dium. He analyses the use of advertisements in games and seeks to answer in
which way brands are integrated in interactive play. The branding of virtual
 xi

worlds offers a completely new range of opportunities for advertisers to create

a web of brands and it is the usage of marketing through games that differs
considerably. This chapter offers a categorization of advergames and will ad-
dress the use of advergames from a developmental perspective, differing be-
tween commercial games with in-game advertisement and dedicated
advergames. Where TV commercials, print ads, and the World Wide Web rely
on representation for the conveying of their message; advergames are able to
add the extra dimension of simulation as a mode of representation, resulting in
various interesting game designs.
This section ends with Alek Tarkowski’s study on Live Journal user icons. He
provides insight into Internet applications such as Web-based blogging and
instant messaging tools or social networking sites that often provide their users
with the possibility of displaying small graphic elements. Such pictures or icons
allow users to represent and mutually identify themselves. He offers an analy-
sis of user icons displayed on the Live Journal blogging site. Tarkowski treats
such a user icon as a medium with particular characteristics and patterns of
usage. Live Journal users use such icons to participate in what John Fiske calls
popular culture. A case study of user icons discloses the life cycle of the media
form, during which a medium with initial characteristics coded by its creators
begins over time to support a wide variety of uses, innovation in usage, and
active participation in culture. In this chapter, he considers user pictures and
practices that are tied to them as an example of the manner in which popular
culture functions in the digital age.
The third section centers upon the impact of digitization on Creative Indus-
tries. David Lee considers the emergence of the discourse of creativity in con-
temporary economic, political, and social life, and the characteristics of emerg-
ing labor markets in the cultural industries. In particular he is concerned with
analyzing the working experiences of a number of individuals working in the
cultural industries in London. Using a critical theoretical framework of under-
standing, he examines the importance of cultural capital, subjectivization,
governmentality, network sociality, and individualization as key concepts for
understanding the experience of labor in the creative economy. Lee considers
how creative individuals negotiate the precarious, largely freelance, deregu-
lated and de-unionised terrain of contemporary work. As the economic be-
comes increasingly inflected by the cultural in contemporary social life, the
terrain of experience of individuals working in these expanding sectors has
been neglected in cultural studies. This chapter seeks to critically intervene in
this area, arguing that the “creative” turn in contemporary discourse can be
seen to mask emergent inequalities and exploitative practices in the post-indus-
trial employment landscape.
In their chapter, Nigel Culkin, Keith Randle, and Norbert Morawetz explore
new business models of digital cinema. They see the distribution and exhibition
of motion pictures at a crossroads. Ever since the medium was invented in the
xii

1890s the “picture” has been brought to the spectator in the form of photo-
chemical images stored on strips of celluloid film passed in intermittent motion
through a projector. Now, at the beginning of the 21st century, an entirely new
method has emerged, using digitally stored data in place of film and barely
needing any physical support other than a computerized file. This opens an
intriguing portfolio of revenue generating opportunities for the movie exhibitor.
They provide an overview of current developments in digital cinema and exam-
ine potential new business models in an industry wedded to the analogue pro-
cess. The authors consider the strategies of companies at the forefront of the
technology; implications associated with the change; and how different territo-
ries might adapt in order to accommodate this transition.
Then, Eggo Müller writes an insightful piece on the Dutch treatment of interac-
tive TV. Whereas, the advent of interactive TV has been discussed as one of
the key added values of digitization and convergence of old and new media for
years, current marketing strategies of the big players on the Dutch telecommu-
nications market determinately avoid using the term interactivity. Promising
the user “more fun” and more easiness of media consumption when digitally
connected to the media world though a provider that offers broadband Internet,
cable television, and telephony in one package, the competitors themselves aim
at another added value of interactive media consumption: getting access to the
living room means getting access to consumption patterns that can be traced
back to the individual consumer. Müller’s chapter discusses media convergence
and the current development of interactive television in the context of the
reconfiguration of the relation between producers and consumers in the new
online economy.
Bas Agterberg offers a fresh perspective on high definition and the innovation
of television by looking at the development of High Definition Television (HDTV).
He argues that the way technological, industrial, and political actors have been
interacting, has been crucial to the several stages of the development of this
innovation. The central question is how industry, broadcasters, and consumers
have debated and defined a medium and consequently redefined a medium
through innovations. The complexity and the way actors have played a part
within the changing media environment is analyzed by looking at the necessity
for technological change of the television standard, by relating the media film
and television in transition from analogue to digital and by examining case stud-
ies of political debates and policy in Europe and the U.S.
In the final section of this book Emerging Markets and Organizational Cul-
tures, Karen Coppock classifies the types of partnerships employed to increase
Internet demand in emerging markets. This classification system or taxonomy,
is based on more than 60 in-depth interviews of about 32 partnerships designed
to create Internet demand in Mexico. The taxonomy first classifies the partner-
ships into three broad categories based on the number of barriers to Internet
usage the partnership was designed to overcome: one, two, or three. The part-
nerships are then classified into six subcategories based on the specific barrier
 xiii

or combination of barriers to Internet usage the partnership sought to over-

come. The six subcategories of the taxonomy are: lack of funds; lack of aware-
ness; lack of uses; lack of funds and lack of uses; lack of funds and lack of
infrastructure; and lack of funds, lack of uses, and lack of infrastructure. This
taxonomy gives empirical meaning and enables further analysis of this unique
and increasingly popular type of partnership.
Kris Markman’s study carefully examines the use of computer chat technolo-
gies for virtual team meetings. The use of geographically dispersed (i.e., vir-
tual) teams is a growing phenomenon in modern organizations. Although a vari-
ety of ICTs have been used to conduct virtual team meetings, one technology,
synchronous computer chat, has not been exploited to its fullest potential. This
chapter discusses some of research findings related to effective virtual teams
and examines some structural features of chat as they relate to virtual meet-
ings. Based on these characteristics, she offers tips for using chat as an effec-
tive tool for distant collaboration.
Tracy Kennedy explores in great detail, the work-family interface by investi-
gating home as a potential work space that must still accommodate the social
and leisure needs of household members. By examining spatial patterns of house-
hold Internet location, she investigates the prevalence of paid work in Canadian
homes, illustrates how household spaces are reorganized to accommodate the
computer/Internet, and examines how the location of Internet access is situated
within sociocultural contexts of the household and how this might affect poten-
tial work-from-home scenarios. Data collected from a triangulation of meth-
ods—surveys, interviews, and in-home observation—also illustrate the relevance
of household Internet location from an organizational perspective. The relation-
ship between individuals and business organizations is interactive and integra-
tive, and the home workplace is complex and blurred with other daily social
realities. This influences effective work-at-home strategies and potentially shapes
productivity and efficiency.
In the last chapter, Yuichi Washida, Shenja van der Graaf, and Eva Keeris give
way to the presentation of parts of the international comparative study that, as
earlier explained, lies at the base of the come about of this book. This chapter
examines the innovation in communication media, based on empirical survey
results from five countries. First, the authors created a general framework of
the media life cycle by exploring the replacement of communication media
used in everyday life. The shift from voice communications to mobile e-mailing
is at the forefront of the media life cycle in the personal communication area.
This framework also implies future media replacements in other countries. Sec-
ond, by comparing two empirical surveys, conducted in 2002 and 2003, of com-
munication means used among Japanese family relations, the authors discover
that certain consumer clusters lead in the innovation of communication media.
This framework and discovery can be useful to deal with the vacuum between
conventional media studies and the latest trends in information technology.
xiv

As a summarizing remark goes, the contents or frameworks offered throughout

this book are by no means complete nor do they pretend to be inclusive of
providing full accounts of occurring practices in new media technologies. Rather
the primary objective is to yield insight into the dynamic relationships between
the creation, diffusion, integration, usage, and sharing of technologies, innova-
tive practices, and the potential impact on the boundaries of the firm in the
managerial choices it faces in its adaptation of digital strategies. While this
book does not seek to measure performance or competitiveness rather it has
sought to establish a link between what can be observed as practices and un-
derstandings of strategy. As such, contributions made to this book have sought
to contribute to both laying bare and filling in some important gaps in the theo-
retical and empirical characterization of seemingly altered relationships between
firms and the marketplace signaling a shift in the organization of production,
distribution, and consumption.

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Stark, D. (1996). Recombinant property in east European capitalism. American
Journal of Sociology, 101, 993-1027.
Van der Graaf, S. (2004). Viral experiences: Do you trust your friends? In S.
Krishnamurthy (Ed.), Contemporary research in e-marketing. Hershey,
PA: Idea Group Publishing.
Van der Graaf, S., & Nieborg, D. B. (2003). Together we brand: America’s
army. In M. Copier & J. Raessens (Eds.), Level Up: Digital Games
Research Conference. Utrecht University.

Endnotes
1
Henrik Werdelin, VP Strategy and Product Development at MTV Net-
works International, June 21, 2005.
2
Retrieved May 9, 2005, from http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/
2005/jan05/01-05MTVAgreementPR.asp
 xv

3
Ibid. In addition, MTV Overdrive was launched which is a hybrid channel
that provides consumers with a linear viewing experience and video-on-
demand capabilities in a Web-based application covering music, news, mov-
ies, mini-sodes, and so on. Then in July MTV Networks UK & Ireland
tried to fight declines in TV ratings with MTV Load and 2 months later
they teamed up with IssueBits to work on a text-to-screen service Mr
Know It All which allows viewers of MTV Hits to use SMS to ask ques-
tions which will—along with the answers—appear live as a way to boost
viewers and put them in ‘“collective control’ of content, look, and tone.”
Towards the end of the year MTV Networks International announced a
global series of mobisodes to be distributed via MTV’s mobile channels
and Motorola’s Web site. They also announced a collaboration with mo-
bile content provider Jamster!, to embark on a joint research project to
see “how the role of mobile content is evolving around the world and how
that can inform MTV to develop compelling, new entertainment that is
even more relevant to consumers.” All these developments can only leave
us wondering what MTV will announce in 2006, as the latest addition to
their multi-platform strategy delivering content to consumers everywhere
they demand it: on-air, online, wireless, video-on-demand, and so forth.
4
It has over a million views a day, the number of new visitors increases
monthly with 200,000 and people spend about 25 minutes on the site.
5
It is based on a partnership with AOL Music.
6
This means that users can chat, post messages, and listen to each other’s
music mixes with other V-egos. It pays off to be a good music mixer,
which is contextualized within the community by a contest where a user
can win decibels that are a virtual currency and can be used to buy furni-
ture and the like to decorate one’s private room. All kinds of games can be
played and new games (e.g., Uncover the Music), skins, and music among
others are frequently added to attract and retain users. See http://
www.turboads.comcase_studies/2003features/c20030514.shtml
7
See http://www.americasarmy.com
8
The answer to this recruiting problem was to change the way the U.S.
Army communicates with young people in the USA. A short-sided ap-
proach to rely simply on its name, the U.S. Army learned that they needed
ongoing insights in research-based advertising in order to understand the
attitudes and needs of young people.
xvi

Section I:
Innovation,
Communication
Technologies, and
Consumer Clusters
 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 1

Chapter I

Propagating the Ideal:

The Mobile
Communication Paradox
Imar de Vries, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Abstract

In this chapter, visions of mobile communication are explored by focussing

on idealised concepts surrounding wireless technology. By examining
sources on the development, marketing, and use of wireless technology, I
contextualise these visions within earlier accounts of ideal communication
found in media history and isolate the regularities that are part of these
accounts. On close examination, a paradox reveals itself in these regularities,
one that can be described as resulting from an uneasiness in the human
communication psyche: an unfulfilled desire for divine togetherness that
clashes with individual communication needs. While the exact nature of this
paradox—innate and hardwired into our brains, or culturally fostered—
remains unknown, however, I assert that the paradox will continue to fuel
idealised ideas about future communication technology. I conclude with the
observation that not all use of mobile technology can immediately be
interpreted as transcendental, and that built-in locational awareness
balances the mobile communication act.

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2 de Vries

Introduction
In October 2003, two British climbers were caught in a blizzard on a Swiss
mountain. Rachel Kelsey and her partner Jeremy Colenso, both experienced
climbers, were forced to stop behind a large rock at 3000 meters up and wait for
the weather to clear. They soon realised that their chances of finding the abseil
points in heavy snow were very slim, which meant they were stuck. They texted
five friends, one of whom received the message in London at 5 a.m. and
immediately notified the rescue services in Geneva. After having to wait another
36 hours because the conditions were too severe for the rescue team to pick them
up, the two climbers were finally rescued (Allison, 2003).
The idea that Earth is becoming entirely networked is not new,1 but the
characteristics of mobile communication media have—just as with the first
wireless revolution in the beginning of the 20th century2—fiercely fuelled the
Western notion that through better communication technology all problems of
communication will—finally—be solved (Peters, 1999). The “anywhere, any-
time, anyhow, anyone” slogan, subliminally attached to every mobile apparatus,
opens up a vision of a universally accessible communication space, in which the
exchange of information comes to stand for the single most important condition
of human progress. More than at any other time in history, this human progress
is thought to depend on technological progress.
Rescue stories as those described in the opening paragraph play their part in
keeping the idea alive that improvement through technological progress can be
measured. The conventional wisdom is that human lives are the single most
valuable things we can think of, and if new technology can help save them, it must
be treasured. Moreover, if new technology such as mobile telephony makes
possible a way of life that is never forsaken of human contact—which therefore
is taken as safe because there will always be someone who can help—this
technology is surely poised to be seamlessly adapted to and integrated in our
being (Katz, 2003). Through the remediation of older dominant forms of
communication and entertainment technology, the mobile device (or personal
digital assistant (PDA) or smart phone, as it is increasingly being called by mobile
phone operators and providers) does seem to try to provide an ultimate extension
of the natural balance of our sense organs (Levinson, 1997, 2004). Future visions
of mobile communication strive for setting up globally accessible meeting points
that cater bodiless but perfect interaction, and ultimately for opening up a
communication space in which everyone is represented.
This is the inherently human dream of reaching an ideal state, which is cunningly
exploited by advertisements, telecom operators, service providers, and the like.
We know it is a dream, and we know that we are confronted by it day after day.
It will probably haunt us for centuries to come. However, just as “our desire for

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 3

each other [is] a poor substitute for the primary Eros—and therefore doomed to
fail” (Campe, 2000), so are our telecommunication media substitutes for the
primary closeness—and bound to fail (Vries, 2005). The end result of this is a
tragic search for ideal communication through a continuous so-called improve-
ment of communication technologies, a search that will never end.
This chapter will investigate the paradox of this eternal futile quest that we seem
to keep embarking on, and will do so by looking at how mobile discourse is framed
within quest-ending narratives. By analysing texts from influential scholars such
as Pierre Lévy, Howard Rheingold, and Paul Levinson, we will get a grasp of
how idealised ideas of the power of new communication technology have
pervaded the mobile realm. From there, an attempt is made to single out the
recurrent elements in those ideas, whose pervasiveness in our culture will then
be examined. Finally, we will look at a few current trends in mobile cooperation
techniques that potentially realise certain ideals of communication, albeit in a
more pragmatic sense than a sublime one.

Unwiring the Knowledge Space

So far, it has mainly been cyberspace and its accompanying access points in the
form of personal computers and laptops that are associated with potentially
establishing the universally accessible communication realm. However, with the
amount of mobile phones growing at an enormous pace,3 the mobile device has
with stunning speed become an essential tool to establish and maintain social
networks, as well as managing all kinds of data flows. In this capacity, the device
seems perfectly poised to morph itself into the logical choice of medium when
accessing the ever-expanding Über network, the Internet.4 Wherever, when-
ever, whatever: downloading or uploading information on the move, sharing news
events as they happen with your carefully filtered online friends, checking in on
your favourite weblog while lying on the beach; it is already possible and will be
even more so when the devices grow into always-on mode. It is at this point
where Pierre Lévy’s (1997) imaginative collective intelligence, located in what
he calls the knowledge space, starts to come into its own on an immense scale.
Lévy describes the evolution of earthbound living as being immersed in a
succession of four types of space, in which man’s identity is determined by the
tools and symbols predominantly available in that space (see Table 1). The
knowledge space is the fourth—and final—space in which we have come to live,
and can best be seen as an informational cloud, a “space of living-in-knowledge
and collective thought” (Lévy, 1997, p. 140). An important premise for its
existence, growth, and preservation is that people interact with the informational

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4 de Vries

Table 1. Succession of spaces according to Lévy (1997)

Space Identity
Nomadic Space of Earth totems, lineage
Territorial Space territorial inscription
Commodity Space position within the domains of production and
consumption
Knowledge Space skill, nomadic cooperation, continuous hybridization

cloud by adding, changing, and retrieving data in whatever way possible. 5 It is to

“unfold and grow to cover an increasingly vast and diverse world” (Lévy, 1997,
pp. 111-112), ultimately creating a universally accessible information realm.
Already, we can recognise this vision in descriptions of the multiple thrusts
behind both the Internet and the mobile revolutions, such as those found in
marketing publicity and open source movements’ manifests alike.
Lévy’s hierarchical description of the four levels of space invoke Borgmann’s
(1999) distinction between information about (“my shed can be found next to the
willow tree”), for (“this is how you build a cathedral”), and as reality (“hi, I am
Imar’s avatar, shall we start exchanging data?”). Both Lévy and Borgmann
show us historical shifts that expose a dematerialising transition of the dominant
form of information. Although—as is conspicuously evident from the title of his
book Holding on to Reality—Borgmann warns us for a Baudrillard-like
potentially dangerous split between information about/for reality and information
as reality, Lévy is not so much concerned about the danger of leaving reality
behind, as he frames the knowledge space firmly within the other three spaces:
“[It is n]ot exactly an earthly paradise, since the other spaces, with their
limitations, will continue to exist. The intention of collective intellect is not to
destroy the earth, or the territory, or the market economy” (Lévy, 1997, p. 141).
Paradise or not, Lévy cannot help but describe the knowledge space in terms of
“a u-topia ... waiting to be born,” “a cosmopolitan and borderless space,” “an
electronic storm,” and “a sphere of artifice shot through with streaks of light and
mutating signs” (Lévy, 1997, pp. 138-141), thereby mimicking the eccentric
cyberpunk style of William Gibson’s Neuromancer. There is undeniably a
religious element visible in the way Lévy writes about the knowledge space, in
which information is to be uncoupled from its static base. This dematerialising
movement fits perfectly with the transcendental nature of going wireless:
liberating things by releasing them from their carriers (be it wires, paper, or the
brain) promises more opportunities to interconnect those liberated entities, as
they form free-floating nodes in a dynamic network. In the end, in its most radical

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 5

form, the idea is that every node can be connected to all others, providing instant
and perfect transferral of whatever form of data.
As asserted previously, although the knowledge space is self-regulated and its
transcendental nature gives rise to the supposition that it might leave the other
spaces behind, Lévy holds that it can not be entirely separated from the three
preceding spaces. Moreover, in a circular movement—“a return of the earth to
itself,” as Lévy (1997, p. 141) calls it—the knowledge space connects back to
the first space through the recurrence of the nomadic identity. Again, this is a
characteristic that is typically found in the mobile device, as has been shown by
scholars in recent literature (Gergen, 2003; Kopomaa, 2000; Meyrowitz, 2003).
The multiple social roles we possess are called upon in increasingly diverse
geographical and social environments when a mobile device is carried along: we
can perform parental tasks while at work, we can keep in touch with friends
while on vacation, and we can consume entertainment while sitting in class-
rooms. Slowly, urban design is responding to the diminishing need to build strict
and fixed divisions between sites for work, leisure, and family, creating hetero-
geneous zones in which the individual’s social status is defined by the type of
communication he or she engages with. The use of mobile technology therefore
does not entail a full-circle return to the nomadic in the sense that it forces us to
change location in order to find more fertile ground, as was the case in Lévy’s
first earthly space, but it forces our locations to adapt to our dynamic modes of
being.
The transcendental and nomadic nature of the knowledge space calls for an
intricate investigation of the points where it meets other spaces, and of the
materiality of these meeting points. Considering the ease with which the mobile
device has found its place as the essential data tool, such meeting points, which
according to Rheingold (2002) seem to call for a “marriage of bits and atoms”
(p. 100) or for us to be able to “click on reality,” (p. 95) are set to be facilitated
by the smart phones of the future. Or, as we will see in the next section, this is
how it is envisioned in idealised ideas of communication.

The Lure of the Ideal

Although he admits to being utopian, and has subsequently tried to capture the
dynamics of the collective intelligence in a formal language in order to make it
more visible and tangible, Lévy has been criticised for painting an exaggeratedly
pretty picture, ignoring the tough reality of political, economic, social, and other
factors that influence the way communication technology is developed, pro-
duced, distributed, and used. In the fourth chapter of their book Times of the

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6 de Vries

Technoculture: From the Information Society to the Virtual Life, Robins and
Webster (1999) accuse Lévy of “promot[ing] and legitim[ising] the prevailing
corporate ideology of globalization,” and hold that “there is a desperate need for
a richer debate of knowledges in contemporary societies — in place of the
shallow, progressivist marketing that attaches itself to the cyberculture slogan
(and reflects the hegemony of corporate interests)” (Robins & Webster, 1999,
pp. 225, 227). In the same chapter, the aforementioned Rheingold receives
similar flak for his—supposedly uncritical—belief in the Internet as a means of
restoring communities.
However, Lévy and Rheingold are influential writers and are certainly not alone
in taking an optimistic and idealised view on the possible contributions new
communication technology can make to finally bring people together in an
intelligent collective—nor will they be the last. If the years between the launch
of the world’s first graphic Internet browser in March 1993 and the crash of the
dotcom boom in early 2000 marked the building up of the cyberspace hype, then
the subsequent years can be characterised as having been labelled the new and
improved mobile or wireless era: countless press releases, research papers,
news articles, advertisements, books, radio shows, and television programmes
have heralded mobile technology as the ideal solution to many communication
problems. Two books I would like to bring to the fore in this respect are Smart
Mobs: The Next Social Revolution by Howard Rheingold (2002) and Cellphone
by Paul Levinson (2004), as their structures show interesting similarities with
Lévy’s (1997) approach—and with it, the same dangerous tendency to overes-
timate communication technology’s power to fulfill longtime ideals of communi-
cation.
Comprised of a large series of anecdotal, interview, and travel journal material,
Smart Mobs intends to uncover the characteristics of the “next social revolu-
tion,” which is to be cranked up by the new mobile devices that “put the power
of instant and ubiquitous communication — literally—within everyone’s grasp”
(Rheingold, 2002, back cover). Describing an impressive amount of trends,
experiments, news reports, and commercial projects within the global realm of
mobile telephony and computing, Rheingold shows how “technologies of coop-
eration” have an inherent tendency to group people together—and where there
is a group, there are opportunities to learn, create, or topple over. The well-
known (albeit somewhat overused) example of the protest demonstration in the
Philippines in 2001, in which more than 1 million people were rallied by text
messages to oppose Joseph Estrada’s regime, is used by Rheingold as a key
argument in describing a pivotal cultural and political moment: the power of
mobile, ad hoc social networks is not to be underestimated; it can even influence
politics on a momentous scale! To be fair, Rheingold’s argument does not hinge
upon this example alone; next to three other activist movements, he also mentions
the squads of demonstrators that, thanks to mobile coordination, won the “Battle

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 7

of Seattle” during a World Trade Organization meeting in 1999. These move-

ments, however, have been minor in impact and longevity, and do not appeal to
the imagination as much as the Philippine regime change does. It is therefore that
Smart Mobs focuses mainly on events and projects that contain a clearly visible
potential to change things; after all, what better way is there to show that the
social impact of mobile technology is not only measurable, but can also be
described in terms of setting in motion an unstoppable voyage towards a better
future?
Other examples of what the consequences of ubiquitous mobile communication
might be are equally carefully chosen for their provocative nature. Among the
phenomena that await us, Rheingold (2002) names WiFi neighbourhoods;
wearable computing that makes our environment aware of our presence and can
react accordingly; RFID tags that provide contextual information on any object;
and swarm intelligence that makes possible useful emergent behaviour. He does
his best to convince us of the inherent potential of these things to fundamentally
change the way we are living—and does so with an obligatory nod to the
possibility that some of those changes might not be as pleasurable as we would
like—but fails to go much further beyond stating the mantra together is good.
The majority of Rheingold’s examples, however tangible and useful they may be
within their own context, are used to construct a vision of a futuristic world in
which the possibility to connect things (people and machines) is most highly
rated. To connect is to solve, to evolve, to come closer to the ideal of sublime
togetherness.
Levinson’s Cellphone7 is another very good example of how opportunistic ideas
found in much cyberculture literature have been transferred to the mobile realm.
Not wasting any time, the book’s subtitle, which is as subtle as it is provocative,
already promises to tell us “[t]he story of the world’s most mobile medium and
how it has transformed everything” (bold in original). Working from within
his Darwinian approach to media evolution—only the fittest media persist in the
human environment—Levinson holds that “the cellphone has survived a human
test,” and that the human need it satisfies is “as old as the human species — the
need to talk and walk, to communicate and move, at the same time” (Levinson,
2004, p. 13). This need, which “even defines the human species” (Levinson,
2004, p. 13), is satisfied by the mobile device to such an extent that Levinson
foresees the end of the digital divide; the rise of new and more honest forms of
news gathering and dispersal; and the birth of a smart world.
The most important (and obvious) characteristic Levinson stresses is that the
mobile device blurs the boundary between inside and outside, rendering it
unnecessary to confine ourselves to brick and mortar rooms when we want to
call someone or find information. The consequence of this blurring is that it will
enable us to “do more of what we want to do, be it business or pleasure, pursuit

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8 de Vries

of knowledge, details, companionship, love,” and that it will make “every place
in the world in which a human may choose to thread ... well-read, or ‘intelligent’”
(Levinson, 2004, pp. 60-61). Dubbing this intelligent world a “telepathic soci-
ety”—accompanied by the obligatory but hollow disclaimers that “our progress
... will be tough going at times” (Levinson, 2004, pp. 60-61) and that the mobile
device not only solves things but generates new problems of privacy as well—
Levinson sides with previous visions of emerging all-encompassing intelligence
that have proved to be vulnerable to easy critique, including the Noosphere of
Teilhard de Chardin (1959), the morphic fields of Sheldrake (1989) and the global
brain of Bloom (2000). As we will see in the next section, the recurrence of these
ideas is not coincidental.

Researching Regularities
Clearly, optimistic visions of new futures are often met with scepticism, but this
does not stop them from reoccurring through time; especially when new
information and communication media find the limelight. To understand why this
“almost willful, historical amnesia,” as Mosco (2004, p. 118) calls it, occurs, it is
necessary to investigate the underlying regularities of such idealised claims, and
to map the basic elements that make up those regular elements. By focussing not
on a new medium itself—nor on what it is that makes it unique—but on the path
that lies before that medium, we can get a detailed view of the moments in time
that mark significant contributions to the medium’s earlier discourse. This can
best be achieved using the so-called media archaeology approach, which aims
to prevent historical amnesia by “(re)placing [the histories of media technolo-
gies] into their cultural and discursive contexts” (Huhtamo, 1994). Doing so, the
emphasis is shifted “[f]rom a predominantly chronological and positivistic
ordering of things, centered on the artefact, ... into treating history as a multi-
layered construct, a dynamic system of relationships” (Huhtamo, 1994). It is
these relationships that can clarify the intricate ways in which idealised regulari-
ties in the dynamic communication media discourse may have changed face, but
not their core.
Huhtamo proposes to call the regularities topoi, or topics, which he defines as
“formulas, ranging from stylistic to allegorical, that make up the ‘building blocks’
of cultural traditions.” He stresses that these topoi are dynamic themselves:
“they are activated and de-activated in turn; new topoi are created along the way
and old ones (at least seemingly) vanish” (Huhtamo, 1994). In other words, topoi
are highly political and ideologically motivated. As an example of a topos found
in media history, Huhtamo considers the recurrent “panicky reactions” of public

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 9

being exposed to visual spectacles, and finds these in illustrations of the

Fantasmagorie shows at the end of the 18th century, in reports of the showing
of the arriving train in the Lumière brother’s L’Arrivee d’un train a La Ciotat
(1895) and in the stereoscopic movie spectacle Captain EO in Disneyland.
There is, of course, a danger of over-interpreting historical sources that may well
have served another function than to give an accurate account of what actually
happened, but this is exactly Huhtamo’s point: “unrealized ‘dream machines,’ or
discursive inventions (inventions that exist only as discourses), can be just as
revealing as realized artefacts” (Huhtamo, 1994). The Lumière showing may
well not have created any panic at all, but it still remains a poignant reference,
a media myth that is repeatedly used in numerous books, articles, and essays in
which the reception and impact of new media is discussed. Media archaeology
tries to expose these dubious but persistent stories, to collect and dust off
forgotten elements of a medium’s history by looking at discursive connections,
however weak those connections may be. By looking at the many levels on which
the discursive construction of a communication technology presents itself, media
archaeology bridges the revolutionary gaps that are often found in teleological
historiographies of that technology.
This archaeological approach has been put to practice by several scholars in
recent years,8 and has so far been successful in revealing and critically analysing
media topoi such as the desires for immediacy, presence, liveness, and simulta-
neity. The most powerful (or overarching) topos, however, is the gnostic longing
to transcend earthly life by improving technology, and to create a Universal
Brotherhood of Universal Man. This ultimate topos unites every imaginable
description of fulfillment, perfection, pureness, and harmony, and can be found
in accounts of every communication medium, in every stage of its development,
production, distribution, and use. The dream to finally fulfill the ultimate topos
through improvement of communication technology can be comprehensively
traced through media history, as many scholars (Mattelart, 2000; Mosco, 2004;
Peters, 1999) have already shown. As I have written elsewhere, “[w]ireless
telegraphy was seen as ‘the means to instantaneous free communication’;
telephony seemed to promise banishment of distance, isolation and prejudice;
radio would pave the way for contact with the dead and television would
transform its viewers into eyewitnesses of everything that went on in the world”
(Vries, 2005, p. 11). With every development, be it technological, political,
economical, or social, the regularities in discursive accounts of older media have
been passed on to newer versions, thereby changing form but not essence.
The argument here is that mobile technology fits into a long line of media in which
a limited set of regularly used modes of reflection determines the discursive
domain of media reception. By analysing the discursive construction of mobile
technology and comparing it to that of previous communication media, we can
get a grasp of the topoi that have flourished or been revived—be it essentially

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10 de Vries

unchanged or in disguised form—and of those that have floundered or been

abandoned. Some of the most interesting indicators of these topoi are to be found
in rationalisation techniques people use when explaining why they buy mobile
phones, or what they are mainly going to use them for. On the surface, these
explanations mostly point to very pragmatic reasons. Field study has shown that
common justifications for acquiring a mobile phone are business, safety, and
security (Palen, Salzman, & Youngs, 2000). On a deeper psychological level,
however, these pragmatic reasons can be tied to fears of solipsism, a desire to
increase the amount and strength of communication channels in the social
network, and a wish for greater control over one’s overall connectivity and
availability. Just as we have seen in Rheingold’s Smart Mobs, a need for the
potential to increase togetherness is expressed in the mobile discourse, reflect-
ing the ultimate topos of ideal communication.
The hints of religious elements present in these uncovered communication ideals
is not surprising; just as Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach stated in the middle of
the 19th century that God is the projection of the human essence onto an ideal,
so is an ultimate communicative Being One a projection of a human essence onto
communication ideals. The religious motifs continue to exist today: authors such
as Erik Davis (1998) and David Noble (1997) have written elaborate accounts
of how contemporary technological discourses are still undeniably intertwined
with religious beliefs, despite the widely held notion that since the Enlightenment
these categories have slowly but surely separated. Such is the case with the
topos of ultimate togetherness: the fears and desires disseminated by that topos
are exponents of a mixture of the autonomous behaviour of the liberated
Cartesian subject on the one hand, and a dream of a bodiless sharing of minds,
described by Peters (1999) as angelic communication, on the other. This is a
deeply paradoxical mixture, however. Angelic communication shows all the
hallmarks of a divine togetherness: with no physical borders and direct one-on-
one mappings of minds, every entity will ultimately know and be the same. This
loss of individuality collides with the search for more control over ones individual
connectivity found in the modern subject’s autonomous behaviour. Both angelic
communication and complete autonomy are idealised opposite poles on the same
scale, and will therefore remain forever out of reach.

Thinking through Paradox

The crux of the communication paradox can be described as an uneasiness in the
human communication psyche, born out of the tension between the desire for
ideal communication and the knowledge of never being able to reach that goal.

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 11

This is not to say that every individual always wants to strive for perfection.
Moreover, reaching perfection may not be what would actually be beneficial for
human kind, as many dystopian answers to utopian projects, proposals, and
literature have shown; there is no room for individuals or deviations in a society
that can only function perfectly if every citizen is synchronised in the grand
scheme.9 Still, the paradox holds, as even in dystopian visions the utopian looms;
in the end, Armageddon, the ultimate dystopian event, does nothing more than to
destroy old structures in order to lay the foundation for a new, perfect one. A
similar argument can be made for a dominant part of the communication media
discourse: New media strive for the abolishment of old media in order to provide
improved togetherness (Bolter & Grusin, 1999).
As we have seen in the previous section, the successive observations that the
development phase and subsequent promotion of communication media are
almost always framed within idealised expectations, that these are always
accompanied by dystopian rebuttals, and that this process of touting and
dismissing keeps reoccurring through time, give rise to the assumption that there
is a steady undercurrent present, a topos that can be described as an idea of ideal
communication that drives humankind to keep searching despite guaranteed
failure. The objection to this assumption might be that this process is merely a
marketing mechanism, but such a mechanism can only work if it addresses a
human longing, one that is sensitive to promises of solving the communication
tension. 10 The question, then, is whether the paradoxical attitude towards
communication technology is innate, or if it is just a temporary, culturally
sustained concept of progress left over from the Enlightenment, which, at some
time in the future, is to be replaced by another concept. If it is innate, we will not
be able to escape it; if it is not, we might be able to understand how to change
or manipulate the structures in which the paradox resides.
To ask the question of innateness is to enter the realm of epistemology, the study
of how we can know the world around us. Until the middle of the 18th century,
this field had known two fairly opposed visions: the rationalist and the empiricist
view. The rationalist Innate Concept thesis holds that there are some concepts
that are already in our minds when we are born, as part of our rational nature.
The notion that we can have a priori knowledge, that we have some innate
awareness of things we know to be true that is not provided by experience, rests
on the premise that the concepts used to construct that knowledge are also
innate. Empiricists, however, argue that there are no innate concepts, and that
experience alone accounts for the raw material we use to gain knowledge. The
most well-known proponent of empiricism, John Locke, wrote that humans are
born with a blank mind, a tabula rasa, which is written onto by experience.
Knowledge, therefore, is not brought to consciousness by experience, but is
provided by that experience itself.

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12 de Vries

This distinction largely disappeared toward the end of the 18th century when the
two views were brought together by Emmanuel Kant, who divided reality into the
phenomenal world (in which things are what they appear to us to be, and can
empirically be known) and the noumenal world (in which things are what they are
in themselves, and where rationalism rules). According to Kant’s transcendental
idealism, innate concepts do exist, but only in the noumenal world, where they
remain empirically unknowable. Arguably, these innate concepts are philosophi-
cal in nature and therefore proof of their existence remains hard to formulate, but
this does not mean innateness is always metaphysical. For instance, genetic
theory, a late 20th century science, claims to provide empirical evidence for the
existence of innate mechanisms in cognitive evolution: Human brains are not
tabula rasa, but prestructured in specific ways so that they can learn things other
organisms can not. While some elements of evolutionary psychology (EP) are
highly controversial,11 it is increasingly accepted that we all come wired with
what Chomsky (1957) has called a Language Acquisition Device (LAD): Not
only do we possess an innate capacity to learn, but also an innate set of universal
language structures. This means that, independent of our social, cultural, or ethic
environment, we already know how language works before we even speak it. It
is on this level that we have to look for the communication paradox if we believe
it to be innate: Are we in some way hard-wired to have a tendency to long for
goals that are impossible to reach, to be fascinated by things that are and yet are
not? Is there some sense of divine togetherness that we come programmed with,
that is at some point in time to be fulfilled but keeps slipping away when we think
we come close? The long history of trying to overcome distance and time through
the use of media makes a strong argument for such a claim, especially when
looking at the positivist discourse this search is usually framed in.
Seen this way, the topos of increased togetherness through idealised communi-
cation is but one manifestation of a central paradoxical tendency generated by
our brains, albeit one of the most dominant. An imaginative account of how this
paradoxical core pervades all aspects of life is found in Hofstadter’s (1979/1999)
Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid. In the new preface in the 20th
anniversary edition Hofstadter stresses the paradoxical motive for writing the
book by stating that he had set out to “say how it is that animate beings can come
out of inanimate matter” (Hofstadter, 1979/1999, p. xx). Introducing so-called
strange loops, instances of self-reference that can often lead to paradoxical
situations, Hofstadter shows that these loops can not only be found in math,
perspective drawings, and music, but also—and this is his main argument—in the
very essence of conscious existence itself. Without paradoxes, it seems, life as
we know it could not exist. A similar argument is made by Seife (2000), who
explores our uneasy relationship with zero and infinity in Zero: The Biography
of a Dangerous Idea. Innocent as they might seem, in many situations in many
times the notions of zero and infinity have been difficult to grasp, use, and explain;

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 13

to such an extent even that people have equated them with the work of God and
ignored them as not allowed by God at the same time. It was through the use of
zero and the infinite that Zeno could create his paradoxical race, in which
Achilles never overtakes the tortoise, and it is zero and the infinite that plague
contemporary physicists’ current understanding of our universe. Opposite poles
that invoke as well as fight the paradoxical will always be with us, because we
are born out of a paradox, Seife concludes.
EP is a relatively young field, and as such has not yet found very stable ground.
The argument that there is a universally active module in our brain that triggers—
or is even responsible for—a life with paradoxes is therefore to be very
cautiously approached. As asserted previously, it may well be that our paradoxi-
cal attitude towards communication is not the manifestation of an innate concept,
but of a culturally constructed one. A helpful nongenetic argument for the
paradoxical inclination is found in existentialist theories, especially in Heidegger’s
treatment of Gelassenheit (releasement) and Sartre’s description of mauvaise
foi (bad faith). Whereas the former concept deals with fully accepting one’s
Being-in-the-world as something that has no intrinsic goal or pregiven content,
as something that can only receive its significance through the meaning one
chooses to give to it, the latter is the result of not accepting the open-ended
nature of our existence, of continuously asking “why”? and trying to find the
answer outside of one’s own will. Such a denial of things-as-they-are and things-
as-they-happen actively feeds and sustains a two-pole system, in which para-
doxes reside: There is no coincidence when everything happens for a reason, and
there is no sense when everything is contingent. People with bad faith—and
there are a lot, according to Sartre—often face and cannot accept the most
fundamental paradox: Sometimes things are just what they are, even when they
are not.
Now all these observations may seem a far cry from our day-to-day experience
of using mobile phones, but whenever we transfer any information in any way
we are positioned as a node in a communication network, one that exists foremost
because we as humans seek contact. We hope and strive for this contact to be
instantaneous, clear, under control, and ideal, even when we want to mislead or
deceive the other person; if we manage to use the medium and channel in such
a way that it serves our intent, the contact has been ideal for its purpose. The
desire is for a technologically induced complete fulfillment, which is omnipresent
in mobile discourse. There is never any certainty about having reached this ideal
state, however, as we have seen. The communication paradox makes sure that
something always gets in the way of pure experience.

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14 de Vries

The Return of Location

In light of this knowledge, the best way we can act, as Peters (1999) also argues,
is to embrace the impossibility of ideal communication and make do with what
forms of communication we can realise. The transcendental nature of wireless
technology may at times lure us into thinking we have come close and need just
a little push in the right direction, but this would be like chasing a mirage. What
then are the elements of more appropriate pragmatic approaches to using new
communication technology, ones that defy the urge to hand out idealised
promises? Some interesting trends in recent innovative wireless concepts show
that the independency of locality, the characteristic that seemingly constitutes
the essence of mobile telephony, can be turned on its head. Where the most pure
form of communication is equated with a bodiless presence and is therefore
situated in a nondescriptive anywhere, part of the current crop of wireless
projects inject exactly this sense of locality into the mobile communicative act.
The resulting location based services (LBS) are put to use in a variety of ways:
backseat games that merge road context with virtual content (Brunnberg &
Juhlin, 2003), portable devices that support the tourist experience by supplying
on the spot information (Brown & Chalmers, 2003), systems that provide virtual
annotation of physical objects (Persson, Espinoza, Fagerberg, Sandin, & Cöster,
2002), and mobile phone applications that can sense the proximity of people on
your buddy list (Smith, Consolvo, Lamarca, Hightower, Scott, Sohn, et al., 2005).
Of course, all these projects in some way reflect a drive towards making things
easier, quicker, better, or simply more enjoyable, and therefore do not completely
escape paradoxical idealised thinking, but they do not ostentatiously try to
transcend our present experience of communication by denying its inherent
grounding in lived space and time.
Another area where mobile phones are undeniably making a difference without
having to resort to metaphysical musings is in developing countries. By leapfrog-
ging older communication technology—in most cases this concerns landlines that
had been too expensive to be installed nationwide—mobile technology is used to
quickly set up cheap networks, thereby facilitating measurable boosts to local
economies and communities. The mobile networks do not instantly connect all
parts of a country, but remain localised in existing urban or rural environments.
This localisation is further strengthened by the fact that, less tempted to use the
mobile device to mix different social locales into one heterogeneous zone, as is
more the case in Western metropolitan areas, people in these developing
countries tend to see the mobile more as a landline that happens to be wireless.
If there would have been a landline the impact would have largely been the same,
something communication theorist Jonathan Donner (2003) concurs with. He
conducted several field studies in Rwanda, and found that the use of mobile

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 15

phones by Rwandan entrepreneurs enhanced their ability to do business, but also

to satisfy their emotional and intrinsic needs. This is mostly due to the mere
presence of a communication channel, and not to the mobile’s intrinsic essence.
Again, the underlying idealised implication is that appointments, deals, and
transactions can occur faster and more streamlined when people are increas-
ingly brought together in whatever way, but in cases such as those in Rwanda
the results of introducing wireless technology are clearly visible and do not
remain mostly theoretical.

Conclusion
With the global proliferation of mobile communication devices, a reinvigorated
sense of ubiquitous connection possibilities has emerged. Covering large parts of
the Earth, a networked informational skin seems set to revolutionise our way of
living. The key new paradigm that is stressed in this “mobilisation” of the world
is the ability to tap into an all-encompassing knowledge space, thereby making
information addition, retrieval, and communication virtually instantaneous. The
fundamental driving force behind this endeavour can be ascribed to a desire for
establishing connections to everyone or everything in whatever way possible, a
bodiless omnipresence. The radical consequences of this—almost angelic—
desire are affecting traditional modes of interaction such as dialogue and
dissemination.
This dream of idealised communication is subconsciously stressed by the
dominant image of wireless communication that is found in advertisements, press
releases, books on social change, government policies, and the like. Promises
that things will get better, fuel our impatience when contemporary technology
fails to deliver. In other words, the desire for ideal communication itself is part
of a paradoxical system found in all layers of our existence. The dream can never
be realised, and will therefore continue to recur through time. Whether we will
be able to change our attitude towards this strange loop depends on its nature:
If it is hard-wired into our brains, we will have to live with the paradox forever.
If it is not, who knows, we might come to see mobile communication for exactly
what it is, a specific but not definitive “Being” of communication.

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16 de Vries

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Endnotes
1
See Standage (1998) for a comparison of the telegraph age with the rise of
the Internet.
2
See Medosch (2004) for an account of how both wireless eras are very
similar in the way the technology was received.
3
Mobiles in Europe are predicted to exceed Europe’s population in 2007
(Analysys Press Office, 2005).
4
See Clark (2004) for an account of how “educational policy, peer pressure,
and most importantly, soaring use of internet-enabled mobile handsets”
drive young people in Japan to use mobile phones instead of computers
when sending and receiving e-mail.
5
A fitting current example of an implementation of such a cloud would be
Wikipedia, which thrives on user input and moderation. Other methods of

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 Propagating the Ideal: The Mobile Communication Paradox 19

knowledge storage and retrieval such as Google and archive.org rely on

algorithms and filters, which makes them more archival than dynamic
modes of knowledge preservation.
6
See http://www.aec.at/en/festival2003/wvx/FE_2003_PierreLevy_E.wvx
for a Webcast of his lecture at the 2003 Ars Electronica conference, in
which he presented the system of this formal language.
7
Levinson prefers to call the device a cellphone instead of a mobile phone,
because “[it] is not only mobile, but generative, creative.” On top of that,
it “travels, like organic cells do,” and it “can imprison us in a cell of omni-
accessibility” (Levinson, 2004, p. 11). I tend to use mobile device, as this
category includes not only the mobile (or cell) phone, but also smart phones
and PDAs.
8
Huhtamo names Tom Gunning, Siegfried Zielinski, Carolyn Marvin, Avital
Ronell, Susan J. Douglas, Lynn Spiegel, Cecelia Tichi, and William Boddy
(Huhtamo, 1994).
9
Eager to show that a collective intelligence does not mean a loss of
individuality, Lévy acknowledges that it is important to ask, in Day's words,
“how we can pass from a group mentality characterised by a modern notion
of the mass (and with that, mass broadcasting) to a collective intelligence
wherein persons may remain individual and singular” (Day, 1999, p. 266).
10
Claims that support the idea of a universal disposition towards what mobile
communication is supposed to be about can be found in Katz and Aakhus
(2001).
11
Malik (1998) criticises EP because it can be used to explain sexual and
racial discrimination as “biologically meaningful.” Because our genes have
not been able to keep up with cultural evolution, the EP argument goes, we
are “stone age men in a space age world,” and therefore cannot help but
to exhibit hunter-gatherer behaviour. Malik claims that this would com-
pletely deny the fact that culture has evolved out of natural selection too,
and that we consciously make choices.

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20 Wildenbos & Washida

Chapter II

Beauty and the Nerd:

Ethnographical Analyses in
the Japanese Digitalization
Gaby Anne Wildenbos, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

Yuichi Washida, Hakuhodo Inc. & The University of Tokyo, Japan

Abstract

This chapter focuses on the Japanese usage of digital products. Both the
consumer and production side are addressed, whereby emphasizing the
mobile phone industry on the basis of two consumer groups otakus and
kogals. First, key characteristics of each consumer group are described.
Second, social and cultural aspects related to consumption behavior of the
otakus and kogals are examined—that is, collectivism, individualism and
kawaiiness (cuteness or coolness). This is followed by the production side of
digital products in Japan, highlighting two major companies involved in
mobile telephony: NTT DoCoMo and Label Mobile, which in their turn, are
linked to the consumption cultures of otaku and kogals.

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 Ethnographical Analyses in the Japanese Digitalization 21

Japan in Relation to the West

Japan plays a key role throughout the world, especially regarding technological
innovation. Barclay (2004) surveys the state of contemporary Japanese technol-
ogy in his report The Technology of Japan. In this survey it is apparent that
Japanese technological capabilities are on the same level as those of the U.S.
Moreover, Japan and the U.S. have a long-lasting relationship regarding this
matter, which dates from the postwar period. Together with Russia, the U.S. has
been in charge of Japan after World War II until the beginning of the 1950s. With
regard to technology it wanted to make sure that Japan would loose its military
nature. Evidently, it can be said Japan owes its strong economic position to this
occupation period: “They chose to forge a new path, a path that led to postwar
Japan being a military-political dwarf but an economic giant.” (Nakayama, 2001,
p. 2). Japan cannot afford to withdraw from the technological relationship with
the U.S., since its technological dependence on America is essential. Another
way of saying it would be that the technological alliance between both countries
is a matter of strategic interest for the U.S., whereas it is one of economic and
technological necessity for Japan (Barclay, 2004).
Where does this place other Western countries, like Europe? Although some
countries in Europe import technologies from Japan, their relationship on this
matter is less strong than the Japanese-American alliance. Nevertheless,
Europe’s influence on Japan is noticeable in a more general sense, namely
Japan’s movement towards Westernization. Westernization was first offered to
Japan in the 16th century through southern European countries. Not only did the
Europeans transport an interesting cuisine, more importantly, they brought
medical and scientific knowledge. However, at that time the European or
Western influence was limited, since the practical needs for their science and
technology was small. The second period when Japan came into contact with
Westernization was at the beginning of the 20th century. Then they did experi-
ence an internal need to adapt to some of the Western modernization (Kasulis,
1995). The Japanese saw Westernization as an import item; they could use
modern European and American ideas or products for practical needs related to
political, military, and economic necessities. Nowadays, it is even said that
“seeing the skyscrapers of Tokyo’s downtown districts, hearing Western rock
or classical music even in village coffee shops, or tasting the French cuisine of
its fine restaurants, it is easy for one to think of Japan as part of the Western-
based family of cultures” (Kasulis, 1995, p. 1).

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22 Wildenbos & Washida

Japan vs. the West

Yet, apart from Westernization, Japan seems to present totally different char-
acteristics as well. Ian Condry (personal interview, March 24, 2005), Professor
of Japanese Cultural Studies, says that Japanese see their country as: “Japan is
that which is not the West.” This can be related to the period that stands in
between the first and second introduction of Westernization, in which the foreign
influence was kept to a minimum. After this period of isolation the Japanese
realized that in order to “relate and compete with the U.S. and Europe, it is they
who would have to adapt.” Within the process of modification it seems as if the
Japanese value their modes of behavior insignificant compared to the ones of the
West, which shows itself in their ability to copy almost any Western attribute.
Idealized versions of the West are presented in Tokyo Disneyland, German
Happiness Kingdom, Canadian World in Hokkaido, Garasunosato “the Venice of
Japan,” Huis ten Bosch “Dutch Village,” and so on.
Paradoxically, every time Japan tries to catch up with the West, their national
identity becomes stronger in this process:

They [Japanese] ended up ahead of the power they were catching up to and
redefining their own uniqueness. The Japanese view their entire past in
terms of foreign influence and native sentiment. They consciously distinguish
what came from China and the West and what is natively Japanese.
(Eckstein, 1999, p. 9)

In other words, by means of westernization, Japanese people are in search of

what is “Japaneseness”—A pursuit that is accompanied by the West. Other than
Japanese technology, Japanese popular culture and lifestyle also appear to be
booming in Western countries, especially in the U.S. Since it is not exactly clear
where this interest comes from, recent writings on the influence of Japan on
Western countries seems to be focusing on which specific Japanese character-
istics attract the West, which can be exemplified by this chapter.

Consumption:
Beauty and the Nerd
What is most striking about Japanese mobile communication or usage of mobile
phones? First of all, mobile phones appear everywhere: on the streets, in the
elevators, in the trains, during lunch, during meetings, in back pockets or Louis

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 Ethnographical Analyses in the Japanese Digitalization 23

Vuitton bags of girls (and boys), and so on. This would imply that everywhere
mobile phones will be ringing; however the usage of the mobile phones is
apparently silent. When people use their phones to communicate with each other
they mostly speak quietly. Moreover, the ability to send a text message is
frequently used; especially in young girls, they send more text messages than
they use their phone to actually make a call. More then 70% of Japanese send
e-mail through mobile phones at least once a day (Washida, 2005). Another
characteristic of the silent usage differs from the original communication means
of a (mobile) phone. The phones are often used as wireless devices to obtain
information and entertainment. It is possible to use your phone to listen to original
music, to get information about your favorite restaurants, and what is more,
discount coupons of that restaurant can be stored in the same device. Recently,
even systems are developed to use your mobile phone as a mobile wallet; for
example, to pay for your train ticket. Besides a communication tool or content
provider, mobile phones are used as a means for self-expression. Although the
design of the mobile phones is rather similar, the added straps and decorations
speak for themselves.
There are two important consumer cultures surrounding digital products, that is,
the otaku and the kogal culture. These terms may sound familiar yet there exists
no detailed analysis of these cultures in relation to digital products. Therefore, I
attempt to provide an in-depth study of these cultures in order describe their
relevance to the Japanese usage of digitalization whereby focusing on both the
production side and the consumption side.

Otaku:
Technologies as Life Value
Otaku and kogal do not mean male and female, still their association with gender
is evident (Washida, 2005). They are of importance to the Japanese high-tech
manufacturers since they offer a double-feedback structure; the small group of
otakus give detailed technological feedback, whereas the large cluster of kogals
provide information that is useful for a wide-ranging market. In general this
means that the manufacturers use otakus to do test marketing when they initially
release their products. The information obtained during this test marketing is
used to improve products successfully. On the other hand, manufacturers get
hold of kogals’ curious behaviors regarding digital products. Feedback provided
by marketing research helps the manufactures to make their products more
attractive and competitive for the general market. Manufacturers even imitate
kogals’ behavior: They transform the new uses invented by the kogals into their
own new commercial services (Washida, 2005).

Copyright © 2007, Idea Group Inc. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written
permission of Idea Group Inc. is prohibited.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
111.3 127.2 143.1 158 15.8 31.6 47.4 63.2 79.0 94.8 110.6 126.4
142.2 157 15.7 31.4 47.1 62.8 78.5 94.2 109.9 125.6 141.3 156 35.6
31.2 46.8 62.4 78.0 93.6 109.2 124.8 140.4 155 15.5 31.0 46.5 62.0
77.5 93.0 108.5 124.0 139.5 154 15.4 30.8 46.2 61.6 77.0 92.4
107.8 123.2 138.6 153 15.3 30.6 45.9 61.2 76.5 91.8 107.1 1.22.4
137.7 152 15.2 30.4 45.6 60.8 76.0 91.2 106.4 121.6 136.8 in 15.1
30.2 45.3 60.4 75.5 90.6 105.7 120 8 135.9 iJ5C 15.0 30.0 45.0 60.0
75.0 90.0 105.0 120.0 135.0 149 14.9 29.8 44.7 59.6 74.5 89.4
104.3 119.2 134.1 • 148 14.8 29.6 44.4 59.2 74.0 88.8 103.6 118.4
133.2 147 14.7 29.4 44.1 58.8 73.5 88.2 102.9 117.6 132.3 146 14,6
29.2 43.8 58.4 73.0 87.6 102.2 316.8 131.4 145 14.5 29.0 43.5 58.0
72.5 87.0 101.5 116.0 130.5 144 14.4 28.8 43.2 57.6 72.0 86.4
100.8 115.2 129.6 143 14.3 28.6 42.9 57.2 71.5 85.8 100.1 114.4
128.7 142 14.2 28.4 42.6 56.8 71.0 85 2 99.4 113.6 127.8 141 14.1
28.2 42.3 56.4 70.5 84.6 98 ? 112.8 126.9 140 14.0 28.0 42.0 56.0
70.0 84.0 98. G 112.0 126.0
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.94%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. No. 300 L. 477.] [No. 339 L.

531. N. 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 r/ 8 9 310 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 320 1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 330 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 477121 8566
7266 8711 7411 8855 7555 8999 7700 9143 7844 9287 7989 9431
8133 9575 8278 9719 Tl56 2588 4015 5437 6855 8269 9677 8422
986S 145 144 144 143 143 142 142 141 141 140 140 139 1S9 189
138 1£8 137 137 186 186 136 135 135 184 134 133 133 133 132
182 131 131 131 130 130 129 129 139 128 X§B 480007 1443 2874
4300 5721 7138 8551 9958 0151 1586 3016 4442 5863 7:480 8692
0294 1729 3159 4585 6005 7421 8833 0438 1872 3302 4727 6147
7563 8974 0582 2016 3445 4869 6289 7704 9114 0725 2159 3587
5011 6480 7845 9255 0869 2302 3730 5153 6572 7986 9896 1012
2445 3872 5295 6714 8127 9537 1299 2731 4157 5579 6997 8410
9818 0099 1502 2900 4294 5683 7068 8448 9824 0239 1643 3040
4483 5822 7206 8586 9962 0380 1782 3179 4572 59GO 7'344 8724
0520 1923 3819 4711 6099 7483 8862 0661 2062 8458 4850 6288
7621 8999 0801 2201 3597 4989 6376 7759 9137 0941 2341 3737
5128 6515 7897 9275 1081 2481 8876 5267 6653 8035 9412 1222
2621 4015 5406 C7G1 em C55d 491362 2760 4155 5544 6930 8311
9687 0099 1470 2837 4199 5557 6911 8260 9606 0236 1607 297'3
4335 6693 7046 8395 9740 1081 2418 3750 5079 6403 7724 9040
0374 1744 3109 4471 5828 7181 8530 9874 0511 1880 3246 4607
5964 7816 8664 0648 2017 8382 4743 6099 7451 8799 07'85 2154
3518 4878 6234 7586 8934 OS22 2291 3655 5014 6870 7721 9068
501059 2427 3791 5150 6505 7856 9203 510545 1883 8218 4548
5874 71% 8514 9828 1196 2564 3927 5286 6640 7991 9337 1333
2700 4063 5421 6776 8126 9471 0009 1349 9684 4016 5344 6C68
7987 9S03 0615 1922 3226 4526 5822 7114 8402 9687 0143 1482
2818 4149 5476 6^ CO 8119 9434 0745 2053 8856 4656 5951 7243
8531 9815 0277 1616 2951 4282 56C9 6932 8251 9566 0876 2183
8486 4785 6081 7372 8060 9i;43 0411 1750 3084 4415 5741 7064
8382 9697 ~1007 2314 3616 4915 6210 7501 8788 0679 2017 3351
4681 6006 7328 8646 9959 0813 2151 3484 4813 6139 7460 8777
0947 2284 3617 4946 6271 7592 8909 1215 2551 3883 5211 6535
7855 9171 0090 1400 2705 4006 5304 6598 7888 9174 0221 1530
2835 4136 5434 6727 8016 9802 0353 1661 2966 4266 5563 6856
8145 9430 0484 1792 3096 4396 5693 6985 8274 9559 521138
2444 3746 5045 G339 7630 8917 ~530200~ 1289 2575 3876 5174
6469 7759 9045 0072 1351 0328 i 0456 0584 0712 0840 0968 1096
1223 PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Diff. 1 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 139 13.9 138
13.8 137 13.7 136 13.6 135 13.5 134 13.4 133 13.3 132 13.2 131
13.1 130 13.0 129 12.9 128 12.8 127 12 7 27.8 41.7 27.6 41.4 27.4
41.1 27.2 40.8 27.0 40.5 26.8 40.2 26.6 39.9 26.4 39.6 26.2 89.3
26.0 89.0 25.8 38.7 25.6 38.4 25.4 38.1 55.6 55.2 54.8 54.4 54.0
53.6 53.2 52.8 52.4 52.0 51.6 51.2 50.8 69.5 69.0 68.5 68.0 67.5
67.0 66.5 66.0 65.5 65.0 64.5 64.0 63.5 83.4 82.8 82.2 81.6 81,0
80.4 79.8 79.2 78.6 78.0 77.4 76.8 76.2 97.3 96.6 95.9 95.2 94.5
93.8 93.1 92.4 91.7 91.0 90.3 i 89.6 88.9 111.2 110.4 109.6 108.8
108.0 107.2 106.4 105. S 104.8 104.0 108.2 102.4 101.6 125.1
124.2 123.3 122.4 121.5 120.6 119.7 118.8 117.9 117.0 116.1 115.2
114.3
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.30%
accurate

MS OF No. 340 L. 531.] [No. 379 L.5,9. N. 0 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8

9 Diff. 340 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 350 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 300 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 370 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 531479 2754 4026 5294 6558 7819 9076
1007 2882 4153 5421 6085 7945 9202 1734 3009 4280 5547 6811
8071 9327 ~0580~ 1829 3074 4316 5555 6789 8021 9249 1862
3136 4407 5074 6937 8197 9452 1990 3264 4534 5800 7063 8322
9578 1 2117 3391 4001 5927 7189 8448 9703 2245 3518 4787 6053
7315 8574 9829 2372 3045 4914 6180 7441 8699 9954 2500 3772
5041 6306 756-7 8825 2627 38D9 5167 6432 7693 8951 128 127
127 126 126 126 125 125 125 124 124 124 123 123 123 122 122 m
IJj 120 120 120 0079 1330 25J6 3820 5060 6290 7529 8758 9984
0204 1454 2701 3944 5183 6419 7652 8881 540329 1579 2825
4068 5307 6543 7775 9003 0455 17'04 2950 4192 5431 6066 7898
9126 0705 1953 3199 4440 5078 6913 8144 9371 0830 2078 3323
4564 5802 7036 8267 9494 0955 2203 3447 4688 5925 7159 8389
9010 1080 2327 3571 4812 6049 7282 8512 9739 1205 2452 3090
4936 6172 7405 8035 9801 0106 1328 2547 3762 4973 6182 7387
8589 9787 550228 1450 2668 3883 5094 6303 7507 8709 9907
0351 15T2 2790 4004 5215 0423 7627 8829 0473 1694 2911 4126
5336 6544 7748 8948 0595 1816 3033 4247 5457 6664 7808 9008
0717 1938 3155 4368 5578 6785 7988 9188 0840 2000 3276 4489
5699 6905 8108 9308 0962 2181 3398 4010 .5820 7026 8228 9428
1034 2303 3519 4731 5940 7146 8349 9548 1206 2425 3640 4852
6001 7267 8469 9607 0026 2412 3000 4784 5966 7144 8319 9491
0146 1340 2531 3718 4903 6084 7202 8436 9008 0205 1459 2050
3837 5021 6202 7379 8554 9725 0385 1578 2709 3955 5139 6320
7497 8671 9842 0504 1098 2887 4074 5257 6437 7614 8788 9959
0624 1817 3006 4192 5376 6555 7732 8905 0743 1936 3125 4311
5494 6073 7849 9023 0803 2055 3244 4429 5612 6791 7967 9140
0982 2174 3362 4548 5730 6909 8084 9257 119 119 119 119 118
118 118 117 117 117 116 116 116 115 115 115 114 561101 2293
3481 4666 5848 7026 8202 9374 0076 1243 2407 3508 4726 5880
7032 8181 9326 0193 1359 2523 3684 4841 5996 7147 8295 9441
0309 1476 2039 3800 4957 6111 7202 8410 9555 0428 1592 2755
3915 5072 6226 7377 8525 9009 570543 1709 2872 4031 5188
6341 7492 8639 0660 1825 2988 4147 5303 6457 7607 8754 0776
1942 3104 4203 5419 6572 7722 8868 0893 2058 3220 4379 5534
6087 7836 8983 1010 2174 3336 4494 5050 6802 7051 9097 i 1126
2291 3452 4010 5705 6917 80G6 9212 PROPORTIONAL, PARTS.
Diff. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 128 127 126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119
12.8 12.7 12.6 12.5 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.0 11.9 25.6 88.4 25.4
88.1 25.2 87.8 25.0 37.5 24.8 37.2 24.6 36.9 24.4 36.6 24.2 86.3
24.0 36.0 23.8 35.7 51.2 50.8 50.4 50.0 49.6 49.2 48.8 48.4 48.0
47.6 64.0 63.5 63.0 62.5 62.0 61.5 61.0 60.5 60.0 59.5 76.8 76.2
75.6 75.0 74.4 73.8 73.2 72.6 72.0 71.4 89.6 102.4 88.9 101.6 88.2
100.8 87.5 100.0 86.8 99.2 86.1 98.4 85.4 97.6 84.7 96.8 84.0 90.0
83.3 95.2 115.2 114.3 113.4 112.5 111.6 110.7 109.8 108.9 108.0
107.1
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.97%
accurate

LOGARITHMS" OF NUMBERS. No. 380. I,. 579.] [No. 414 L.

617. N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 380 579784 9898 ~0469~ 0012
0126 0241 0355 0583 0697 0811 114 1 580925 1039 1153 1267
1381 1495 1608 1? 22 1836 1950 2063 2177 2291 240 4 2518 2031
2745 2^ 58 2972 3085 3 3199 3312 3426 3539 3652 3765 3879
39U2 4105 4218 4 4331 4444 4557 467 0 4783 4896 5009 51 22
5235 5348 113 5 5161 5574 5686 5799 5912 6024 6137 6250 6362
6475 6 6587 G7'00 6812 692 5 7037 7149 7262 7C 574 7486 75,/9
7 7711 7823 7935 804 7 8160 8272 8384 8496 8608 8720 112 8
8832 8944 9056 9167 9279 9391 9503 9015 9726 9838 g 9950 0061
0173 0284 0396 0507 0619 0730 0842 0953 390 5910G5 1178 1399
1510 1621 1732 1843 1955 2066 i 2177 2288 2SD9 251 0 2621
2732 2843 2t )54 3064 3175 111 2 3286 3397 3508 3618 3729 3840
3950 4001 4171 4282 3 4393 4503 4G14 472 4 4834 4945 5055 5
05 5276 5386 4 5496 5606 5717 5827 5937 6047 6157 6267 6377
6487 C597 6707 G817 692 7037 7:46 7256 7< 300 7476 7586 110
G 7695 7805 7914 8024 8134 8243 8353 8462 8572 8681 7 8791
9883 8900 oooo 9009 9119 9228 9337 9446 9556 9665 9774 yyy/«
0101 0210' C319 0428 0537 0046 0755 0864 109 9 G00973 1082
1191 1299 1408 1517 1625 1734 1843 1951 400 2030 2169 2277
2386 2494 2603 2711 2 ^19 2928 3036 1 o!44 3253 S361 34G9
3577 3G86 3794 3902 4010 4118 108 0 4226 4334 4442 4550 4658
47G6 4874 4982 5089 5197 3 5305 5413 5521 5G£ 8 5736 5844
5951 6 J59 61G6 6274 4 6381 6489 6596 67C )4 6811 6919 7026 7
133 7241 7348 5 7455 7562 7669 7777 7884 7991 8098 8205 8312
8419 107 6 8526 8633 8740 8847 8954 9061 9167 9274 9381 9488
9594 9701 9308 991 A 0021 0128 0234 0341 0447 0554 8 G10660
07G7 0373 0979 1086 1192 1298 1405 1511 1617 9 1723 1829
1336 2042 2148 2254 2360 2466 2572 2678 106 410 2784 2890
2996 3102 3207 3313 3419 3525 3630 8736 1 3842 3947 4053 4159
4264 4370 4475 4581 4686 4792 2 4897 5003 5108 521 3 5319
5424 5529 5 J34 5740 5845 3 5950 6055 6160 62( )5 6370 6476
6581 6 186 6790 6895 105 4 7000 7105 7210 7315 7420 7525 7629
7734 7839 7943 PROPORTIONAL PARTS. DiH. 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 118
11.8 23.6 35.4 47.2 59.0 70.8 82.6 94.4 106.2 117 11.7 23.4 35.1
46.8 58.5 70.2 81.9 93.6 105.3 116 11.6 23.2 34.8 46.4 58.0 69.6
81.2 92.8 104.4 115 11.5 23.0 34.5 46.0 57.5 69.0 80.5 92.0 103.5
114 11.4 22.8 84.2 45.6 57.0 68.4 79.8 91.2 102.6 113 11.3 22.6
33.9 45.2 ' 56.5 67.8 79.1 90.4 101.7 112 11.2 22.4 33.6 44.8 56.0
67.2 78.4 89.6 100.8 111 11. 1 22.2 33.3 44.4 55.5 66.6 77.7 88.8
99.9 110 11.0 22.0 as.o 44.0 55.0 66.0 77.0 88.0 99.0 109 10.9 21.8
32.7 43.6 54.5 65.4 76.3 87.2 98.1 108 10.8 21.6 32.4 43.2 54.0
64.8 75.6 86.4 97.2 107 10.7 21.4 32.1 42.8 53.5 64.2 74.9 85.6
96.3 106 10.6 21.2 31.8 42.4 53.0 63.6 74.2 84.8 95.4 105 10.5
21.0 31.5 42.0 52.5 63.0 73.5 84.0 94.5 104 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6
52.0 62.4 72.8 1 83.2 93.6
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.53%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 143 No. 415 L. 618.1 [No. 459

L. 662 ^ N. 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 Diff. 415 6 7 8 9 420 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 430 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 440 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 450 1 2 3 4 5 G 8 9
618048 9093 8153 9198 8257 9302 8362 9406 8466 9511 8571
9615 8676 9719 8780 9824 8884 9928 8989 0032 1072 2110 3146
4179 5210 6238 7203 8287 9308 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98
97 96 95 G20136 1176 2214 3249 4282 5312 6340 7366 8389 9410
630428 1444 2457 3468 4477 5484 6^88 7490 8489 9486 640481
1474 2465 3453 4439 5422 6404 7383 8360 9335 650308 1278
2246 3213 4177 5138 6098 7056 8011 8965 9916 6008(55 1813
0240 1280 2318 3353 4385 5415 6443 7468 8491 9512 0344 13&4
2421 3456 4488 5518 6546 7571 8593 9613 0448 1488 2525 3559
4591 5621 6648 7673 8695 9715 0733 1748 2701 3771 4779 5785
6789 7790 8789 9785 0552 1592 2628 3663 4695 5724 6751 7775
8797 9817 0656 1695 2732 3766 4798 5827 6853 7878 8900 9919
~0936~ 1951 2963 3973 4981 5986 6989 7990 8988 9984 0978
1970 2959 3946 4931 5913 6894 7872 8848 9821 0793 1762 2730
3695 4658 5619 6577 7534 8488 9441 0760 1799 2835 3869 4901
5929 6956 7980 9002 0864 1903 2939 3973 5004 6032 7058 8082
9104 0968 2007 3042 4076 5107 6135 7161 8185 9206 0021 1038
2052 3064 4074 5081 6087 7089 8090 9088 0123 1139 2153 3165
4175 5182 6187 7189 8190 9188 0224 1241 2255 3266 4276 5283
6287 7290 8290 9287 OS26 1342 2356 3367 4376 5383 6388 , 7390
8389 9387 0530 1545 2559 3569 4578 5584 6588 7590 8589 9586
0631 1647 2660 3670 4679 5685 6688 7690 8689 9686 0885 1849
2862 3872 4880 5886 6889 7890 8888 9885 0084 1077 2069 3058
4044 5029 6011 6992 7969 8945 9919 0890 1859 2826 3791 4754
5715 6673 7629 8584 9536 0183 1177 2168 3156 4143 5127 6110
7089 8067 9043 0016 0987 1956 2923 3888 4850 5810 6769 7725
8679 9631 0283 1276 2267 3255 4242 5226 6208 7187 8165 9140
0113 1084 2053 3019 3984 4946 5906 6864 7820 8774 9726 0382
1375 2366 3354 4340 5324 6306 7285 8262 9237 0210 1181 2150
3116 4080 5042 6002 6960 7916 8870 9821 0581 1573 2563 3551
4537 5521 6502 7481 8458 9432 0680 1672 2662 3650 4636 5619
6600 7579 8555 9530 0779 1771 2761 3749 4734 5717 6698 7676
8653 9627 0879 1871 2860 3847 4832 5815 6796 7774 8750 9724
0405 1375 2343 3309 4273 5235 6194 7152 8107 90uO 0502 1472
2440 3405 43G9 5331 6290 7247 8202 9155 0599 1569 2536 3502
4465 5127 6386 7343 8298 ft&O 0096 1666 2633 3598 4502 £523
6482 7438 8393 9346 0011 09GO 1907 0106 1055 2002 0201 1150
2096 0296 1245 2191 0391 1,339 2286 0486 1434 2380 0581 1529
2475 0676 1623 2569 0771 1718 2663 PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Diff.
1 234 5 678 9 105 10.5 104 10.4 103 10.3 102 10.2 101 10.1 100
10.0 99 9.9 21.0 31.5 42.0 20.8 31.2 41.6 20.6 80.9 41.2 20.4 30.6
40.8 20.2 30.3 40.4 20.0 30.0 40.0 19.8 29.7 39.6 52.5 52.0 51.5
51.0 50.5 50.0 49.5 63.0 73.5 84.0 62.4 72 8 83.2 61.8 721 82.4
61.2 714 81.6 60.6 70 7 80.8 60.0 70 0 80.0 59.4 69.3 79.2 94.5
93.6 92.7 91.8 90.9 90.0 89.1
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.63%
accurate

'144 LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS No. 460 L. 662.] [No. 499

L. 698. N. 0 1 2 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 460 662758 2852 2947 3041 3135
3230 3324 3418 3512 3607 1 3701 3795 3889 3983 4078 4172 4200
4300 4454 4548 2 4642 4736 4830 495 4 5018 5112 5200 5 299
539 3 5487 94 3 5581 5075 5769 5802 5956 0050 6143 0237 6331
6424 4 6518 0012 6705 67£ 9 6892 6986 7079 7 173 726 3 7300 5
7453 7546 7640 7733 7826 7920 8013 8100 8199 8293 6 8:386
8479 8572 see 5 8759 8852 8945 9 038 913 1 9224 9317 9410 9503
95*> in 9689 9782 9875 9 0«7 oooo 0153 93 8 670246 0339 0431
0524 0617 0710 0802 0895 0988 1080 9 1173 1205 1358 1451 1543
1036 1728 1821 I 1913 2005 470 2098 2190 2283 2375 2467 2560
2052 2744 2836 2929 1 3021 3113 3205 3& )7 3390 3482 3574 3
600 375 8 3850 2 3942 4034 4126 4218 4310 4402 4494 4580 4677
4709 92 3 4861 4953 5045 5137 5228 5320 5412 5503 5595 5087 4
5778 5870 5962 601 >3 6145 6236 0328 6 419 651 1 0602 5 6094
6785 6876 6908 7059 7151 7242 7333 7424 7516 6 7007 7098 7789
?'8i Jl 7972 8063 8154 8 245 833 0 8427 7 8518 8609 8700 8791
8882 8973 9004 9155 9246 9337 91 g 9428 9519 9610 97C n) 9791
9882 9973 0063 0154 0245 9 GS0336 0426 0517 0607 0698 0789
0879 0970 1060 1151 480 1241 1332 1422 1513 1603 1093 1784
1874 1964 2055 1 2145 2235 2326 24 10 2506 2596 2686 2 777
280 2957 2 3047 3137 3227 3317 3407 3497 3587 3677 3767 3857
90 3 3947 4037 4127 4217 4307 4396 4486 4576 4666 4756 4 4845
4935 5025 51 14 5204 5294 5383 5 473 556 a 5652 5 5742 5831
5921 6010 6100 6189 6279 t 368 6458 6547 6 6636 6726 6815 69(
)4 6994 7083 7172 7 201 735 i 7440 7 7529 7618 77'07 7796 7886
7975 8064 8153 8242 8331 89 8 8420 8509 8598 86* 47 8776 8865
8953 9 042 913 i 9220 9 9309 9398 9486 95" '5 9664 9753 9841 g
930 001 a 0107 490 690196 0285 0373 0462 0550 0639 0728 0816
0905 0993 1 1081 1170 1258 13* 17 1435 1524 1012 1 7CO 178 9
1877 2 1965 2053 2142 £3 30 2318 2406 2494 2 583 267 1 2759 3
2847 2935 3023 3111 3199 3287 3375 3463 3551 3639 88 4 3727
3815 3903 3991 4078 4166 4254 4342 4430 4517 5 4605 4693 4781
4808 4956 5044 5131 5219 5307 5394 6 5482 5569 5657 57 14
5832 5919 6007 6 094 618 2 6269 7 6356 6444 6531 6618 6706
6793 6880 6968 7055 7142 8 7229 7317 7404 74 11 7578 7665
7752 7 839 792 0 8014 9 8100 8188 8275 8362 8449 8535 8022
8709 8796 8883 87 PROPORTIONAL, PARTS. Diff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
98 9.8 19.6 29.4 39.2 49.0 58.8 68.6 78.4 88.2 97 9.7 19.4 29.1
38.8 48.5 58.2 67.9 77.6 87.3 96 9.6 19.2 28.8 38.4 48.0 57.6 67.2
76.8 86.4 95 9.5 19.0 28.5 38.0 47.5 57.0 66.5 76.0 85.5 94 9.4
18.8 28.2 37.6 47.0 50.4 65.8 75.2 84.0 93 9.3 18.6 27.9 87.2 46.5
55.8 85.1 74.4 as. 7 92 9.2 18.4 27.6 36.8 46.0 55.2 64.4 73.6 82.8
91 9.1 18.2 27.3 36.4 45.5 54.6 63.7 72.8 81.9 90 9.0 18.0 27.0 30.0
45.0 54.0 03.0 72.0 81.0 89 8.9 17.8 26.7 35.6 44.5 53.4 62.3 71.2
80.1 88 8.8 17.6 26.4 35.2 44.0 52.8 61.6 70.4 79.2 87 f 8.7 17.4
26.1 ! 34 .~8 43/5 '52.2 60.9 69.6 78:3 86 8.6 17.2 25.8 1 34.4 43.0
51.6 60.2 68.8 77.4
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.06%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 145 No. 500 L. 6J&] [No. 544

L. 736. N. 0 1 2 8 9 Diff. 500 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 510 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
520 1 3 4 5 G 8 9 530 1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 540 1 2 3 4 698970 9838
700704 1568 2431 3291 4151 5008 5864 6718 7570 8421 9270
9057 9924 9144 9231 9317 9404 9491 9578 9664 9751 0011 0877
1741 2603 3463 4322 5179 6035 6888 7740 8591 9-440 0098 0963
1827 2689 3549 4408 5265 6120 6974 7826 8676 9524 0184 1050
1913 2775 3635 4494 5350 62C6 7059 7911 8761 9609 0271 1136
1999 2861 3721 4579 5436 6291 7144 7996 8846 9694 0358 1222
2086 2947 3807 4665 5522 6376 7229 8081 8931 9779 0444 1309
2172 3033 3893 4751 5607 6462 7315 8166 9015 9863 0531 1395
2258 3119 3979 4837 5693 6547 7400 8251 9100 9948 0617 1482
2344 3205 4065 4922 5778 6632 7485 8336 9185 86 85 84 83 82
81 80 0790 1654 2517 3377 423G 5094 5949 6803 7655 8506 9355
0033 0879 1723 2566 3407 4246 5084 5920 6754 7587 8419 9248
710117 0963 1807 2650 3491 4330 5167 6003 6838 7671 8502
9331 0202 1048 1892 2734 3575 4414 5251 6087 6921 7754 8585
9414 0287 1132 1976 2818 3659 4497 5335 6170 ri004 7837 8668
9497 0371 1217 2060 2902 3742 4581 5418 6254 7088 7920 8751
9580 0456 1301 2144 2986 3826 4665 5502 6337 7171 8003 8834
9663 0540 1385 2229 3070 3910 4749 5586 6421 7254 8086 8917
9745 0625 1470 2313 3154 3994 4833 5669 6504 7338 8169 9000
9828 0710 1554 2397 3238 4078 4916 5753 6588 7421 8253 9083
9911 0794 1639 2481 3323 4162 5000 •5836 6671 7504 &S36 9165
9994 0077 0903 1728 2552 3374 4194 5013 5830 6646 7460 8273
9084 9893 720159 0986 1811 2634 3456 4276 5095 5912 6727
7541 '8354 9165 9974 0242 1068 1893 2716 3538 4358 5176 5993
6809 7623 8435 9246 0325 1151 1975 2798 3620 4440 5258 6075
6890 7704 8516 9327 0407 1233 2058 2881 3702 4522 5340 6156
6972 7785 8597 9408 0490 1316 2140 2963 3784 4604 5422 623H
7053 7866 8678 9489 0573 1398 2222 3045 3866 4685 5503 6320
7134 7948 8759 9570 0655 1481 2305 3127 3948 4767 5585 6401
7216 8029 8841 9651 0738 1563 2387 3209 4030 4849 5667 64as
7297 8110 8922 9732 0821 1646 2469 3291 4112 4931 5748 6564
7379 8191 9003 9813 0055 0863 1669 2474 3278 4079 4880 5679
0136 0944 1750 2555 3358 4160 4960 5759 0217 1024 1830 2635
3438 4240 5040 5838 0298 1105 1911 2715 3518 4320 5120 5918
0378 1186 1991 2796 3598 4400 5200 5998 0459 1266 2072 2876
3679 4480 5279 6078 0540 1347 2152 2956 3759 4560 5359 6157
0621 1428 2233 3037 3839 4640 5439 6237 0702 1508 2313 3117
3919 4720 5519 6317 730782 1589 2394 8197 3999 4800 5599
PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Diff. 1 234 5 678 9 87 8.7 86 8.6 85 8.5 84
8.4 17.4 26.1 34.8 17.2 25.8 34.4 17.0 25.5 34.0 16.8 25.2 33.6 43.5
43.0 42.5 42.0 52.2 60.9 69.6 51.6 60.2 68.8 51.0 59.5 68.0 50.4
58.8 67.2 78.3 77.4 76.5 75.6
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.99%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF HUMBERS. No. 545 L. 736.] — i LNo. 584

L. 7G7. N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 545 736397 6476 6556 6635
6715 i 6795 6874 6954 7034 7113 6 7193 7272 7352 7431 7511 |
7590 7670 "49 7829 7908 7 7987 8067 8 146 822 5 8305 8384 8463
a 543 8622 8701 8 8781 8860 8939 9018 9097 9177 9256 9335
9414 9493 9 9572 9651 9 731 981 Q 9889 9968 0047 o OR 0205
09R1 Tl 550 740363 0442 0521 0600 0678 0757 0836 0915 0994
U/io-i 1073 1 i) 1 1152 1230 1 309 138 8 1467 1546 1624 1 -03
1782 1860 2 1939 2018 2096 2175 2254 i 2332 2411 2489 2568
2647 3 2725 2804 2 882 296 1 3039 I 3118 3196 35 275 3353 3431
4 3510 3588 3667 3745 3823 1 3902 3980 4058 4136 4215 5 4293
4371 4449 4528 4606 i 4684 4762 4840 4919 4997 6 5075 5153 5
231 530 0 5387 ! 5465 5543 5 321 5699 5777 78 7 5855 5933 6011
6089 6167 6245 6323 6401 6479 6556 8 6634 6712 6 790 686 8
6945 i 7023 7101 7 179 7256 7334 9 7412 7489 7567 7645 7722
7800 787'8 7955 8033 8110 560 8188 8266 8343 8421 8498 8576
8653 8731 8808 8885 1 8963 5)040 9 118 919 5 9272 | 9350 9427
9 504 9582 9659 2 9736 9814 g QQ1 996 D 0045 0123 rvr>rif) 0277
0354 0431 3 750508 0586 0663 0740 0817 0894 0971 1048 1125
1202 4 1279 1356 1 433 151 0 1587 1664 1741 1 318 1895 1972 5
2048 2125 2202 2279 2356 2433 2509 2586 2663 2740 77 6 2816
2893 2970 3047 3123 3200 3277 3353 3430 3506 7 3583 3660 3
736 381 3 3889 3966 4042 4 119 4195 4272 8 4348 4425 4501
4578 4654 4730 4807 4883 4960 5036 9 5112 5189 5265 5341 5417
5494 5570 5646 5722 5799 5TO 5875 5951 6027 6103 6180 6256
6332 6408 6484 6560 1 6636 6712 6788 6864 6940 7016 7092 7168
7244 7320 76 2 7396 7'472 7548 7624 7700 7775 7851 7927 8003
8079 3 8155 8230 8 306 838 2 8458 8533 8609 8 585 8761 8836 4
8912 8988 9063 9139 9214 9290 9366 9441 9517 9592 5 9668 9743
j 819 98S 4 9970 0045 0121 o 1QA 0272 0347 6 760422 0498 0573
0649 0724 ! 0799 0875 0950 1025 1101 7 1176 1251 1326 1402
1477 1552 1627 1702 1778 1853 8 1928 2003 2078 2153 2228 2303
1 2378 2453 2529 2604 JJH 9 2679 2754 2829 2904 2978 3053
3128 3203 3278 3353 0 580 3428 3503 3578 3653 3727 3802 3877
3952 4027 4101. 1 4176 4251 4 326 44C 0 4475 4550 4624 4 699
4774 4848 2 4923 4998 5072 5147 5221 5296 5370 5445 5520 5594
3 5669 5743 f 818 58£ 2 5966 6041 6115 6 190 6264 6338 4 64-13
6487 6562 6636 6710 6785 6859 6933 7007 7082 PROPORTIONAL
PARTS. Diff. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 83 8.3 16.6 24 .9 33.2 41.5 49.8 58.1
66.4 74.7 82 82 16.4 24.6 32.8 41.0 49.2 57.4 65.6 73.8 81 8.1 16.2
24.3 32.4 40.5 48.6 56.7 64.8 72.9 80 8.0 16.0 24.0 32.0 40.0 48.0
56.0 64.0 72.0 79 7.9 15.8 23.7 31.6 39.5 47.4 55.3 63.2 71.1 78 78
15.6 23.4 31.2 39.0 46.8 54.6 62.4 70.2 77 77 15.4 23.1 30.8 38.5
46.2 53.9 61.6 69.3 76 76 15.2 22.8 30.4 38.0 45.6 53.2 60.8 68.4
75 75 15.0 22.5 30.0 37.5 45.0 52.5 60.0 67.5 74 7.4 14.8 22.2 29.6
37.0 44.4 51.8 59.2 66.6
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.67%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 147 No. 585 L. 767.1 [No. 629

L. 799. N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 585 767156 7230 7304 7379 7453
7527 7601 7675 7749 7823 6 7898 7972 8046 8120 8194 8268 8342
8416 8490 8564 74 7 8638 8712 8786 8860 8934 9008 9082 9156
9230 9303 g 9377 9451 9525 9599 9673 9746 9820 9894 9968 0042
9 770115 0189 0263 0336 0410 0484 0557 0631 0705 0778 590
0852 0926 0999 1073 1146 1220 1293 1367 1440 1514 1 1587 1661
1734 1808 1881 1955 2028 2102 2175 2248 2 2322 2395 2468 2542
2615 2688 2763 2835 2908 2981 3 3055 3128 3201 3274 3348 3421
3494 3567 3640 3713 4 3786 3860 3933 4006 4079 4152 4225 4298
4371 4444 73 5 4517 4590 4663 4736 4809 4882 4955 5028 5100
5173 6 5246 5319 5392 5465 5538 i 5610 5683 5756 5829 5902
5974 6047 6120 6193 6265 6338 6411 6483 6556 6629 8 6701 6774
6846 6919 6992 7064 7137 7209 7282 7354 9 7427 7499 7572 7644
7717 7789 7862 7934 8006 8079 600 8151 8224 8296 8368 8441
8513 8585 8658 8730 8802 1 8874 8947 9019 9091 9163 ! 9236
9308 9380 9452 9524 2 OfUlrt 9669 9741 9813 9885 9957 0029
0101 0173 /uy
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.40%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. No. 630 L. 799.] [No. 674 L.

829. N. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 630 799341 9409 9478 9547 9616
9685 9754 9823 9892 9961 1 800029 0098 0167 0236 0305 0373
0442 0511 0580 0640 2 0717 0786 0854 0923 0992 1061 1129 1198
1266 1335 3 1404 1472 1541 1609 1678 1747 1815 1884 1952 2021
4 2089 2158 2226 2295 2363 2432 2500 2508 2637 2705 5 2774
2842 2910 2979 3047 3116 3184 3252 3321 a389 6 3457 3525 3594
3662 3730 3798 3867 3935 4003 4071 7 4139 4208 4276 4344 4412
4480 4548 4616 4685 4753 8 4821 4889 4957 5025 5093 5161 5229
5297 5365 5433 68 9 5501 5569 5637 5705 5773 5841 5908 5976
6044 6112 640 806180 6248 6316 6384 6451 6519 6587 6655 6723
6790 1 0858 6926 6994 7061 7129 7197 7264 7332 7400 7467 2
7535 7603 7670 7738 7806 7873 7941 8008 8076 8143 3 8211 8279
8346 8414 8481 8549 8616 8684 8751 8818 4 8886 8953 9021 9088
9156 9223 9290 9358 9425 9492 5 9560 9627 9694 9762 9829 9896
9964 0031 0098 0165 6 810233 0300 0367 0434 0501 0569 0636
0703 0770 0837 7 0904 0971 1039 1106 1173 1240 1307 1374 1441
1508 67 8 1575 1G42 1709 1776 1843 1910 1977 2044 2111 2178 9
2245 2312 2379 2445 2512 2579 2646 2713 2780 2847 650 2918
2980 3047 3114 3181 3247 3314 3381 3448 3514 1 3581 3648 3714
3781 3848 3914 3981 4048 4114 4181 2 4248 431-4 4381 4447
45*4 4581 4647 4734 4780 4847 3 4913 4980 5046 5113 5179 5246
5312 5378 5445 5511 4 5578 5644 5711 5777 5843 5910 5976 6042
6109 6175 § G241 6308 6374 6440 6506 6573 6639 6705 6771
6838 6 6904 6970 7036 7102 7169 7235 7301 73C7 7433 7499 7
7565 7631 7698 7764 7830 7896 7962 8028 8094 8160 8 8226 8292
8358 8424 8490 8556 8622 8688 8754 8820 fifi 9 8885 8951 9017
9083 9149 9215 9281 9346 9412 9478 DO 660 9544 9610 9676
9741 9807 9873 9989 0004 0070 0136 1 820201 0267 0333 0399
0464 0530 0595 0601 0727 0792 2 0858 0924 0989 1055 1120 1186
3251 1317 1382 1448 3 1514 1579 1645 1710 1775 1841 1906 1972
2037 2103 4 2168 2233 2299 2364 2430 2495 2560 2626 2691 2756
5 2822 2887 2952 3018 3083 3148 3213 3279 3344 3409 6 3474
3539 3605 3070 3735 3800 3865 3930 3996 4061 7 4126 4191 4256
4321 4386 4451 4516 4581 4646 4711 65 8 4776 4841 4906 4971
5036 5101 5166 5231 5296 5361 9 5426 5491 5556 5621 5686 5751
5815 5880 5945 6010 670 6075 6140 6204 6269 6334 6399 6464
6528 6593 6658 1 6723 6787 6852 6917 6981 7046 7111 7175 7240
7305 2 7369 7434 7499 7503 7628 7692 7757 78531 7886 7951 3
8015 8080 8144 8209 8273 8338 &i02 8467 8531 8595 4 8660 8724
8789 8853 8918 8982 9046 9111 9175 9239 PROPORTIONAL
PARTS. Diff. 1 234 5 678 9 68 6.8 13.6 20.4 27.2 34.0 40.8 47.6 54 4
61.2 67 6.7 13.4 20.1 26.8 33.5 40.2 46.9 536 GO. 3 66 6.6 13.2
19.8 26.4 33.0 39.6 46.2 528 59.4 65 6.5 13,0 19.5 26.0 32.5 39.0
45.5 52,0 58.5 64 6.4 1S.8 19.2 25.6 32.0 38,4 44.8 51 2 57.0
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.77%
accurate

1OGAKTTHMS OP NUMBERS. 149 No. 675 L. 829.] ' [No.

719 L. 857. N. 0 1 2 8 4 6 6 ST 8 9 Diff. 675 829304 9368 9432 9497
9561 9625 9690 9754 9818 9882 g 9947 0011 0075 0139 0204 0268
0332 0396 0460 0525 7 830589 0653 0717 0781 0845 0909 0973
1037 1102 1166 8 1230 1294 1358 1422 1486 1550 1614 1678 1742
1806 64 9 1870 1984 1998 2002 2126 2189 2253 2317 2381 2445
680 8509 2573 2637 2700 2764 2828 2892 2956 3020 3083 1 3147
8211 3275 3338 3402 3466 3530 3593 3657 3721 2 3784 3848 3912
3975 4039 4103 4166 4230 4294 4357 3 4421 4484 4548 4611 4675
4739 4802 4866 4929 4993 4 5056 5120 5183 5247 5310 5373 5437
5500 5564 5627 5 5691 5754 5817 5881 5944 6007 6071 613-1
6197 6261 6 6324 6387 6451 6514 6577 6641 6704 67'67 6830
6894 r6957 7020 7083 7146 7210 7273 7836 7399 7462 7525 8
7588 7652 7715 7778 7841 7904 7967 8030 8093 8156 9 8219 8282
8345 8408 8471 8534 8597 8660 8723 8786 63 690 8849 9478 8912
9541 8975 9604 9038 9667 PtOl 97'/>9 9164 9792 9227 9855 9289
9918 9352 9981 9415 0043 2 840106 0169 0232 0294 0357 0420
0482 0545 0608 0671 3 0733 0796 0859 0921 0984 1046 1109 1172
1234 1297 4 1359 1422 1485 1547 1610 1672 1735 1797 1860 1922
5 1985 2047 2110 2172 2235 2297 2360 2422 2484 2547 6 2609
2672 2734 2796 2859 2921 2983 3046 3108 3170 7 3233 3295 3357
3420 3482 3544 3606 3669 3731 3793 8 3855 3918 3980 4042 4104
4166 4229 4291 4353 4415 9 447.7 4539 4601 4664 4726 4788
4850 4912 4974 5036 700 5098 5160 5222 5284 5346 5408 5470
5532 5594 5656 62 1 5718 5780 5842 5904 5966 6028 6090 6151
6213 6275 2 6337 6399 6461 6523 6585 6646 6708 6770 6832 6894
3 G955 7017 7079 7141 7202 7264 7326 7388 7449 7511 4 7573
7634 7696 7758 7819 7881 7943 8004 8066 8128 5 8189 8251 8312
8374 8435 8497 8559 8620 8682 8743 6 8805 8866 8928 8989 9051
9112 9174 9235 9297 9358 7 9419 9481 9542 9604 96G5 9726
9788 9849 9911 9972 8 850033 0095 OJ56 0217 0279 0340 0401
0462 0524 0585 9 0646 0707 0769 0830 0891 0952 1014 1075 1136
1197 710 1258 1320 1881 1442 1503 1564 1625 1686 1747 1809 1
1870 1931 1992 2053 2114 2175 2236 2297 2358 2419 2 2480 2541
2«02 2663 2724 2785 2846 2907 2968 3029 61 3 3090 3150 3211
3272 3333 aS94 3455 3516 3577 3637 4 8698 3759 3820 3881 3941
4002 4063 4124 4185 4245 5 4306 4367 4428 4488 4549 4610 4670
4731 4792 4852 6 4913 4974 5034 5095 5156 5216 5277 5337 5398
5459 7 5519 5580 5640 5701 5761 5822 5882 5943 6003 6064 8
6124 6185 6245 6306 6366 6427 6487 6548 6608 6668 9 6729 6789
6850 6910 6970 7031 7091 7152 7212 7272 PROPORTIONAL
PARTS. Diff 1 2 3 4 5 678 9 65 6.5 13.0 19.5 26.0 32.5 39.0 45.5
52.0 58.5 64 6.4 12.8 19.2 25.6 32.0 38.4 44.8 51.2 57.6 63 6.3
12.6 18.9 25.2 81.5 37.8 44.1 50.4 56.7 62 6.2 12.4 18.6 24.8 31.0
37.2 43.4 49.6 55.8 61 6.1 12.2 18.3 24.4 30.5 36.6 42.7 48,8 54 9
60 6.0 12.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 36.0 42.0 48.0 54.0
The text on this page is estimated to be only 26.79%
accurate

150 LOGARITHMS No. 720 L. 857.1 £N°- 764 L- S83N. 0 1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Diff. 720 857332 7393 7453 7513 7574 7634 7694
7755 7815 7875 1 7'935 7995 8056 8116 J?176 8236 8297 8357
8417 8477 2 8537 8597 8657 8718 8778 8838 8898 8958 9018 9078
3 9138 9198 9258 9318 WJ*Q 9439 9499 9559 9019 9679 60 0700
9799 9859 9918 9978 u< jy 0038 0098 0158 0218 027'8 5 860338
0398 0458 0518 0578 0637 0697 0757 0817 0877 6 0937 0996 1056
1116 1176 123(5 1295 1355 1415 1475 7 1534 1594 1654 1714
1773 1833 1893 1952 2012 2072 8 2131* 2191 2251 2310 2370
2430 2489 2549 2608 2668 9 2728« 2787 2847 2906 2966 3025
3085 3114 3204 3263 730 3323* 3382 3442 3501 3561 3620 3680
3739 3799 3858 1 3917 3977 4036 4096 4155 4214 4274 4333 4392
4452 2 4511 4570 4630 4689 4748 4808 4867 4926 4985 5045 3
5104 5163 5222 5282 5341 5400 5459 5519 5578 5637 4 5696 5755
5814 5874 5933 5992 6051 6110 6169 6228 5 6287 6346 6405 6465
6524 6583 C642 6701 6760 6819 f~n 6 6878 6937 6996 7055 7114
7173 7232 7291 7350 7409 OU 7 7467 7526 7585 7644 7703 7762
7821 7880 7939 7998 8 8056 8115 8174 8233 8292 8350 8409 8468
8527 8586 9 8644 8703 8762 8821 8879 8938 8997 9056 9114 81/3
740 9232 9290 9349 9408 9466 9525 9584 9642 9701 9760 9818
9877 9935 9994 , 0053 0111 0170 0228 0287 0345 o 870404 0462
0521 0579 0638 0696 0755 0813 087'2 0930 3 0989 1047 1103
1164 1223 1281 1339 1398 1456 1515 4 1573 1631 1690 1748 1806
1865 1923 1981 2040 2008 5 2156 2215 2273 2331 2389 2448 2506
2564 2622 2681 6 2739 2797 2855 2913 2972 3030 3088 8146 3204
3262 7 3321 3379 3437 349£ 3553 3611 3669 3727 3785 3844 8
3902 3960 4018 4076 4134 4192 4250 4308 4366 4424 58 9 4482
4540 4598 4656 4714 4772 4830 4888 4945 5003 750 5061 5119
5177 5235 5293 5351 5409 5466 5524 5582 1 5610 5698 5756 5813
5871 5929 5987 6045 6102 6160 2 6218 6276 6333 6391 6449 6507
6564 6622 6680 6737 3 6795 6853 6910 6968 7026 7083 7141 7199
7256 7314 4 7371 7429 7487 7544 7602 7659 7717 7774 7832 7889
5 7947 8004 8062 8119 8177 8234 8292 8349 8407 8464 6 8522
8579 8637 8694 8752 8809 8866 8924 8981 9039 7 9096 9153 9211
9268 9325 9383 9440 9497 9555 9612 OfifiQ Q7O« Q7WJ. 0*3.11
9898 9956 youy y t «o v(cr± tJo-tl 0013 007'0 0127 0185 9 880242
0299 0356 0413 0471 0528 0585 0642 0699 0756 7GO 0814 0871
0928 0985 1042 1099 1156 1213 1271 1328 1 1385 1442 1499 1556
1613 1670 1727 1784 1841 1898 K7 2 1955 2012 2069 2126 2183
2240 2297 2354 2411 2468 Df 3 2525 2581 2638 2695 2752 2809
2866 2923 2980 3037 4 3093 3150 32C7 3264 3321 3377 3434
3491 3548 3605 PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Diff. 1 234 5 678 9 59 5.9
11.8 17.7 23.6 29.5 35.4 41.3 47.2 53.1 58 5.8 11.6 17.4 23.2 29.0
S4.8 40.6 46.4 52.2 57 5.7 11.4 17.1 22.8 28.5 34.2 39.9 45.6 51.3
56 5.6 11.2 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.85%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. 151 No. 765 L. 88?.] [No. 809

L. 908. N. 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 Diff. 765 883661 3718 3775 3832 3888
3945 4002 4059 4115 4172 6 4229 4285 4342 4399 4455 4512 4569
4625 4082 4739 7 4^95 4852 4909 4965 5022 5078 5135 5192
5248 5305 8 5361 5418 5474 5531 5587 5644 5700 5757 5813 5870
9 5926 5983 6039 6096 6152 6209 6265 6321 6378 6434 770 6491
0547 6604 6660 6716 6773 6829 6885 6942 6998 1 7054 7111 7167
7223 7280 7336 7392 7449 7505 7561 2 7617 7674 7730 7786 7842
7898 7955 8011 8067 8123 3 8179 8236 8292 8348 8404 8460 8516
8573 8629 8685 4 8741 8797 8853 8909 8965 9021 9077 9134 9190
9246 5 Q 9302 9862 9358 9918 9414 9974 9470 9526 9582 9638
9694 9750 9806 5G 0030 0086 0141 0197 0253 0309 0365 7
890421 0477 0533 0589 0645 0700 0756 0812 0868 0924 8 0980
1035 1091 1147 1203 1259 1314 1370 1426 1482 9 1537 1593 1649
1705 1760 1816 1872 1928 1983 2039 780 2095 2150 2206 2262
2317 2373 2429 2484 2540 2595 1 2651 2707 2762 2818 2873 2929
2985 3040 3096 3151 2 3207 3262 3318 3373 3429 3484 3540 3595
3651 3706 3 3762 3817 3873 3928 3984 4039 4094 4150 4205 4261
4 4316 4371 4427 4482 4538 4593 4648 4704 4759 4814 5 4870
4925 4980 5036 5091 5146 5201 5257 5312 5367 6 5423 5478 5533
5588 5644 5699 5754 5809 5864 5920 7 5975 6030 6085 6140 6195
6251 6306 6361 6416 6471 8 6526 6581 6636 6692 6747 6802 6857
6912 6967 7022 9 7077 7132 7187 72-13 7297 7352 7407 7462
7517 7572 55 700 7627 7682 7737 7792 7847 7902 7957 8012 8067
8122 1 8176 8231 8286 8341 8396 8451 8506 8561 8615 8670 2
8725 8780 8835 8890 8944 8999 9054 9109 9164 9218 3 9273 9328
9383 9437 9492 9547 9G02 9656 9711 97G6 4 9821 9875 9930
9985 0039 0094 0149 0203 0258 0312 5 900367 0422 0476 "053"
0586 0640 0695 0749 0804 0859 6 0913 0968 1022 1077 1131 1186
1240 1295 1349 1404 7 1458 1513 1567 1622 1676 1731 1785 1840
1894 1948 8 2003 2057 2112 2166 2221 2275 2329 2384 2438 2492
9 2547 2601 2655 2710 2764 2818 2873 2927 2981 3036 800 3090
3144 3199 3253 3307 3361 8416 3470 3524 3578 1 3633 3687 3741
3795 3849 3904 3958 4012 4066 4120 2 4174 4229 4283 4337 4391
4445 4499 4553 4607 4661 3 4716 4770 4824 4878 4932 4986 5040
5094 5148 5202 54 4 5256 5310 5364 5418 5472 5526 5580 5634
5688 5742 £ 5796 5850 5904 5958 6012 6066 6119 6173 6227 6281
6 6335 6389 6443 6497 6551 6604 6658 6712 6766 6820 7 6874
6927 6981 7035 7089 7143 7196 7250 7304 7358 8 7411 7465 7519
7573 7626 7680 7734 7787 7841 7895 9 7949 8002 8056 8110 8163
8217 8270 8324 8378 8431 PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Diff. 1 234 5
678 9 57 5.7 11.4 17.1 22.8 28.5 34.2 39.9 45.6 51.3 56 5.6 11.2
16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6 39.2 44.8 50.4 55 5.5 11.0 16.5 22.0 27.5 33.0
38.5 44.0 49.5 54 5.4 10.8 16.2 21.6 27.0 82.4 37.8 43.2 48.6
The text on this page is estimated to be only 27.72%
accurate

LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS. No. 810 L. 908.] [No. 854 L.

931. N. 0 1 2 3 4 6 6 7 8 9 Diff. 810 908485 8539 8592 8646 8699
8753 8807 8860 8914 8967 1 9021 9074 9128 9181 9235 9289 9342
9396 9449 9503 2 9556 9610 9663 9716 9770 9823 9877 9930 9984
0037 3 910091 0144 0197 0251 0304 0358 0411 0464 0518 0571 4
0624 0678 0731 0784 0838 0891 0944 0998 1051 1104 5 1158 1211
1264 1317 1371 1424 1477 1530 1584 1637 6 1690 1743 1797 1850
1903 1956 2009 2063 2116 2169 7 2222 2275 2328 2381 2435 2488
2541 2594 2647 2700 8 2753 2806 2859 2913 2966 3019 307'2
3125 3178 3231 9 3284 3337 3390 3443 3496 3549 3602 3055 3708
3761 53 820 3814 3867 3920 3973 4026 4079 4132 4184 4237 4290
1 4343 4396 4449 4502 4555 4608 4660 4713 4766 4819 2 4872
4925 4977 5030 5083 5136 5189 5241 5294 5347 3 5400 5453 5505
5558 5611 5664 571b 5769 5822 5875 4 5927 5980 6033 6085 6138
6191 6243 6296 6349 6401 5 C454 6507 6559 6612 6664 6717
6770 (822 6875 6927 6 6980 7033 7085 7138 7190 7243 7295 7348
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8607 8659 8712 8764 8816 8869 8921 8973 9026 830 9078 9130
9183 9235 9287 9340 9392 9444 9496 9549 1 9601 9653 9706 9758
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7 2725 2777 2829 2881 2933 2985 3037 3089 3140 3192 8 3244
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4486 4538 4589 4641 4693 4744 1 4796 4848 4899 4951 5003 5054
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5725 5776 3 5828 5879 6931 5982 6034 6085 6137 6188 6240 6291
4 6342 6394 6445 6497 6548 6600 6651 6702 6754 6805 5 6857
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