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 Another Random Document on
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treat on equal terms with Pope and Emperor, boasted of being
mediator and arbiter of European politics. The pride of a great
mission exalted the imagination of her people, and a poet of the
Renascence in his vision of “all manner of nations” who dwelt on the
field of fame, marked the gate of chalcedony which gave entrance to
“Anglia.”
“The building thereof was passing commendable;
Whereon stood a leopard, crowned with gold and stones,
Terrible of countenance and passing formidable, ...
As fiercely frowning as he had been fighting.”[873]

By the royal courage and appetite of Henry the Eighth, bent on

making the whole people his accomplices for the carrying out of his
personal will, the work of Wolsey was continued, though in a very
different temper, and the national pride and confidence pushed to
the highest point. If the policy of Cromwell had been fully carried
out, the history of the Reformation and the fortunes of Europe might
have been reversed by the intervention of England. We can well
understand that amid these tremendous schemes local aspirations
were forgotten and local quarrellings silenced. To perfect the policy
of the new Monarchy the destinies of the several towns were
submerged in the destinies of the whole Commonwealth. Sovereigns
no longer viewed with interested regard or with indifferent tolerance,
as of old,[874] the growth of borough franchises and the
developement of local governments. Street riots were no longer
matters of the parish, but of the State. The king’s hand was
stretched out over the wealthy corporations whose liberties had
grown into such vast proportions, and like the baronage and the
Church, the boroughs were laid prostrate before the throne.
For under the Tudor system of government the king was the
necessary centre of every interest in the country.[875] He alone could
impose a common policy and give expression to a national will. To
him all classes looked to defend their cause and ensure their
prosperity, in the implicit faith that he lived for them alone and to
perform their will. In the royal power lay the one force by which
England could be held together. At an earlier time, indeed, the
common folk had repudiated the doctrine of the king’s absolute
supremacy as it was now understood. “They say that the king should
live upon his commons, and that their bodies and goods are his: the
contrary is true, for then needed him never to set Parliament and to
ask good of them.”[876] But now new maxims were scattered abroad
—“that the king can do no wrong, however much he may wish to do
it; that not only the property but the persons of his subjects are his
own; and that a man has a right to no more than the king’s
goodness thinks fit not to take from him.” Parliament almost ceased
to exist, until in course of time, packed with members carefully
nominated, and by the craft of the king elaborately duped, it was
turned into a mere instrument by which the most ruthless acts of
royal aggression could be given the stamp and semblance of law.
[877]

The new centralized government was carried on by means of a

vast official system which extended from the highest to the lowest
departments, and reached out to the farthest limits of the country.
In its efficient form it was practically the creation of the first Tudor
king. With Warwick the baronial leaders of an earlier time had
passed away; and the weakened remnant of the baronage which
emerged from the civil wars had been carefully depressed by Henry
the Seventh. At the council-board their places were taken by officials
who received their orders directly from the king; and when the
barons returned to office and council they returned as fellow
servants with the new officials, and holding the same functions.
Henry the Eighth carried out the same policy. The great nobles might
complain of “low-born knaves” who surrounded the king; but when
the minister “clapped his rod upon the board” silence fell on an
obsequious council—and barons and commons alike trembled before
the son of an Ipswich merchant or a Putney blacksmith.
For the tremendous power of Wolsey or of Cromwell lay in the
fact that the whole hierarchy of officials, from the most exalted to
the most base, was directly responsible to him. Every figure of any
importance in the country was perfectly well known to the minister
at the head of affairs, and on every subordinate through the length
and breadth of the land the court kept vigilant watch. If an official at
any point disagreed with the opinions held at head quarters he was
forthwith turned out of office, and the ease with which Henry and
his successors made national revolutions is the measure of the
absolute perfection to which the machinery of their administration
had been brought. In the boroughs it is impossible to exaggerate the
effect of this political revolution. The consequence to which the
towns had risen made of them all-important centres of
administration for the maintenance of general order. Two-thirds of
the members of Parliament were sent from the boroughs, and the
control of these members, therefore, meant the control of the House
of Commons. For a two-fold reason, therefore, the tendency long
shewn by the Court to sympathize with the governing oligarchy in
the municipalities inevitably took from this time a new force. Under
the oligarchic system of administration the towns could be held for
the king by a mere handful of loyal officials; and the influence of the
Crown was naturally flung on the side of the representatives of good
order, as it was understood by the government. In the interests of
the whole State a new policy was developed. Municipal
independence was struck down at the very roots, and the free
growth of earlier days arrested by an iron discipline invented at
Westminster, and enforced by a selected company of Townhall
officials, whose authority was felt to be ultimately supported by the
majesty of the king himself. The number of the town councillors was
constantly diminished, and the liberties of the commons curtailed.
Under the new conditions the individual life of the borough ceased to
have the same significance as of old, and an era opened in which its
highest destiny was to be employed as an instrument of the royal
will for national ends, and its only glory lay in forming one of the
members of a mighty commonwealth. To follow out the internal
record of municipal politics on the old lines, as though the story of
the sixteenth century were the natural consequence of their earlier
course of developement would be radically false; and I therefore
pause on the threshold of the new state of things. The history of the
boroughs as schools in which the new middle class received its
training for service in the field of national politics, and as the
laboratories in which they made their most fruitful experiments in
administration, ends before the close of the fifteenth century. It may
be that as the working class in its turn rises to take its place
alongside of its predecessors on the stage of public affairs, the
towns will again become centres of interest in the national story, as
the workshops of an enlarged political science.
INDEX
 INDEX
A
Abingdon, money given towards bridges at, 75-6;
Guild of Holy Cross, 215;
supplies Southampton with bends of elms for ploughs, 289
Accounts of towns, adornment of, 260;
change in manner of keeping and auditing in Lynn, 411;
of Norwich, 370, note 4;
royal, auditing and signing of, 15, note 1
Admiral of the Fleet, 323
Admiralty, courts of, 319, note 2
Adventurers, merchant, Guild of, 112;
results of their monopoly of cloth trade, 91-92
Agriculture, law for protection of, 99
“Alablaster man” of Nottingham, 54, 326
Alberti, Society of, 290
Alcock, Bishop of Rochester, 14
Aldermen in Canterbury, 156, 276, 279, note;
Gloucester, 287;
Lincoln, 279, note;
London, 279, 375, note 2;
Lynn, 421, 422;
Norwich, 362, note 2, 380;
Nottingham, 309, 339, 340;
Oxford, 245, note 2, 278, note 2;
Shrewsbury, 286;
Southampton, 307-309, 312, note
Andernach, mill-stones brought from, 406, note 1
Andover, dispute between great people and community in, 245, note 4;
common lands, 237;
leet jury, 229;
merchant guild, 193, note 1, 198, note 1, 199
Anne of Bohemia, Nottingham given to, 330
Appleby, its school, 14, note 2
Apprentices, their duty during harvest, 64;
escape from town and become free traders in suburbs, 96-97;
regulations concerning, 99, note 2, 102-104, 108, 120, 212, note 1
Artizans, guilds of, 112;
subjected to town authorities, 151-152;
question as to their admission to guild merchant, 192-193, 199
Ashburton, its school, 13, note 2
Ascham, his rebuke of noblemen’s sons, 23
Assembly, the common, 226, 247-249;
of Hereford, 225;
of Sandwich, 225-227, 430;
select committee of, 353;
of Norwich, 365, 371-372, 377-379;
its Rolls, 370;
of Nottingham, 341, 347-348, 352-353
Assize of beer, 35;
of bread, 35;
of wine, 35;
of breadth of cloth, 67, note 2
Atwill, John, mayor of Exeter, 180
Atwood, Thomas, town clerk of Canterbury, 263, note 2
Atwood, William, one of counsel of Canterbury, 263, note 2
Aylesbury, charge against miller of, 31-32

B
Babington, Sir John, 329, note 1
Bablake, church at, 203, note 3;
payment of its warden and priests, 206
Bablake Gate, Coventry, 207
Bachelors, fellowship of the, among Exeter tailors, 172
“Bachery, Le”, Guild of, in Norwich, 389, 392
Bailiffs, modes of election of, 275, note 3, 276;
of Canterbury, 227, note 2, 276, 283-284;
of Ipswich, 223-224;
of Lincoln, 250;
of leets in Norwich, 361-364, 373;
of Shrewsbury, 285;
of Southampton, 305, 309;
of Winchester, 286;
of Yarmouth, 434
Bakers of Canterbury, 46;
of Exeter, their ordinances, 179;
of London, withdraw outside boundaries, 45;
punishment of fraudulent servants among, 117, note 2;
their right of search transferred to mayor, 149, note 1
Ball, John, 211
Baltic, trade with Southampton, 289
Banbury, its school, 17
Bardi, Society of, rent part of tenement in Southampton, 290
Bargate Tower, Southampton, 310
Barge, the town, of Lynn, 410
Barnstaple, use of seal of commonalty in, 233, note 1
Bartholomew of Baddlesmere, custos of Bristol, 267
Bartone, Brother William, his connexion with strike of shoemakers’ journeymen
in London, 125
Bate, Andrew, 60
Bate (brother of Andrew), town clerk of Lydd, 60
Bath, merchants become Knights of the, 79
Bayonne, swearing-in of citizens at, 230, note 1
Beam, right of keeping, 27
Beaufort, Cardinal, 292
Beer, sent from Kent to Flanders, 89
Bell, the common, 226;
made for Ely Cathedral, 54;
metal for, got from Lincolnshire, 54, note 1
Bell foundry at Nottingham, 326
Bellman of Guild of S. George in Norwich, 384
Benedict, son of Aaron, his mayoralty in Southampton, 307
Bequests to town corporations, 75-76
Berford, Simon de, 400
Berkeley, Lady, founder of first lay school, 16, note 2
Berkeley, Sir Maurice, 79, note 2
Berne, North, its trade with Lynn, 404
Berwick-on-Tweed, interest of its burghers in municipal affairs, 234, note 3
Beverley, weavers excluded from franchise in, 142;
aldermen of trades assent to governors’ ordinances in, 185, note 2
Bingham, William, founds school, 14, note 2
Birmingham, its Guild of Holy Cross, 213-214;
land and rights of common, 237;
members of Corpus Christi Guild, Coventry, at, 206, note;
town hall, 213
Biscay, its trade with Southampton, 289, 291, note 3
Black Sea, trade of Southampton with, 291
Blackburn, Nicholas, Admiral of Fleet, 323
Blackheath, Nottingham men sent to help King at, 334
“Blackleg” labour, London saddlers accused of encouraging, 163;
law in London against, 165
Bonet, Richard, 124
Books of Courtesy, 3-10;
of towns, 258;
of Dartmouth and Wycombe, their binding, 230, note 2;
Black Book of Hythe, 230, 257, note 4;
of Sandwich, 258, note 3;
Doomsday, of Dorchester, 258;
Red, of Nottingham, 334, 337, 355-356;
White, of Norwich, 258, note 3;
of Sandwich, 258
Boose, Richard, of Aylesbury, 31-32
Bordeaux, effect of its loss on Bristol trade, 91
Boroughs, results of their external relations, 1-2;
independence, 2, 3;
their life in fifteenth century, as pictured in songs, 6-12;
results of extension of Statute of Mortmain to, 215;
disputes about property in, 238.
See Towns
Bosworth, battle of, 330
Bowyers of London, 119
Box, the common, of Southampton, 314
Bramston, Roger, mayor of Wycombe, 260, note 4
“Brasylle, the Island of”, Bristol ships sent in search of, 73
Bread, assize of, 35
Bredon, Friar John, agitator in Coventry, 125, note
Brewers, Piers Ploughman’s picture of, 38;
their early wealth, 60-63;
forbidden to hold offices in towns, 62, note 1;
of Kent, 89;
of Nottingham, 38
Bridges, at Abingdon, 75-76;
kept in repair by Guild of Holy Cross at Birmingham, 213;
of Nottingham, 322, 324, 341
Bridgenorth, priests forbidden to keep school at, 18;
no burgess to be made serjeant, 271, note 3;
chief officers elected by special jury, 275;
its “Great Court” of Twenty-four, 275, note 4
Bridgewater, its guild merchant, 214;
Guild of S. Mary or Holy Cross, 214, 215;
town clerk, 261
Bridport, its suburban manufacturers, 97;
use of paper for accounts, 259;
twelve jurors, 278, note 1
Bright Waltham, manor of, communal organization of its villein tenants, 232,
note
Bristol, its Guild of Kalendars, 13, note 2;
 rivalry with Gloucester, 42;
school, 13, note 2, 20;
treaty with Southampton, 53;
trade, 73;
sends ships on voyages of discovery, 73;
fine merchants’ houses, 74;
plate left by grocer of, 74, note 1;
decline of its wool trade, 91-92;
complaint of weavers against employment of foreigners, 92;
law against employment of women at loom, 96, note;
decay of wealth, 104, note 3;
coruesers, 119, note;
guilds ordered to keep the peace, 153;
robes of officers, 257, note 3;
quarrel about customs, 266-267;
taken into King’s hand, 267;
appointment of custos, 267;
Council of Forty-eight, 268;
Council of Forty, 268, 278, note 2;
charters, 268;
influential families, 267-268;
troubles from neighbouring lords, 328;
guildhall, 37;
guild merchant, 198, note 1;
mayor, his supervision of trades, 37-38;
feeling of burghers for mayor, 228;
merchants, in Corpus Christi Guild at Coventry, 206, note;
town clerk, 20, 264, note 1;
coroner, 267
Brittany, its trade with Bristol, 73;
with Southampton, 289
Brodhull, Court of, 428, 433
Brokers, their duties and payment, 34
Bromsgrove, its decay, caused by growth of free-traders, 97, note 3
Brown, Thomas, Bishop of Norwich, 392
Bruges, mayor of Lynn sent as ambassador to, 422
Bull-baiting, attendance of municipal officers at, 256
Burellers of London, their quarrel with the weavers, 161-162;
of Winchester, contribution made to ferm by, 154, note 1
Burgesses, their monopoly of trade, 40;
early significance of the word, 231-232;
“inn” and “foreign” in Preston, 47;
of Nottingham, fined for not attending meetings, 336;
act with commonalty, 355, note 3;
the “out”, of Southampton, 47, note 2;
see Citizens
Burghers of fifteenth century, their anxiety about manners, 9-10;
ambition and love of learning, 11-13;
public munificence, 74-77;
become usurers and money-lenders, 77-78;
alliance with guilds against oligarchy, 167-168,
184;
their theory about the mayor, 227-228;
traditions of ancient liberties, 235-236;
buy copies of Magna Charta, 236;
punished for speaking against town councillors, 256-257;
see Citizens
Burgundy, settlers from, in Southampton, 289
Butchers, forbidden to kill within towns, 32, note 2;
of London, complaint of corporation about, 44-45
Butchers’ House, Nottingham, 324
Butt, Thomas, M.P. for Norwich, 400

C
Cabot, his voyage of discovery, 73
Cade, Jack, 334
Calendar of Ricart of Bristol, 20
Calle, Richard, marries Margery Paston, 80
Cambridge, school attached to Clare Hall at, 14, note 2;
trade with Rowe of Romney, 61
Candlemakers of London, 45
Candles, “Paris”, made at Southampton, 289
Canterbury, its aldermanries, 283;
aldermen made heads of guilds, 156, 276, 279, note;
bailiffs, 227, note 2, 276, 283-284;
 bakers, 46;
charter, 284;
cloth trade, 158;
craft guilds, 155-157;
councils, 278, note 2, 283-284;
disturbance caused by Crompe, 62-63;
freedom granted to Lynn merchants, 49, note 2;
friars, 125, note;
law about inns, 33, note 1;
“Intrantes”, 47;
jubilee of 1420, 43;
manufacturing trade, its decline, 88;
mayor, 284;
ordinances of 1474, 284;
portreeve, 283;
grammar school, 14, note 2;
“Tollerati”, 47;
traders withdraw outside liberties, 45-46;
town clerk, 263, note 2;
triours, 276;
wards, hereditary ownership of, 276, 279, note 1
Cap-makers resist introduction of fulling mills, 90
Carlisle, extension of its liberties, 40, note 2;
its council, 185;
merchant guild, 185
Carpenters, rule made by guild of, 147
Carracks of Genoa, 302, 305, note 1
Carriers, their introduction into England, 28
Carrow, Prioress of, her disputes with Norwich, 387, note
Castle of Nottingham, 323;
of Southampton, 297, note 3;
constable of, survival of his authority, 297
Catalonia, ships of, compete with Jacques Cœur for Mediterranean coasting
trade, 81
Caxton, William, 21
Caxton, Thomas, 261-263
Chandlers of Norwich, 140
Charles VII. (of France) borrows from Jacques Cœur, 82
Charters, privileges given to towns by early, 50-51;
conflicting rights bestowed by two, 51-52;
of incorporation given under Henry VI., 269;
of Bristol, 268;
Canterbury, 284;
Colchester, 282;
Exeter, 180;
Gloucester, 194, note 1;
Leicester, 25, note 1, 258, note 1;
Liverpool, 41;
London, 53, note 1;
Lynn, 421;
Nottingham, 330, 332-334, 339;
Norwich, 371-373, 379, 380, 395;
Oxford, 278, note 2;
Southampton, 306-310;
of cordwainers at Exeter, 179;
of girdlers of London, 143, note 2;
to guild merchant of Lynn, 403, note, 404, 405, note 5, 407;
to craft guilds, 141, 143, note 3;
commons petition for their withdrawal, 182, note 1;
registration of, ordered by law, 150, note 2;
of tailors of Exeter, 173-174, 179-180;
of merchant tailors of London, 143, note 3, 182, note 1;
of Fraternity of B. Trinity at Shrewsbury, 173, note 4
Chaucer, his place in estimation of fifteenth-century scholars, 21
Cheese, manufacture of, at Southampton, 289
Chest, the common, of Southampton, 309, 314
Chester, lands of community at, 237;
two councils, 278, note 2;
inhabitants forbidden to leave, 299, note 4;
mayor pays schoolmaster of Farneworth, 19, note 3
Chesterfield, its guild merchant, 203, note 1
Children practise shooting at Southampton, 297-298;
of countrymen not to be apprenticed to crafts, 99, note 1
Chipping Camden, merchant’s brass in church of, 73
Churchyards in fifteenth century, 31, note 1
Cider made at Southampton, 289
Cinque Ports, rights claimed by merchants of, 52, note;
 their treaty with Southampton, 53;
pay for copying of Magna Charta, 259, note 2;
jurats of, 278, note 1;
tradition of independence, 429;
source of strength of government in, 433;
resolution of Brodhull in 1526 about elections in, 433-434
Cirencester, cloth manufacture at, 68
Citizens, loss of freedom by, for helping “foreign” merchants, 39;
distinguished from community or commonalty, 231-235, 311, 334-336;
of Norwich, 366, 367, 368, 370, 373, 376, 399-401;
“denizen” and “foreign”, of Worcester, 39, 40;
the swearing-in of, at Bayonne, 230, note 1.
See Burghers
Clergy, their admission to guild merchant, 193
Clerk, the common or town, his position and duties, 257-264;
of Bridgewater, 261;
of Bristol, 20, 264, note 1;
of Canterbury, 263, note 2;
of Hythe, 263, note 1;
of Lydd, 60, 262;
of Lynn, 414, 415;
of Nottingham, 19-20, 263, 337;
of Romney, 61;
of Sandwich, 257, note 4, 262, note, 263;
of Southampton, 309;
of Winchester, 261;
of Worcester, 259, note 6;
of York, 261, note 1, 263
Clifton church, cross of, repaired by Nottingham goldsmith, 54, 326
Cloth, contractors of, their growth
and wealth, 65;
manufacture of, supersedes business of selling wool, 98-99;
in Yorkshire, 89;
shearers of, resist introduction of machinery, 89;
trade in, law passed in Canterbury to improve, 158;
supervision of, in Norwich, 149, note 1, 385;
Irish, 289
Clothiers, admitted to rank of “gentleman”, 68;
one in Manchester founds a school, 17
“Clothing”, the, qualifications for member of, 62;
its composition, 252;
at Exeter, 181;
at Nottingham, 341, 352-353, 355, 356, note 1, 357
Coal-mines, profits made by Nottingham from, 325
Cobblers, their quarrels with cordwainers, 166
Cœur, Jacques, 81-82
Coin, clipping of, learned from Lombards, 67
Cok, Richard, mayor of Sandwich, 431, 432
Colchester, election by Twenty-four in, 169-170;
land owned by, 238;
number of men assessed for moveables in 1301, 250, note 2;
population in 1377, 250;
mode of election of officers, 276, 282;
charter, 282;
two councils, 278, note 2, 282;
moot hall, 278;
ordinances, 278;
fining of late or absent members, 278, 283
Colle, Henry, of Hythe, 246, note 2
College at Exeter, its foundation, 13, note 2;
at Rotherham, 13
Commons, their petition to Henry VII. about measures, 27, note 3;
petition to have guild charters withdrawn, 182, note 1
“Commons”, “the poor”, their views about gains of merchants, 70-71;
of Exeter, their quarrel with governing class, 170-172
Commonalty, distinguished from citizens or burgesses, 231-235, 311, 334-336;
their interest in matters touching common lands, 234;
lack of security for freedom, 247-249;
exclusion from town administration, 249;
brought into council chamber in fifteenth century, 270;
its seal, 233, note 1;
of Norwich, 366-373, 376, 377, 399.
See Community
Communes of France, 321
Community of the town, reasons for entering, 55;
its services to the guilds, 157-158;
 privileges of early, 232-233;
its holding of land, 237-239;
of Lynn, admission of non-burgesses to, 409;
of Nottingham, their rights, 338-343;
election of special juries by, 341.
See Commonalty
Conesford Ward, Norwich, 376, note 2
Constable of Dover, 302, 303;
of castle, survival of his authority in Southampton, 297
Constabularies in Lynn, 279, note, 415, note 2, 421
Cooks, regulations for, 36
Cordwainers (shoemakers), their quarrels with cobblers, 166;
guild of, at Exeter, 119, note, 179
Corn, encouragement of carriage of, 42, note 2
Coruesers of Bristol, 119, note
Cornhill, S. Peter’s, dispute about presentation to, 276, note 2
Coroners of Bristol, 267;
of Ipswich, their election and duties in 1200, 223
Corporation chapel of S. Michael’s, Southampton, 308
Cossal, notice of transfer of coal-mine in, 325, note 5
Cotswolds, wool of, 88, note 3
Councils of towns, their alliances with guilds, 108;
various business of, 254-255;
their variety, 272-274, 277-279;
probable causes influencing their character, 279-281;
upper, result of appointing its members justices of the peace, 254-255;
of Bristol, 268, 278, note 2;
of Canterbury, 278, note 2, 283, 284;
Carlisle, 185;
Chester, 278, note 2;
Colchester, 278, 282;
Coventry, 185, 205, 353, 354;
Exeter, 170, 172, 180;
Gloucester, 287, 354;
Ipswich, 278, note 2;
Leicester, 287, 354;
Liverpool, 278, note 2;
 London, 375, note 2;
Lynn, 402, 413, 419-422, 424, 425;
Norwich, 170, 278, note 2, 363-365, 376, 377, 395, 419;
Nottingham, 336, 337-340, 355, 357;
Oxford, 278, note 2;
Pontefract, 278;
Sandwich, 430, 432-434;
Shrewsbury, 285, 286;
Southampton, 280, 308, 309;
Wells, 278, note 1;
Worcester, 278, note 2;
of Eight among Exeter tailors, 173;
of Fifteen ordered by provisions of Oxford, 253;
Privy, writ sent to Nottingham by, 278, note 1;
people of Norwich summoned before, 391
Councillors in early town government, 228;
of Nottingham, 339-341, 355;
town, various methods of electing, 277
Countrymen, their various difficulties, 98-99;
town employers contract for work with, 105-106;
policy concerning employment of, in Norwich and Worcester, 106
Courts of Admiralty, 319, note 2;
of aldermen, at Norwich, 362, note 2;
of arbitration, their importance to craft guilds, 114, note 1;
of Brodhull, 428, 433;
consistory, clerks of, forbidden to be mayors, 171;
the great, of Bridgenorth, 275, note 4;
of King’s Bench, 238;
the Pye-powder, statute of 1477 about, 393, note 2.
See Leet
Coventry, grammar school at, 14, note 2;
attempts free trade, 53, note 4;
laws about apprentices in, 99, note 2, 102, note 1;
Bablake gate, 207;
Drapery hall, 207;
wages of journeymen, 104, note 1;
election of keepers among the smiths at, 118, note 1;
the White Friars in, 125, note;
obtains right to have no guild, 144, note 1;
rules about punishment among guilds in 1518, 151, note 2;
 complaint against craftsmen who would not contribute to pageants, 154,
note 2;
drapers and mercers, 183, 204, note;
election of officials, 205, 207, note 2;
craftsmen who held office, 207, note 4;
guild of S. Catherine, 203;
of Corpus Christi, 204, 206, note;
of S. George, 208;
of S. John Baptist, 203;
merchant, 193, note 1, 203-204;
of Trinity, 14, note 2, 19, note 3, 203-213;
union of guilds, 203;
attempts to set up craft-guilds in, 208-209;
rhymes nailed by commons on church door, 211;
dyers in, 207, note 4, 208, 210, note 2;
regulations for crafts made at leet court, 212, note 1;
apprentices’ fines, 212;
ferm, 206, 216;
land of community, 238;
petitions to have aldermen of wards, 279, note;
procedure in leet, 345, note 3;
common council, 353-354;
Queen Isabella’s land, 202-204;
mayor, 205, 207, note 2;
town hall called S. Mary’s Guild, 203
Cowes, control of mayor of Southampton over, 319
Crafts, their anxiety to protect industry, 100;
attitude towards countrymen, 99, note 1, 100-101;
journeymen of, their combinations for self-protection, 101.
See Guilds
Crompe, brewer at Canterbury, 62-63
Culham Ford, bridge over, 75-76
Customs of Bristol, quarrel about, 266-267;
of Southampton, leasing out of, 68, 291
“Customs” of Norwich, 364
Custumals of towns, copying and translation of, 257-258

D
Dacia, its trade with Lynn, 404
Dartmouth, binding of its corporation books, 230, note 2
Dean, Forest of, its rovers, 42, note 1
“Decennaries”, appointment of, 34
Delf (canal), 435
Dengemarsh, 60, 237
Denmark, its trade with Bristol, 73;
settlers from, in Southampton, 289
Dereham, work done for Norwich dealers at, 105, note 2
Deritend, school of guild at, 13, note 2
Devonshire, Flemish weavers in, 94
“Discreets” of Southampton, 308, 309
Dogget Rolls of Ipswich, 259
Doncaster, S. George’s Church at, merchants’ marks in, 71, note 3
Doomsday Book, extracts made by town clerks from, 259;
of towns, 258
Dorchester, its Doomsday Book, 258, note 3
Dorset, Marquis of, 206, note
Dover, constable of, 302, 303;
central government of Cinque Ports at, 428;
hornblowing, 430, note 2;
election of jurats, 434, note 2
Drapers admitted to rank of “gentleman”, 68;
of Coventry, 183, 204, note;
of Shrewsbury, their school, 13, note 2;
their guild, 144, note 2, 173, note 4
Drapers’ house, Nottingham, 325
Drapery hall, Coventry, 207
Drogheda, merchants of, in guild at Coventry, 206, note;
its trade with Southampton, 289
Droitwich, cause of its decay, 97, note 3
Dublin, merchants of, in guild at Coventry, 206, note
Dye, scarlet, English cloth sent to Italy for, 326
Dyeing, at Nottingham, 326
Dyers in Coventry, 207, note 4, 208-210

E
Easingwold, town clerk of Nottingham, 263-264
Edmund Crouchback, his charter to Leicester, 25, note 1, 258, note 1;
Education in the fifteenth century, 12-23;
Edward I. summons councils to get money for Welsh war, 332;
his charter to Nottingham, 334
Edward II., his grants to Nottingham, 333
Edward III. fixes price of wine of Gascony, 139;
his charter to girdlers of London, 143, note 2;
grants bridge over Trent to townspeople of Nottingham, 324;
demands soldiers from Norwich, 366
Edward IV., his charters to Exeter tailors, 173-174;
to Fraternity of Trinity at Shrewsbury, 173, note 4;
judgment in the disputes at Exeter, 176-177, 179-180;
his patent to York about election of mayor, 186;
appeal of Plymouth guild merchant to, 220;
Lydd sends men to his help, 263;
his charter to Colchester, 282;
reduces ferm of Nottingham, 328;
renews its charter, 330;
gives election of common council of London to trading companies, 375, note
2;
peace made by Sandwich with, 431
Elizabeth Woodville, coronation of, 79, note 2;
Nottingham granted to, 330, note 1;
confirms its charter, 339, note 2
Ely, its cathedral bells, 54
Elys, Thomas, his benefactions to Sandwich, 16, 75
Employers, illicit industry carried on by, 88;
settlement in country districts, 88;
their attitude towards foreigners, 92-94;
towards countrymen, 100-101;
foster “uncovenanted” labour, 102;
in Norwich, responsible for their servants, 101, note 2;
 of towns, contract with country folk for work, 105-106
Engrossing, 39
Erasmus, his estimate of schoolmasters, 22, note
Erith, clay got from, 54
Evesham, cause of its decay, 97, note 3
Ewelme almshouse, 14, note 2
Exchange, dry, denounced by Church and people, 69
Exchange, the King’s, Jews replaced by members of Pepperers’ Company at, 69,
note 1
Exeter, ordinances granted to bakers, 179;
“the clothing”, 181;
college, 13, note 2;
condition under Shillingford, 168-169;
quarrel between commons and governing class, 170-172;
official, its Lancastrian sympathies, 173;
Henry VII.’s charter to, 180;
common council, 170, note 2, 172, 180;
cordwainers’ guild, 119, note, 179;
hospital, 75;
mayor, election of, 169-171, 180;
sworn on Black Book, 230, note 1;
his fellowship, 168, 172;
recorder, 168, 171, note;
style, 180;
tailors’ guild, 172-181, 184;
twelve men, 169-170;
twenty-four, 170, 172;
thirty-six, 171
Exeter, Hugh Oldham, Bishop of, 17
“Extravagantes” in Romney, 47

F
Fairs, their origin, history, and decline, 25;
grants of, 26;
of Leicester, 25, note 1;
of Lenton, 348, note 3;
of Southampton, 293;
 of Wayhill, 66;
of Winchester, 66, 292;
of Wycombe, 25, note 2
Fairford, Henry VIII. at, 68
Fallande, Richard, his tablet in Hospital Hall, Abingdon, 76, note 1
Farneworth, payment of schoolmaster at, 19, note 3
Farriers, rule made by guild of, 146-147
Fastolf, Sir John, 79, note 2
Fastolf, Richard, 79, note 2
Ferm of Coventry, payment of, 206;
in arrears, 216;
of Nottingham reduced by Edward IV., 328, 330;
its amount, 332;
of Southampton, amount of, 300;
part settled on successive queens, 300;
in arrears, 300, note 2, 301-302;
arrear remitted, 303, note 1;
difficulties in raising, 304;
reduced, 305, note 1;
of Winchester, contribution of burellers to, 154, note 1
“Fermour of the Beme”, 28
Festivals, enforced contributions to, 154, note 2;
attendance of municipal officers at, 256
Fishmongers, regulations for, 36;
of London, plate pawned to one, 78
Flanders, its manners and wealth in fifteenth century, 5;
beer sent from Kent to, 89;
weavers from, in England, 90-91;
settlers from, in valley of Stroud, 88;
in Southampton, 289;
trade with Southampton, 288, 291, 294
Florence, the Bardi and Alberti Societies of, 290
Food, regulations of its price, 35-37, 43
Fordwich, its Kalendar, 258, note 3
Foreigners, their position in towns, 90-96;
in Norwich, 320;
 fine paid by, in Romney, 91, note 1;
tax on, in Sandwich, 91, 320, 429;
in Southampton, 289, 293, 320
Forest laws and officers, exemption of Nottingham from, 328
Forestalling, 39, 50, 54;
at Nottingham, 50, note 1
Fork, first mention of, in England, 74, note 1
France, its wine trade with Bristol, 73;
appointment of guild officer in, 130;
settlers from, in English towns, 320;
communes of, 321
Franchise in Lynn, settlers not obliged to take up, 408.
See Freedom
Franchises of Norwich forfeited, 367, 389, 391-393;
restored, 391, 394;
of Nottingham forfeited, 332
Fray, John, 391
Freedom of borough obtained by becoming member of craft, 186;
terms of admission to, in Nottingham, 325;
loss of, for helping “foreign” merchant, 39;
traders of Norwich ordered to take up, 400
Freemen generally members of craft guilds, 190;
their right to attend meetings, 224;
of Norwich must belong to craft guild, 383
Friars, 125, note
Fry, Thomas, 79, note 1
Fullers of Coventry set up fraternity with tailors, 208-209

G
Game laws, men presented for breaking, 246, note 2
Games, attendance of municipal officers at, 256
Gascony, its wine, result of fixing price of, 139;
its wool trade with Southampton, 290;
trade of Lynn with, 404
Gate, the Water, at Southampton, 291, 294, note 1
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