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 Frontiers in Mathematics

Leonid Positselski

Relative
Nonhomogeneous
Koszul Duality
Frontiers in Mathematics

Advisory Editors
William Y. C. Chen, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Laurent Saloff-Coste, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Leonid Positselski

Relative Nonhomogeneous
Koszul Duality
Leonid Positselski
Institute of Mathematics
Czech Academy of Sciences
Praha 1, Czech Republic

ISSN 1660-8046 ISSN 1660-8054 (electronic)

Frontiers in Mathematics
ISBN 978-3-030-89539-6 ISBN 978-3-030-89540-2 (eBook)
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Preamble

This book starts with a Prologue and an Introduction. The Prologue introduces the subject
of derived Koszul duality, particularly derived nonhomogeneous Koszul duality. It is
intended for the benefit of the reader not yet familiar with the major preceding results
in the area, as presented, in particular, in the author’s memoir [59].
The Introduction introduces the relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality theory
developed in this book.
For homogeneous Koszul duality, we refer the reader to the paper [7] and the
memoir [59, Appendix A]. For underived Koszul duality, a suitable reference is the
book [53].

v
Prologue

Koszul duality is a fundamental phenomenon in the “algebraic half of” mathematics,

including such fields as algebraic topology, algebraic and differential geometry, and
representation theory. The phenomenon is so general that it does not seem to admit a
“maximal natural” generality. Manifestations of Koszul duality can be found everywhere.
Noticing such manifestations is easy; interpreting them properly and distinguishing from
other phenomena is harder.
Koszul duality is best explained as the relation connecting the homotopy groups of
a topological space with its cohomology groups. Such an abstract topological setting is
obviously very complicated; to consider something more approachable, one can specialize
to rational homotopy theory or to stable homotopy theory.
In the context of rational homotopy theory, a version of Koszul duality connecting
Lie DG-algebras computing the rational homotopy groups with commutative DG-algebras
computing the cohomology spaces is due to Quillen [72]. The stable homotopy category,
on the other hand, is additive, so its algebraic analogues are the derived categories
of module-like objects. In the stable homotopy theory setting, the Adams spectral
sequence can be understood as expressing the Koszul duality between the homotopy and
cohomology groups.
The functor of stable homotopy groups is corepresented by the sphere spectrum, while
the functor of cohomology groups is represented by the Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum.
Morphisms from the sphere spectrum to the Eilenberg–MacLane spectrum are very easy
to describe; in a sense, one can say that these are one-sided dual basis vectors with respect
to the nonsymmetric graded Hom pairing. Graded endomorphisms of the Eilenberg–
MacLane spectrum (known as the Steenrod algebra) are more complicated, and graded
endomorphisms of the sphere spectrum (the stable homotopy groups) are much more
complicated. The Adams spectral sequence [1] expresses the connection between these.
In representation theory, nonhomogeneous Koszul duality manifests itself as the
connection between the universal enveloping algebra U (g) of a Lie algebra g over a
field k and the (co)homological Chevalley–Eilenberg complex ((g), d) or ((g∗ ), d)
of g with the coefficients in k [59, Example in Section 6.6]. In differential and algebraic
geometry, relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality appears as the duality between the

vii
viii Prologue

ring of differential operators on a smooth variety and the de Rham complex of differential
forms [36], [6, Section 7.2], [59, Appendix B]. Homogeneous Koszul duality plays a role
in the theory of algebraic vector bundles over projective spaces [9], [51, Appendix A] and
some other varieties.
The duality between the categories of Verma modules over the Virasoro algebra with
the complementary central charges c and 26 − c (or the similar duality for the Kac–Moody
algebras, etc.) [25, 74] is not an instance of Koszul duality. Rather, these are advanced
manifestations of the comodule-contramodule correspondence or, more precisely, the
semimodule-semicontramodule correspondence [58]. The MGM duality [19, 30, 55, 62]
and the (covariant) Serre–Grothendieck duality [33, 47, 49, 63] are also instances of the
comodule-contramodule correspondence (see the discussion in [62]) and not of Koszul
duality.
A simple rule of thumb: a contravariant duality assigning projective modules to
projective modules, or a covariant duality functor assigning projective modules to injective
modules, or flat modules to injective modules, etc., is a comodule-contramodule corre-
spondence. A duality assigning irreducible modules to projective modules, or irreducible
modules to injective modules, etc., is a Koszul duality.

***
In the algebraic context, Koszul duality is most simply formulated as the connection
between an augmented algebra A over a field k and the DG-algebra R HomA (k, k)
representing the graded algebra Ext∗A (k, k). In particular, to a complex of A-modules
M • one can assign either one of the three DG-modules over R HomA (k, k) representing
Ext∗A (M • , k), or Tor∗A (k, M • ), or Ext∗A (k, M • ). Naïvely, one would hope for such a functor
to be an equivalence between the derived category of A-modules and the derived category
of DG-modules over R HomA (k, k).
More generally, one would start with an augmented DG-algebra A = (A, d); then,
the role of R HomA (k, k) is played by the cobar construction of A. Once again, the
naïve hope would be to have a triangulated equivalence between the derived categories of
DG-modules over A and its cobar construction. An attempt to realize this hope was made
in [37, Section 10], but it was possible to obtain a triangulated equivalence only under
severe restrictions on the augmented DG-algebra (or DG-category). Under somewhat
more relaxed but still quite restrictive assumptions, a fully faithful functor in one or other
direction was constructed.
The following simple examples illustrate the situation and the lines of thought leading
to the present-day approach. Let S = k[x] be polynomial algebra in one variable x over a
field k. Then, the DG-algebra HomS (k, k) is quasi-isomorphic to the ring of dual numbers,
or in other words, to the exterior algebra  = k[]/( 2 ), where  is an element of
cohomological degree 1. More generally, one can consider S = k[x] as a DG-algebra
with the generator x placed in the cohomological degree n ∈ Z and zero differential, and
then the Koszul dual exterior algebra  has its generator  situated in the cohomological
degree 1 − n (and the differential on  is also zero).
Prologue ix

The classical homogeneous Koszul duality context presumes that all the algebras and
modules are endowed with an additional essentially positive (or negative) “internal”
grading. Then one can say that the bounded derived category of finitely generated
graded S-modules is equivalent to the bounded derived category of finite-dimensional
graded -modules. This result generalizes straightforwardly to the symmetric and exterior
algebras in several variables [9], [51, Appendix A], and further to Noetherian Koszul
graded algebras of finite homological dimension (in the role of S) and their finite-
dimensional Koszul dual graded algebras (in the role of ) [7]. A formulation replacing all
the finiteness assumptions with explicit assumptions on the sign of the additional grading
is also possible [59, Appendix A].
In the nonhomogeneous setting (without an internal grading on the modules, but only
with the cohomological one), it turns out that, for any n ∈ Z as above, the derived
category of DG-modules over  is equivalent to a full subcategory in the derived
category of DG-modules over S. If ones wishes, one can also view D(–mod) as a
triangulated quotient category of D(S–mod), but the two derived categories are decidedly
not equivalent. There are two ways out of this predicament, each of which is further
subdivided into two versions. Simply put, one can either shrink D(S–mod) (replacing it
with a smaller category) or inflate D(–mod) (replacing it with a larger category) to make
the resulting versions of the derived categories of DG-modules over S and  equivalent.
The basic principle of derived nonhomogeneous Koszul duality, as developed in the
paper [31], the dissertation [41], the note [38], and the memoir [59], is that it connects
algebras with coalgebras. So the main decision one has to make is: Where is the algebra
side, and where is the coalgebra side of the story? Replacing S with its dual coalgebra
means shrinking the category D(S–mod). Replacing  with its dual coalgebra means
inflating the category D(–mod).
What does it mean to “replace S with its dual coalgebra”? When n = 0, the
cohomological grading on S is nontrivial, the algebra S is locally finite-dimensional in
this grading, and one can simply consider the graded dual coalgebra C to S. For n = 0,
one starts with replacing the polynomial ring S = k[x] with the ring of formal power series
k[[x]]. Then C is the coalgebra over k whose dual algebra C ∗ is isomorphic to k[[x]] (as a
topological algebra). In both cases, C is viewed as a DG-coalgebra over k with the grading
components or direct summands situated in the cohomological degrees 0, −n, −2n, . . .
and zero differential.
How does the passage from S to C affect the derived category of modules? The
next guiding principle is that there are two kinds of abelian module categories over a
coalgebra, the comodules and the contramodules [21, Section III.5], [61]. In the case of the
polynomial algebra S and its dual coalgebra C, the C-comodules and the C-contramodules
are two different full subcategories in S-modules. The abelian category C–comod can be
simply described as the category of locally nilpotent S-modules (i.e., the action of x must
be locally nilpotent), while C–contra is the category of k[x]-modules with x-power infinite
summation operations. Both the derived categories D(C–comod) and D(C–contra) of
x Prologue

DG-comodules and DG-contramodules over C are full subcategories in D(S–mod). Both

D(C–comod) and D(C–contra) are equivalent to the derived category D(–mod).
What does it mean to “replace  with its dual coalgebra”? The graded algebra  is
finite-dimensional, so its (graded) dual vector space ∗ is a graded coalgebra over k. It is
viewed as a DG-coalgebra with the grading components or direct summands situated in the
cohomological degrees 0 and n − 1, and zero differential. Since  is finite-dimensional,
both the ∗ -comodules and ∗ -contramodules are the same thing as -modules, and both
the DG-comodules and the DG-contramodules over ∗ are the same thing as DG-modules
over . So, what’s the difference, and what have we achieved by passing from  to ∗ ?
Here is the answer. Yet another guiding principle in Koszul duality is that one should
consider the derived categories of modules, the coderived categories of comodules, and
the contraderived categories of contramodules. The coderived and the contraderived
categories, called collectively the derived categories of the second kind, are the categories
of complexes or differential graded structures viewed up to a finer equivalence relation
than the conventional quasi-isomorphism. So some acyclic complexes represent nonzero
objects in the coderived category, while some other acyclic complexes represent nonzero
objects in the contraderived category (or in both).
For example, let us take n = 1 in the notation above; so the k-algebra  = k[]/( 2)
is situated in the cohomological degree 0. Then the unbounded acyclic complex of free
-modules with one generator (which are both projective and injective as -modules)

∗ ∗
· · · −−→ −−→  −−→ −−→ · · · (∗)

is neither coacyclic, nor contraacyclic. Cutting this complex in half by the canonical
truncation, one obtains the bounded above complex

∗ ∗
· · · −−→  −−→ −−→k −−→0 (∗∗)

which is contraacyclic but not coacyclic, and the bounded below complex

∗ ∗
0−−→k −−→ −−→  −−→ · · · (∗∗∗)

which is coacyclic but not contraacyclic [59, Examples in Section 3.3] (a detailed
discussion of these examples can be found in [70, Section 5]).
For any n ∈ Z, the coderived and the contraderived categories of DG-modules over
, denoted by Dco (–mod) = Dco (∗ –comod) and Dctr (–mod) = Dctr (∗ –contra),
are naturally equivalent to each other. They are also equivalent to the derived category
D(S–mod) of DG-modules over S.
And what about the coalgebra C dual to the algebra S, why did we consider the derived
categories of DG-comodules and DG-contramodules over C in the preceding discussion,
seemingly contrary to the (subsequently introduced) guiding principle of taking the
Prologue xi

coderived categories of comodules and the contraderived categories of contramodules?

Because, in this case, there is no difference: one has D(C–comod) = Dco (C–comod)
and D(C–contra) = Dctr (C–contra), since C is a graded coalgebra of finite homological
dimension endowed with zero differential [39, Proposition 5.9].
Another way to explain the situation is to notice that the Koszul duality functor assigns
the acyclic complex (∗) to the S-module S[x −1 ] = k[x, x −1] of Laurent polynomials in the
variable x over k (viewed as a DG-module with zero differential). So, in order to make this
functor a triangulated equivalence, one has to either declare (∗) to be a nonzero object in an
exotic derived category of -modules, or otherwise prohibit the S-module k[x, x −1 ] (i.e.,
impose a restriction on the S-modules under consideration putting this module outside of
the category of modules appearing in the duality). It turns out that there are two ways to do
the former (basically, one can declare either the complex (∗∗) or the complex (∗∗∗) to be
nonzero), and there are two ways to do the latter (one can either prohibit the free S-module
S = k[x] on the grounds of it being not a C-comodule, or prohibit the injective S-module
k[x, x −1 ]/k[x] on the grounds of it being not a C-contramodule).

***
So, a more insightful formulation of Koszul duality for augmented DG-algebras over
a field k presumes that it connects DG-algebras with DG-coalgebras. To an augmented
DG-algebra A = (A, d), a DG-coalgebra C computing TorA ∗ (k, k) is assigned. To a
coaugmented DG-coalgebra C = (C, d), a DG-algebra A computing Ext∗C (k, k) is
assigned. More specifically, given a DG-algebra A, the corresponding DG-coalgebra C can
be produced as the bar construction of A, or, given a DG-coalgebra C, the corresponding
DG-algebra A can be produced as the cobar construction of C. Both the constructions
are covariant functors between the categories of augmented DG-algebras and augmented
DG-coalgebras.
The next principle is that one should restrict oneself to conilpotent coalgebras. Here one
observes that the nilpotency works better with coalgebras than with algebras inasmuch
as the direct limits are more convenient to work with than the inverse limits. Given an
augmented algebra A with the augmentation ideal A+ , one says that A is nilpotent if there
exists an integer n ≥ 1 such that (A+ )n = 0. If one wants to let n approach infinity,
as we do, then one has to speak of pronilpotency. The dual condition for coalgebras is
conilpotency (which might as well be called ind-conilpotency, for it does not presume
existence of a fixed finite nilpotency index n for the whole coalgebra C).
Furthermore, similarly to DG-comodules, one has to consider conilpotent DG-coal-
gebras up to a more delicate equivalence relation than the conventional quasi-isomorphism.
This equivalence relation, called the filtered quasi-isomorphism, was discovered by Hinich
in [31].
With these considerations in mind, the Koszul duality can be formulated quite
generally as a category equivalence between the category of augmented DG-algebras up
to quasi-isomorphism and the category of conilpotent DG-coalgebras up to filtered quasi-
isomorphism [59, Theorem 6.10(b)]. Furthermore, whenever a DG-algebra A = (A, d)
xii Prologue

and a DG-coalgebra C = (C, d) correspond to each other under this equivalence, one
has a triangulated equivalence between the derived category of DG-modules over A,
the coderived category of DG-comodules over C, and the contraderived category of
DG-contramodules over C (“Koszul triality”)

Dco (C–comod)

D(A–mod)

Dctr (C–contra)

Here, the equivalence Dco (C–comod)  Dctr (C–contra), which holds quite generally
for any (not necessarily coaugmented or conilpotent) DG-coalgebra C over a field k, is
called the derived comodule-contramodule correspondence. The comodule side of the
triangle (∗∗∗∗) can be found formulated in [38] based on the results of [41], who was
following the approach of [31] (except that the definition of the coderived category in [38]
is less intrinsic than the modern one in [59]).

***
A conilpotent coalgebra C is coaugmented by definition. But what if an algebra A is
not augmented? Yet another guiding principle tells that absence of a chosen augmentation
on one side of the Koszul duality corresponds to presence of a curvature on the other side.
This observation goes back to the author’s early paper [56].
A curved DG-ring is a very natural concept: in particular, the construction of the
DG-category of DG-modules over a DG-ring extends naturally to CDG-rings. Curved
DG-modules over a curved DG-ring form a DG-category. Moreover, the passage from
DG-rings to CDG-rings involves not only adding new objects, but also new morphisms;
the inclusion functor of Ringsdg into Ringscdg is faithful, but not fully faithful. A
CDG-isomorphism of (C)DG-rings (e.g., a change-of-connection isomorphism, otherwise
known as a Maurer–Cartan twist) induces an equivalence of the DG-categories of
(C)DG-modules.
Besides Koszul duality, curved DG-rings and curved A∞ -algebras play a fundamental
role in the Fukaya theory [13, 27, 28] and deformation theory [16, 39], they appear in
the theory of Legendrian knots [50], etc. A systematic treatment of weakly curved DG-
and A∞ -algebras over topological local rings (i.e., curved algebras with the curvature
element divisible by the maximal ideal of the local ring of coefficients) can be found in the
memoir [60].
However important the coderived and contraderived categories of DG-modules
(DG-comodules, or DG-contramodules) are, for curved DG-modules (curved DG-co-
Prologue xiii

modules, or curved DG-contramodules) they are more important still. The cohomology
groups or modules of CDG-modules are undefined, as the differential does not square to
zero (instead, it squares to the operator of multiplication with the curvature). So one cannot
speak about acyclic CDG-modules or quasi-isomorphisms of CDG-modules in the usual
sense of the word. But the full triangulated subcategories of coacyclic and contraacyclic
CDG-modules in the homotopy category of CDG-modules are perfectly well-defined.
Hence there is no alternative to derived categories of the second kind for CDG-modules,
as the conventional derived category (“of the first kind”) does not make sense for them.
The weakly curved DG-modules (mentioned above) are the only known exception [60].
Matrix factorizations [12, 22] are an important and popular particular case of
CDG-modules. Derived categories of the second kind, including specifically the coderived
and “absolute derived” categories, play a crucial role in their theory [3, 20, 52, 54]. These
are “strongly” (i.e., not weakly) curved.
Inverting the arrows in the definition of a CDG-algebra over a field, one obtains the
definition of a CDG-coalgebra. Similarly to the CDG-modules, the differential does not
square to zero either in CDG-rings or in CDG-coalgebras; so the conventional notion
of quasi-isomorphism is undefined for them. But the definition of a filtered quasi-
isomorphism makes perfect sense for conilpotent CDG-coalgebras.
The nonaugmented Koszul duality is an equivalence between the category of
DG-algebras up to quasi-isomorphism and the category of conilpotent CDG-coalgebras
up to filtered quasi-isomorphism (over a fixed field k) [59, Theorem 6.10(a)]. Whenever
a DG-algebra A = (A, d) and a CDG-coalgebra C = (C, d, h) (where h is the
curvature element) correspond to each other under this equivalence, the “Koszul triality”
picture (∗∗∗∗) holds [59, Sections 6.3–6.6].
So the derived category of DG-modules over A, the coderived category of
CDG-comodules over C, and the contraderived category of CDG-contramodules over C
are equivalent to each other. Once again, the equivalence between the latter two categories
is an instance of the derived comodule-contramodule correspondence (and it holds quite
generally for any CDG-coalgebra C over a field k), while the other two equivalences in
the triangle diagram are the comodule and the contramodule sides of the Koszul duality.

***
The relative Koszul duality theory developed in this book is both more and less general
than the derived nonhomogeneous Koszul duality of [31,38,41,59]. The theory in this book
is more general in that it is relative, i.e., worked out over an arbitrary (noncommutative,
nonsemisimple) base ring. It is a nontrivial generalization, both because the underived
homogeneous Koszulity and Koszul duality theory over an arbitrary base ring is more
complicated than over a field (or over a semisimple base ring, as in [7]), and because
the differential operators (or the enveloping algebras of Lie algebroids) are nontrivially
more complicated than the enveloping algebras of Lie algebras over fields. The de Rham
DG-algebra of differential forms (or the Chevalley–Eilenberg complex of a Lie algebroid)
xiv Prologue

is likewise more complicated than the Chevalley–Eilenberg complex of a Lie algebra over
a field. Notice that the de Rham differential is not linear over the ring of functions.
Still the theory in this book is less general than in [59] in that the “algebra side of
the story” is presumed to be just a ring (situated in the cohomological degree 0) rather
than a DG-ring. In the notation above, this means that we restrict ourselves to the case
n = 0 if S is chosen to be on the algebra side, or otherwise we take n = 1 if the algebra
side is . This restriction of generality is chosen in order not to make the exposition
too complicated while including the most important examples (viz., various versions of
the ring of differential operators, which are indeed just rings and not DG-rings). On the
“coalgebra side of the story” we still obtain a (curved or uncurved) DG-ring, such as the
de Rham DG-algebra.
Introduction

0.0 Let A be an associative ring and R ⊂ A be a subring. Derived Koszul duality is the
functor Ext∗A (−, R), or TorA ∗
∗ (R, −), or ExtA (R, −), enhanced to an equivalence of derived
categories of modules.
The above definition raises many questions. To begin with, R is not an A-module. So
what does this Ext and Tor notation even mean?
Secondly, let us consider the simplest example where R = k is a field and A = k[x] is
the algebra of polynomials in one variable. Then k indeed can be viewed as an A-module.
There are many such module structures, indexed by elements a of the field k: given a ∈ k,
one can let the generator x ∈ A act in k by the multiplication with a. Denote the resulting
A-module by ka .
To be specific, let us choose k = k0 as our preferred A-module structure on k. Then
the functors Ext∗A (−, k0 ), Tor∗A (k0 , −), and Ext∗A (k0 , −) are indeed well-defined on the
category of A-modules. But these functors are far from being faithful or conservative: all
of them annihilate the A-modules ka with a = 0. How, then, can one possibly hope to
enhance such cohomological functors to derived equivalences?

0.1 Koszul duality has to be distinguished from the comodule-contramodule correspon-

dence, which is a different, though related, phenomenon.
In the simplest possible form, the comodule-contramodule correspondence is the
functor Ext∗A (−, A) enhanced to a derived equivalence (while Koszul duality is
Ext∗A (−, k), where k is the ground field). In a more realistic covariant and relative
situation, comparable to the discussion of Koszul duality in Sect. 0.0, the comodule-
contramodule correspondence would be a derived equivalence enhancement of a functor
like Ext∗A (HomR (A, R), −) or TorA∗ (−, HomR (A, R)).

0.2 In the present author’s research, the desire to understand Koszulity and Koszul
duality was the starting point. Then the separate existence and importance of comodule-
contramodule correspondence was realized, particularly in the context of semi-infinite
homological algebra [58]. The derived nonhomogeneous Koszul duality over a field
was formulated as a “Koszul triality” picture, which is a triangle diagram of derived
xv
xvi Introduction

equivalences with the comodule-contramodule correspondence present as one side of the

triangle and two versions of Koszul duality as two other sides [59].
The comodule-contramodule correspondence, its various versions, generalizations,
and philosophy, are now discussed in several books and papers of the present author,
including [58,59,61,62,66,71] and others. On the other hand, the derived nonhomogeneous
Koszul duality over a field attracted interest of a number of authors, starting from early
works [31,37,38,41] and to very recent, such as [14,45]; there is even an operadic version
of it in [32].
Still, there is a void in the literature concerning relative nonhomogeneous Koszul
duality. Presently, the only source of information on this topic known to this author is his
previous book [58], which contains an introductory discussion without proofs or details
in [58, Section 0.4] and a heavily technical treatment in a very general and complicated
setting in [58, Chapter 11]. (The memoir [60] represents a very different point of view.)
This book is intended to fill the void by providing a reasonably accessible, detailed
exposition on a moderate generality level.
Let us emphasize that relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality is important. In addition
to the presence of very natural examples such as the duality between the ring of differential
operators and the de Rham DG-algebra (see Sect. 0.7 below), relative nonhomogeneous
Koszul duality plays a crucial role in the semi-infinite (co)homology theory, as it was first
pointed out in [2]. This idea was subsequently developed and utilized in [58, Section 11.9
and Appendix D].
The special case of triangulated equivalences between complexes of modules over the
rings/sheaves of differential operators and DG-modules over the de Rham DG-algebra has
been considered in [36] and [6, Section 7.2]. Our own treatment of it is presented in [59,
Appendix B].

0.3 Let us start to explain the meaning of the terms involved. In the notation of Sect. 0.0,
relative means that R is an arbitrary ring rather than simply the ground field. Homogeneous
∞
Koszul duality means that A = n=0 An is a nonnegatively graded ring and R = A0
is the degree-zero grading component. In this case, R is indeed naturally both a left
and a right R-module, so the meaning of the Ext and Tor notation in Sect. 0.0 is clear.
Nonhomogeneous Koszul duality is the situation when there is no such grading on the
ring A.
The main specific aspect of the homogeneous case is that one can consider graded
A-modules with a bounding condition on the grading, that is, only positively graded or only
negatively graded modules. If M is a positively graded left A-module, then R⊗A M = 0
implies M = 0, while if P is a negatively graded left A-module, then HomA (R, P ) = 0
implies P = 0. Hence the second problem described in Sect. 0.0 does not occur, either.
In the nonhomogeneous situation, the solution to the second problem from Sect. 0.0 is
to consider derived categories of the second kind. This means that certain complexes or
DG-modules are declared to be nonzero objects in the derived category even though their
cohomology modules vanish.
Introduction xvii

As to the first problem, it may well happen that R has a (left or right) A-module
structure even though A is not graded. When such a module structure (extending the
natural R-module structure on R) has been chosen, one says that the ring A is augmented.
In this case, the related Ext or Tor functor is well-defined. One wants to enhance it to a
functor with values in DG-modules over a suitable DG-ring in such a way that it would
induce a triangulated equivalence.
Generally speaking, the solution to the first problem is to consider curved DG-modules
(CDG-modules), whose cohomology modules are undefined. So the Ext or Tor itself has no
meaning, but the related curved DG-module has. In the augmented case, this DG-module
becomes uncurved, and indeed computes the related Ext or Tor.

0.4 Let us now begin to state what our assumptions and results are. We assume that a ring
 is endowed with an increasing filtration R = F0 A
A  ⊂ F1 A  ⊂ F2 A  ⊂ · · · which is

exhaustive (A=  
n Fn A) and compatible with the multiplication in A. Furthermore, the
 = Fn A/F
successive quotients grFn A  n−1 A  are assumed to be finitely generated projective
 F
left R-modules. Finally, the associated graded ring A = grF A = 
n grn A has to be
Koszul over its degree-zero component A0 = R; this means, in particular, that the ring A
is generated by its degree-one component A1 over A0 and defined by relations of degree 2.
In these assumptions, we assign to (A,  F ) a curved DG-ring (CDG-ring) (B, d, h),

which is graded by nonnegative integers, B = ∞ n=0 B , B = R, has a differential (odd
n 0

derivation) d : B −→ B
n n+1 of degree 1, and a curvature element h ∈ B 2 . The CDG-ring
(B, d, h) is defined uniquely up to a unique isomorphism of CDG-rings, which includes
the possibility of change-of-connection transformations. The grading components B n are
finitely generated projective right R-modules. In particular, one has B 1 = HomR (A1 , R)
and A1 = HomR op (B 1 , R).

Furthermore, to any left A-module P we assign a CDG-module structure on the

graded left B-module B⊗R P , and to any right A-module M we assign a CDG-module
structure on the graded right B-module HomR op (B, M). These constructions are then

extended to complexes of left and right A-modules P • and M • , assigning to them
left and right CDG-modules B⊗R P and HomR op (B, M • ) over (B, d, h). A certain
•

(somewhat counterintuitive) way to totalize bigraded modules is presumed here. The

resulting functors induce the derived equivalences promised in Sect. 0.0. The functor
P • −→ B⊗R P • is a CDG-enhancement of the (possibly nonexistent) Ext∗A(R, P ), and
the functor M • −→ HomR op (B, M • ) is a CDG-enhancement of the (possibly nonexistent)

TorA∗ (M, R). However, there are further caveats.

0.5 One important feature of the nonhomogeneous Koszul duality over a field, as devel-
oped in the memoir [59], is that it connects modules with comodules or contramodules. In
fact, the “Koszul triality” of [59] connects modules with comodules and contramodules.
In the context of relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality theory in the full generality of
this book, the Koszul triality picture splits into two separate dualities. A certain exotic

derived category of right A-modules is equivalent to an exotic derived category of right
xviii Introduction


B-comodules, while another exotic derived category of left A-modules is equivalent to an
exotic derived category of left B-contramodules. The triality picture is then restored under
some additional assumptions (namely, two-sided locally finitely generated projectivity of
the filtration F and finiteness of homological dimension of the base ring R).
What are the “comodules” and “contramodules” in our context? First of all, we have

complexes of A-modules on the one side and CDG-modules over B on the other side; so
both the comodules and the contramodules are graded B-modules. In fact, the (graded)
right B-comodules are a certain full subcategory in the graded right B-modules, and
similarly the (graded) left B-contramodules are a certain full subcategory in the graded
left B-modules.
Which full subcategory? A graded right B-module N is called a graded right
B-comodule if for every element x ∈ N there exists an integer m ≥ 1 such that xB n = 0
for all n ≥ m. The definition of B-contramodules is more complicated and, as usually,
involves certain infinite summation operations. A graded left B-module Q is said to be a
graded left B-contramodule if, for every integer j , every sequence of elements qn ∈ Qj −n ,
n ≥ 0, and every sequence of elements bn ∈ B n , an element denoted formally by
∞
n=0 bn qn ∈ Q is defined. One imposes natural algebraic axioms on such infinite
j

summation operations, and then proves that an infinite summation structure on a given
graded left B-module Q is unique if it exists.
In particular, this discussion implies that (somewhat counterintuitively), in the notation
of Sect. 0.4, the bigraded module HomR op (B, M • ) has to be totalized by taking infinite
direct sums along the diagonals (to obtain a graded right B-comodule), while the bigraded
module B⊗R P • needs to be totalized by taking infinite products along the diagonals (to
obtain a graded left B-contramodule).

0.6 The explanation for the counterintuitive totalization procedures mentioned in

Sect. 0.5, from our perspective, is that B is a “fake” graded ring. It really “wants” to be a
coring, but this point of view is hard to fully develop. It plays a key role, however, in (at
least) one of our two proofs of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for nonhomogeneous
Koszul rings.
The graded coring in question is C = HomR op (B, R), that is, the result of applying
the dualization functor HomR op (−, R) to the graded ring B. The point is that we have
already done one such dualization when we passed from the R-R-bimodule A1 to the
R-R-bimodule B 1 = HomR (A1 , R), as mentioned in Sect. 0.4. The two dualization
procedures are essentially inverse to each other, so the passage to the coring C over R
returns us to the undualized world, depending covariantly functorially on the ring A.
Experience teaches that the passage to the dual vector space is better avoided in derived
Koszul duality. This is the philosophy utilized in the memoir [59] and the book [58]. This
philosophy strongly suggests that the graded coring C is preferable to the graded ring B
as a Koszul dual object to a Koszul graded ring A.
Introduction xix

The problem arises when we pass to the nonhomogeneous setting. In the context of the
discussion in Sect. 0.4, the odd derivation d, which is a part of the structure of a CDG-ring
(B, d, h), is not R-linear. In fact, the restriction of d to the subring R = B 0 ⊂ B may well
be nonzero, and in the most interesting cases it is. This is a distinctive feature of the relative
nonhomogeneous Koszul duality. So how does one apply the functor HomR op (−, R) to a
non-R-linear map?

0.7 The duality between the ring of differential operators and the de Rham DG-algebra
of differential forms is the thematic example of relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality.
Let X be a smooth affine algebraic variety over a field of characteristic 0 (or a smooth
real manifold). Let O(X) denote the ring of functions and Diff(X) denote the ring of
differential operators on X. Endow the ring Diff(X) with an increasing filtration F by
the order of the differential operators. So the associated graded ring SymO(X) (T (X)) =
grF Diff(X) is the symmetric algebra of the O(X)-module T (X) of vector fields on X.
In this example, R = O(X) is our base ring, A  = Diff(X) is our nonhomogeneous
Koszul ring over R, and A = SymO(X) (T (X)) is the related homogeneous Koszul ring.
The graded ring Koszul to A over R is the graded ring of differential forms B = (X).
There is no curvature in the CDG-ring (B, d, h) (one has h = 0; a nonzero curvature
appears when one passes to the context of twisted differential operators, e.g., differential
operators acting in the sections of a vector bundle E over X; see [58, Section 0.4.7] or [59,
Appendix B]). The differential d : B −→ B is the de Rham differential, d = ddR ; so
(B, d) is a DG-algebra over k.
But the de Rham DG-algebra is not a DG-algebra over O(X) (and neither the ring
Diff(X) is an algebra over O(X)). In fact, the restriction of the de Rham differential to the
subring O(X) ⊂ (X) is quite nontrivial.

0.8 So the example of differential operators and differential forms is a case in point for
the discussion in Sect. 0.6. In this example, C = HomO(X) ((X), O(X)) is the graded
coring of polyvector fields over the ring of functions on X. Certainly there is no de Rham
differential on polyvector fields. What structure on polyvector fields corresponds to the
de Rham differential on the forms?
Here is what we do. We adjoin an additional generator δ to the de Rham DG-ring
((X), ddR ), or more generally to the underlying graded ring B of a CDG-ring (B, d, h).
The new generator δ is subject to the relations [δ, b] = d(b) for all b ∈ B (where the
bracket denotes the graded commutator) and δ 2 = h. Then there is a new differential on
the graded ring B = B[δ], which we denote by ∂ = ∂/∂δ.
The differential ∂ is R-linear (and more generally, B-linear with signs), so we can
 = HomR op (B,
dualize it, obtaining a coring C  R) with the dual differential HomR op (∂, R).
This is the structure that was called a quasi-differential coring in [58]. It plays a key role
in the exposition in [58, Chapter 11].
Of course, the odd derivation ∂ = ∂/∂δ is acyclic, and so is the dual odd coderivation
on the coring C. This may look strange, but, in fact, this is how it should be. Recall that
xx Introduction

we started with a curved DG-ring (B, d, h). Its differential d does not square to zero, and
its cohomology is undefined. So there is no cohomology ring in the game, and it is not
supposed to suddenly appear from the construction.

0.9 Now, how does one assign a derived category of modules to the acyclic DG-ring
 ∂) ? The related constructions are discussed in [58, Section 11.7]. A quasi-differential
(B,
 ∂) is simply a graded B-module,
module over (B,  without any differential. Such modules

form a DG-category. In fact, a DG-module over (B, ∂) is the same thing as a contractible
object of the DG-category of quasi-differential modules. This point of view, adopted
in [58, Chapter 11] in the context of quasi-differential comodules and contramodules
over quasi-differential corings, is so counterintuitive that one is having a hard time with
what otherwise are very simple constructions. We have none of that in this book, using
the equivalent, but much more tractable concept of a CDG-module over the CDG-ring
(B, d, h).
Some words about the coderived and contraderived categories are now in order. These
are the most important representatives of the class of constructions known as the “derived
categories of the second kind.”
In the spirit of the discussion in Sect. 0.5, we consider right CDG-comodules
and left CDG-contramodules over (B, d, h). These are certain full subcategories in
the DG-categories of, respectively, right and left CDG-modules over the CDG-ring
(B, d, h). Following the general definitions in [58, 59], the coderived category of right
CDG-comodules over (B, d, h) is constructed as the Verdier quotient category of the
homotopy category of CDG-comodules by its minimal triangulated subcategory con-
taining the total CDG-comodules of all the short exact sequences of CDG-comodules
and closed under infinite direct sums. Similarly, the contraderived category of left
CDG-contramodules over (B, d, h) is the Verdier triangulated quotient category of
the homotopy category of CDG-contramodules by its minimal triangulated subcat-
egory containing the total CDG-contramodules of all the short exact sequences of
CDG-contramodules over (B, d, h) and closed under infinite products.

0.10 When the base ring R has finite right homological dimension, our derived Koszul

duality result simply states that the derived category of right A-modules is equivalent to
the coderived category of right CDG-comodules over (B, d, h). When the ring R has finite
left homological dimension, one similarly has a natural equivalence between the derived

category of left A-modules and the contraderived category of left CDG-contramodules
over (B, d, h).
The situation gets more complicated when the homological dimension of R is infinite.
In this case, following the book [58] and the paper [63], one can consider the semiderived

categories of right and left A-modules, or more precisely the semicoderived category
 
of right A-modules relative to R and the semicontraderived category of left A-modules
relative to R. These are defined as the Verdier quotient categories of the homotopy
Introduction xxi


categories of complexes of right and left A-modules by the triangulated subcategories of
complexes that are, respectively, coacyclic or contraacylic as complexes of R-modules.
Then the derived Koszul duality theorem tells that the semicoderived category of right

A-modules is equivalent to the coderived category of right CDG-comodules over (B, d, h),

and the semicontraderived category of left A-modules is equivalent to the contraderived
category of left CDG-contramodules over (B, d, h).
One can also describe the derived category of right A-modules as the quotient
category of the coderived category of right CDG-comodules over (B, d, h) by its minimal
triangulated subcategory closed under direct sums and containing all the CDG-comodules
(N, dN ) such that NB i = 0 for i > 0 and N is acyclic with respect to the
differential dN (where dN2 = 0 since Nh = 0). Similarly, the derived category of left

A-modules is equivalent to the quotient category of the contraderived category of left
CDG-contramodules over (B, d, h) by its minimal triangulated subcategory closed under
products and containing all the CDG-contramodules (Q, dQ ) such that B i Q = 0 for i > 0
and Q is acyclic with respect to the differential dQ .

0.11 A basic fact of the classical theory of modules over the rings of differential operators
Diff(X) is that the abelian categories of left and right Diff(X)-modules are naturally
equivalent to each other. This is a rather nontrivial equivalence, in that the ring Diff(X) is
not isomorphic to its opposite ring.
The classical conversion functor Diff(X)–mod −→ mod–Diff(X) assigns to a
left Diff(X)-module M a natural right Diff(X)-module structure on the tensor product
m (X)⊗O(X) M, where m = dim X and m (X) is the O(X)-module of global sections
of the line bundle of differential forms of the top degree on X. The inverse conversion
mod–Diff(X) −→ Diff(X)–mod is performed by taking the tensor product over
O(X) with the (module of global sections of) the line bundle of top polyvector fields
HomO(X) (m (X), O(X)) = m O(X) (T (X)).
In this book we offer an interpretation of the conversion functor in the context of relative
nonhomogeneous Koszul duality. Let (B, d, h) be a nonnegatively graded CDG-ring with
the (possibly noncommutative) degree-zero component B 0 = R. Assume that the grading
components of B are finitely generated projective left and right R-modules, there is an
integer m ≥ 0 such that B n = 0 for n > m, the R-R-bimodule B m is invertible, and the
multiplication maps B n ⊗R B m−n −→ B m are perfect pairings. Assume further that B is
a Koszul graded ring over R. Then we say that B = (B, d, h) is a relatively Frobenius
Koszul CDG-ring.
As the grading components of B are finitely generated and projective over R on both
sides, there are two nonhomogeneous Koszul dual filtered rings to (B, d, h), one on the
left side and one on the right side; we denote them by A  and A # . Then the claim is
that, whenever B is relatively Frobenius over R, the two rings A  and A # are Morita
equivalent. The tensor product with the invertible R-R-bimodule T = B m transforms

any left A-module # -module, and any right A
into a left A # -module into a right A-module.

xxii Introduction

The functors HomR (T , −) and HomR op (T , −) provide the inverse transformations. (When
the graded ring B is graded commutative and h = 0, the ring A # is simply the opposite

ring to the ring A.)
In this context, assuming additionally that the ring R has finite left homological dimen-
sion, we even obtain a “Koszul quadrality” picture. This means a commutative diagram
of triangulated equivalences between four (conventional or exotic) derived categories:
the derived category of left A 
# -modules, the derived category of left A-modules, the
coderived category of left CDG-modules over (B, d, h), and the contraderived category
of left CDG-modules over (B, d, h).

0.12 Several examples of relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality are considered in this
book. These are various species of differential operators, to which correspond the related
species of differential forms.
The words “differential operators” have many meanings. First of all, one has to choose
the world one wants to live in: algebraic varieties, complex analytic manifolds, or smooth
real manifolds? If one chooses algebraic varieties, does one care about finite characteristic,
or only characteristic zero? Speaking of complex manifolds, there is also a choice: Is
one interested in complex analytic functions/forms/operators only, or does one want to do
Dolbeault theory?
On the other hand, does one want one’s differential operators to act in functions, or does
one also care about the differential operators acting in the sections of a vector bundle? Does
one want to enter the universe of twisted differential operators?
There are further options: What about the relative or fiberwise differential operators and
forms for a smooth morphism of algebraic varieties (or for a submersion of smooth real
manifolds)? Does one want to depart the differential operators altogether, replacing them
with the more general concept of Lie algebroids (Lie–Rinehart algebras)? Is there a notion
of differential operators in noncommutative geometry?
We explore not all, but many of these possibilities. Notice first of all that the main
setting of this book presumes rings rather than sheaves of rings; so we only consider affine
algebraic varieties. For the same reason, discussing complex analytic differential operators
in the context of this book would presume working with Stein manifolds; the author did not
feel qualified to delve into this theory, so this setting is skipped. However, we do consider
¯
the Dolbeault DG-algebra and ∂-differential operators on compact complex manifolds.
Our smooth real manifolds are likewise assumed to be compact, for technical reasons.
Furthermore, over a field k of finite characteristic p one has ( dx ) (f ) = 0 for any
d p

polynomial f ∈ k[x], while p ( dx ) is a well-defined operator k[x] −→ k[x]. For this

1 d p

reason, there are two notions of differential operators on a smooth (affine) algebraic variety
in finite characteristic: the Grothendieck differential operators, which are acting faithfully
in the functions, and the crystalline differential operators, which form a nonhomogeneous
quadratic ring over the ring of functions. We discuss both, in order to provide context, but
it is only the latter concept of differential operators that is relevant for our theory.
Introduction xxiii

In each of the cases mentioned above, the ring of differential operators, filtered by
the order of the differential operators, is a nonhomogeneous Koszul ring. The ring of
differential operators acting in the functions (irrespectively of whether these differential
operators are algebraic in characteristic zero, crystalline, real smooth, or Dolbeault) is left
augmented over the ring of functions: the left ideal of all differential operators annihilating
the constant functions is the augmentation ideal. Accordingly, the nonhomogeneous
Koszul dual structure is a DG-ring; it is the de Rham DG-algebra of differential forms in
¯
the respective world (or the Dolbeault DG-algebra in the case of ∂-differential operators).
The ring of differential operators acting in a vector bundle is usually not augmented: in
fact, it admits a left augmentation if and only if the bundle has an integrable connection.
Otherwise, one has to choose a (possibly nonintegrable) connection in the vector bundle,
and the nonhomogeneous Koszul duality assigns to such ring of differential operators the
curved DG-algebra of differential forms with the coefficients in the endomorphisms of
the vector bundle, endowed with the de Rham differential depending on the connection.
The curvature form of the connection becomes the curvature element in the resulting
CDG-ring. We also consider the rings of differential operators twisted by an arbitrary
closed 2-form, and then the nonhomogeneous Koszul dual structure is the usual de Rham
DG-algebra viewed as a CDG-ring with the chosen 2-form playing the role of the curvature
element.
Turning to noncommutative geometry, we discuss the DG-ring of noncommutative
differential forms for a morphism of noncommutative rings. In this context, the related ring
of “noncommutative differential operators” is simply the ring of all endomorphisms of the
bigger ring as a module over the subring (endowed with the obvious two-step filtration).
For all the classes of examples mentioned above, we formulate the related triangulated
equivalences of relative derived nonhomogeneous Koszul duality (and, when relevant,
draw the “Koszul quadrality” diagrams).

0.13 We discuss the homogeneous quadratic duality over a base ring in Chap. 1, flat
and finitely projective Koszul graded rings over a base ring in Chap. 2, relative nonho-
mogeneous quadratic duality in Chap. 3, and the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem for
nonhomogeneous Koszul rings over a base ring in Chap. 4. The discussion of comodules
and contramodules over graded rings in Chap. 5 prepares ground for the derived Koszul
duality for module categories, which is worked out on the comodule side in Chap. 6
and on the contramodule side in Chap. 7. The comodule-contramodule correspondence,
connecting the comodule and contramodule sides of the Koszul duality, is developed
in Chap. 8. The interpretation of the conversion functor in terms of Koszul duality is
discussed in Chap. 9.
Examples of relative nonhomogeneous Koszul duality are offered in Chap. 10. We
consider algebraic differential operators over smooth affine varieties in characteristic 0,
crystalline differential operators over smooth affine varieties in arbitrary characteristic,
differential operators acting in the sections of a vector bundle, and differential operators
twisted with a chosen closed 2-form. Passing from the algebraic to the analytic setting, we
xxiv Introduction

¯
discuss smooth differential operators on a smooth compact real manifold and ∂-differential
operators in the Dolbeault theory on a compact complex manifold. Returning to the
algebraic context, we consider relative differential forms and differential operators for
a morphism of commutative rings, Lie algebroids with their enveloping algebras and
cohomological Chevalley–Eilenberg complexes, and finally noncommutative differential
forms for a morphism of noncommutative rings. For the benefit of the reader, we have
tried to make our exposition of these examples from various areas of algebra and geometry
reasonably self-contained with many background details included.
Acknowledgment

Parts of the material presented in this book go back more than a quarter century. This
applies to the content of Chaps. 1–2 and the computations in Chap. 3 (with the notable
exception of the 2-category story), which I worked out sometime around 1992. The
particular case of duality over a field, which is much less complicated, was presented in
the paper [56], and the possibility of extension to the context of a base ring was mentioned
in [56, beginning of Section 4]. The main results in Chaps. 6–7 go back to Spring 2002.
Subsequently, I planned and promised several times over the years to write up a detailed
exposition. This book partially fulfills that promise. The book also contains some much
more recent results; this applies, first of all, to the material of Chap. 5, which is largely
based on [68, Section 6] or [67, Theorem 3.1]. I would like to thank all the people, too
numerous to be mentioned here by name, whose help and encouragement contributed to
my survival over the decades. Speaking of more recent events, I am grateful to Andrey
Lazarev, Julian Holstein, and Bernhard Keller for stimulating discussions and interest to
this work. The author was supported by research plan RVO: 67985840 and the GAČR
project 20-13778S when writing this book.

xxv
Contents

1 Homogeneous Quadratic Duality over a Base Ring . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Flat and Finitely Projective Koszulity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Graded and Ungraded Ext and Tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Relative Bar Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Diagonal Tor and Ext . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Low-Dimensional Tor, Degree-One Generators, and Quadratic
Relations . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.5 First Koszul Complex .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6 Dual Koszul Complex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.7 Distributive Collections of Subobjects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.8 Collections of Subbimodules .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.9 Left Flat Koszul Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.10 Finitely Projective Koszul Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Relative Nonhomogeneous Quadratic Duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1 Nonhomogeneous Quadratic Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Curved DG-Rings .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.3 Self-Consistency Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 The CDG-Ring Corresponding to a Nonhomogeneous Quadratic
Ring. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5 Change of Strict Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.6 The Nonhomogeneous Quadratic Duality Functor .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.7 Nonhomogeneous Duality 2-Functor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.8 Augmented Nonhomogeneous Quadratic Rings . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4 The Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt Theorem .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.1 Central Element Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2 Quasi-Differential Graded Rings and CDG-Rings . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.3 Quadratic Quasi-Differential Graded Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

xxvii
xxviii Contents

4.4 Central Elements and Acyclic Derivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

4.5 Nonhomogeneous Quadratic Duality via Quasi-Differential
Graded Rings .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.6 PBW Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
4.7 Anti-Equivalences of Koszul Ring Categories . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5 Comodules and Contramodules Over Graded Rings . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.1 Ungraded Comodules Over Nonnegatively Graded Rings .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.2 Right Exact Monads on Abelian Categories .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.3 Ungraded Contramodules Over Nonnegatively Graded Rings . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.4 Weak Koszulity and the Ext Comparison .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.5 Graded Comodules Over Nonnegatively Graded Rings . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.6 Graded Contramodules Over Nonnegatively Graded Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.7 The Graded Ext Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6 Relative Nonhomogeneous Derived Koszul Duality: The Comodule Side. . . 139
6.1 CDG-Modules.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.2 Nonhomogeneous Koszul Complex/CDG-Module . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.3 Semicoderived Category of Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.4 Coderived Category of CDG-Comodules .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.5 Koszul Duality Functors for Modules and Comodules.. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.6 Triangulated Equivalence .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.7 Reduced Coderived Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7 Relative Nonhomogeneous Derived Koszul Duality: The
Contramodule Side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.1 Semicontraderived Category of Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2 Contraderivations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.3 Contraderived Category of CDG-Contramodules . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.4 Koszul Duality Functors for Modules and Contramodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.5 Triangulated Equivalence .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.6 Reduced Contraderived Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
8 The Co-Contra Correspondence .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.1 Contratensor Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8.2 CDG-Contramodules of the Induced Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
8.3 CDG-Comodules of the Coinduced Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.4 The Diagonal CDG-Bicomodule .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.5 Comodule-Contramodule Correspondence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
8.6 Two-Sided Finitely Projective Koszul Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.7 Bimodule Resolution Revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.8 Koszul Triality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Contents xxix

9 Koszul Duality and Conversion Functor .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

9.1 Relatively Frobenius Rings .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9.2 Relatively Frobenius Graded Rings .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.3 Relatively Frobenius Co-contra Correspondence . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
9.4 Relatively Frobenius Koszul Graded Rings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9.5 Two-Sided Koszul CDG-Rings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
9.6 Conversion Bimodule .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
9.7 Relatively Frobenius Koszul Quadrality .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
10 Examples . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.1 Symmetric and Exterior Algebras .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
10.2 Algebraic Differential Operators .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
10.3 Crystalline Differential Operators .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
10.4 Differential Operators in a Vector Bundle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
10.5 Twisted Differential Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.6 Smooth Differential Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
10.7 Dolbeault Differential Operators .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
10.8 Relative Differential Operators .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
10.9 Lie Algebroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
10.10 Noncommutative Differential Forms.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

References .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Homogeneous Quadratic Duality over a Base Ring
1

All the associative rings in this book are unital. We will always presume unitality without
mentioning it, so all the left and ring modules over associative rings are unital, all the
ring homomorphisms take the unit to the unit, all the subrings contain the unit, and all
the gradings and filtrations are such that the unit element belongs to the degree-zero
grading/filtration component.
Given an associative ring R, we denote by R–mod the abelian category of left
R-modules and by mod–R the abelian category of right R-modules.
Let R, S, and T be three associative rings. For any left R-modules L and M, we denote
by HomR (L, M) the abelian group of all left R-module morphisms L −→ M. If L is an
R-S-bimodule and M is an R-T -bimodule, then the group HomR (L, M) acquires a natural
structure of S-T -bimodule. Similarly, for any right R-modules Q and N, the abelian group
of all right R-module morphisms Q −→ N is denoted by HomR op (Q, N) (where R op
stands for the ring opposite to R). If Q is an S-R-bimodule and N is a T -R-bimodule,
then HomR op (Q, N) is a T -S-bimodule.
In particular, for any R-S-bimodule U , the abelian group HomR (U, R) is naturally an
S-R-bimodule. If U is a finitely generated projective left R-module, then HomR (U, R) is
a finitely generated projective right R-module. Similarly, for any S-R-bimodule M, the
abelian group HomR op (M, R) is naturally an R-S-bimodule. If M is a finitely generated
projective right R-module, then HomR op (M, R) is a finitely generated projective left
R-module.
For any R-S-bimodule U , there is a natural morphism of R-S-bimodules U −→
HomR op (HomR (U, R), R), which is an isomorphism whenever the left R-module U is
finitely generated and projective. For any S-R-bimodule M, there is a natural morphism of
S-R-bimodules M −→ HomR (HomR op (M, R), R), which is an isomorphism whenever
the right R-module M is finitely generated and projective.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 1

L. Positselski, Relative Nonhomogeneous Koszul Duality, Frontiers in Mathematics,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89540-2_1
2 1 Homogeneous Quadratic Duality over a Base Ring

Let U be an R-S-bimodule and V be an S-T -bimodule. Then the left R-module U ⊗S V

is projective whenever the left R-module U and the left S-module V are projective. The
left R-module U ⊗S V is finitely generated whenever the left R-module U and the left
S-module V are finitely generated. The similar assertions apply to the projectivity and
finite generatedness on the right side.

Lemma 1.1

(a) Let U be an R-S-bimodule and V be an S-T -bimodule. Then there is a natural

morphism of T -R-bimodules

HomS (V , S)⊗S HomR (U, R)−−→ HomR (U ⊗S V , R),

which is an isomorphism whenever the left S-module V is finitely generated and

projective.
(b) Let M be an S-R-bimodule and N be a T -S-bimodule. Then there is a natural
morphism of R-T -bimodules

HomR op (M, R)⊗S HomS op (N, S)−−→ HomR op (N⊗S M, R),

which is an isomorphism whenever the right S-module N is finitely generated and

projective.

Proof Part (a): the desired map takes an element g⊗f ∈ HomS (V , S)⊗S HomR (U, R)
to the map U ⊗S V −→ R taking an element u⊗v to the element f (ug(v)) ∈ R, for
any g ∈ HomS (V , S), f ∈ HomR (U, R), u ∈ U , and v ∈ V . The second assertion
does not depend on the T -module structure on V , so one can assume T = Z and,
passing to the finite direct sums and direct summands in the argument V ∈ S–mod,
reduce to the obvious case V = S. Part (b): the desired map takes an element h⊗k ∈
HomR op (M, R)⊗S HomS op (N, S) to the map N⊗S M −→ R taking an element n⊗m to
the element h(k(n)m) ∈ R, for any h ∈ HomR op (M, R), k ∈ HomS op (N, S), n ∈ N,
and m ∈ M. The second assertion does not depend on the T -module structure on N, so it
reduces to the obvious case N = S.

Let R be an associative ring and V be an R-R-bimodule. The tensor ring of V over

R (otherwise called the ring freely generated by an R-R-bimodule V ) is the graded ring

TR (V ) = ∞ n=0 TR,n (V ) with the components TR,0 (V ) = R, TR,1 (V ) = V , TR,2 (V ) =
V ⊗R V , and TR,n (V ) = V ⊗R · · · ⊗R V (n factors) for n ≥ 2. The multiplication in TR (V )
is defined by the obvious rules r(v1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn ) = (rv1 )⊗v2 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn , (v1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn )s =
v1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn−1 ⊗(vn s), and (v1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn )(vn+1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn+m ) = v1 ⊗ · · · ⊗vn+m for all r,
s ∈ R and vi ∈ V .
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
of more fervice to the patient than the moft expert furgeon can after
the fwelling and inflammation have come on. When thefe are
prefent, it is difficult to know the ftate of the joint, and dangerous to
attempt a redu(ftion; and, by waiting till they are gone off, the
mufcles become fo relaxed, and the cavity filled up, that the bone
can never afterwards be retained in its place. A recent diflocation
may generally be reduced by extenfion alone, which muft always be
greater or lefs according to the ftrength of the mufcles which move
the joint, the age, robuftnefs, and other circumftances, of the
patient. When the bone has been
 AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. ,9, been out of its place for
any confiderable time, and a fwelling or inflammation has come on,
it will be neceflary to bleed the patient, and, after fomenting the
part, to apply foft poultices with vinegar to it for fome time before
the rediidion is attempted. All that is neceflary after the redudion, is
to apply cloths dipped in vinegar or camphorated fpirits of wine to
the part, and to keep it perfectly eafy. Many bad conf;quences
proceed from the negled of this rule. A diflocation feldom happens
without the tendons and ligaments of the joint being ftrctched and
fometimes torn. When thefe are kept eafy till they recover their
ftrength and tone, all goes on very well i but, if the injury be
increafed by too frequent an exertion of the parts, no wonder if they
be found weak and difeafed ever after. Dislocation of the Jaw. ---The
ufual method of reducing a diflocated jaw, is to fet the patient upon
a low ftool, fo as an aflifl:ant may hold the head firm by prefling it
againft his breaft. The operator is then to thruft his two thumbs,
beinT firft wrapped up with linen cloths that they may not flip, as far
back into the patient's mouth as he can, while his fingers are applied
to the jaw externally. After he has got firm hold of the jaw, he is to
prefs it fl;rongly downwards and backwards, by which means the
elapfed heads of the jaw may be eafily puflied into their former
cavities. The peafants, in fome parts of the country, have a
peculiar'way of performing this operation. One of them puts a
kandkerchief under the patient's chin, then, turning his back to that
of the patient, pulls him up by the chin fo as to fufpend him from the
ground. This method often fucceeds, but we think it a dangerous
one, and therefore recommend the former. Dislocation of the Neck.
— The neck may be diflocated by falls, violent blows, or the like. In
this cafe, if the patient receives no afliftance, he foon dies, which
makes people imagine the neck was broken j it is, however, for the
moll part, only partially diflocated, and may be reduced by almofl;
any perfon who has relblution enough to attempt it. A complete
diflocation of the neck is Inftantaneous death. When the neck is
diflocated, the patient is immediately deprived of all fenfe and
motion ; his neck fwells, his countenance appears bloated, his chin
Jies upon his breafl:, and his face is generally turned towards one
fide. To reduce this diflocation, the unhappy perfon fliould
immediately be laid upon his back on the ground, and the operator
mufl: place himfelf behind him fo as to be able to lay hold of his
head with both hands, while he makes a refiftance by placino- his
knees againft the patient's ftioulders. In this pofture he muft pull the
head with confiderable force, gently twilling it at the fame time, if
the face be turned to one fide till he perceives that the joint is
replaced, which may be known from the noife which the bones
generally make when going in, the patient's beginning to breathe,
and the head continuing in its natural pofture. After the neck is
reduced, the patient ••
 ,92 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, tieiit ought to be
bled, and fhould be fufFered to reft for fome days, till the parts
recover their proper tone. Dislocation of the Shoulder. — The
humerus or upper bone of the arm may be diflocatcd in various
direftions : it happens however moft frequently downwards, but very
feldom direcftly upwards. From the nature of its articulation, as well
as from its expofure to external Injuries, this bone is the moft
fubjeift to dlflocation of any in the body. A diflocatlon of the humerus
may be known by a depreffion or cavity on the top of the flioulJer,
and an Inability to move the arm. When the diflocatlon is downward
or forward, the arm Is elongated, aud a ball or lump is perceived
under the arm pit; but, when it Is backward, there appears a
protuberance behind the flioulder, and the arm is thrown forwards
toward the breaft. The ufual method of reducing diflocatlons of the
flioulder is to feat the patient upon a low ftool, and to caufe an
afliftant to hold his body fo that it may not give way to the
extenfion, while another lays hold of the arm a little above the
elbow, and gradually extends it. The operator then puts a napkin
under the patient's arm, and caufes it to be tied behind his own
neck; by this, while a fufficlent extenfion is made, he lifts up the
head of the bone, and with his hands direfts It Into Its proper place.
There are various machines Invented for facilitating this operation,
but the hand of an expert furgeon Is always more fafe. In young and
delicate patients, it is a very eafy matter to reduce the flioulder by
extending the arm with one hand, thrufting in the head of the bone
with the other. In making the extenfion, the arm ought always to be
a little bent. Dislocation of the Elbow. — The bones of the fore-arm
may be diflocated in any diredlon. When this is the cafe, a
protuberance may be obferved on that fide of the arm towards
which the bone is puftied, from which, and the patient's inability to
bend his arm, a diflocatlon of this joint may eafily be known. Two
affiftants are generally neceflary for reducing a diflocatlon of the
elbow; one of them muft lay hold of the arm above, and the other
below, the joint, and make a pretty ftrong extenfion, while the
operator returns the bones Into their proper place. Afterwards the
arm muft be bent and fufpended for fome time with a fling about
the neck. Luxations of the wrift and fingers are to be reduced In the
fame manner as thofe of the elbow, viz. by making an extenfion in
different directions, and thrufting the head of the bone into its plate.
Dislocation of thf Thigh. — When the thigh-bone is diflocated
forward and downward, the knee and foot are turned out, and the
leg is longer than the other ; but, when it Is difplaced backward, it is
ufually puflied upward at the fame time, by which means the limb is
fliortened, and the foot Is turned Inwards. When the thigh- bone is
difplaced forward and downward, the patient, in order to have it 2
reduced.
 AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. i^^ reduced, muft be laid
upon his back, and made faft by bandages, or held by affiftants,
while by others anextenfion is made by means of flings fixed about
the bottom of the thigh a little above the knee. While the extenfion
is made, the operator muft piifti the head of the bone outward, till it
gets into the focket. If the diflocation be outward, the patient muft
be laid upon his face, and, during the extenfion, the head of the
bone muft be pufhed inward. Diflocations of the knees, ancles, and
toes, are reduced much in the fame manner as thofe of the upper
extremities, viz. by making an extenfion in oppofite diredions, while
the operator replaces the bones. In many cafes, however, the
extenfion alone is fufficient, and the bone will flip into its place
merely by pulling the limb with fufiicient force. It is not hereby
meant, that force alone is fufficient for the rcdudtion of diflocations.
Of B R O K E N B O N E S, &c. THERE is, in moft country villages,
fome perfons who pretend to the art of reducing fraftures. Though,
in general, fuch perfons are very ignorant, yet fome of them are
ver)- fuccefsful ; which evidently proves, that a fniall degree of
learning, with a fufficient fliare of common fenfe, and a mechanical
head, will enable a man to be ufeful in this way. We would, however,
advife people never to employ fuch operators when an expert and
flcilful furgeon can be had; but, when that is impradlicable, they
muft be employed: we fhall therefore recommend the following hints
to their confideration : when a large bone is broken, the patient's
diet ought, in all refpedls, to be the fame as in an inflammatory
fever. He fliould likewife be kept quiet and cool, and his body open
by emollient clyfters, or, if thefe cannot be conveniently
adminiftered, by food that is of an opening quality j as ftcwed
prunes, apples boiled in milk, boiled fpinage, and the like. It ought
however to be here remarked, that perfons who have been
accuftomed to live high are not all of a fudden to be reduced to a
very low diet. This might have fatal effi^ds. There is often a
neceffity for indulging even bad habits, in fome meafure, where the
nature of the difeafe might require a different treatment. It will be
generally necefiary to bleed the patient immediately after a fracfture,
efpecially if he be young, of a full habit, or has, at the fame time,
received any brulfe or contufion. This operation fhould not only be
performed foon after the accident happens, but, if the patient be
very feverifti, it may be repeated next day. When feveral of the ribs
are broken, bleeding is peculiarly neceflar\'. If any of the large bones
which fupport the body are broken, the patient muft keep his bed for
feveral weeks. It is by no means neceflary, however, that he ffiould
lie all that time, as is cuftomary, upon his back. This fituation finks
the fpirits, galls and frets the patient's fl
 194 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, hours, fupported by
a bed-chair, or the like, which will greatly relieve him. Great care,
however, mnft be taken in railing him up, and laying him down, that
he make iio exertions himfelf, otherwife the aflion of the mufcles
may pull the bone out of its place. It has been cuftomary, when a
bone was broken, to keep the limb for five or fix weeks continually
upon the ftretch. But this is a bad poflure. It is both uneafy to the
patient and unfavourable to the cure. The beft fituation is to keep
the limb a little bent. This is the pofture into which every animal puts
its limbs when it goes to reft, and in which feweft mufcles are upon
the ftretch. It is eafily effefted, by either la\-ing the patient upon his
fide, or making the bed fo as to favour this pofition of the limb. All
that art can do towards the cure of a broken bone, is to lay it
perfectly ftraight, and to keep it quite eafy. All tight bandages do
hurt. They had much better be wanting altogether. A great many of
the bad confequences which fucceed to fractured bones are owing to
tight bandages. The beft method of retention is by two or more
fplints made of leather or pafteboard. Thefe, if moiftened before
they be applied, foon aflume the ftiape of the included member, and
are fufficient, by the afliftance of a very flight bandage, for all the
purpofes of retention. The fplints fhould always be as long as the
limb, with holes cut for the ancles when the fradlure is in the leg. In
fradlures of the ribs, where a bandage cannot be properly ufed, an
adhefive plaifter may be applied over the part. The patient, in this
cafe, ought to keep himfelr quite eafy, avoiding every thing that may
occafion fneezing, laughing, coughing, or the like. He ought to keep
his body in a ftraight pofture, and fhould take care that his ftomach
be conftantly diftended, by taking frequently fome light food, and
drinking freely of weak watery liquors. The moft proper external
application for a frafture is oxycratCy or a mixture of vinegar and
water. The bandages fhould be wet with this at every drefling. Of
strains. STRAINS are often attended with worfe confequences than
broken bones. The reafon is obvious, they are generally negledVed.
When a bone is broken, the patient is obliged to keep the member
eafy, becaufe he cannot make ufe of it; but, when a joint is only
ftrained, the perfon, finding he ftill can make a ftiift to move it, is
forry to lofe his time for fo trifling an ailmeiit. In this way he
deceives himfelf, and converts into an incurable malady what might
have been removed by only keeping the part eafy for a few days.
Country people generally immerfe a ftrained limb in cold water. This
is very proper, provided it be done immediately, and not kept in too
long. But the cuftom of keeping the part immerfed in cold water for
a long time, is certainly dangerous. It rcla.\.es iaftead of bracing the
part, and is more a likefy
The text on this page is estimated to be only 23.27%
accurate

AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 195 likely to produce a

difeafe than remove one. Wrapping a garter, or fome otiier bandage,
pretty tight about the ftrained part, is likewife of ufe. It helps to
reftore the proper tone of the vefTels, and prevents the aftion of the
parts from increafing the diffufe. It (houid not however be applied
too tight. Bleeding ntar the affci5led part will frequently have a very
good efFe61 : but what we would recommend above all is eafe. It is
more to be depended on than any medicine, and feldom fails to
remove the complaint. Of ruptures. CHILDREN and veiy old people
are moll liable to this difeafe. In the former, it is generally occnfioned
by exceflive crying, coughing, vomiting, or the like. In the latter, it is
commonly theefFcA of blows or violent exertions of the ftrLUgth, as
leaping, carrying great weigius, &c. In both, a relaxed habit,
iiidolcnce, and an oily or very moiA diet, difpofe the body to this
difeafe. A rupture fometimes proves fatal before it is difcovcred.
Whenever ficknef;, vomiting, and obftLiate coftivenefs, gives rcafoti
to fufpeft an obflruftion of the bowels, all thofe places where
ruptures ufuully happen ought carefully to be examined. The
protrufion of a very fmall part of the gut will occafion all thefe
fymptom;; and, if not returned in due time, will prove mortal. On the
firft appearance of a rupture in an infant, it ought to be laid upon its
back, with its head very low. While in this pofture, if the gut does
not return of itfelf, it may eafily be put up by gentle prefiure. After it
is re-> turned, a piece of fticking-plaifter may be applied over the
part, and a proper trufs or bandage nuifl: be conftantly worn for a
confidcrable time. The method of mak ing and applying thefe
rupture- bandages for children is pretty well known. T!ie child murt,
as far as pofllble, be kept from crying, and from all violent motion,
till the rupture is cjuite healed. In adults, when the gut has been
forced down with great violence, or happens from any caufc to be
inflan^.ed, there is often great difficulty in returning it. TJie patient
fhould be bled ; after which, he muft be laid upon his back, with his
head very low, and his breech raifed high with pillows. In this
fituation flannel cloths wrung out of a dccocflion of mallows and
camomileflowers, or, if thefe are not at hand, of warm water, muft
be applied for a confiJerable time. A clyfter ma.ie or this decoiftion,
with a large fpoonful of butter and a little fait, may be afcer\y^rds
thrown up. If thefe fhould not prove fuccefsful, recourfe muil: be
had to prcfTure. If the tumour be very hard, confidcrable force will
be necefliiry; but it is not force alone which fucceeds here. The
operator, at the fame time that he makes a prefliire with the palms
of his hands, muft with his fingers artfully condud the gut in by the
fame aperture through which it caine out. The manner of doing this
can be much eaficr conceived than defcribcd. Should thefe
endeavours
 196 CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, endeavours prove
iiiefFedtual, clyfters of the fmoke of tobacco may be tried. Thefe
have been often known to fucceed where every other method failed.
An adult, after the gut has been returned, muft'wear a fteel
bandage. It is necdiefs to defcribe this, as it may always be had
ready-made from the artifts. Such bandages are generally irkfome to
the wearer for fome time, but by cuftom they become quite eafy. No
perfon v/ho has had a rupture after he arrived at man's eflate (hould
ever be without one of thefe bandages. Perfbns who have a rupture
ought carefully to avoid all violent exercife, carrying great weights,
leaping, running, and the like. They fl-iould likevvife avoid windy
aliment and ftrong liquors i and ihould carefully guard againfl:
catching cold. Of RECOVERING DROWNED PERSONS. WHEN a
perfon has remained above a quarter of an hour under water, there
can be no confiderable hopes of recovery. But, as feveral
circumftances may happen to have continued life, in fuch an
unfortunate fituation, beyond the ordinary term, we fhould never too
foon refign the unhappy objed to his fate, but try every method for
his relief, as there are many well-attefted proofs of the recovery of
perfons to life and health who had been taken out of the water
apparently dead, and who remained a confiderable time without
exhibiting any figns of life. The firft thing to be done, after the body
is taken out of the water, is to convey it, as foon as pofiible, to fome
convenient place, where the neceffary operations for its recovery
may be performed. In attempting to recover perfons apparently
drowned, the principal intention to be purfued is, to reftore the
natural warnith, upon which all the vital fundions depend ; and to
excite thefe fundlions by the application of ftimulants, net only to
th.e fkin, but likewife to the lungs, inteftines, &c. Though cold was
by no means the caufe of the perfon's death, yet it will prove an
effedual obftacle to his recovery. For this reafon, after ftripping him
of his wet clothes, his body muft be ftrongly rubbed for a
confiderable time with coarfe linen cloths, as warm as they can be
made; and, as foon as a well-heated bed can be got ready, he may
be laid in it, and the rubbing fhould be continued. Warm cloths
ought likewife to be frequently applied to the flomach and bowels,
and hot bricks, or bottles of warm water, to the foles of the feet and
to the palms of the hands. Strong volatile fpirits fhould be frequently
applied to the nofej and the fpine of the back and pit of the flomach
may be rubbed with warm brandy or fpirit of wine. The temples
ought always to be chafed with volatile fpirits ; and flimulating
powders, as that of tobacco or marjoram, may be blown up the
nofirils. To renew the breathing, a ftrong perfon may blow his own
breath into the patient's mouth with all the force he can, holding his
noftrils at the fame time. When it can be perceived, by the rifing of
the cheft or belly.
 AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 197 belly, that the lungs are
filled with air, the perfon bught to defift from blowing, and fhould
prefs the breaft and belly fo as to expel the air again j and this
operation may be repeated for fome time, alternately inflating and
deprefling the lungs fo as to imitate natural refpiration. If the lungs
cannot be inflated in this manner, it may be attempted by blowing
through one of the noltriis, and at the fame timekeeping the other
clofe. When air cannot be forced into the cheft by the mouth or
nofe, it may be neceflary to make an opening into the wind- pipe for
this purpofe. It is needlefs» however, to fpend time in defcribing this
operation, as it fliould not be attempted unlefs by perfons Skilled in
furgery. To ftimuiate the intcftines, the fume of tobacco may be
thrown up in form of a clyfter. There are various pieces of apparatus
contrived for this purpofe, which may be ufed when at hand j but
where thefe canaot be obtained, the bufinefs may be done by a
common tobacco-pipe. The bowl of the pipe muft be filled with
tobacco well kindled, and, after the fmall tube has been introduced
into the fundament, the fmoke may be forced up by blowing through
a piece of paper full of holes wrapped round the mouth of the pipe,
or by blowing through an empty pipe, the mouth of which is applied
clofe to that of the other. While thefe things are doing, fome of the
attendants ought to be preparing a warm bath, into which the
perfon fliould be put, if the above endeavours proVe ineflfedual.
Where there are no conveniencies for ufing the warm bath, the body
may be covered with warm fait, fand, afties, grains, or fuch-like.
Tiflbt mentions an infliance of a girl who was reftored to life, after
flie had been taken out of the water, fwelled, bloated, and to all
appearance dead, by laying her naked body upon hot aflies, covering
her with others equally hot, putting a bonnet round her head and a
fliocking round her neck fl:ufFed with the fame, and heaping
coverings over all. After flie had remained half an hour in this
fituation, her pulfe returned, flie recovered fpeech, and cried out, I
freeze, I freeze ! A little cherry-brandy was given her, and flie
remained buried as it were under the aflies for eight hours ;
afterwards fhe was taken out, without any other complaint except
that of laflitude or wearinefs, which went oflF in a few days. The
dodlor mentions likewife an inftance of a man who was refl:ored to
life after he had remained fix hours under water, by the heat of a
dunghill. Till the patient fliews fome figns of life, and is able tO
fwallow, it would be ufelefs and even dangerous to pour liquors into
his mouth. His lips, however, and tongue, may be frequently wet
with a feather dipped in warm brandy, or other ftrong fpirits; and, as
foon as he has recovered the power of fwallowing, a little warm
wine, or fome other cordial, ought every now and then to be
adminiftered. We are by no means to difcontinue our aflifl:ance, as
foon as the patients difcover fome tokens of life, fince they
fometimes expire after thefe firfl: appearances of recovering. The
warm and ftimulating applications are ftill to be continued, 39. * 3 ^
aad
 ,9^ CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, and fmall quantities
of fome cordial ought frequently to be adminiftered. Laftly, though
the perfon fhould be manifeftly re-animated, there fometimes remain
an oppreflion, a cough, and feverifhnefs, which efFecftually
conftitute a difeafe. In this cafe, it will be necefTary to bleed the
patient In the arm, and to caufe him to drink plentifully of barley-
water, elder-flower tea, or any other foft peroral infufions. Such
perfons as have the misfortune to be deprived of the appearance of
life by a fall, a blow, fufFocation, or the like, muft be treated nearly
in the fame manner as thofe who have been for fome time under
water. Of convulsion FITS. CONVULSION fits often conftitute the laft
fcence of acute or chronic diforders. When this is the cafe, there can
remain but fmall hopes of the patient's recovery after expiring in a
fit. But when a perfon, who appears to be in perfect health, is
fuddenly feized with a coavulfion fit, and feems to expire, fome
attempts ought always to be made to reftore him to life. Infants are
moft liable to convulfions, and are often carried off very fuddenly by
one or more fits about the time oi teething. There are many well-
authenticated accounts of infants having been reftored to life, after
they had to all appearance expired in convulfions j but we fhall only
relate the following inftance mentioned by Dr. Johnfon in his
pamphlet on the pradticability of recovering perfons vifibly dead : In
the pariftiof St. Clements, at Colchefter» a child of fix months old,
lying upon its mother's lap, havijig had the breaft, was feized with a
ftrong convulfion fit, which lafted fo long, and ended with fo total a
privation of motion of the body, lungs, and pulfe, that it was deemed
abfolutely dead. It was accordingly ftripped, laid out, the pafling-beil
ordered to be tolled, and a coffin to be made ; but a neighbouring
gentlewoman who ufed to admire the child, hearing of its fudden
death, haftened to the houfe, and upon examining the child found it
not cold, its joints limber, and fancied that a glafs fhe held to its
mouth and nofe was a little damped with the breath ; upon which
fhe took the child in her lap, fat down before the fire, rubbed it, and
kept it in gentle agitation. In a quarter of an hour fhe felt the heart
begin to beat faintly ; fhe then put a little of the mother's milk into
its mouth, continued to rub its palms and foles, found the child
begin to move, and the milk was fwallowed ; and in another
 AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 199 the inteftines, and fuch
like. When children are dead born, or expire foon after the birth, the
fame means ought to be ufed for their recovery as if they had
expired in circumftances fmiilar to thofe juft mentioned. Thcfe
directions may likewife be extended to aduUs, attention being
always paid to the age and other circumftances of the patient. The
means ufed with fo much efficacy in recovering drowned perfons
are, with equal fuccefs, applicable to a number of cafes where the
power;- of life feem in reality to be only fufpended, and to remain
capable of renewing all their funftions, on being put into motion
again. It is ftiocking to refleft, that for want of this confideration
many perfons have been committed to the grave, in whom the
principles of life might have been revived. The cafes wherein fuch
endeavours are moft likely to be attended with fuccefs, are all thofe
called fudden deaths from an invifible caufc, as apoplexies, hyfterics,
faintings, and many other diforders wherein perfons in a moment
fink down and expire. The various cafualties in which they may be
tried are, fufFocations, from the fulphurcous damps of mines, coal-
pits, &c. the unwholefome air of long-unopened wells or caverns j
the noxious vapours arifing from fermenting liquors; the fteams of
burning charcoal ; fulphureous mineral acids;, arfenical effluvia, &c.
The various accidents of drowning, ftrangling, and apparent deaths,
by blows, falls, hunger, cold, &c. likewife furnifh opportunities of
trying fuch endeavours. Thofe perhaps who to appearance are killed
by lightning, or by any violent agitation of the paffions, as fear, joy,,
furprife, and fuch-hke, might alfo be frequently recovered by the ufe
of proper means, as blowing ftrongly Into their lungs, &cc. Of cold
bathing. IMMERSION In cold water Is a cuftom which lays claim to
the moft remote antiquity : Indeed it muft have been coeval with
man himfelf. The neceflity of water for the purpofe of cleanlinefs,
and the pleafure arifing from its application to the body in hot
countries, muft very early have recommended it to the human
fpecies. Even the example of other animals was fufficient to give the
hint to man. By inftind: many of them are led to apply cold water in
this manner ; and fome, when deprived of its ufe, have been known
to languifti, and even to die. But whether the pradlce of cold bathing
arofe from neceflity, reafoning, or imitation, is an inquiry of no
importance; our bufinefs Is to point out the advantages which may
be derived from it, and to guard people againft an Improper ufe of
It. The cold bath recommends itfelf in a variety of cafes ; and is
peculiarly beneficial to the Inhabitants of populous cities, who
indulge in Idlenefs, and lead fedentary lives. In perfons of this
defcrlption the adion of the folids is always too weak, which Induces
a languid circulation, a crude indlgefted mafs of humours, and
obftruilions in the capillary veflels
 aoo CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, veflels and glandular
fyftem. Cold water, from its gravity, as well as its tonic power, is well
calculated either to obviate or remove thefe fymptoms. It
accelerates the motion of the blood, promotes the different
fecretions, and gives permanent vigour to the folids. But all thefe
important purpofes will be more effentialjy anfwered by the
application of fait water. This ought not only to be preferred on
account of its fuperior gravity, but likewife for its greater power of
ftimulating the fkin, which promotes the perfpiration, and prevents
the patient from catching cold. It is necefTary, however, to obferve,
that cold bathing is more likely to prevent, than to remove,
obftrudions of the glandular or lymphatic fyftem. Indeed, when thefe
have arrived at a certain pitch, they are not to be removed by any
means. In this cafe the cold bath will only aggravate the fymptoms,
and hurry the unhappy patient into an untimely grave. It is therefore
of the utmoft importance, previous to the patient's entering upon
the ufe of the cold bath, to determine whether or not he labours
under any obftinate obftrudtions of the lungs or other vijcera ; and,
where this is the cafe, cold bathing ought ftridly to be prohibited. In
what is called a plethoric ftate, or too great a fulnefs of the body, it
is likewife dangerous to ufe the cold bath, without due preparation.
In this cafe there is great danger of burfting a blood-veflel, or
occafioning an inflammation of the brain, or fome of the vijcera. This
precaution is the more neceflary to citizens, as moft of them live full,
and are of a grofs habit. Yet, what is very remarkable, thefe people
refort in crouds every feafon to the fea- fide, and plunge in the
water without the leaft confideration. No doubt they often efcape
with impunity ; but does this give a famftion to the praftice ? Perfons
of this defcription ought by no means to bathe, unlefs the body has
been previoufly prepared by fuitable evacuations. Another clafs of
patients, who ftand peculiarly in need of the bracing qualities of cold
water, is the nervous. This includes a great number of the male, and
almoft all the female, inhabitants of great cities. Yet even thofe
perfons ought to be cautious in ufing the cold bath. Nervous people
have often weak bowels, and may, as well as others, be fubjeft to
congeftions and obftrucftions of the vijcera \ and in this cafe they
will not be able to bear the eifecfls of the cold\vater. For them,
therefore, and indeed for all delicate people, the beft plan would be
to accuftom themfelves to it by the moft pleafing and gentle
degrees. They ought to begin with the temperate bath, and
gradually ufe it cooler, till at length the coldeft proves quite
agreeable. Nature revolts againft all great tranfitionsj and thofe who
do violence to her didlates have often caufeto repent of their
temerity. To young people, and particularly to children, cold bathing
is of the laft importance. Their lax fibres render its tonic powers
peculiarly proper. It promotes their growth, increafes their ftrength,
and prevents a variety of difeafes incident to childhood. The moft
proper time of the day for ufing the cold bath is no
 AND FAMILY DISPENSATORY. 201 no doubt the morning, or
at lenft before dinner ; and the beil mode, that of quick immerfion.
As cold bathing has a conflant tendency to propel the blood and
other humours towards the head, it ought to be a rule always to wet
that part as foon as poirible. By due attention to this circumftance,
there is reafon to believe, that violent head-achs, and other
complaints, which frequently proceed from cold bathinsr, might be
often prevented. The cold bath, when too long continued in, not only
occalions an eKceflivc flux of humours towards the head, but chills
the blood, cramps the mufcles, relaxes the nerves, and wholly
defeats the intentions of bathing. Hence, by not adverting to this
circumftance, expert fwimmers are often injured, and fometinrtes
even lofe their lives. All the beneficial purpofes of cold bathing are
anfvvered by one fingle immerfion ; and the patient ought to be
rubbed dry the moment he comes out of the water, and fiiould
continue to take exercife for fome time after. When cold bathing
occafions chilnefs, lofs of appetite, liftlefTnefj, pain of the breaft or
bowels, a proftration of ftrength, or violent head-achs, it ought to be
difcontinued. Of drinking the MINERAL WATERS. THE waters moft in
ufe for medical purpofes in Britain, are thofe impregnated with falts,
fulphur, iron, and raephitic air, either feparately, or varioufly
combined. The errors which fo often defeat the intention of drinking
the purgative mineral waters, and which fo frequently prove
injurious to the patient, proceed from the manner of ufing them, the
quantity taken, the regimen purfued, or ufing them in cafes where
they are not proper. Drinking the water in too great quantity, not
only injures the bowels and occafions Indigeftion, but generally
defeats the intention for which it is taken. The difeafes for the cure
of which mineral waters are chiefly celebrated, are moflily of the
chronic kind ; and it is well known that fuch difeafes can only be
cured by the flow operation of alteratives, or fuch medicines as a6t
by inducing a gradual change in the habit. This requires length of
time, and never can be effected by medicines which run off by ftool,
and operate chiefly on the firft paflages. Thofe who wifli for the cure
of any obfl:Inate malady from the mineral waters, ouG;ht to take
them in fuch a manner as hardly to produce any effed whatever on
the bowels. With this view a half-pint glafs may be drunk at bed-
time, and the fame quantity an hour before breakfaft, dinner, and
fupper. The dofe, however, muft vary according to clrcumfl:ances.
Even the quantity mentioned above will purge fome perfons, while
others will drink twice as much without being in the leaft moved by
it. Its operation on the bowels is the only ftandard for ufing the
water as an alterative. No more ought to be taken than barely to
move the body ; nor is it always neceflary to carry it this length,
provided the water goes off 39^ 3 ^ by
 coa CULPEPER's ENGLISH PHYSICIAN, by the other
emuniflories, and does not occafion a chilnefs, or flatulency in the
(\omach or bowels. When the water is intended to purge, the
quantity mentioned. above may be all taken before breakfaft. To
promote the operation of mineral waters, and to carry them through
the fyftem, exercife is indifpenfably necefiary. This may be taken in
any manner that is moft agreeable to the patient, but he ought
never to carry it to excefs. As a purgative, thefe waters are chiefly
recommended in difeafes of the firft pafiages, accompanied with, or
proceeding from, inaftivity of theftomach and bowels, acidity,
indigeflion, vitiated bile, worms, putridfores, the piles, and jaundice.
In moft cafes of this kind, they are the beft medicines that can be
adminiftered. But, when ufed with this view, it is fufficient to take
them twice, or at mofl; three times, a week, fo as to move the body
three or four times ; and it will be proper to continue this courfe for
fome weeks. But the operation of the more aftive mineral waters is
not confined to the bowels. They often promote the difcharge of
urine, and not unfrequently increafe the perfpiration. This fhews that
they are capable of penetrating into every part of the body, and of
ftimulating the whole fyftem. • Hence arifes their efficacy in
removing the moft obftinate of all diforders, obftruftions of the
glandular and lymphatic fyftem. Under this clafs is comprehended
the fcrophula or king's evil, indolent tumours, obftruftions of the
liver, fpleen, kidneys, and mefenteric glands. When thefe great
purpofes are to be effeded, the waters muft be ufed in the gradual
manner mentioned above, and perfifted in for a length of time. It
will be proper, however, now and then to difcontinue their ufe for a
few days. The next great clafs of difeafes, where mineral waters are
found to be beneficial, are thofe of the fkin, as the itch, fcab, tetters,
ring-worms, fcaly eruptions, leprofies, blotches, foul ulcers, &c. .
Though thefe may feem fuperficial, yet they are often the moft
obftinate which the phyfician has to encounter, and not unfrequently
fet his flcill at defiance : but they will fometimes yield to the
application of mineral waters for a fufficient length of. time, and in
moft cafes of this kind thefe waters deferve a trial. Of the VENEREAL
DISEASE. -IT is peculiarly unfortunate for the unhappy perfons who
contrad this difeafe, . that it lies under a fort of difgrace. This
renders difguife neceflary, and makes the patient either conceal his
diforder altogether, or apply to thofe who promife a fudden and
fecret cure ; but who in fad only remove the fymptoms for a time,
while they fix the difeafe deeper in the habit. By this means a flight
infedion, which might have been eafily removed, is often converted
into an obftinate, and fometimes incurable, malady. Another
unfavourable circumftance attending this difeafe is, that it aflumes a
variety "of different fhapes, and may with more propriety be called -
. an
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