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Asme B89.6.2 - 1973 (R2007)

The document outlines the American National Standard for Temperature and Humidity Environment for Dimensional Measurement, developed by the American National Standards Committee B89. It emphasizes the importance of controlling temperature and humidity to minimize errors in dimensional measurements due to thermal expansion. The standard provides guidelines for establishing controlled environments and includes a Thermal Error Index for assessing measurement accuracy.

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630 views38 pages

Asme B89.6.2 - 1973 (R2007)

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ASME B 8 7 * 6 . 2 73 0757670 0047743 2 H p +9-Q/

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Temperature and Humidity

Environment for
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Dimensional Measurement

ANSI B89'.6.2 - 1973

~EAPPRQVED'79,

SECRETARIAT

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

PUBLISHED BY

THE A M E R I C A N SOCIETY OF M E C H A N I C A L ENGINEERS

United Engineering Center 3 4 5 E a s t 4 7 t h Street N e w York, N. Y. 1 O 0 1 7

Copyright ASME International

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval sys-
tem or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Printed in U.S.A.

Copyright ASME International

FOREWORD

American National Standards Committee B89 on Dimensional Metrology, organized under the
procedures of the American National Standards Institute, was formed to develop certain minimum stand-
ards for the various parameters in metrology and represents the consensus of United States industry. The
various subcommittees of Committee B89 deal with the different parameters, i.e., environment, angle,
length, geometry, etc. Subcommittee B89.6 is assigned the task of developing standards in physical environ-
ment and the effects of this environment and other extraneous influences on accuracy and precision of
dimensional measurements. This standard for temperature and humidity is the work of the ANSI B89.6.2
Working Group. The results of its cooperative efforts are expressed in this document.
The effect of heat flow and resulting temperature gradients, differences and variation from measure-
ment to measurement can result in errors of dimensional measurement because of the thermal expansion
properties of materials. By international agreement the true size and shape of an object is that which
exists at a uniform temperature of 68" F (20" C). The purpose of this standard is to provide American industry
with practical requirements, procedures, and methods by which the intent of the international agreement
can be satisfied without compromise to economical operation.
In discharging its responsibilities, the Working Group has recognized two basic needs of industry.
First, it recognizes the need for standard approaches to the buying and selling of artificially controlled en-
vironments. Second, it recognizes the need for the qualification of individual measurements regarding errors

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induced by non-ideal temperature conditions.
Standard specifications for artificiaiiy controlled environments, in terms of the quality of temperature
control, are especially necessary as a means of communicating metrological requirements to construction
agencies such as heating and air-conditioning contractors. In specific instances, sufficient experience has
been obtained such that required dimensional accuracies can be translated directly into temperature control
specifications. However, the Working Group has concluded that no general set of temperature control
specifications can be stated that will simultaneously assure levels of measurement accuracy and avoid the
risk of overdesign or underdesign. Indeed, no recommendation can be made on which type of artificial en-
vironment, or even whether one is necessary or not, that would represent the most satisfactory engineering
for every application. Consequently, the Working Group has chosen to list those properties of an artificially
controlled environment that must be specified for an adequate description, to specify standard procedures
for the administration of the required specifications, and to provide advisory information in the form of
guidelines that the users of this standard may find helpful in the development of specifications adapted to
individual needs.
The metrologist, his management, or a potential customer of a metrological service has, each for his
own purpose, a need and a right to know the magnitude of measurement errors induced by the thermal en-
vironment. Therefore, this standard includes a description of procedures for the estimation of the error con-
tributions caused by various defects of the thermal environment. Further, there is a need for a convenient
means of communication between these parties. For this purpose, the Working Group has provided a stand-
ard figure of merit, the Thermal Error Index. Because this document, for the first time, presents the Thermal
Error Index for use by industry at large, the methods for its determination and use are carefully developed
in an appendix.
Recommendations for the control of humidity in metrological environments are included in this
document, because it is often directly affected by and related to the control of temperature, especially in,
the design of room enclosures.
After approval by the B89 National Standards Committee and submittal to public r8view the Stand-
ard was approved by ANSI as a National Standard on October 30, 1973.

iii

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Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS COMMITTEE 889

DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY
(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard)

OFFICERS

E. G. Loewen, Chairman
J. K. Emery, I s t Vice-Chairman J. C. Moody, 2nd Vice-Chairman
Mary Hoskins, Executive Secretary

AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION O F AMERICA, INC.

M. J. Leight, Metrology Section, Primary Standards Laboratories, Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, California
AMERICAN ORDNANCE ASSOCIATION
J., C. Moody, Sandia Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR QUALITY CONTROL
John Novotny, Sperry Gyroscope, Great Neck, New York
AhBRICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
/-/.J. Stremba, A s s o c i a t e Director, T e c h n i c a l Operations, AST&M, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
AMERICdN SOCIETY O F MECHANICAL ENGINEERS, THE
l. H. Fullmer, Mt. Dora, Florida
F. J. Meyer, Jr., Machine Tool Engineering A s s o c i a t e s International, Forestdale, Rhode I s l a n d
P. A. Smith, Professor, M a s s a c h u s e t t s institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
INSTITUTE O F E L E C T R I C A L & ELECTRONIC ENGINEERS
.8. E. Lenehan, Bloomfield, New Jersey
INSTRUMENT SOCIETY O F AMERICA
J. M. Cameron, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
Herbert Fronce, Stanley Works, New Britain, Connecticut
L. N. Combs, Alternate, E.I. DuPont d e Nemours & Company, Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware
NATIONAL MACHINE T O O L BUILDERS ASSOCIATION
R. 8. Clegg, Kearney & Trecker Corporation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
SOCIETY O F MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS
J. A. Cariello, E s s e x Junction, Vermont
V. E. Diehl, Shelton Metrology Laboratory, Paducah, Kentucky
U S , DEPARTMENT O F T H E AIR F O R C E
R. L. Martin, Aerospace Guidance & Metrology Center, Newark, Ohio
U S . DEPARTMENT O F T H E ARMY
M. L. Fruechtenicht, Army Metrology & Calibration Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
o. M. Solove;, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland
T. W. Kane, Quality A s s u r a n c e Directorate, Watervliet Arsenal, Watervliet, New York
R. B. Smock, P h y s i c a l Standards Laboratory, Army Metrology & Calibration Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama
J. M. McKinley, U S . Army Development & Proof Services, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
U S . DEPARTMENT O F COMMERCE-NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
A. G. Strang, Optical P h y s i c s Division, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C.
D. 6. Spangenberg, Alternate, Naval Weapons Engineering Support Activity, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
U S . DEPARTMENT O F T H E NAVY
E. R. Johnson, Chief of Naval Material, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C.
J. N. cornette, Naval S h i p Systems Command, Washington, D.C.
UNIVERSITY O F CALIFORNIA
J. 8. Bryan, Lawrence L i v e m o r e Laboratory, Livermore, California

7--

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ASME B 8 7 . b * 2 7 3 W 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 0 4 7 7 4 7 T II

FEDERAL E L E C T R I C CORPORATION
S. P, Cholewa, F e d e r a l Electric Corporation, Kennedy S p a c e Center, Florida
ENGIS CORPORATION
Dale W. Freyberg, E n g i s Corporation, Morton Grove, Illinois
R. J. Reilly, A /ternate, E n g i s Corporation, Morton Grove, Illinois
GURLEY TELEDYNE
Ralph Geiser, Research & Development Laboratory, Gurley Teledyne, Troy,
New York
METROLONICS STANDARDS LABORATORIES
J. A. Harrington, Metrolonics Standards Laboratories, Burbank, California
CUMMINS ENGINE COMPANY
M. E. Has-kins, Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana
AUTONETICS-NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION, INCORPORATED
J. A. Hall, Autonetics, Anaheim, California
MOORE SPECIAL TOOL COMPANY, INCORPORATED
A. E. Johnson, Moore S p e c i a l T o o l Company, Incorporated, Bridgeport, Connecticut
A. W. Young, Alternate, Moore S p e c i a l T o o l Company, Incorporated, Bridgeport, Connecticut
FEDERAL PRODUCTS CORPORATION
T. L. Johnson, Jr., R e s e a r c h & Development, F e d e r a l Products Corporation,
Providence, Rhode Island
C.' Whitney, Alternate, New Products Division, F e d e r a l Products Corporation,
Providence, Rhode Island
THEVANKEU.kENCOMPANY
R. w.
Lamport, T h e Van Keuren Company, Watertown, Massachusetts
BAUSCH & LOMB, INCORPORATED
E. G. Loewen, Gratings & Metrology Research, Bausch & Lomb, Incorporated, Rochester, New York
GENERALELECTRICCOMPANY
W. B. McCallum, Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Schenectady, New York
SPERRY GYROSCOPE
John Novotny, Sperry Gyroscope Company, Great Neck, New York
GREENFIELD T A P & DIE-UNITED-GREENFIELD DIVISION O F TRW, INCORPORATED
H. W. Parker, Greenfield T a p & Die, Greenfield, Massachusetts
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINE CORPORATION
Alvin Miller, I.B.M., Endicott, New York

STANDRIDGE GRANITE CORPORATION

Ray Standridge, Standridge Granite Corporation, Whittier, California
T H E BENDIX CORPORATION
Leo Tschechtelin, Tool & Gage Inspection & Control, The Bendix Corporation, Kansas City, Missoifri
F. w.
Witzke, Automation & Measurement Division, T h e Bendix Corporation, Dayton, Ohio
BROWN & SHARPE MANUFACTURING COMPANY
E. L. Watelet, Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company, Narth Kingston, Rhode Island
- L. S. STARRETT COMPANY
G. 6. Webber, Webber Gage Division, LOS. Starrett Company, Cleveland, Ohio
INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS:
E. M. Pearnc, Nuevo, California
J. H. Worthcn, Warwick, Rhode Island
J. K. Emery, Weston, Massachusetts
R. P. Trowbridge, General Motors Technical Centgr, Warren, Michigan
R. L. Eskcn, Automation & Measurement Control, T h e Bendix Corporation, Dayton, Ohio
E. E. Lindberg, Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, California
J. c. Camhi, Engineering Development Laboratory, E. I. DuPont d e Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Delaware

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Copyright ASME International

PERSONNEL OF SUBCOMMITTEE 6 ON ENVIRONMENT

J. c. Moody, Chairman, S a n d i a Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico
M a r y Hoskins, Secretary, Cummins Engine Co., Columbus, Indiana
J. 8. Bryan, University of California, Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore, California
J. c. Camhi, Engrg. Dev. Laboratory, E. I. DuPont d e Nemours & Co., Wilmington, Delaware
A. M. Dexter, Jr., United Nuclear Corp., Uncasville, Connecticut
M. L. Fruechtenicht, Army Metrology & Calibration Center, R e d s t o n e Arsenal, Alabama
J. A. Harrington, National Astro Laboratories, Inc., Burbank, California
M J. Leight, Primary Standards Laboratory, Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, California-
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R. McClure, University of C a l f o r n i a , Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Livermore;-C&ifornia

J. M. McKinley, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Aberdeen, Maryland
J. w. Noble, Mason & Hanger - S i l a s Mason Co., Inc., Amarillo, T e x a s
J. J. Schoonover, International B u s i n e s s Machines, Endicott, New York
A. D. Skufca, Newark Air F o r c e Station, Newark, Ohio
L. G. Whitten, Jr., Union C a r b i d e Nuclear Co., Oak Ridge, T e n n e s s e e
J. L. Wilson, Sandia Laboratories, Livermore, California
A. w. Young, Moore S p e c i a l T o o l Co., Inc., Bridgeport, Connecticut

vii

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(,i
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A S M E 8 8 9 . 6 . 2 73 0757670 OOLI7749 3

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 689.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

AMERICAN NATIONAL. STANDARD

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT

FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

1. SCOPE AND INTENT tion, and Air-conditioning Engineers, 345 East 47th
This standard is intended to fill industry's need for Street, New York, New York 10017
standardized methods of:
3. DEFINITIONS
a. Describing and testing temperature-controlled
environments for dimensional measurements, and 3.1 Average Coefficient of Expansion
b.7 Assuring itself that temperature control is The average coefficient of expansion of a body
adequate for the calibration of measuring equipment, over the range of temperature from 68" F (20" C) to t
as weii as the manufacture and acceptance of work- is defied as the ratio of the fractional change of
pieces. length of the body to the change in temperature.
Fractional change of length is based on the length
2. REFERENCED DOCUMENTS of the body at 68" F (20" C).
2.1 Standards and Specifications
This standard has been coordinated insofar as pos-
sible with the following standards and specifications. Hereinafter the term "coefficient of expansion"
Unless stated otherwise, the latest issue is implied. shall refer only to the average value over a range from
2.1.1 Governmental 68 F (20 C) to another temperature, t.
a. MIL-C-45662A-Calibration System Require- 3.2 Coefficient of Expansion
ments The true coefficient of expansion, ci, at a tem-
b. MIGHDBK-52-Evaluation of Contractor's Cali- perature, t, of a body is the rate of change of length
bration System of the body with respect to temperature at the given
c. MIL-Q-9858A-Quality Program Requirements temperature divided by the length at the given tem-
perature.
d. Fed. Std. ##209-Clean Room and Work Station
Requirements, Controlled Environment.
2.1.2 Non-governmental
a. Standards of the American National Standards 3.3 Comparator
Institute (ANSI), formerly United States of America Any device used to perform the comparison of the
Standards Institute (USASI), part and the master is called a comparator.
b. Standards of the American Society for Testing 3.4 Differential Expansion
and Materials (ASTM),
Differential expansion is defined as the difference
c. Standards of the Society of Automotive Engi- between the expansion of the part and the expansion
neers, Inc. (SAE), of the master from 68" F (20" C) to their time-mean
d. Recommendation R1 -Standard Reference Tem-- temperatures at the time of the measurement.
perature for Industrial Length Measurements, Inter- 3.5 Differential Response
national Organization for Standardization (ISO).
Differential response is defined as the relative
2.2 Other Publications length variation between any two objects per unit
a. ASHRAE-Handbook of Fundamentals pub- sinusoidal environment temperature oscillation as a
lished by the American Society of Heating, Refrigera- function of frequency of temperature oscillation.

*_'-
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./ c
ASME B89-b.2 73 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 OOq7750 T W

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND.HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

3.6 Full-Scale Dilatometry process to which the index is to be applied. If the

Full-scale dilatometry is a procedure for deter- recording shows a significant change of conditions, the
index is null and void for that process, and a re-
mining the average true coefficient of expansion of a
workpiece. evaluation of the index should be conducted, or the
conditions corrected to those for which the index
3.7 Dimensional Response applies.
Dimensional response is defined as the amplitude In addition to continuous monitoring of environ-
of absolute length variation of o5ject per unit of mental conditions, it is recommended that efforts be
sinusoidal environment tersgperiitiire oscillation as a made to establish that the process is properly soaked
function of the freqcency of temperature oscillation. out. This may be done by checking the temperature
3.8 Drift Test of all elements before and after the execution of the
measurements.
An experiment conducted to determine the actual
drift inherent in a measurement system under normal 3.14 Nominal Coefficient of Expansion
operating conditions is called a drift test. Since the ’ The estimate of the coefficient of expansion of a
usual method of monitoring the environment (see body shall be called the nominal coefficient of expan-
Definition 3.13) involves the correlation of one or sion. To distinguish this value from the average co-
more temperature recordings with drift, the test will efficient of expansion a (68, t) it shall be denoted by
usually consist of simultaneous recordings of drift the symbol K .
and environmental temperatures. The recommended
procedure for the conduct of a drift test is given in 3.15 Nominal Differential Expansion”
20.3.1. The difference between the Nominal Expansion of
3.9 Master the part and of the master is called the Nominal Dif-
ferential Expansion:
The standard against which the desired dimension
of the part is compared is called the master. The NDE = (NEIpart - (NE)master * (3)
standard may be in the form of the wavelength of 3.16 Nominal Expansion”
light, the length of a gage block, line standard, lead
screw, etc. The estimate of the expansion of an object from
68” F to its time-mean temperature shall be called the
3.10 Mastering Nominal Expansion, and it shall be determined from
The action of nulling or setting a comparator with the following relationship:
a master is called mastering. N E = K(L) (t - 68). (4)
3.11 Mastering Cycle Time

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3.17 Part or Workpiece
The time between successive masterings of the In every dimensional or geometric measurement
process is called the mastering cycle time of the process, there is usually some physical object for
process. which a dimension is to be determined. This object is
3.12 Measurement Cycle Time called the part or workpiece.
The time between measuring and the previous 3.18 SoakOut
mastering is called measurement cycle time. One of the characteristics of an object is that it has
3.13 Monitoring a thermal “memory”. When a change in environment
is experienced, such as occurs when an object is
To eqsure the constancy of the Thermal Error transported from one room to another, there will be
Index (see 3.22), it will be necessary to monitor the some period of time before the object completely
process in such a way that significant changes in “forgets” about its previous environment and ex-
operating conditions are recognizable. hibits a response dependent only on its current en-
The recommended procedure is to establish a vironment. The time elapsed following a change in en-
particular temperature recording station or stations vironment until the object is influenced only by the
which have a demonstrable correlation with the mag- new environment is called soak out time. After soak
nitude of the drift.
The temperature of the selected station should be *These concepts are used in determining the Thermal Error
recorded continuously during any measurement Index in Section 6 .

_A--

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ASME 0 7 5 9 6 7 0 OOLi77.51 I

AMERI CAN NATIONAL STAN DARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

out, the object is said to be in equilibrium with the 3.22 Thermal Error Index
new environment. In cases where an environment is The summation, without regard to sign, of the es-
time variant, the response of the object is also a timates of all thermally induced measurement errors,
variable in time. expressed as a percentage of the working tolerance
(or total permissible error).
3.19 Temperature of a Body
3.23 Thermal Expansion
3.19.1 Temperature a t a Point. When discussing a The difference between the length (or volume) of a
body which does not have a single uniform tempera- body at one temperature and its length (or volume) at
ture, it is necessary to refer in some manner to the dis- another temperature is c d e d the h e a r (or volumetric)
tribution of temperature throughout the body. Tem- thermal expansion of the body.
perature at a point in a body is assumed to be the tem-
perature of a very small volume of the body 3.24 Thermally Induced Drift
centered at that point. The material of which the Drift is defined as the differential movement of
body is composed is assumed to form a continuum. the part or the master and the comparator caused by
3.19.2 The Temperature of a Body. When the dif- the time variations in the thermal environment.
ferences between the temperatures at all points in a
body are negligible, the body is said to be at a uniform 3.25 Time Constant of a Body
temperature. This temperature is then the tempera- The time required for a physical quantity to change
ture of the body. its initial (zero-time) magnitude by the factor (1 - l/e)
3.19.3 Instantaneous Average Temperature of a when the physical quantity is varying as a function of
Body. When the body is not at a uniform temperature time, f (f) according to either the decreasing ex-
at all points, but it is desirable to identify the thermal ponential function,
state of the body by a single temperature, the tem- f(t) = ë k ,t
perature which represents the total heat stored in the
body may be used. When the body is homogeneous, or the increasing exponential function,
this is called the average temperature of the body f ( t ) = i -e-kt,
(This temperature is the average, over the volume of
the body, of all point temperatures.). when k = l/t,it is called the time constant of the phy-
sical quantity. In this standard it is designated by T.
3.19.4 Time-Mean Temperature of a Body. The
average of the average temperature of a body, over a Since e has the numeric value 2.71828---,the change
fixed period of time, is called the time-mean tempera- in magnitude (1 - l/e) has the fractional value
ture of the body. The fixed period is selected as ap- 0.63212---.Thus, after a time lapse of one time con-
propriate to the measurement problem. stant, starting at zero-time, the magnitude of the phy-
sical quantity will have changed approximately 63.2
percent.
3.20 Temperature Variation Error, TVE The time constant of a body can be used as a
An estimate of the maximum possible measure- measure of the response of the body to environ-
ment error induced solely by deviation of the environmental temperature changes. It is the time required
ment from average conditions is called the Tempera- for a body to achieve approximately 63.2 percent of

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ture Variation Error. TVE is determined from the its total change after a sudden change to a new level
results of two drift tests, one of the master and com- in its environment.
parator and the other of the part and the comparator.
3.26 Transducer Drift Check
An experiment conducted to determine the drift in
3.21 Thermal Conductivity
a displacement transducer and its associated amplifiers
Thermal conductivity is normally defined as the and recorders when it is subjected to a thermal en-
time rate of heat flow through unit area and unit vironment similar to that being evaluated by the drift
thickness of a homogeneous material under steady test itself. The transducer drift is the sum of the
conditions when a unit temperature gradient is main- “pure” amplifier drift and the effect of the environ-
tained in the direction perpendicular to area. In this ment on the transducer, amplifier, and so on. The
standard it is designated by K and has the units of transducer drift check is performed by blocking the
BTU/hr ft2 “F. transducer and observing the output over a period of

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 689.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

time at least as long as the duration of the drift test to 4. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
be performed. Blocking a transducer involves making a 4.1 The methods of describing and testing tempera-
transducer effectively indicate on its own frame, base, ture-controlled environments shall be in accordance
or cartridge. In the case of a cartridge-type gage head, with Section 5 .
this is accomplished by mounting a small cap over the
end of the cartridge so the plunger registers against the 4.2 A calibration, part manufacture, or part ac-
inside of the cap. Finger-type gage heads can be ceptance procedure complies with this standard if it
blocked with similar devices. Care must be exercised is carried out with all pertinent components of the
to see that the blocking is done in such a manner that measurement system at 68" F; or if it can be shown
the influence of temperature on the blocking device is that the Thermal Error Index (as defined in Section
ncgligible. 6) is a reasonable and acceptable percentage of the
working tolerance.
3.27 Uncertainty of Nominal Coefficient
of Expansion 5. DESCRIPTION AND TESTING OF
The maximum possible percentage difference be- ENVIRONMENT
tween the true coefficient of expansion, (Y, and the In this section an environment is to be understood
nominal coefficient of expansion shall be denoted by as a room, box or other enclosure through which a
the symbol ô . temperature-controlled fluid (liquid or gaseous) is
(Y-K
circulated and which is intended to contain dimen-
6 = 100 - % sional measurement apparatus.
01

This value, like that of K itself, must be an esti- 5.1 Description of Environment
mate. Various methods can be used to make this esti- In the following paragraphs the essential properties
mate. For example, of an environment are listed. These characteristics
(a) The estimate may be based on the dispersion must be unequivocally specified.
found among results of actual experiments con- 5.1.1 Thermal Specifications. The following prop-
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ducted on a number of like objects; erties of a controlled environment must be specified.

(b) The estimate may be based on the dispersion 5.1.1.1 Cooling Medium. The type of cooling
found among published data. medium is to be described in terms of its chemical
Of the two possibilities given above, (a) is the composition and physical properties of viscosity, den-
recommended procedure. sity, specific heat and thermal .conductivity. When
common substances such as ambient air or water are
Because the effects of inaccuracy of the estimate to be used, unless otherwise specified, their properties
of the uncertainty are of second order, it is con- are to be assumed those given in standard tables.
sidered sufficient that good judgment be used.
Commercial fluids such as oils may be specified by
manufacturer and type.
3.28 Uncertainty of Nominal Differential Expansion
5.1.1.2 Flow Rate and Velocity. The flow rate of
The sum of Uncertainties of Nominal Expansion the cooling medium shall be specified in units of
of the part and master is called the Uncertainty of weight per unit time, volume per unit time, or
Nominal Differential Expansion. changes per unit time. Velocity shall be specified in
UNDE = ( m l p a r t +(UWmter (6) feet per unit time.
5.1.1.3 Ranges of Frequencies of Temperature
3.29 Uncertainty of Nominal Expansion Variation and Limit from Mean Temperature. These
The maximum difference between the true thermal two properties are interrelated and cannot be specified
expansion and the nominal expansion is called the Un- separately. For example, in general, the higher the
certainty of Nominal Expansion. It is determined frequency the wider the permissible temperature ex-
from cursions from the mean temperature in the cooling
medium (see Section 10). Frequencies are to be
UNE=KL(f- 68) (A)%*. (7)
specified in cycles per unit time, and limits from mean
temperature in plus or minus (*) units Fahrenheit
(units Celsius). Separate limit specifications may be
' *See Equation 23, Paragraph 20.2 for possible revision. applied to a number of frequency ranges.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

5.1.1.4 Mean Temperature. The mean temperature 5.2.1.1.1 Viscosity

shall be the time average temperature at a specified ASTM D445-65 - Viscosity of Transparent and
point (or time average of the average of temperatures Opaque Liquids
at more than one specified point) within the bounda-
ries of the environment. A period of time over which ASTM D1545-63 - Viscosity of Transparent Liq-
the time average is to be computed shall be specified. uids by Bubble Time Method
5.1.1.5 Gradients, Within the working volume of 5.2.1.1.2 Density (Specific Gravity)
the environment, maximum steady-state temperature ASTM D941-55 (Reapproved 1968)-Density and
differences are to be specified. The specification can Specific Gravity of Liquids by
take one or both of two forms: Lipkin Bicapillary Pycnometer
(a) “Worst case” maximum temperature difference ASTM D1298-67 - Density, Specific Gravity or
in the cooling medium between any two points within API Gravity of Crude Petro-
the specified boundaries of the environment; leum and Liquid Petroleum
(b) Maximum rate of change of temperature along Products by Hydrometer Meth-
one or more specified directions within the specified od
boundaries. 5.2.1.1.3 Thermal Conductivity
specifications can be applied to sub-boundaries, or ASTM D2717-68T-Thermal Conductivity of Liq-
volumes within volumes. uids
Each such specification should be qualified as to 5.2.1.2 Flow Rate and Velocity
the conditions of acceptance testing, e.g., whether or
not equipment and/or personnel are to be within the 5.2.1.2.1 Flow Rate
boundaries during the testing. ASTM D2458-69 - Flow Measurement of Water
5.1.2 Humidity. Requirements for humidity con- by the Venturi Meter Tube
trol arise from desires to provide human comfort, to IS0 R541-1967 - Measurement of Fluid Flow by
prevent deleterious effects of moisture such as corro- Means of Orifice Plates and
sion of workpieces and measurement apparatus, and to Nozzles
maintain measurement accuracy of workpieces that
5.2.1.2.2 Velocity
are dimensionally sensitive to moisture (for example,
certain hygroscopic materials). Specifications for ASHRAE Handbook lists several accepted test
humidity control shall be consistent with the practices methods.
established by the American Society of Heating,
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineers 5.2.1.3 Ranges of Frequencies of Temperature
(ASHRAE). Variation and Limits from Mean Temperature. Limits
of variation from mean temperature in the cooling
5.1.3 Maintainability. Requirements shall be speci- medium at any specified point or points within the
fied governing the maintenance of performance in ac- specified boundaries is to be determined by use of a
cordance with the above requirements in order that sensitive recording thermometer. The time constant
deterioration of the environment with time, due to of this instrument is to be no more than one-fifth
the reduction of control efficiency, can be held within (1 /5) of the period of the shortest cycle period (highest
accepctable limits by implementation of established frequency) of interest; and its resolution is to be at
operating and maintenance procedures. least one-tenth (1/10) of the smallest amplitude of
specified temperature variation.
5.2 Testing of Environments The temperature recording duration shall be a mini-
5.2.1 Thermal Specifications mum of 24 hours and should be as long as the
5.2.1.1 Cooling Medium. When a cooling medium representative work cycle (e.g., a week). The test
other than air or water is to be supplied as a part of should be performed under worst-case conditions (i.e.,
the environment, its thermal properties must be hottest day of year and coldest day of year).
qualified. The standard test methods listed here may The maximum peak-to-valley temperature varia-
be used to determine the required properties. The list tion is to be determined from the recorded data for
is not intended to be exhaustive, but is only every discernible frequency component. Isolated dis-
representative of the many standard procedures turbances, i.e., single “spikes”, are to be regarded as a
available. component of the appropriate frequency.

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TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT ANSI 689.6.2-1973
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

Limits from mean foi each frequency component 6. ASSURANCE OF ADEQUACY OF ENVIRON-
are to be calculated as one-half (2) of the observed MENTAL CONTROL-THERMAL ERROR
peak-to-valleyexcursion. INDEX
5.2.1.4 Mean Temperatures. A thermometer that In the buying and selling of goods and services, it
has been calibrated by comparison with a standard is common practice that the buyer requests the seller
platinum-resistance thermometer in the specified cool- to produce evidence of his ability to satisfy specifica-
ing medium is to be used to determine mean tempera- tions. Most questions of metrological capability can be
ture. A recording thermometer whose output is satisfied by means of available certification services,
averaged over the test period is preferred. However, a e.g., gage block calibration by a competent agency.
thermometer with a large time constant can be used if .In the special case of thermal effects errors, it is some
it is read at a frequency corresponding to one-haif times possible for the seller to meet the buyer's re-
(Vi) of its time constant over the test period and all quirements by showing that work is to be done in an
such readings averaged. environment of a description acceptable to the buyer.
In general, however, the variety of gages, workpieces,
The resolution of the test thermometer shall be and measurement procedures that is found in practice
one-tenth (1/10) of the specified tolerance for the precludes having all requirements met by even a small
mean temperature. Also, the test thermometer should choice of standard environment descriptions.
be standardized or calibrated so that in use it would
indicate temperatures with an inaccuracy no worse The purpose of this section of the standard is to set
than one-fourth (%) of the specified tolerance for the forth a procedure for the assessment of the maximum
mean temperature. possible measurement error due to all therraí effects.
Basically, this procedure consists of computing esti-
5.2.1.5 Gradients. If a "worst case" specification mates of possible error, taking into account un-

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is to be administered, the locations of the temperature certainties involved in the computations, and experi-
sensors are to be clearly specified. mentally determining other error cclmponents. Sum-
If a maximum rate of change of temperature per ming all component error estimations gives an esti-
unit length in a given direction or directions is to be mate of the over-ali maximum possible error. Dividing
administered, a grid pattern shall be established to this number by the total permissible error from all
define the locations of temperature sensors. In the sources (working tolerance) gives an index of merit
case of room, box, and tank enclosures, that fraction (Thermal Error Index) that can be used for the ad-
of the total volume immediately adjacent to the en- ministration d environment quality control require-
closure walls is to be excluded from the grid pattern. ments.
Unless otherwise specified, for an enclosure that is In the following paragraphs, the standard proce-
empty, does not contain furniture, personnel, and dure for computing the Thermal Error Index is de-
equipment other than that used in the performance of scribed. Only the most significant components of error
the test, the excepted volumes shall be those obtained are considered. Approximate methods of error esti-
by reducing each dimension by 10 percent. For mation are used. Section 20 of the Appendix includes
example, a 10' x 10' x 10' room shall be reduced to a more thorough discussion of the methods of error
9' x 9' x 9', the excluded volume being that contained estimation and possible means of improving the ac-
within 6'' from the walls, ceiling, and floor. curacy of the estimates. However, the following are
If the specification calls for testing with equipment the standard procedures.
or personnel in the enclosure, the specification shall 6.1 Consequences of Environment Mean Temperature
include a description of excluded areas or volumes ad- Other than 68' F (20' C)
jacent to such personnel or objects.
6.1. I Length Measurements
Testing shall be performed over a representative
work period. 6.1.1.1 Nominal Expansion,NE. Assuming that an
object in a convective environment has a uniform
5.2.2 Humidity. Humidity in the controlled en- temperature equal to the environment mean tempera-
vironment is to be measured by any means having suf- ture in its immediate vicinity, its Nominal Expansion
ficient accuracy to satisfy the design specifications, is estimated by
A sling psychrcfieter provides an economical and NE = K (L) (t - 68). (8)
convenient way to monitor humidity on a periodic 6.1.1.2 Nominal Differential Expansion, NDE. The
basis. difference between the Nominal Expansion of the part

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TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

and the master is called-the Nominal Differential Ex- 6.3 Consequences of Time Variation of Temperature
pansion. Length Measurements, Temperature Variation
Error, TVE
NDE = (NEIpart - (NEIrnaster (9)
The maximum observed or recorded thermal drift
6.1.2 Measurements Other than Length. In cases
during either part/comparator or master/comparator
of measurements other than length, where a standard drift test (see Appendix), whichever gives the larger
computational method is not given, the estimation value, during a period of time corresponding to the
of the consequences of environment mean tempera- measurement cycle is called the Temperature Variation
tures other than 68" F (20" C ) shall be made according Error.
to formulae appropriate to the specific case, if pos-
sible. h example is given in Section 20 of the
Appendix.
6.4 Consequences of Gradients in Environment
Satisfactory formulae with which to carry out the Temperature
intent of this section are not always available because
In some measurements, gradients in environment
of insufficient technical knowledge of each specific
temperature have a resultant error effect that is
case.
distinct from those described in the preceding para-
6.2 Consequences of Uncertainties of Error graphs and which is significant enough to be given
Computations special consideration. For example, in the use of sur-
6.2.1 Length Measurement face plates the consequences of an environment mean
temperature other than 68" F (20" C ) are insignificant
6.2.1.1 Uncertainty of NominalzExpansion, UNE. provided the material of the surface plate is sufficient-
The Uncertainty of Nominal Expansion is ly homogeneous with respect to thermal expansion
U N E = K(6)(L)(t-68)/100%* (10) properties. However, the control of temperature dif-
ferences between the top and bottom of the surface
where t is the worst-case (greatest difference from 68) plate is of prime importance.
measured temperature of the object (part or master).
No general formulae can be given for the estimation
'Rearrangement of Equation 7, Paragraph 3.29. of gradient temperature effects.
The fact that it is mandatory to make use of direct-
ly measured temperatures in the calculation of Un-
certainty of Nominal Expansion means that the intent 6.5 Thermal Error Index, TE1
of Section 6.4 is automatically satisfied for the case The sum of all the approximate thermal effects
of length measurements.
error components from Paragraphs 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, and
6.2.1.2 Uncertainty of Nominal Differential Ex- 6.4, where such paragraphs apply, expressed as a
pansion, UNDE. The sum of the Uncertainties of percentage of the total permissible error from all
Nominal Expansion of the part and master is called sources is called the Thermal Error Index.
the Uncertainty of Nominal Differential Expansion. For length measurements,
6.2.2 Measurements Other than Length. In cases
of measurements other than length, where a standard TE1 = NDE IJNDE+ TVE x 100%
computational method is not given, an estimation of Total permissible error (11)
the possible consequences of the uncertainties of co-
efficients of expansion and temperature measure- if no correction for differential expansion is attempted,
ments shall be made according to formulae appro- and
priate to the specific case if possible. An example is
given in Section 20 of the Appendix.
Satisfactory formulae with which to carry out the
TE1 = UNDEtTVE
Total permissible error
x 100% (12)
intent of this section are not always available because
of insufficient technical knowledge of each specific if a correction for differential expansion is computed
case. and applied in the measurement procedure.

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Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.62-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

APPENDIX

Historical Background of Standard Temperatures for Dimensional Standards'

The presently recognized standard temperature of a new rod 0.0007 millimeters longer than the first so
20" Celsius (68" Fahrenheit) was preceded by at least that it would be of correct length at 20" Celsius. This
two others; namely, O" Celsius (32" Fahrenheit), the rod was then used in subdividing lengths to produce a
temperature of melting ice, and 16-213" Celsius (62" set of gage blocks in various series.
Fahrenheit) which historically, at least, appears to From this beginning, the use of 20" Celsius as a
have been the earliest. standard temperature grew until in April 1931 the
Zero Celsius was the temperature adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures
International Congress for Weights and Measures at adopted a resolution that, in the future, the tempera-
Paris in 1889 at which the platinum-iridium bar, ture of 20" Celsius (68" Fahrenheit) should be univer-
maintained at the International Bureau of Weights and sally adopted as the normal temperature of adjustment
Measures at Sevres, France, represented the meter for all i n d u s t u standards of length. Consequently,
exactly, However, its length at 20" Celsius had been most of the nations of the world adopted this tem-
carefully determined and for many years the com- perature as their standard for length adjustments.
parisons of the various national standard meter bars Thereafter, standards of length were adjusted to be
with the international standard bar were made at 20" nominally correct at 20" Celsius and manufacturers of
Celsius. gage blocks, end standards, scales, tapes, fixed dimen-
France, however, continued to use O" Celsius as the sional gages, lead screws, etc. adjusted their manu-
standard temperature for length standards and gages facturing methods so these devices would be nominal-
until 1931, when 20" Celsius was adopted inter- iy correct at 20" Celsius.
nationally. In an article by Peters and Boyd of the National
Sixteen two-thirds" Celsius (62" Fahrenheit) was Bureau of Standards published in 19202 we find the
long recognized as the standard temperature for di- statement, "The temperature at which the actual
mensional standards in Great Britain, dating back to length of the gage equals the nominal length must,
at least 1831. Like France, Great Britain switched to therefore, be specified and is usually taken as 20°C or
20" Celsius in 1931. 68°F."
As early as 1898-99, C. E. Johansson of Sweden The National Bureau of Standards instailed its first
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considered that the measurements given for "his meas- constant-temperature (20" Celsius) room for calibrat-
uring instruments should apply at 19 or 20 Celsius. ing gage blocks and other dimensional standards in
Since he found the usual temperature was between 15 1924. Johansson, himself, was responsible for the first
and 25" Celsius, he took the mean value, 20" Celsius, industrial room, at the Ford Motor Company, in 1926.
--- -. __
as the temperature easiest to maintain and generally Twenty Celsius thereafter became so generally
prevailing in daily workshop practice. used that Recommendation No. 1 of the International
About 1903, Johansson had a nominally 100- Organization for Standardization, issued in 1954
millimeter rod measured by the International Bureau, promulgated its. use among the 40 participating
which stated that the rod was 100 millimeters at countries.
20.63" Celsius. With this information, Johansson made Therefore, since at least as far back as 1912 when
it was recorded that Johansson was making his gage
blocks for America on the basis of 1 inch equals
' This information was taken, in part, from unpublished notes 25.4 millimeters and at a temperature of 20" Celsius,
of Irvin H. Fullmer, former Chief of the Engineering millions of items such as gage blocks, end standards,
Metrology Section, The National Bureau of Standards. micrometers, dimensional gages and products off of
"The Calibration and Dimensional Changes of Precision
Gage Blocks," C. G . Peters and H. S . Boyd, American machines having lead screws, have been manufactured
Machinist, September 30 and October 7, 1920. to be nominally correct at 20" Celsius.

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AM ER I CAN NATI ON AL STAN DAR D ANSI 689.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

The argument frequently advanced that measure- An indication of the impact on the users of the
ments can be made at any temperature and corrected thousands of precision machine tools using .lead - __
to 20” C (68” F) by applying corrections based on the screws presently in existence can be made by con-
various coefficients of thermal expansions is valid sidering the case of the standard leading screw lathe in
only if the coefficients are known with sufficient ac- use at the National Physical Laboratory in Great
curacy. The importance of this was known at least Britain. The 60 inch traverse of its lead screw is cor-
forty years ago when, in the paper by Peters and rect to within 0.000 10 inches at 68” F. At 73.4” F an
Boyd of the NBS, referenced above, this statement additional error of 0.000 21 inches would be in-
was made. troduced, for a total error of about 0,000 31 inches.

“Another property which must be recognized when In 1952, Dr. F. H. Rolt, Superintendent of
considering true accurate length of gages is the Metrology at the National Physical Laboratory had
thermal expansion of the material. A 1-inch steel this to say about Great Britain’s change from 16-2/3”
gage (block) increases in length about 0.000 013 C to 20” in 1931:
inches for every degree C (Celsius) rise in tempera-
ture. The temperature at which the actual length of “Previous to 1931, the standard temperature for
the gage equals the nominal length must therefore engineering measurements (the temperature at
be specified and is usuaily taken as 20°C or 68°F. which standard length gages and other gages are ad-
At 25°C the length of a gage which is one inch at justed to size) was 62”F(16-2/3”C) in Great Britain,
20°C is about 1.O00 065 inches. If a gage be meas- 0°C in France and 20°C in some other European
ured at the higher temperature its length at 20°C countries and the United States. This confused
may be computed if the expansion Coefficient is state of affairs was abolished in April 1931 when
known. If higher precision is desired, it is not good the International Committee of Weights and Meas-
policy to use expansion coefficients given in tables ures adopted a resolution that, in future, the tem-
because our measurements show that the expansion perature of 20°C (68°F) should be universally
coefficients of steel may vary from 0.000 0105 to adopted as the normal temperature of adjustment
0.0000135 depending on its hardness and com- for all industrial standards of length. This change
position. was supported by the British Standards Institution
and put into effect by the National Physical Labo-
This variation would permit an unknown steel ratory at the beginning of 1932. It amounted to a
gage that agrees exactly with a standard at 25°C to change of approximately four and a half ten-
differ from it by more than 0.000 O1 inch at 20°C. thousandths in the length of a 12-inch gage and
If the unknown piece that is being measured is pro-rata for other lengths. In other words, a 12-inch
brass or some other material having an expansion gage which had been true to size at the old tem-
coefficient that differs greatly from that of the perature of 62°F had to be actually shortened by
standard the effect of temperature change is closely 0.00045 inches to bring it true to size at
augmented. From these considerations it is evident the new temperature of 20°C.
that to measure or use gages with an accuracy in
the miliionth place, the coefficient of expansion of British industry weathered this change without
the material must be accurately known, and also much trouble 20years ago, but with the general ail-
temperature controlled and measured to at least round improvement in accuracy in latter years, to
0.1”C.” effect a change of that magnitude today would
bring quite a number of difficulties in its train.”3
A 1-inch micrometer caliper is required to have a
maximum error in indicated reading not exceeding For many years, ““C” has stood for “degrees
0.000 1 inch and a 12-inch micrometer caliper not centigrade,” the well established temperature scale
exceeding 0.000 3 inch. If the standard temperature devised by the Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius,
were 23” C (73.4” F), the existing 1-inch micrometers 1701 to 1744. In keeping with the practice of
would be in error by about one-third of their toler- honoring certain individuals who have made sig-
ance while the 12-inch micrometers would be in error nificant contributions to our scientific knowledge
by about one and one-third times the tolerance. and development, by renaming units after them
(e.g., “Hertz” for “cycles per second”), the use of
the word “Celsius” over “centigrade” is now to be
’“The Development of Engineering Metrology,” by F. H. preferred. It is a fortunate coincidence that both
Rolt, Institute of Production Engineers, 1 , 1952. begin with the letter “C”.

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AM ER I CAN NAT1ONA L STANDARD ANS I 689.6 2- 1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIORNMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

I O . ADVISORY INFORMATION PERTAINING TO

Both (a) and (b) can result from using a liquid
DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTS that has the greater effectiveness as a coolant. The ef-
10.1 Description of Environments fectiveness of a coolant is measured in terms of a film
coefficient (h; Btu/hr-ft'-OF). In a specific case of
10.1.1 Thermal Guidelines
heat flow from a surface into a fluid, the film co-
IO.I . 1.1 Cooling Medium. For most conventional efficient is a rather complicated function of fluid
metrology work, the appropriate cooling medium will properties, flow velocity, and geometry. To simplify
be air and the enclosure will be a room, in a building, estimating the relative effectiveness, air and water
in which human beings are occupied in daily tasks. have been chosen in Figure 1 as representative of ali
However, in some cases it is advisable to consider gaseous and liquid coolants respectively. Rough
fluids other than air for the cooling medium. boundaries can be established for the film coefficients
Considerations that may have influence in choosing attainable for each of these coolants for natural and
a fluid other than air for the cooling medium are forced convection, as is shown by the vertical lines in
Figure 1.
(a) Greater heat removal capacity,
IIne expected film Coefficient in slowly moving
(b) More accurate temperature sensing and control, room air is about 1.0. This can be increased by in-
(c) Avoidance of contamination of parts, espe- creasing the velocity of the air up to a limit at about
cially from oxidation. h = 19.0, which is approximately the lowest limit for

AIR: WATER :
r]
NATURAL CONVECTION E I NATURAL CONVECTION
3
-
b FORCED CONVECTI01\1 Lml FORCED CONVECTION
1 O0

i- 19
I
vi
vi
Lu
Z
Y
U
f 1
I-

o. l
O.1 1 10 1 O0 1,000 10,000

h -B TU/ HR -F T * - O F
FIG. 1 Coolant-effectiveness chart for air versus water in natural and forced convection for material thickness varying
from 0.1 to 100 in. The solid lines separate regions of part and coolant dominance for iron and a typical plastic.
A condition within the area of coolant dominance indicates that improvement in the control of the part tempera-
ture can be achieved by increasing the flow or changing the coolant.

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A S M E 8 8 3 . 6 . 2 73 M 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0 0 4 7 7 5 9 b

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 689.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

water in natural convection. Water in forced convec- more nearly equal to that of the cooling medium if
tion has a potential film coefficient of several hundred the velocity is increased.
times that of room air. The detrimental effect is a tendency to discomfort
The total resistance to heat flow from a solid wall human personnel. Where human operators are ex-
into a fluid coolant includes the thermal resistance of pected to work in rapidly moving air, the permissible
the wall material: velocity is limited because the human response to a
given dry-bulb temperature depends on the air
R = -1 -
1 +- t
velocity and the relative humidity. At a d.ry-bulb tem-
A h 2K
perature of 68" F, a relative humidity of 50 percent,
for a wall cooled on both sides and heated at midplane; and a velocity of 100 fpm, the temperature is felt as
and 63" F, and as 58" F for 400 fpm (see Figures 2 and 3).
The maximum permissible velocity for human com-
R = -1- 1 + -t fort in a 68" F, 50 percent R.H., room is about 25 fpm.
Ah K
High precision metrology laboratory air velocities
range from 6 to 20 fpm.
for a wall heated on one surface and cooled on the
other. IO. 1.1.3 Ranges of Frequencies of Temperature
Variation and Limits from Mean. The dimensional
The point at which an increase in the film coef-
ficient begins to produce diminishing returns, is where response of an object to ambient temperature varia-
the internal and external resistances are equal. The tion depends on its length, coefficient of expansion,
diagonal lines on the chart show the boundaries of this and time constant (see 3.2.5). The time constant of an
effect for different wall materials and one-sided and object can be estimated from
two-sided cooling. The chart shows that for one-sided cv
time constant = T = -
cooling of iron, the forced water convection is fully hA (15)
effective for wall thicknesses well over 1 inch; while,
for plastics, forced water convection is less effective where
because of the dominance of internal resistance for V = volume, CU. ft.
much thinner sections.
A = surface area, sq. ft.
10.1.1.2 Flow Rate and Velocity. The flow rate of
h = fdm coefficient, Btu/hr. ft.20F
the cooling medium is of prime importance in the
control of frequency of temperature variation, and C = thermal capacitance, Btu/"F ft3.
temperature gradients. Frequency of temperature Values for C are approximate
variation in an artificially controlled environment is
related to lags and delays in the feedback control sys- Iron, Steel 54 -
tem and, thus, to flow rate and the distance between Aluminum 36
temperature sensor and the heating and cooling sur- Brass 48.
faces. Gradients are related to the flow rate, the
specificheat of the cooling medium and the magnitude Example:
of heat loads, as well as the distribution of the heat A steel gage block 1 inch square in cross-section
sources in contact with the flow. and 10 inches long, in natural convection (estimate
In general, the higher the flow rate the higher the h = 2)
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frequency of temperature variation and the smaller

the temperature gradients. In addition, the higher the
flow rate the higher the velocity of the cooling
' = 2 (42) (12) = 0.53 hr.
medium. This can have both beneficial and detrimental This time constant is the time the gage block would
effects. take to reach 63.2 percent of its total change (see
3.2.5). For example,it would be the time required for
The beneficial effect of higher velocity is higher
film coefficients. With higher f i m coefficients, a the object to change temperature 0.632 degrees after
a step change in environment temperature of one
smaller temperature difference is required to remove
heat from the surface of an object. This means that degree.
objects, with either internal heat sources (e.g., motors For a 1-degree step in temperature in the air
inside machine frames) or receiving heat by radiation around the gage block of the above example, the
(e.g., from electrical lights) will have temperatures gage eventually changes length approximately 60

Copyright ASME International

AMER I CAN NATIONAL STAN DARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT
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:
W

W
I-
a
2 50
I-

:
40

50 60 70 80 90 1O0
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT

FIG. 3 Still-air comfort chart of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
ASME B B ' 7 . b - 2 73 075ïb70 0047762 b - ANSI B89.6.2-1973
FOR DIMENSLONAL MEASUREMENT

microinches. But it takes 0.53 hour (32 minutes) to sation of drafts. Conventional registers, at which the
change 38 microinches. This slowness of response, or velocities may be 8- fpm or more are not satisfac-
thermal inertia, is important to the specification of tory. Large inlet and outflow areas are recommended.
environments, because it means that high frequency Full-flow ceilings are used successfully to simul-
temperature variation is tolerable. The higher the taneously provide high flow rate and low velocity.
frequency, the more tolerable it is. In cases where the needs of measuring equipment
Experience shows that most machinery, instrument (68" F) and human personnel (low velocity) cannot be
stands, etc., have a limited range of volume to surface satisfied simultaneously, it is recommended that the
area ratio. Quite good results are often achieved with equipment environment and human environment be
a frequency of temperature variation (in air) of 15 to separated. Use of special air-flow boxes, liquid baths,
60 cycles per hour and an amplitude of 1 degree or localized high-velocity air showers have been used
Fahrenheit. For the gage block in the above example, successfully for this purpose.
this temperature variation would cause a length 10.1.1.5 Gradients. Gradients are the most difficult
variation of less than 1 microinch. of all non-ideal temperature conditions to assess for
Like those of high frequency temperature varia- possible error effects. The existence of gradients, of
tions, the effects of very low frequency temperature course, implies that portions of the environment will
variations are not significant when the part and not be at the same mean temperature so that the con-
master have closely similar dimensional response. sequences of mean temperatures other than 68" F
The most fortunate case possible is that in which (20" C) will be different in different locations in a
the part, master, and comparator (see Section 20) all room. Movement of equipment or workpieces from
have the same dimensional response characteristics. one area to another will result in a change in the error
pattern.
Then no temperature variation effect is significant. In
general, however, there exists an upper and lower Machinery is affected by gradients in a variety of
h i t of frequency between which is a frequency of ways. For example, a machine with a high vertical
maximum differential' response. Unfortunately, it is column (z-motion) where the z-motion is controlled
not uncommon that gaging systems have their maxi- by a lead screw will haye a progressive error if there is
mum differential response at a frequency close to the a high vertical temperature gradient. In addition, if
natural 24-hour day/night cycle period. the vertical slide carries a long cantilever arm, the arm
Consequently, it is usually advisable to specify the will undergo a transient change of length when raised
tolerance-to-temperature variation in terms of allow- or lowered.
able deviationsfrom mean temperature which vary ac- Surface plates are affected by vertical gradients in
cording to the frequency. Closer limits should be that a temperature difference between the top and
applied to low frequency components, and wider bottom of the plate will cause the plate to bend. For
limits may be permitted for high frequency com- solid surface plates, the amount of bending or out-of-
ponents. flatness, 6, is calculated by using the following
10.1.1.4 Mean Temperature. Selection of a mean
formula:
environmental temperature affects the cost of refriger-
ation and heating equipment, insulation, and flow dis-
tribution.
Operation at a temperature other than 68" F (20"
C) entails consequences in the form of potential errors where
of measurement that must be carefully evaluated. L = length of the surface plate
Evaluation procedures are described in Section 20.
H =height or thickness of the surface plate
The most common objection to operating a room
enclosure at 68" F, other than the cost of the air con-
ditioning system, is a possible discomfort to person-
nel. As discussed in Section 10.1.1.2, a high air
Tu =upper surface temperature
TI = lower surface temperature
A T = Tu - Ti

K = coefficient of linear thermal expansion

t
velocity can cause a sensation of much lower tem-
R = radius of curvature of the plate.
peratures and result in complaints. In order to main-
tain human comfort without a requirement for Machine bedways are similarly affected by both
special clothing, the velocities to which personnel are vertical and horizontal gradients which cause angular
subjected should be less than 20 fpm to avoid the sen- motions (pitch, roll and yaw).

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Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

Gradients occur because of heat sources that exist rous components of measuring instruments, humidity
within the boundaries of the environment. For this should be maintained at very low levels. However, for
reason, it is difficult to administer meaningful re- the maximum comfort of personnel in a laboratory
quirements by testing in the absence of equipment where the dry bulb temperature is maintained at 68"
and personnel that shall exist under normal working F, the humidity should be kept at a high level. The
conditions. The main sources of heat are the electrical relative humidity recommended is a reasonable com-
lighting fïtures, electrical and electronic equipment, promise between these two extremes.
motors, and people. Room enclosures with only the Probably, the most frequently heard value for the
electrical lighting fïïtures present and operating have upper limit is 45 percent relative humidity. A lower
been tested with an observed gradient of less than limit is then selected that is high enough to afford a
0.1" F per foot in any direction. However, the same certain degree of personal comfort, but low enough to
room with equipment installed normally has gradients not economically compromise the 45 percent upper
of over 0.2" F per foot and high gradients of several limit.
degrees per foot near the surfaces of surface plates,
electronic cabinets, etc. What is frequently overlooked, however, is that
relative humidity, in itself, is just one of the con-
As mentioned in Section 10.1.1.2, increasing the tributing factors to corrosion. Of almost equal im-
flow rate will decrease the gradients. For example, sur- portance are the constituents of the atmosphere, or
face plates are observed to have temperatures on the cooling medium, in which the workpiece and meas-
upper surfaces of 2" F or more above the local mean uring apparatus are placed. For example, the presence
in a flow rate of 10 to 15 changes per hour and a 0.5" of certain hygroscopic salts in the air will either cause
F or less in 100 changes per hour. or accelerate the corrosion of iron exposed to the air
10.1.2 Humidity. In certain measurement systems, even though the relative humidity is relatively low. A
a significant error can occur if an incorrect value for saturated solution of lithium chloride will stand -in
humidity is used in computing a dimension. For equilibrium with air having only a 12 percent
example, in the measurement of the length of gage relative humidity. Similarly, saturated solutions of
blocks by interferometry, a 10 percent relative either calcium chloride or magnesium chloride will
humidity uncertainty will introduce an error of 0.1 stand in equilibrium with air having a relative humidity
microinch per inch of length. Therefore, in labora- of 3 1 or 33 percent relatively. Yet iron exposed to air
tories where these kinds of measurements are to be containing any of these salt solutions will corrode
made, it is desirable to control (and measure) the more rapidly than if they were not present. Again,
humidity within close limits to keep this uncertainty iron exposed to air containing ordinary solutions of
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small. sea salts shows little corrosion at a relative humidity

of 30 percent, but fairly rapid corrosion if the air has
There are three basic requirements for humidity a relative humidity of 35 percent. Salts are not the
control: only corrosion-accelerating agent in air, so far as iron
(a) To provide human comfort; is concerned. Small traces of sulphur dioxide (a com-
mon constituent of industrial and urban air) will ac-
(b) To prevent deleterious effects of moisture such
as corrosion of workpieces and measurement ap- celerate corrosion in iron at ordinary temperatures
paratus, and; and humidities.
(c) To maintain measurement accuracy of work- Probably one of the greatest accelerators of corro-
sion in dimensional metrology laboratories is the per-
pieces that are dimensionally sensitive to moisture.
spiration residue deposited during handling. The
A discussion of the latter requirement is felt to be chloride ion in the residue is probably the main ac-
beyond the scope of this standard since it would deal celerating agent, although the fatty acids will also be
with parameters of materials that are not directly cor- a factor.
relative with the guidelines for environmental control
Since iron, in some form, is the most common
of dimensional metrology laboratories.
material found in the workpieces and measuring
Requirements 1 and 2 are related, but are almost equipment in a dimensional metrology laboratory, the
diametrically opposed. Consequently, there have been rest of this section will deal briefly with the role
many suggestions given as to what limits, if any, humidity plays in its corrosion.
should be placed on the range of relative humidities
Probably the most exhaustive and definitive labo-
to be permitted in dimensional metrology enclosures.
ratory studies on the atmospheric corrosion of metals
For maximum protection against corrosion of fer. were those reported by W.H. J. Vernon in England

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

shortly after World War I. Briefly stated, these studies lems that exist in the administration of the require-
showed that the rusting of iron in air was not neces- ments outlined in Section 5. Wherever possible,
sarily associated with the dew-point as had been sup- specific procedural suggestions are made. However, a
posed; but instead, a profound increase in the rate of thorough discussion of every possible instrument or
attack was identified with a critical humidity very procedure that is available for the administration of
considerably below saturation. In an ordinary room each requirement is beyond the scope of this docu-
atmosphere of low relative humidity, the process of ment.
rusting is influenced entirely by the suspended par- It is strongly recommended that every specification
ticulate impurities in the atmosphere. Consequently, include a description of the test procedure or instru-
screening or protection of the surface from such mat- ment that is intended for the administration of each
ter could arrest, or even prevent rust. However, even requirement. Section 2 of this document contains
in the case of screened or filtered air, a primary oxide some of the more common sources of information on
fUm wiil form even with relatively low humidities. practical procedures and instrumentation.
The so-called “critical humidity” values for iron are
approximately 62 percent and 82 percent. These are 10.2.1 Thermal Guidelines
the relative humidity values at which profound in- 10.2.1.I Cooling Medium. Because this standard
creases in corrosion occur. Vernon’s studies showed a has been deliberately kept as general as possible in
gradual increase in corrosion with increases in relative order to permit the use of a variety of cooling media,
humidity from O percent to 99 percent. there is little that can be discussed here beyond that
Based on Vernon’s studies of the atmospheric cor- already presented in Section 5. The user of this
rosion of metals and the studies conducted by, or for, standard is cautioned that the properties listed in Sec-
the U.S. Navy on the long-term preservation of mate- tion 5 are only those that pertain to the thermal be-
rials (Operation Mothball), it is generally accepted havior of the cooling medium. For specific cases, other
that there wiU be little or no destructive corrosion of properties such as color, opacity, odor, toxicity,
metals if they are held at 30 percent relative humidity acidity, lubricity, etc. may be very important.
in a reasonably pure atmosphere, i.e., free of harmful 10.2.1.2 Flow Rate and Velocity. As mentioned in
particulate matter such as salts and sulphur dioxide. Section 10.1.1, air is the most widely used cooling
By using protective oils or greases on the base sur- medium in dimensional metrology laboratories or
faces, iron can exist without further corrosion at a enclosures, although the possible use of a fluid
relative humidity of 45 percent, provided the surfaces medium in some enclosures cannot be overlooked.
to be protected are cleaned as thoroughly as possible When air is used as the cooling medium, there is a
to eliminate possible hygroscopic dirt particles before
tendency to have it flow at relatively low rates to pro-
the protective coating is applied. vide as high an effective temperature as possible for
To reiterate, the presence of moisture is essential the occupants of the laboratory consistent with the
for natural corrosion to take place at normal tempera- 68” F design specification. This tendency, aside from
tures; presence of hygroscopic matter on the surfaces the effect on the film coefficients discussed in Section
can accelerate the normal rate of corrosion; and the 10.1.1.1 and 10.1.1.2, creates problems when meas-
presence of certain materials, such as salts, chloride uring the air velocity. At velocities of O to 100 fpm,
ions, and fatty acids can precipitate corrosion at the flow pattern is frequently very unstable. As a re-
relative humidity levels well below saturation, sult, the mass turbulence level may be of the same
An upper limit of 45 percent relative humidity has magnitude as the velocity. Consequently, it becomes
been suggested for dimensional metrology laboratories imperative that any instrument used be properly
provided, of course, that normally bare iron surfaces calibrated, and the using personnel be aware of both
are clean and protected with some type of coating. the limitations of the instruments, and their opera-
tion. For example, several types of thermal ane-
10.1.3 Maintainability.Operating and maintenance mometers (so-called hot-wire types) can be used in
procedures must be promulgated that, if followed, \viu this range; but the accuracy of the measurements at
ensure maintaining the performance of the dimen- the lower end could be questionable, even though the
siorial metrology enclosure within its specified design precision of the measurements is quite good. Another
limits. example, non-directional instruments are usually un-
able to distinguish between large-scale turbulence and
10.2 Testing
the mass velocity of air. Tables 1 and 2 list various
The purpose of this section is to give users of this types of instruments commercially available to meas-
standard some understanding of the practical prob- ure either flow rate or velocity.
16

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~~

ASME 8 8 9 . 6 - 2 73 0759670 OOq7765

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1 973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

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EI EI
4 4

4 <.i <.i 4 vi w P W l5

Copyright ASME International

AM ER I CAN NATI ON AL STANDARD ANSI 689.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

2
4

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A S I E 887.6-2 73 0759670 00Li77b7 5 W

AMERICAN NATIONAL STAN DARD ANSI B89.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

The Reynold's n u r referred to in Table 2 is a 10.2.1.4 Mean Temperature. Mean temperature is

dimensionless param6 i t 1 used to designate the ratio of not measured directly (see 5.1.1.4). However, the
the inertia forces to the viscous forces in a fluid temperature sensor-recorder system used to measure
motion that occurs at the transition from laminar to the temperatures from which the mean temperature is
turbulent flow. calculated must have adequate sensitivity, precision,
Measurements made using the kinds of instruments and accuracy and must be used properly so that the
shown in Tables 1 and 2 are frequently made either in calculated mean temperature will fall within acceptable
the ducts conveying the air, or in close proximity to confidence limits.
such ducts. It should be recognized,however, that this 10.2.1.5 Gradients, The effect of thermal gradients
may not give a complete picture of the actual air can best be measured by closely monitoring the tem-
changes in the room since the air leakage into the perature of the master, the part, and the comparator
laboratory caused by wind or temperature differences during the actual measurement and applying the neces-
are not indicated by these means. Consequently, if a sary thermal differential corrections to the measure-
more accurate determination of the total change time ment results.
is required, it might be necessary to go to a measure- The composition and flow rate of the cooling
ment system employing a thermal conductivity com- medium should be monitored for continued con-
parator and a tracer g i s . In this system, a known formance to design specifications.
awwnt of a tracer y..(usually some percent of the
Lotal ?ir volume) is released into the room and 10.2.2 Humidity. Humidity is to be measured by
allowed to thorclughly mix with the air. As the any method having sufficient sensitivity and accuracy
release occurs, this mixture becomes diluted. The con- to assure the basic design specifications are met.
ductivity comparator is then used to measure the de-
crease in concentration at regular time intervals. 10.3 Operation and Maintenance
The infiltration can then be calculated from 10.3.1 Thermal Guidelines
c = Coe-kflV (17) 10.3.1.I Once the heat transfer into an enclosure
where has been established, it should hold fairly constant as
C =concentration after t minutes, percent long as the physical integrity of the enclosure is not
Co = initial tracer gas concentration, percent disturbed. Some long-term shifts due to aging of the
k = infitration rate, cubic feet per minute materials, such as the wall insulation, may be ex-
v =volume of room, cubic feet pected. Normally, however, this should not pose a
e = 2.718. serious threat.
Installation of heat-producing sources adjacent to
This infiltration rate can then be used to correct
the flow rate yielded by using the more conventional the controlled enclosure should be avoided if at ali.
instruments. possible because of the possible effect on the heat
transfer. If a recalculation of the heat transfer should
show a significant change that could affect the thermal
10.2.1.3 Ranges of Frequencies of Temperature stability in the enclosure, additional insulation may
Variation and Limits from Mean. The main factors to be required.
be considered in choosing an instrument or instru-
ments with which to administer temperature variation If the integrity of the enclosure is maintained and
requirements are the frequencies of interest and the the condition of the filters, the lighting system, and
cooling medium. The instrument chosen must have a the air-conditioning system is maintained at a suf-
sensing element with a time constant small enough ficiently high level to minimize deviations in tempera-
that the highest frequency of interest is detected and ture, cooling medium flow and velocity, little else
displayed without significant attenuation or distortion. should be required.
One point frequently overlooked is that a sensing 10.3.1.2 Flow Rate and Velocity. Periodic main-
element may have a different time constant for each tenance of the cooling medium distribution system is
medium it is in. normally sufficient to maintain the established cooling
medium flow rates and velocities provided the layout
Example: of equipment in the enclosure has not been sufficient-
Bare Thermistor ly rearranged, or new instruments have been added
Time constant in air-3 minutes that could disrupt the initial cooling medium flow pat-
Time constant in liquid-3 seconds terns.

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6

ASME B87.b-2 73 W 0 7 5 7 b 7 0 0047768 7 W

AMER I CAN NATIONA L STAN DARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

10.3.1.3 Ranges of Frequencies of Temperature 20.1 Estimation of Consequences of Mean Environ-

and Variations and Limits from Mean. The only way mental Temperatures Other than 68" F (20" C)
for the accuracy and precision of the temperature 20.1 .I Length Measurements. The assessment of
sensing system to remain within the suggested limits the consequences of temperatures other than 68" F
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is for a regularly scheduled standardization and/or (20" C) are easily obtained by means of equations that
calibration program to be established and followed. give the Nominal Differential Expansion in terms of
A periodic maintenance program is recommended the Nominal Expansions of the part and master.
for the temperature control system for the enclosure
to assure that the design criteria are satisfied. NDE = (NE), -(NE),,, (18)
10.3.1.4 Mean Temperature. If the procedures and
given in the other sections of 10.3.1 are followed, the NE = K L( T - T,). (19)
established mean temperature should be maintained.
Combining these equations, we get
10.3.1.5 Gradients. Because of the difficulties en-
countered in establishing and maintaining thermal NDE = K,L (Tp - T,) - KmL (Tm- T,)
(20)
stability in a dimensional standards laboratory, a = L [ K p (Tp - T,) - Km (Tm - T,)] . s

program of continued vigilance to ferret out causes

of instability is strongly recommended. This is par- Assuming that the part and master both are at the
ticularly important during the periods when measure- mean temperature, Tp = Tm = Tme (the only reason-
ments are actually being made. able assumption unless thermometers are attached to
10.3.2 Humidity. The specified humidity limits both the part and master), we see that the error is
should be maintained by any suitable means. reduced to insignificance if the coefficients of thermal
expansion approach equality. And this is true even
with a large deviation of the mean environmental tem-
perature from 68" F (20" C).
20. ADVISORY INFORMATION PERTAINING TO
Because the great majority of manufactured parts
THE ASSURANCE OF ADEQUACY OF ENVI-
and gages are of ferrous materials having similar coef-
RONMENTALCONTROL ficients of expansion, many industries, particularly
In this section it is assumed that the measuring those where tolerances are in tens of thousandths of
equipment and the thermal environment exist, and inches, have successfully functioned without concern
that normal or expected operating conditions are in over the effect of mean environmental temperature on
force. The object of the discussion is to describe the manufacturing accuracy. In many such situations, an
manner in which one. goes about determining the ex- arbitrary insistence on 68" F (20" C) temperature con-
tent of measurement errors resulting from non-ideal trol leads to unjustified increased cost of manufacture.
temperature conditions. As tolerances become tighter, as the parts become
The ideas and methods described are those found bigger, and as the materials of parts and masters be-
in fairly common usage by metrologists everywhere. come more dissimilar, the consequences of mean en-
But, for the first time, these ideas and methods are vironmental temperatures other than 68" F (20" C)
unified and formally presented. Some of the concepts become correspondingly greater. Here it is to be noted
presented may at first appear strange and unrelated to that in recognition of the possible consequences of
previous experience. The 3-element system concept, mean environmenial temperatures other than 68" F
for example, will probably fall in this category. How- (20' C), it is not uncommon to find the following ac-
ever, with a little patient study, the concept will be tions in use:
seen to correspond to common notions, and its (a) Special gaging or masters made of nominally
utility in a disciplined investigation will become clear. the same material as the parts;
The other notion that may appear to be new is that (b) Computation of corrections which are applied
of the uncertainty of the coefficient of expansion. to the indicated values of length. The required com-
Each of these concepts is examined and reduced to putation method is derived from Equation 23. The
a practical procedure in the first four of the following correction is set equal to the negative of the Nominal
paragraphs. Differential Expansion.
The last paragraph of this section is devoted to ex- Correction = -NDE (21)
plaining the Thermal Error Index and its use. Corrected Length = As-read Length t Correction. (22)

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 8896.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT
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As the working tolerance decreases, both of these in making the measurements or because of the location
procedures fail to be satisfactory because of the mag- at which the measurement is made. For example, the
nitude of the Uncertainty of Nominal Differential Ex- thermometer used may be inaccurately calibrated or
pansion (see 20.2). have a built-in source of error such as the self-heating
effect found in resistance-bulb thermometers. Because
20.1.2 Measurements Other t h a n Length. Proce- of the self-heating effect, resistance-bulb thermometers
dures and formulae for the assessment of the effects can be very precisely calibrated in liquid baths and
of mean environmental temperatures other than 68" F give erroneous readings on metal surfaces or in air be-
(20" C) as simple and straightforward as those pre- cause the heat transfer process is quite different in the
sented in the preceding paragraph are not usually pos- different cases.
sible in cases other than length measurements.
Location of the temperature-measuring probe is of
For example, consider the case of an iron bedway significance because of the possible gradients. Use of
casting of a machine. Because the casting may have room air temperature values may introduce errors of
both thick- and thin-walled sections, the physical com- a degree or more. Readings of direct-contact probes
position of the material may not be homogeneous, re- are more reliable but are stili subject to error because
sulting in a non-uniform coefficient of thermal ex- of gradients within the object whose temperature is
pansign. The magnitude of such a variation in expan- being measured. An effective means of assessing the
sion coefficient may be as much as 5 percent. If the validity of a given location is to compare effects of
non-uniformity is distributed as a vertical gradient, several locations.
raising or lowering the mean temperature will result in
a bending like that produced by a vertical temperature The approach taken in formulating the standard
gradient. procedure for estimating the effects of Uncertainty of
Nominal Differential Expansion is to require that
This effect is the same as that observed in the weli- part and master temperatures be measured to deter-
known bimetal strip, and can be called a "bimetal ef- mine worst-case deviations from 68" F. This proce-
fect". dure, as noted in 6.2.1, for length measurements,
The bimetal effect in structures of nominally one takes into account the effects of gradients in the ap-
material is relatively small compared with the effect paratus, as well as in the room in which it is located.
of temperature gradients. For example, a base casting If part and master temperatures are not measured,
like that mentioned above would have to be subjected the estimation of the consequences of uncertainties of
to a temperature offset of 20" F before the bending computations must include consideration of the un-
approaches that induced by an upper and lower sur- certainties in the temperatures used in computing the
face temperature difference of only 1" F. However, in estimation of the effects of temperatures other than
structures composed of two or more greatly dissimilar 68" F. Equation 7 is modified as follows:
materials that are assembled at 68" F (20" C), the bi-
metal effect can be quite significant. In s u o casesothe UNE = (s +e) (LI (t - a ) / i o o % (23)
effect of mean temperatures other than 68 F (20 C)
can be properly estimated only by taking into account where 8 = At/t - 68 X 100, or the possible percentage
the thermal stresses that exist. error in the estimated difference between the part or
master and 68" F. At is the estimated possible error in
Existence of severe bimetal effect can be avoided temperature difference.
only by strict control at 68" F.
With proper attention to the simple, well-estab-
Evaluation of the effects of mean temperatures lished rules of precision thermometry, the uncertain-
other than 68" F requires that the net effect of the dis- ties due to temperature measurement can be easily
tortions of both master and part be determined. reduced. In the usual case, however, the effects of un-
certainties of coefficient of thermal expansion values
20.2 Consequences of Uncertainties of Computations are much more difficult to overcome.
There are two kinds of systematic errors that occur Coefficient of thermal expansion data are published
when the effects of mean temperatures other than in tables in many handbooks and other sources. These
68" F (20" C) are computed. They are the errors in the values cannot be used without consideration of their
values of the temperatures and in the coefficients of applicability, i.e., their uncertainty. Uncertainties in
thermal expansion that are used in the computations. the published data arise because
Values of temperatures used in computations can . (a) The material of the elements of the measure-
be in error because of defects in the instruments used ment system-part or master or both-differ from the

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

material for which the data are given. The differences

may be in chemical composition, physical composi-
tion, or both.
(b) The published values are usually the result of
averaging data from several experiments and from
several experimenters. Consequently, the data reflect
the effect of experimental bias.
(c) The published values are valid only for tem-
peratures other than 68" F or for a range of tempera-
ture other than that of the computation.
The National Bureau of Standards, in calibrating
steel gage blocks, assumes an uncertainty of the coef-
ficients of expansion of +5 percent when the heat and 20 c
mechanical treatment of the steel is known. The T E M PERATURE
precision of the coefficient is (1) about +3 percent FIG. 4 Synthetic Experimental Results of Thermal Expan-
among many heats of steel of nominally the same sion Measurements
chemical content, (2) about +lo percent among
severalheat treatments of the same steel, and (3) about
_+2percent among samples cut from different loca-
tions in a large part of steel that has been fully an- I o
nealed. Hot or cold rolling will cause a difference of
about -1-5percent.
Other materials have their own susceptibility to un- 16
certainty of coefficient of thermal expansion, depend-
ing on the effects of chemical contaminant or physical M
A o A
structure. Some materials have grain structure effects 15
in terms of expansion coefficients that vary with 302 STAINLESS STEEL
direction. I 1 I I I 1
The typical thermal expansion measurement is -40 -20 O 20 40 60 80
conducted with an apparatus c d e d a dilatometer in TEMPERATURE, C
which a specimen, usually rod shaped, is heated and its
change of length measured. Another form of dila- FIG. 5
tometer measures change of volume by Archimedes'
principle, resulting in a coefficient of cubical expan-
of change of length, AL,,as a function of temperature
sion, For homogeneous (nondirectionally sensitive)
where AL is defmed as zero when the temperature is
materials, the coefficient of cubical expansion has a
68' F. This is the usual form of raw data from dila-
value three times that of the coefficient of linear ex-
tomer experiments.
pansion.
Figure 5 on the other hand is a plot of the mean
The fact that the typical test specimen bears little (or average) coefficient of expansion from 20' C,
resemblance to real parts, with consequent uncertain-
ties in composition and treatment not reflected in ex- L , - Lzo
perimental data scatter, suggests that decreased un- = Lzo (t - 20)
certainties can be obtained by direct measurement of
each specific object, or full-scale dilatometry. plotted at t . The data for t = 20' C are derived from
the slope of the thermal expansion, d AL/dt, at that
Figures 4 and 5 represent two possible ways one speciai temperature.
may find thermal expansion data presented in the
literature. Figure 4 is a synthetic case degberately Figure 5 gives results from several investigators.
oversimplified for the yrposes of this discussion. Figure 4 shows how two investigators may obtain dif-
Figure 5 is an actual case. Note that Figure 4 is a plot fering results that are reflected in Figure 5. Both
Figures show (1) the scatter of experimental data, and
Data courtesy of Richard K. Kirby, U.S.N.B.S., Thermal E x - (2) the nonlinear nature of expansion relative to tem-
pansion Laboratory perature. Data of this type are the source of all

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

tabulated coefficient of expansion data. The pub- It is strongly urged, however, that wherever pos-
lished value, however, varies according to how the ex- sible sensitive electronic indicators and strip-chart
perimental data are interpreted. For a single investiga- recorders be used.
tion, the value depends on how the trend is inter- Though a drift test can be performed without any
preted, i.e., how the average curve is fitted. For mul- necessity for knowledge of temperature variation, it is
tiple investigations, the value depends on how the often advisable to record one or more temperatures
data is averaged. either for use in later correlation of two drift tests or
For example, published values for pure or element for reference if temperature variation is to be later ac-
aluminum is reported as 23.6/" C at 20" C in Metals cepted as a method of monitoring the process for
Handbook and 22.4/" C at 20" C in Machinery's Hand- validation of the Temperature Variation Error esti-
book.* Also, in Metals Reference Book, Table 2, the mate.
average from 20" C to 100" C is given as 23.9/" C; and Just as in the case of displacement measurements,
in Metals Reference Book, Table 1, the average from it is strongly urged that aü temperatures be automati-
O" C to 100" C is given as 23.51" C. cally recorded. For this purpose, recording resistance
element thermometers, especially those with ther-
20.3 Estimation of the Consequences of Temperature mistor sensors, are recommended.
Variation
An estimation of the consequences of temperature 20.3.1.2 Equipment Testing
variation can very seldom be obtained by direct cal- 20.3.1.2.1 Displacement Transducers. Aside from
culation. Therefore, the procedures described in this the usual calibration checks, electronic indicators
section are based on an experimental approach to the should be checked for possible sensitivity to the
estimation. thermal environment in which the drift test is to be
The basic experimental procedure used in the esti- performed. An "electronics drift check" should be
mation of the consequences of temperature variation conducted by blocking the transducer and recording
is the drift test which is described in 20.3.1. Drift test the output for at least the same period of time as that
results can be interpreted in a variety of ways to ob- of the drift check to be performed. "Blocking" a
tain an estimation of Temperature Variation Error. transducer is to make it effectively indicate on its own
--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

One method is described more fully in 20.3.2 along frame, base, or cartridge. Figure 7 shows a cartridge-
with other methods of interpreting drift test results type linear variable differential transformer blocked
that are not standard, but may be useful because they by means of a cap or capture device which holds the
are less conservative and may provide development of indicator armature in a fured position relative to the
concrete grounds for negotiating the acceptability of cartridge.
thermal effects errors in special cases. During the electronics drift check, the entire dis-
The rationale for both the drift test and the esti- placement recording system should be located as
mation of Temperature Variation Error is given in nearly as possible as it will be during the drift test.
20.3.3 in an explanation of the concept of the Electronics drift tests have been useful in proving
3-element system. that, in many cases where electronic indicators have
20.3.1 Drift Test Procedure been the suspected source of drift, they were innocent
and the real cause was thermal drift. The commercially'
20.3.1.7 Equipment. The object of a drift test is available cartridge-type LVDT gage heads have been
to record relative displacement in a 2-element system proven many times to be especially free from drift.
(see Section 20.3.3). The most direct method utilizes
electronic indicators whose output is recorded on a 20.3.1.2.2 Temperature Recording Systems. The
strip-chart recorder. Some measurement processes, temperature-measuring and recording apparatus should
such as the measurement of flatness with an optical be thoroughly tested for calibration, response, and
flat and monochromatic light or an indicating mi- drift.
crometer do not lend themselves to the use of auto- Resolution of at least 0.1" Fis recommended. Time
matic recording. Therefore, in some cases it will be constants of sensing elements of about 3 minutes are
necessary for a human operator to observe the drift recommended for air temperature sensors, 30 seconds
and record numerical values and corresponding clock for liquid and surface temperature sensors. Air probes
time. These data can be subsequently hand plotted. must be shielded from possible radiation effects.
20.3.1.3 Preparation of System for Test. An es-
*Calculated from 12.44 pin/in/" F at 68" F sential feature of the feature of the drift test is that

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI B89.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

conditions during the test must duplicate the normal

I I I I
conditions for the process as closely as possible.
Therefore, before the test is started, normal conditions
LtAL must be determined. The step-by-step procedure fol-
lowed in the subject process must be followed in the
L same sequence and with the same timing in the drift
test. This is especially important in terms of the ac-
L -AL tions of human operators in mastering and all
preliminary setup steps. With as little deviation from
I normal procedure as possible, the displacement trans-
ducers should be introduced between the part (or
68 T-AT T TtAT
master, depending on the type of drift check) and the
rest of the C-frame such that it measures relative dis-
FIG. 6 Effect of uncertainties of coefficients of expansion placement along the line of action of the subject meas-
on permissible tolerances. Part nominal size of L
with tolerance +AL. Tolerance is reduced to +AL’
urement process.
when mean temperature is T f AT. The temperature-sensing pickup must be placed so
as to measure a temperature which is correlatable with
the drift. Some trial and error may be necessary. In
the extreme case, temperature pickups may have to be
placed to measure the temperatures of aü of the active

,
elements of the measurement loop.
20.3.1.4 Representative TNne Period for a Drift
CARTRIDGE TYPE { LVDT) CLAMP,,, SCREW Test. Once set up, the drift test should be allowed to
ELECTRONIC GAGE HEAD

6 continue as long as possible, with a minimum of

deviation from normal operating conditions. In situa-
N \
tions where a set pattern of activity is observed, its
duration should be over some period of time during
CAPTURE DEVICE
which most events are repeated. When a 7-day work
week is observed in the area, and each day is much
like any other, a 24-hour duration is recommended. If
a 5-day work week is observed, then either a full-
FINGER TYPE
ELECTRONIC INDICATOR week cycle should be used or checks performed during
the first and last days of the week.
20.3.1.5 Postcheck Procedure. After the drift test,
the displacement transducers and the temperature
recording apparatus should be restandardized.
LCLAMP
20.3.1.6 Example Drift Test Results. Figures 8 and
/-MIRROR
9 are results from drift tests conducted on a measuring
machine/gage. Figure 8 is the drift recorded over a
24-hour period for a system consisting of the master
and comparator. Figure 9 is the drift recorded over the
succeeding 24-hour period for a system consisting of
AUTO COLLIMATOR the part to be measured and the comparator. In both
cases, ambient temperature at a point near the gage
was recorded and is plotted in the corresponding
figures.
20.3.2 Temperature Variatioi; Error. Figure 10
--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

shows the results of both part/comparator and master/

comparator drift tests for a real measurement process.
In this case, ambient temperature readings were ob-
tained simultaneously with each drift test for the pur-
FIG. 7 pose of approximating the proper phase relationship.

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~

ASME B 8 9 . 6 . 2 73 O 7 5 9 6 7 0 OOLI7773 O

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1 973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

f 150
I

5 100
w
z
Ü 50
4
Q
!i20
n

70
69
c f AM BI ENT T EMPERATUR E

68
67
66
P.M. I A.M. I P.M. 1
65 i l i l i l l i I 1 1 . 1 I I I I I I I I l
O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TIME - HR.
FIG. 8

.
150
I
l-
z 100
$
u
4
Q
C
n
50

c /-
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
7
-
--
L

-
4
P.M. -4
A.M. P.M.-
I I I i I l l l l i l i I I I l 1 1 1 1

O 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
TIME - HR.

FIG. 9

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

150
I-
a
100
3
4
n
~.
50
'i!
" o - PART/COMPARATOR DRIFT
MASTER/COMPARATOR DRIFT
u.
' 7 0
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
-

'
+ 650 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TIME- HR.
16 18 20 22 24

FIG. 10 Results of partlcomparator and master/comparator drift tests of a gage in an Inspection Shop. Tests were
conducted on successive days. The data are superimposed on clock time.

The two sets of data were superimposed on a basis of When the quality of the drift data permits, it is
clock time, which appears to give a good overall agree- sometimes possible to apply the more precise evalua-
ment in ambient temperature variation. tion methods discussed in Section 20.3.3 which are
less conservative. In the example of Figure 10, little is
The ambient temperature variation on the two suc-
gained by this procedure because the maximum dif-
cessive days has a weil-defrned 24-hour component
ference between the two drift curves, which corre-
with an amplitude of about 1.5 F. Superimposed on sponds to the possible error for short measurement
this are higher frequency components with periods of cycle times is still about 60 microinches. This is
from % to 1%hours. From these data it is possible to probably because of nonrepeatable components of
compare the 24-hour cycle characteristics because of temperature variation in the two days testing. The day
the repeatability of the environment at this frequency; on which the master/comparator drift test was per-
but phase relationships at the higher frequencies are formed appears to have had more severe high
not discernible because of nonrepeatabiüty . frequency temperature components. This discrepancy
At the 24-hour frequency, the master/comparator appears to exaggerate the true partlmaster relative
and partlcomparator drift curves are in phase and drift. Further drift tests to obtain results for more
have very nearly the same amplitude. This is a classic consistent temperature variations would be advisable
example that shows the importance of measuring in this case if Temperature Variation Error is the major
cycle time because the larger amplitudes of drift are thermal effect in this measurement process.
associated with the low frequency, whereas the smaller 20.3.3 The 3-Element System Concept. The mag-
amplitudes of drift are associated with the higher nitudes of the effects of temperature variation are de-
frequencies. pendent on the structure of the measurement ap-
For short measurement cycle times, say 1 hour, the paratus and not only on the size and composition of
procedure for evaluating Temperature Variation Error the part and master as was true in the previous sec-
@venin Section 20.3.1 results in a TVE = 60pin. For tions. Also unlike the other components of thermal
measurement cycle times of 12 hours or more the error, Temperature Variation Error depends on the
TVE = 120pin. work habits of the person making the measurements.

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

PART 7

FIG. 11 The three elements of a length-measuring system.

One of the simplest structures is that encountered to temperature variation.

in the measurement of the length of an object with a Figure 12 shows the dimensional response of the
gage block and a column comparator. Figure 11 shows three elements of Figure 11 for an assumed sinusoidal
a schematic representative of such a system. As can be ambient temperature variation. For simplicity, the
seen, it consists of a part, a master (the gage block) hypothetical system consists of three elements of the
and a comparator. Thus, the system consists of three same material but different time constants, the largest
elements. being that of the master, the smallest being that of the
In Figure 11, each element is shown to have a part with the time constant of the comparator between
characteristic length; P = part length, M = master those of the other elements.
length, and C = comparator length. In the measure- As can be seen, the result is that the 3-dimensional
ment process, C is first set equal to M , then P is responses differ in amplitude and phase. It should be
checked to see if P = C. noted that dimensional response data in this form is
If there were no temperature variations, the meas- rarely obtainable, because it requires the use of an in-
urement process could be straightforward. However, dependent apparatus that must itself be unaffected by
because of temperature variations, heat is constantly temperature variation.
being exchanged between the three elements and the The data of Figure 12, if it were obtainable, can
ever-changing environment. easily be interpreted for an estimate of the Tempera-
If the time constants of all three elements are not ture Variation Error. It is only necessary to consider
the same, they WU respond to temperature variations the effect of the measurement cycle as follows.
such that it would be possible that all three elements Suppose. that at time Tmi the comparator is
will never simultaneously have the same temperature. mastered. The act of making C and M equal causes the
And even if the time constants were all the same, and dimensional response curve of the comparator to be
their temperatures always equal, they may not have shifted parallel to itself (the comparator is ?zero
the same length, except when all are at 68? F (20? C ) , shifted?) as shown by the dashed curve. If the part is
--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

because of different coefficients of expansion. checked without delay after mastering, it is found to
For each element, its time constant, length and co- be too large by the amount q . If, instead, the part is
efficient of expansion defines its dimensional response checked much later, say at time Tmz,the part will be

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

considered in the estimate of Temperature Variation

+I
A
COMPARATOR ( C )
Error.
Because the data of Figure 13 have been con-
structed from the data of Figure 12, no phase uncer-
tainty exists and the Temperature Variation Error can
be extracted easily. For example, for a mastering
cycle occurring between times Tml and Tm2and a
measurement of the part without delay, the possible
error q is simply the difference between the two
curves.
The effect of masterhg is to establish a new base-
line for the part/comparator drift curve (P-c). This
new baseline is shown in Figure 13 as the line (0-0).
If the measurement of the part takes place at time
Tmz,the resultant error is Y as determined previously.
l I
If a series of like parts are inspected between times
m 1
TIME - Tm2 Tml and Tmz, the consequences of Temperature
Variation Error range from tq to -Y.
In the case that the clock times at which mastering
FIG. 12 Sample steady-state dimensional response of a 3- occurs are unknown and unpredictable and the meas-
element system to a sinusoidal ambient-tempera- urement cycle time is very short (mastering with each
ture variation measurement and negligible delay before the part is
inspected), the possible Temperature Variation Error
is fx, or the maximum difference between the two
found to be too small by the amount Y. If the com- drift curves at any given time. Because of the short
parator is remastered at time ThZ,the comparator
curve is again shifted, resulting in new magnitudes of
possible error.
Because Temperature Variation Error results from
- - DRIFT -+

the variation of the differences of the characteristic

lengths, it is possible to separate the 3-element system
into two 2-element subsystems. For example, Figure
--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

13 shows the two curves that result when the com-

parator variations (c) are subtracted from the part and
master dimensional responses (P-C and M-C). These
data might have been obtained by recording the out-
put of an electronic indicator, such as is found used
on modern column comparators, when the part and
- - - -- -KAn 1-
n

master are, successively, in the comparator with the

indicator contacting the part and master, respectively.
Data such as this are the result of drift tests. In the
next section detailed procedures will be given for the
conduct of drift tests followed by a discussion of
methods of interpreting drift test data to obtain an
estimate of Temperature Variation Error.
The main problem in interpreting such data results I / \
from the fact that it is not possible to conduct simul-
taneous part comparator and master/comparato; drift
tests. Consequently, additional data is required to FIG. 13 Relative drift components for a 3-element system
(same example as in Figure 11). P-C is the relative
determine the proper phase relationship between the drift between the part and the comparator, and
two recorded drift curves; or the possible con- M-C is the relative drift between the master and
sequences of unknown phase relationship must be the comparator.

Copyright ASME International

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

eye which is assumed to have no effective dimensional

response to ambient temperature variation.
In length-measuring processes, however, a 3-element

G-i system is always found. For example, consider the

cases shown in Figures 14 and 15. The former is the
case of a measuring machine or machine tool with a
leadscrew serving as master. In Figure 15, the meas-
urement process is shown to consist of changing from
position (a) to position (b). The analogy between this
case and the simple 3-element system of Figure 11 is
seen if it is realized that in the two configurations, the
comparator is composed of a portion of the lead-
screw, the nut and table support for the part. These
elements, though appearing to change, remain in a
FIG. 14
. Schematic of setup used to measure part on a gage
with a lead-screw master.
structural loop, while the part and master exchange
places as members of the loop.
The case shown in Figure 16 is that of a 1-inch
indicating micrometer used as a comparator. The
master is a gage block. Figure 17 shows the same
micrometer used to measure the part without check-
ing zero. In this case, the micrometer frame plus
screw, opened to the size of the part, constitutes the
master. The same structure also fulfills the function
of comparator.
In Figure 18 still the same micrometer is brought
to its null position and a zero correction is made be-
fore the part is measured. In this case the master is
U I that portion of the screw that is withdrawn to make
tM-I room for the part. The rest of the micrometer forms
the comparator.
FIG. 15 Schematic of setup used to measure part on a gage Consider now a 2-inch indicating micrometer and
with a lead-screw master. The measuring sequence the following case. The part is 1%inches in diameter.
is a change from (a) to (b).

measuring cycle time the comparator is slaved to the

master so that the comparator contributes nothing to
the error. The error, therefore, is

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(P-c)- (M-C)= P - M.
This error is dependent only on the difference between
the master/comparator drift and the part/comparator
drift and the clock time at which the measurement is
made. If the measurement cycle time is longer than
the period of the temperature oscillation, the maxi-
mum possible error is &y, or the maximum difference
GAGE
between the two drift curves regardless of time. BLOCK
Note that y is slightly larger than x.
In some dimensional measurement processes the
3-element system reduces to a 2-element system. For INDICATOR -/
example, the process of measuring flatness with an
optical flat under monochromatic light, is a case of a
2-element system. The comparator here is the human FIG. 16

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ASME 889-6.2 73 m 0757b70 OOq7778 T m '
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

i
The last four cases show how the master and com-
parator can be changed by changes in the operating
procedure.

20.4 Consequences of Temperature Gradients

Effects of gradients in mean environmental temper-
ature are usually accounted for in the case of length
measurements under effects of temperatures other
than 68" F or undex considerations of uncertainties of
temperature measurements. Consequently, the main
concern here is the effect on measurements other than
length such as a measurement of flatness. An example
of the estimation of the effect of temperature gradient
on a measurement of flatness is given in Section 10.1.
To satisfy the intent of the Thermal Error Index,
computation of an estimate of the consequences of
uncertainties of computations as discussed in Section
20.2 must be performed and added to the estimation
of the consequences of temperature gradient and the
consequences of temperature variation (Section 20.3).
FIG. 17
20.5 Thermal Error Index
A 1-inch gage block is used to master the micrometer. This standard does not recommend values for the
The master in this case is the gage block plus that Thermal Error Index. Such values cannot be stated
portion of the screw, approximately %-inch long, without regard to other sources of error in the meas-
which is withdrawn to make room for the part (see urement process. For example, a Thermal Error Index
Figure 19). of 10 percent assigns to thermal effects that fraction

'MASTER

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 18

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI 889.6.2-1973

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ENVIRONMENT
FOR DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT

0.5 IN.
MASTER

1 IN.
MASTER

FIG. 19

of the working tolerance that is usually considered to niques and conditions, some good and some bad.
include the composite effects of all error sources. In A Thermal Error Index evaluation penalizes a
given cases, the permissible values depend on the measurement process' on three counts.
degree of control that is maintained over all aspects of
the measurement process, including the skill level of (a) Existence of temperatures other than 68" F
personnel. In a machine shop, a value of 0.1 may be (b) Existence of temperature variations
justifiable while in a metrology laboratory it may be (c) Existence of temperature gradients
possible to increase the value to 0.2.
The main objective of the Thermal Error Index is The same evaluation rewards good techniques by
to convey the quality of a measurement process with decreasing the Thermal Error Index for (1) attempt-
respect to thermal effect. As such, it is mainly an ad- ing a correction for the consequences of temperatures
ministrative tool. other than 68" F, (2) keeping environmental variations
It is to be noted that one way to reduce a Thermal to a minimum, and (3) maintaining acceptable tem-
--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Error Index is to increase the working tolerance. Con- perature gradients. The act of performing the evalua-
sequently, it serves as a feedback device to inform tion results in the knowledge of what techniques or
management and designers of the degree of absurdity conditions can be changed to achieve the greatest im-
of a specified tolerance. The Thermal Error Index does provement with the least effort. For example, if Tem-
nothing more than estimate the maximum possible perature Variation Error is found to be the greatest
error caused by thermal environment conditions af- source of error, the measurement cycle time may be
fecting a particular measurement process. it does not reduced such that the Thermal Error Index is reduced
establish the true magnitude of error in any measure- to an acceptable value. Thus, by more frequent master-
ment. It serves to remove doubt about the existence ing, at some nominal increase in operating expense,
of errors and to establish a system of rewards and possible misapplication of capital to improve tem-
penalties to processes that are combinations of tech- perature control is avoided.

Copyright ASME International ,

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS

RELATED TO
DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY

Precision Inch Gage Blocks for Length Measurement (thru 20 Inches) . . . . . . . B89.1.9-1973
Measurement of Out-of-Roundness .............................. B89.3.1-1972
Temperature and Humidity Environment for Dimensional Measurement .... B89.6.2-1973
Gages and Gaging for Unified Screw Threads ......................... B1.2-1966
American Gaging Practice for Metric Screw Threads. .................... B1.16-1972
Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts ......................... B4.1-1967
Surface Texture ..................................... B46.1-1962 (R1971)

--`,``,,,,`,,,`,`,``,````,,,,`,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
L - 47
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