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Women and Legislative
Representation
This page intentionally left blank
 Women and Legislative
Representation
Electoral Systems, Political Parties,
and Sex Quotas
Revised and Updated

Edited by
Manon Tremblay
WOMEN AND LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATION
Copyright © Manon Tremblay, 2007, 2012.
All rights reserved.

First published in hardcover in 2007 by

PALGRAVE MACMILLAN® in the United States – a division of St. Martin’s
Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.

Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.

Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies

and has companies and representatives throughout the world.

Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the
United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN 978–1–137–28070–1

The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows:

Women and legislative representation : electoral systems, political parties, and

sex quotas / edited by Manon Tremblay.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0–230–60378–5 (alk. paper)
1. Women politicians. 2. Women in politics. 3. Legislators. 4. Sex role.
5. Representative government and representation. I. Tremblay, Manon.

HQ1236.W6335 2007
328.082—dc22
2007021993

A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.

Design by Macmillan India Ltd.

First PALGRAVE MACMILLAN paperback revised and updated edition:

November 2012

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in the United States of America.

In memoriam
Wilma Rule
(1925–2004)
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

List of Figures xi
List of Tables xiii
Foreword xv
Preface and Acknowledgments xix
Notes on Contributors xxi

Introduction 1
Part I Majoritarian Systems
Subpart I Plurality
1 Uganda
Reserved Seats for Women MPs: Affirmative Action for
the National Women’s Movement or
the National Resistance Movement? 27
Gretchen Bauer
2 The United Kingdom
The “Mother of All Parliaments”:
Westminster’s Male Face 41
Sarah Childs, Rosie Campbell,
and Joni Lovenduski
3 The United States
Feminist Society, Paternalist Politics: How the Electoral System
Affects Women’s Representation in the United States Congress 59
Donley T. Studlar and Erin C. Cassese
4 Afghanistan
From Misogynist Theocracy to Gender-Inclusive Democracy? 71
Andrea Fleschenberg
viii CONTENTS

Subpart II Majority
5 France
The Single-Member District System:
The Hidden Bonus for Notables 89
Mariette Sineau
6 Australia
Early Promise Unfulfilled: The Electoral Representation of
Women in Australia 101
Ian McAllister
Part II Proportional Representation
Subpart I Closed Lists
7 South Africa
Challenging Traditional Thinking on
Electoral Systems 117
Hannah E. Britton
8 Spain
Women in Parliament:
The Effectiveness of Quotas 129
Celia Valiente
Subpart II Preferential (Open) List Systems and
Single Transferable Vote
9 Belgium
The Collateral Damage of Electoral
System Design 143
Petra Meier
10 Ireland
STV: A Gender-Proportional System? 155
Yvonne Galligan
11 Peru
Success under Open List PR:
The Election of Women
to Congress 167
Gregory D. Schmidt
 CONTENTS ix

Part III Mixed-Member Systems

Subpart I Proportional
12 Mexico
¿Más Mujeres? Mexico’s Mixed-Member Electoral System 183
Magda Hinojosa
13 New Zealand
Gendering Parliamentary Representation: A Mixed System
Producing Mixed Results 197
Jennifer Curtin
Subpart II Majoritarian with Partial Compensation
14 Hungary
The Impact of Party System Change on Female
Representation and the Mixed Electoral System 211
Gabriella Ilonszki
Subpart III Majoritarian
15 Japan
Societal, Electoral, and Party Explanations for
the Low Representation of Women in the
House of Representatives 225
Ray Christensen
Conclusion 239
Bibliography 255
Index 285
This page intentionally left blank
 Figures

0.1 The global dynamic influencing the proportion of

women in national parliaments 14
2.1 Percentage of women MPs, by party 47
3.1 Equal role for women, 1972–2008 66
6.1 Proportion of women members of the House of
Representatives since 1943 105
6.2 Public opinion toward equal opportunities for women,
1987–2010 (percent) 108
10.1 Female candidates (%) and constituency size,
by party, 1948–2007 160
10.2 Female TDs (%) and constituency size, by party, 1948–2002 160
10.3 Candidate status and electoral success, 2002 162
12.1 Women’s representation in Mexico’s Chamber of Deputies,
1952–2009 186
12.2 Gender composition of the Chamber of Deputies by
voting system, 2009 189
13.1 Number of women elected in New Zealand general
elections since 1945 200
13.2 Women’s candidacy rates, 1981–2011 202
15.1 Women’s representation under four electoral systems
used in Japan, 1946–2011 229
15.2 The LDP and the opposition, comparing women’s
representation in districts and party lists 232
This page intentionally left blank
 Tables

1.1 Women in Uganda’s parliament, 1962–2006 32

2.1 Electoral systems in the United Kingdom 45
2.2 Women MPs elected to the House of Commons, 1983–2010,
by number and (in brackets) by percentage of parliamentary
party and, in the final column, percentage of the House of
Commons 46
2.3 Women’s Numerical Representation in British Politics 48
2.4 Members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs), 2011 49
2.5 Women Elected to Welsh Assembly, 2011, by party 49
2.6 Women Candidates and MPs by Type of Seat 2010 (men) 54
3.1 Women’s Representation in U.S. House Elections, 1974–2010 62
4.1 Human development indicators, Afghanistan, 2011 80
5.1 Women candidates and elected members to the Chamber of
Deputies (Fourth Republic) and the National Assembly
(Fifth Republic) 91
6.1 The extension of women’s political rights in national and
state lower houses in Australia 102
6.2 House of Representatives electoral systems since 1901 103
7.1 Women on pre-election party lists, South Africa, 1994–2009 123
7.2 Women elected, South Africa, 1994–2009 125
8.1 Percentage of women in the Congress of Deputies,
total and by party, Spain (1977–2011) 131
9.1 District magnitude in the House of Representatives,
Belgium 145
xiv TABLES

9.2 Women in the Belgian House of Representatives

since World War II 147
10.1 Female representation in Irish politics, 1948–2002 158
11.1 Key features of Peruvian congressional elections 168
11.2 Percentage of women elected to Peruvian national
legislatures, 1956–2011 170
11.3 District magnitude and the election of women by
departments 174
12.1 Women’s representation in the Mexican Chamber of
Deputies by party, 1994–2009 187
13.1 Women candidates and politicians (%) under MMP 200
13.2 Position of women on New Zealand minor-party
lists (selected years) 203
13.3 Position of women on New Zealand major party lists
(selected years) 203
13.4 Distribution of electorate/list seats won under
MMP (number) 205
14.1 Proportion of women in new EU member states in East
Central European countries 212
14.2 The number and percentage of female MPs by party,
1990–2010 215
14.3 Mandate distribution of female MPs, 1990–2010 216
14.4 Some dimensions of party system change in
Hungary, 1990–2010 217
14.5 Gender distribution of candidates, 1990–2010 218
14.6 Turnover in the parliament by gender, 1990–2010 219
14.7 The proportions of electable female candidates by party 220
 Foreword

In 2007 we celebrated the centenary of the election of the first women to par-
liament anywhere in the world—in Finland. Finland was exceptional: not
only were women elected in its first election with universal suffrage, but they
were elected in considerable numbers. When its magnificent parliament
building was finally built in 1931, it even included a special conference room
for its women parliamentarians. Elsewhere, women had to wait much longer
to be elected in significant numbers as legislators, and global progress was by
no means linear. In the early 1990s the fall of communist and other author-
itarian regimes led to an initial drop in the average parliamentary represen-
tation of women across the world. The decade of the 1990s also, however,
saw the successful politicization of the absence of women from parliamen-
tary bodies. Such absence became a marker of “democratic deficit.” With the
help of women mobilizing at home and abroad, the representation of
women in parliament is now widely accepted as an indicator of the quality
of democracy. It has become a proxy for equality of citizenship and equal
opportunity and is seen as contributing to the legitimacy of parliamentary
institutions and their capacity for inclusive deliberation.
Strategies to deal with this democratic deficit have included the adoption
of electoral quotas for women in over 100 countries. A global focus on the
representation of women in public decision making was reinforced by
the Platform for Action adopted by the United Nations Fourth World
Conference on Women in Beijing in 1995. According to the platform,
women’s equal participation in political life plays a “pivotal role in the gen-
eral process of the advancement of women,” and the UN Economic and
Social Council subsequently endorsed the use of quotas to achieve it. The
systematic monitoring by the Inter-Parliamentary Union of the level of rep-
resentation achieved in national parliaments and, more recently, the moni-
toring of the adoption of quotas by the International Institute for
Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) have helped raise awareness of
exactly how and where gains are being made. Numerous nongovernmental
bodies, often at the regional or international level and supported by multi-
lateral bodies such as IDEA, have come into being to support women into
politics. Above all, the level of women’s movement mobilization, both
xvi FOREWORD

nationally and internationally, and both inside and outside political parties,
helps provide momentum for the adoption of mechanisms such as quotas,
while pressure from aid donors also plays its part.
As a result of all these efforts the number of women in national parlia-
ments has been rising in most parts of the world. Between 1997 and the end
of 2011, average representation rose from 11 to almost 20 percent, while the
number of countries where women form over 30 percent of national legis-
lators rose from 5 to 30. Nonetheless, progress is still patchy and has even
stalled in some of the older democracies. This means the question of the
most effective means to increase the representation of women in parliament
is very much a live issue and one that requires the attention and knowledge
of experts in electoral politics and electoral systems. The significance of the
type of electoral system for the representation of women and minorities has
long been recognized, and valuable work was done over many years by a
pioneer in this field, the late Wilma Rule.
Manon Tremblay has now taken on the mantle of Wilma Rule to take for-
ward the study of how electoral system design can advance the representa-
tion of women. She has brought together an outstanding team of experts to
assist her with the task of analyzing the full gamut of electoral systems and
their interactions with specific national contexts in producing particular
gender outcomes. She has organized the project around three main families
of electoral systems: first, plurality and majority systems; second, propor-
tional representation (PR), including closed and open lists and single trans-
ferable vote; and third, mixed systems, combining constituency and party list
votes, and varying in accordance with whether the party list element is
designed to be fully or only partially compensatory.
It has long been a central tenet of the electoral system literature that PR
systems are more woman friendly than single-member electorate systems.
This is because of differing incentives they create for candidate selection.
As Wilma Rule and others have argued, PR systems give political parties an
incentive to produce a balanced ticket to appeal to all sections of the com-
munity and to appease all sections of the party, rather than seeking a lowest
common denominator candidate as in single-member systems. PR also
means representation for smaller and newer parties such as the Greens, in
which women play a major role, although it may also mean representation
for small parties of the religious or populist Right, which tend to be male led.
But perhaps, most importantly, PR makes it easy to introduce quotas,
because representation is not a zero-sum game in which a male candidate
must be replaced by a female one.
Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties,
and Sex Quotas takes us well beyond the existing state of knowledge con-
cerning the impact of electoral systems on the representation of women and,
 FOREWORD xvii

indeed, challenges a number of existing beliefs concerning the significance of

district magnitude or the supposed advantages of closed compared with
open lists. An interesting aspect of open list systems that has been analyzed
elsewhere by Anne Maria Holli is that they can give parliamentarians greater
independence of political parties and hence facilitate cross-party coopera-
tion by women parliamentarians. Such cooperation by women across Left-
Right divisions in Finland in 1994 helped achieve a legally enforceable right
to childcare for all children under school age, despite the opposition of a
right-wing Cabinet.
The spread of mixed-member systems has increasingly problematized
easy assumptions about PR. Sarah Childs and her colleagues, writing about
the United Kingdom, confirm that in the mixed electoral systems used for
Scotland and Wales, equality measures in the constituency seats were more
important than the list seats in increasing women’s representation. In New
Zealand, Jennifer Curtin finds that although the list seats have returned a
higher percentage of women than the constituency seats, the move of a
major party to the Right can swamp the incentives provided by PR.
This is not just a book for electoral system enthusiasts, but rather a
contribution to knowledge that is of practical importance for all people
working toward the greater electoral representation of women. Its 15 case
studies are carefully chosen to illustrate the dynamics of the full range of
electoral systems across all continents and in both developing and long-
established democracies. The intersection of electoral systems with a range
of other political factors forms a vital part in the explanation of gender out-
comes, for example, the effects of incumbency or term limits in the United
States or Mexico, the significance of personal support networks in Japan, the
feminization of the Labour Party in New Zealand, or the influence of the
Socialist International on the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party. While elec-
toral systems may have a positive effect in terms of the representation of
women, this will always be context dependent. This book increases our
knowledge of both the nuances of electoral systems and their interplay with
other political variables. It is an important step toward better understanding
of what works for women in electoral system design.
Marian Sawer
Canberra, March 2012
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface and Acknowledgments

Since the beginning of the 1980s, the invigoration of two historically

marginalized fields of political science has resulted, among other things,
in a publication boom: these fields are electoral studies and “women and
politics” (increasingly called “gender and politics”). Although they share
a similarly marginalized status within the discipline, these two fields have
rarely intersected—or rather, to be precise, the works identified with elec-
toral studies have rarely incorporated a gender perspective. The inverse is
more frequent, as demonstrated by two collections edited by Wilma Rule
and Joseph F. Zimmerman, United States Electoral Systems: Their Impact on
Women and Minorities (Praeger, 1992) and Electoral Systems in Comparative
Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities (Greenwood, 1994). By
contrast, electoral studies volumes published since the mid-1980s either
completely ignore the representation of women or discuss women in a
“sociodemographic representation in parliament” section, thereby treating
50 percent of the human species as a minority group. In addition, certain
concepts used in electoral studies demonstrate little sensitivity to women.
Thus, the concept of “proportionality,” which is essential for defining the
merits of a voting procedure, applies to the relationship between the pro-
portion of valid votes cast for a political party and the proportion of seats
obtained in parliament, but it does not take into account the relationship
between the proportion of women in the population and the proportion in
parliament. The latter, however, is a key measure of political representation,
known as microcosmic or descriptive representation; it is concerned with
proportionality between the whole (i.e., the population) and a sample (i.e.,
the group of female and male representatives).
The present work aims to reconcile two fields of political science: “electoral
studies” and “gender/women and politics.” Naturally, some researchers have
already explored these two perspectives, notably in Electoral Systems in
Comparative Perspective: Their Impact on Women and Minorities (edited by
Wilma Rule and Joseph F. Zimmerman, Greenwood, 1994) and Women’s
Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Europe (edited by Richard E.
Matland and Kathleen A. Montgomery, Oxford University Press, 2003).
However, the former is now outdated and the latter is limited to a specific
xx PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

region. In contrast, Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems,

Political Parties, and Sex Quotas adopts an international perspective by
touching upon each and every continent. Four years after it first appeared, I
remain convinced of its originality and important contribution in the field
of gender/women and politics.
I began this project while I was a visiting researcher in the Department
of Political Science at the Australian National University (ANU) from
January to June 2006. I wish to thank Dr. Alastair Greig, who was Head of
the School of Social Sciences at the time, as well as Dr. Gwendolyn Grey.
These two people made my visit to Canberra possible. ANU offers a visually
stunning and intellectually stimulating environment and it seems that any-
thing is possible there.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to the colleagues who
accepted my invitation to write a chapter for this book. Their expertise
and professionalism, their enthusiasm for this project, their respect for
the, at times, demanding specifications, and, finally, their willingness to
respond to my numerous questions all contributed to enabling Women
and Legislative Representation to see the light of day. Today, in 2012, I
thank them for having devoted themselves to the difficult and thankless
exercise of updating their text. I would like to thank Melissa Bonga who
assisted me in revising and updating this edition. I am deeply indebted to
Marian Sawer who agreed to write the Foreword. It was truly an honor to
have her participate in this endeavor.
Manon Tremblay
Montréal, March 2012
 Notes on Contributors

Gretchen Bauer is professor and chair in the Department of Political Science

and International Relations at the University of Delaware. She teaches
African and comparative politics and gender and politics. She is the author
of Labor and Democracy in Namibia, 1971–1996 (Ohio University Press,
1998), the coauthor, with Scott D. Taylor, of Politics in Southern Africa: State
and Society in Transition (Lynne Rienner, 2005), and coeditor, with Hannah
E. Britton, of Women in African Parliaments (Lynne Rienner, 2006), and
coeditor, with M. Tremblay, of Women in Executive Power: A Global Overview
(Routledge, 2011). Her current research focuses on the impacts of more
women in political office across sub-Saharan Africa.
Hannah E. Britton is an associate professor of political science and women’s
studies at the University of Kansas, Lawrence. Her research interests include
gender and African politics, democratization and development, and civil
society–state relations. Her articles have been published in Africa Today,
International Feminist Journal of Politics, International Politics, and the
Journal of South African Studies. She is the author of From Resistance to
Governance: Women in the South African Parliament (University of Illinois
Press, 2005) and the coeditor, with Gretchen Bauer, of Women in African
Parliaments (Lynne Rienner, 2006).
Rosie Campbell is a lecturer in research methods in the School of Politics
and Sociology, Birkbeck College, University of London. Her research exam-
ines gender and politics, particularly voting behavior, representation, and
participation. Her book Gender and the Vote in Britain (ECPR, 2006) com-
pares men and women’s political attitudes and behavior from 1997 to 2005.
Her most recent research includes a study of elite and mass political opinion,
interest in politics, and how morale frameworks relate to vote choice.
Erin C. Cassese is an assistant professor of Political Science at West Virginia
University. Her research focuses on political attitudes and behavior in the
American Political context. Much of her work investigates identity politics
and how racial, gender, and religious identities influence political thinking
and behavior at the mass level. Her research has appeared in journals such as
Journal of Politics, Legislative Studies Quarterly, and PS: Political Science &
xxii NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Politics. She has also contributed chapters to volumes such as The Oxford
Handbook of American Public Opinion and the Media, Voting the Gender Gap,
Political Women and American Democracy, and Grounding the Social Sciences
in the Cognitive Sciences.

Sarah Childs is professor of Politics and Gender at the University of Bristol,

UK. She publishes widely on gender and political representation. Her latest
book, Sex Gender and the Conservative Party, was written with Paul Webb
and was published in 2012. She has also published widely in numerous aca-
demic journals, including the British Journal of Political Science, the British
Journal of Politics and International Relations, the European Journal of
Women’s Studies, Parliamentary Affairs, and Political Studies.

Ray Christensen is an associate professor of political science at Brigham

Young University. His research is in the area of Japanese electoral politics,
including campaign strategies, electoral coalitions, malapportionment, ger-
rymandering, and women in politics. His articles have been published in sev-
eral journals, including the American Journal of Political Science, Comparative
Political Studies, the Japanese Journal of Political Science, and PS: Political
Science and Politics. In 2000 he authored Ending the LDP Hegemony, Party
Cooperation in Japan (University of Hawai’i Press).

Dr. Jennifer Curtin is a senior lecturer in comparative politics and policy

at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She is the author of Women
and Trade Unions: A Comparative Perspective (Ashgate, 1999) and Voicing
the Vote of the Bush: Rural and Regional Representation in the Australian
Federal Parliament (Department Parliamentary Library, 2004) and coau-
thor of Rebels with a Cause: Independents in Australian Politics (UNSW
Press, 2004). She has published numerous articles and chapters on women,
politics, and policy, and she recently coedited a special issue of Political
Science (Sage, June 2011) entitled Negotiating Coalitions. Comparative
Perspectives.

Andrea Fleschenberg currently holds the position of DAAD Long Term Guest
Professor at the National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam
University, Islamabad, Pakistan. She previously worked at the University of
Duisburg-Essen, Hildesheim, and the Philipps-University Marburg, Germany,
and held visiting professor positions at the University of the Punjab, Lahore,
Pakistan, and Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain. Her research interests
include Comparative Politics, Peace and Conflict Studies, and Gender Studies
with a particular focus on South and Southeast Asia, gender and politics (elec-
toral politics, participation, and leadership), state- and institution-building,
democratization, and transitional justice. Her most recent publications
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

include: Women and Politics in Asia—A Springboard for Democracy? (edited

with C. Derichs, LIT Verlag / ISEAS, 2011), and Afghanistan’s Parliament in the
Making (2nd edition, HBS with UNIFEM 2011).
Yvonne Galligan is professor of Comparative Politics and director of the
Centre for Advancement of Women in Politics at Queen’s University Belfast.
She is editor of Deliberative Processes and Gender Democracy: Case Studies
from Europe (2012), coauthor with Kathleen Knight of “Attitudes towards
women in politics: gender, generation and party identification in Ireland,” in
Parliamentary Affairs (2011), and has written extensively as single author
and with others on women and electoral and representational politics in
Europe. She is coeditor of International Political Science Review and com-
bines her expert knowledge with activism on gender equity issues.
Magda Hinojosa is assistant professor of Political Science at Arizona State
University. Her research primarily focuses on institutional obstacles to
women’s representation in Latin America. She is the author of Selecting
Women, Electing Women: Political Representation and Candidate Selection in
Latin America (Temple University Press, 2012).
Gabriella Ilonszki is a professor at the Institute of Political Science at
Corvinus University, Budapest, where she heads the Elite Studies Centre. Her
research focuses on the workings of parliamentary government and the role
of elite groups in democratic politics, including that of women politicians.
Her most recent English-language publications include “Role stability in the
context of institutional and positional change” (in M. Blomgren and
O. Rozenberg, eds., Parliamentary Roles in Modern Legislatures, Routledge,
2012), and Post-Communist Parliaments: Change and Stability in the Second
Decade (edited with D. M. Olson, Routledge, 2012).
Joni Lovenduski is anniversary professor of politics at Birkbeck College,
University of London. Her most recent published work on gender and poli-
tics includes Feminizing Politics (Polity Press, 2005), State Feminism and
Political Representation (edited with Claudie Baudino, Maria Guadagnini,
Petra Meier, and Diane Sainsbury, Cambridge University Press, 2005), The
Hansard Report on Women at the Top (with Sarah Childs and Rosie
Campbell, Hansard Society, 2005), and Gender and Political Participation
(with Pippa Norris and Rosie Campbell, Electoral Commission, 2004). She
is also the author of many articles and essays in edited collections on issues
of gender and politics. Her current research is on gender and the state,
including equality policy, political representation, and public policy debates.
Ian McAllister was professor of politics at the University of NSW from 1985
to 1996 and professor of government at the University of Manchester from
xxiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

1996 to 1997. From 1997 to 2004 he was director of the Research School of
Social Sciences at the Australian National University and is now professor of
political science there. He is the author of The Australian Voter (UNSW
Press, 2011) and the coauthor of Political Parties and Democratic Linkage
(Oxford, 2011) and The Australian Electoral System (UNSW Press, 2006).
Petra Meier is Associate Professor of Politics and leads the Research Centre
on Equality Policies at the University of Antwerp. Her research focuses on
issues of representation and equality in politics and policies. Recently, she
published The Discursive Politics of Gender Equality: Stretching, Bending and
Policymaking (with E. Lombardo and M. Verloo, Routledge, 2009), as well as
Au-delà et en deçà de l’Etat. Le genre entre dynamiques transnationales et
multi-niveaux (with B. Marques-Pereira and D. Paternotte, Academia-
Bruylant, 2010).
Marian Sawer is an emeritus professor in the School of Politics and
International Relations at the Australian National University and Vice-
President of the International Political Science Association. She has been a
recipient of IPSA’s Wilma Rule award for best paper on gender and politics
(2000) and of the Australian Political Studies Association’s Lifetime
Achievement Award (2009). Her most recent books include Women’s
Movements: Flourishing or in Abeyance? (coedited with S. Grey, Routledge
2008; 2010), Australia: The State of Democracy (with N. Abjorensen and
P. Larkin, Federation Press, 2009), and Federalism, Feminism and Multilevel
Governance (coedited with M. Haussman and J. Vickers, Ashgate, 2010).
Gregory D. Schmidt is a professor of political science at the University of
Texas at El Paso, where he serves as chair of the department. He also has
taught at Northern Illinois University and several leading Peruvian universities.
Professor Schmidt has published extensively on Peru in leading journals
and for prestigious presses, focusing on development, decentralization,
electoral rules and administration, executive-legislative relations, and gender.
Among his publications are “All the President’s Women: Fujimori and
Gender Equity in Peruvian Politics” (in The Fujimori Legacy: The Rise of
Electoral Authoritarianism in Latin America, edited by Julio Carrión,
Pennsylvania State Press, pp. 150–177) and “Effective Quotas, Relative Party
Magnitude, and the Success of Female Candidates: Peruvian Municipal
Elections in Comparative Perspective” (Comparative Political Studies 37,
no. 6 [2004]: 704–734, with Kyle L. Saunders).
Mariette Sineau is political scientist and research director at the Centre
National de la Recherche Scientifique. Based in Paris, she works at Centre de
Recherches Politiques de Sciences Po. Her main research fields are women’s
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xxv

political behaviors and women politicians. Her work is also concerned with
family policy and child care system. Her recent publications include “Was
Ségolène Royal Defeated by the Women’s Vote? The Gender Gap in the 2007
Presidential Election” (Modern & Contemporary France, 18, 4 [2010]:
491–503), Femmes et pouvoir sous la Ve République. De l’exclusion à l’entrée
dans la course présidentielle (Presses de Sciences Po, 2011), and “Case Study:
France: legislated ‘parité’” (in Electoral Gender Quota Systems and their
Implementation in Europe, European Parliament/Stockholm University Study,
Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C: Citizens’
Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Gender Equality, 2011, pp. 769–781, PE
453.210; available at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/fr/studies
download.html?languageDocument=EN&file=60648).
Donley T. Studlar is Eberly Family Distinguished Professor of Political
Science at West Virginia University, where he teaches courses in comparative
politics and public policy. Receiving his Ph.D. from Indiana University in
1974, he has been a visiting professor at the following universities:
Strathclyde, Warwick, Waterloo, Victoria, Bergen, Toronto, Australian
National University, Regina, Aarhus, and Aberdeen. Over the past 20 years
his work on gender politics and electoral systems has been published in lead-
ing international journals and books. Two of his contributions were awarded
best paper prizes at the conferences where they were first presented. The
author of an award-winning PhD dissertation, four books, and over 125 arti-
cles, he has served in various professional roles, including 11 years as execu-
tive secretary of the British Politics Group and on editorial boards for
internationally oriented journals.
Manon Tremblay is professor at the School of Political Studies at the
University of Ottawa. Her research interests are gender/women in politics,
electoral studies, social movements, and notably the lesbian and gay move-
ment. She has extensively published in academic journals, notably Australian
Journal of Political Science, Canadian Journal of Political Science,
Democratization, International Political Science Review, Journal of
Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, Journal of Legislative Studies, Party
Politics, Politics & Gender, and Political Science. Her most recent publications
are Women in Executive Power. A Global Overview (coedited with G. Bauer,
Routledge, 2011), and The Lesbian and Gay Movement and the State.
Comparative Insights into a Transformed Relationship (coedited with
D. Paternotte and C. Johnson, Ashgate, 2011). She has been the French coedi-
tor of the Canadian Journal of Political Science (2003–2006). She was honored
with the Wilma Rule Award for the best paper on gender and politics at the
2006 International Political Science Association Congress (Fukuoka, Japan).
xxvi NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Celia Valiente is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Department of

Economic History and Institutions of the Universidad Carlos III de Madrid,
Spain. Her main research interests are gender-equality policies and the
women’s movement in Spain from a comparative perspective. She has pub-
lished articles in Gender & Society, European Journal of Political Research,
Politics & Gender, and South European Society & Politics.
 Introduction
Manon Tremblay

t the beginning of 2012, 19.8 percent of all members of the lower or sin-
A gle houses of some 190 national parliaments are women.1 Thus,
women’s share of seats in parliament remains very much lower than that
required for parity between the sexes. In fact, only one parliament—
Andorra’s—comprises an equal number of women and men, while Rwanda’s
Chamber of Deputies contains more women than men (56.3%). These
countries have an important feature in common: a full (Rwanda) or partial
(Andorra) proportional representation (PR) voting system. For many years
now, studies have identified the primary role that electoral systems play in
ensuring a sizable proportion of women parliamentarians (Larserud and
Taphorn 2007; Matland 2003; McAllister and Studlar 2002; Norris 1987:
123, 1997a, 2004: 187; Norris and Inglehart 2005; Paxton 1997; Reynolds,
Reilly, and Ellis 2005: 60–61; Rule 1987, 1994a, 1994b; Rule and Norris
1992; Sawer 1997; Schwindt-Bayer and Mishler 2005). However, things are
rarely so simple. The Inter-Parliamentary Union’s figures also show that
many countries using PR systems achieve only modest proportions of female
legislators and, moreover, that many such countries are outperformed by
those with majoritarian systems. In addition, more and more scholars argue
that previous studies may have exaggerated the extent to which voting sys-
tems2 can promote or hinder the achievement of a substantial presence of
women in parliaments. Salmond (2006), for example, contends that “previ-
ous work has overstated, by factors of between two and three, how much of
a difference an electoral system can make” (175). The relative influence of
voting systems on the election of women remains a significant area of debate
in the field of women and politics and is the reason for this book.
The overarching objective of Women and Legislative Representation:
Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas is to examine the effects of
voting systems on the proportion of women in national parliaments, while
also taking into account the roles of other variables (cultural, socioeco-
nomic, and political). To do this, it examines 15 countries, which are divided
2 MANON TREMBLAY

among the three following electoral families: (1) plurality/majority systems:

First Past the Post (FPTP), Single Nontransferable Vote (SNTV), Two-Round
System (TRS) and Alternative Vote (AV) System; (2) PR systems: Closed List
PR, Preferential (Open) List PR, and Single Transferable Vote (STV) systems;
and finally (3) Mixed-Member (MM) systems: Proportional (MMP),
Majoritarian with Partial Compensation, and Majoritarian (MMM) systems.
More specifically, Women and Legislative Representation pursues three sec-
ondary objectives. First, the work aims to assess and explore the contention
that PR systems favour women’s entry into parliaments. This idea is widely
taken for granted in works studying the election of women in politics. A crit-
ical examination involves identifying and evaluating the validity of effects
that could create such a relationship, such as the hypothesis that closed lists
encourage the election of women. It also requires us to assess the corollary
argument that majority voting systems do not favour the election of women.
Second, Women and Legislative Representation aims to evaluate the role of
other variables—cultural, socioeconomic, and political—in women’s elec-
tion to parliamentary seats, with particular attention to both political parties
and sex quotas. This secondary objective explores the idea that voting sys-
tems do not automatically determine the proportion of women in parlia-
ments, but they do contribute to determining it, albeit in combination with
other factors, notably political parties’ demand for candidates and sex quotas.
If voting systems concern interparty competition (i.e., the conversion of
votes into seats in parliament and their allocation to the different parties), it
is the political parties that are responsible for the intraparty competition
(i.e., which candidates will sit in parliament). Further, when properly
designed and implemented, sex quotas (legal and party quotas) may play a
key role in the feminization of parliamentary arenas. The third and final
objective of the work is to present relevant case studies.
In the following sections of this introduction, I will first develop the con-
cept of representation and how it relates to voting systems. Second, I will
review relevant literature on the factors influencing women’s legislative repre-
sentation, with special attention to electoral systems, political parties, and sex
quotas. Third, I will describe the analytical framework used by the contribu-
tors in their case studies. Finally, I will explain the rationale for the choice of
countries and outline the shared format in which all chapters are structured.

Political Representation and Electoral Systems

In her book, which nearly half a century after its release is still an authority
on the subject, Pitkin (1967) distinguishes between four meanings of politi-
cal representation: symbolic representation, which embodies an idea or an
entity (e.g., a flag or a king represents the nation); formal representation,
 INTRODUCTION 3

which refers to institutional rules and procedures by which representatives

are designated (i.e., the electoral regulations and the voting system); descrip-
tive representation, which refers to the similarities and differences between
representatives and the represented; and substantive representation, which
evokes the activities of representation (and more specifically the responsive-
ness of representatives to the represented). The present study is firmly
anchored in the descriptive and formal conceptions of political representation,
as they apply to women in parliamentary assemblies. It does not, therefore,
attempt to examine what happens once women achieve access to political
arenas (women’s substantive representation).
In terms of descriptive representation, a legislative assembly is said to be
representative if its makeup constitutes a miniaturized model or a micro-
cosm of society. Consequently, it is argued that women are equal citizens and
therefore should share, equally with men, public decision-making positions;
otherwise, there is a representation deficit. While this is not a new view of
representation, it has gathered momentum in recent years. If, historically, the
discussion of political representation excluded women, today it is impossible
to imagine it proceeding without addressing the political representation of
women. In fact, the proportion of women in parliament is increasingly per-
ceived as an indication of a state’s quality of political representation.
Formal representation refers to the institutional rules and procedures
through which representatives are chosen. The voting system, as the primary
mechanism for this choice, is the process through which the will of the
people is converted into seats in parliament (Farrell 2001: 4; Gallagher
and Mitchell 2005a: 3). There are three basic types of electoral systems:
plurality/majority (or majoritarian) systems, PR systems, and mixed systems
(Massicotte and Blais 1999; Norris 2004: 41; Reynolds, Reilly and Ellis 2005: 27).
Each type of electoral system is based on a particular concept of political
representation. McLean (1991) suggests that voting systems be classified
according to the distinction between the “microcosm” and “principal-agent”
conceptions of representation. Lijphart (1984: 150) stresses the same point.
PR systems find their ideological justification in the “microcosm” conception
of representation. Such systems are intended to represent both the majority
and the minorities proportionally translating party votes into party seats in
parliament. Consequently, PR systems are those most likely to give rise to
multiparty arrangements. By contrast, majoritarian systems, which are based
on the “principal-agent” conception of representation, not only bestow vic-
tory on the majority while ignoring minorities, but they also give further
power to the victorious party by accentuating its representation in parlia-
ment (to the detriment of other political groups). Such systems give rise to a
smaller and less diverse range of parties than do PR systems. This is, of
course, a general description; a closer look at the evidence reveals several
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 328 1654-HELEN VIRGINIA ROTH
(1298,973,493,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Cameron, W. Va. Married, 7-
28-1950, Robert Duane Barger, born in Cameron, W. Va. , son of
David and MaryJane (Barnhart) Barger. BORN Helen Virginia (Roth)
Barger 11-28-1933 Robert Duane Barger 5-21-1928 CHILDREN:
2001-Robert Mark Barger 7- 7-1952 2002-Jill Ann Barger 11- 7-1955
1655-NANCY LEE GLEASON (1299,975,494,210,81,25,4,1) Born in
Charlottesville, Va. Married, 8-24-1946, Bradley Paul Rutledge. No
children, BORN Nancy Lee (Gleason) Rutledge 8-16-1924 Bradley
Paul Rutledge 9-27-1922 1656-DAVID FENWICK GLEASON
(1299,975,494,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Charlottesville, Va. Married,
Sarah Lillie Umberger, born in Bluefield, W. Va. BORN David Fenwick
Gleason 1-15-1928 Sarah Lillie (Umberger) Gleason 8-30-1929
CHILDREN: 2003-Carolyn Belinda Gleason 4-20-1950 2004-Michael
Emmett Gleason 6-15-1954 1659-EmER MAYWOOD WILSON
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Jacksonburg, W, Va. Married,
12-29-1945, Norma J. Wetzel, born in New Martinsville, W. Va. He
served in World War II with the U.S. Army. He entered the
 329 service April 15, 1942 and received an honorable
discharge Sept. 6, 1945. Res. (1960) Woodsfield, Ohio, BORN Elmer
Mayvood Wilson 11_27-1919 Norma J, (Wetzel) Wilson 9-24-1927
CHILDREN: 2005-Alonzo Foster Wilson 11- 6-1946 2006-Elmer
Maywood Wilson, Jr. 12-21-1947 2007-Wilda Jean Wilson 3-13-1949
2008-Brenda Kay Wilson 7-19-1951 2009-Harold Stephen Wilson 6-
25-1956 1661-FREDA GERALDINE WILSON
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Pine Grove, W. Va. Married,
11-3-1956, Charles R. Snider, born in Pine Grove, W. Va. No children.
Res. (1960) P.O. Box 126, New Martinsville, W. Va. BORN Freda
Geraldine (Wilson) Snider 4-15-1922 Charles R. Snider 2-10-1922
1662-WILMA RUTH WILSON (1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in
Moundsville, W. Va. Married, Clair Morgan, born in Reader, W. Va, 2,
New Martinsville, W, Va. Wilma Ruth (Wilson) Morgan Robert Clair
Morgan CHILDREN: 2010-Geraldine Deloris Morgan 2011-Linda Sue
Morgan 2012-Robert Clair Morgan, Jr. 2-3-1942, Robert Res, (1960)
Route BORN 8-29-1923 11-25-1921 12-28-1942 2- 3-1945 8-25-
1950
 330 1663-KATHLEEN VIRGINIA WILSON
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Jacksonburg, W. Va, Ice, born
in Smithf ield , W, Ave., East Liverpool, Ohio, Married , Va. Res.
Kathleen Virginia (Wilson) Ice Leslie Ice CHILDREN: 2013-Jerry Lee
Ice 2014-Mary Elizabeth Ice 2015-Ricky Kay Ice 2016-Stanley
Eugene Ice 3-3-1944, Leslie (1960) Penna. , BORN 4- 3-1925 10-21-
1916 3- 5-1945 12-26-1946 11- 5-1948 9-28-1949 1665-HAZEL
PAULINE WILSON (1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in
Jacksonburg, W. Va. Married, 7-8-1946, Charles Edward Lipscomb,
born in Jacksonburg, W. Va. Res. (1960) Route 1, P.O. Box 56,
Woodridge, Va. BORN 6-14-1928 5-21-1920 Hazel Pauline (Wilson)
Lipscomb Charles Edward Lipscomb CHILDREN: 2017-Charles Lee
Lipscomb 2018-Glenda Ruth Lipscomb 2019-Hazel Jane Lipscomb
2020-Cathy Sue Lipscomb 10-19-1947 2- 5-1949 1-18-1951 4- 5-
1957 1666-VEmA CATHERINE WILSON
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Pine Grove, W. Va. Married, 3-
22-1956, Charles Dewayne Furbee, born in Jollytown, Penna. Res.
(1960) New Freeport , Penna. BORN Velma Catherine (Wilson)
Furbee 3-22-1930 Charles Dewayne Furbee 1-27-1929
 331 CHILDREN: 2021-Deborah Kay Furbee 2022-Sandra
Faye Furbee 3-10-1957 11- 9-1958 1667-WILLARD EUGENE WILSON
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Jacksonburg, W. Va. Married,
8-25-1955, Myrtle Lorraine Underwood, born in Paden City, W Va. He
was in the United States Army from May 23, 1953 to March 14,
1955, 18 months of service in Germany. Res. (1960) Route 2,
Woodsfield, Ohio BORN Willard Eugene Wilson 9- 7-1932 Myrtle
Lorraine (Underwood) Wilson 3- 6-1937 CHILDREN: 2023-Willard
Eugene Wilson, Jr. 6- 8-1956 2024-Louis Wayne Wilson 7- 3-1957
1668-BEULAH NELL WILSON (1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in
Jacksonburg, W. Va. Married, 2-4-1952, Dallas R. Underwood, born
in Fayetteville, Fayetteville, W, Va. Beulah Nell (Wilson) Underwood
Dallas R. Underwood CHILDREN: 2025-Dallas Ray Underwood, Jr,
2026-Judy Ann Underwood 2027-Roger Lee Underwood W. Va. Res,
(1960) BORN 1-23-1934 1-10-1932 11- 7-1953 9-25-1955 1-18-1957
1669-PAUL LEWIS WILSON (1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born In
Jacksonburg, W, Va. Married, 4-20-1957, Normaleei Frances Matz,
born in Woodsfield, Ohio. Res. (1960) 114 West 12th Street,
Ashland, Ohio.
 332 BORN Paul Lewis Wilson 5- 2-1935 Normalee Frances
(Matz) Wilson 8-16-1942 CHILD: 2028-Barbara Sue Wilson 12-31-
1958 1670-EDWARD ALONZO WILSON, JR.
(1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Jacksonburg, W. Va. Married,
10-1-1955, Helen Marie Underwood, born in Paden City, W, Va. Res.
(1960) Route 2, New Martinsville, W.Va. BORN Edward Alonzo
Wilson, Jr. 5- 2-1935 Helen Marie (Underwood) Wilson 2-21-1938
CHILD: 2029-Robert Edward Wilson 7-16-1956 1671-LEONARD
LEROY WILSON (1306,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born In Jacksonburg,
W. Va. Married, 8-16-1958, Eldra Lea Emery, born in Woodsfield,
Ohio. He was in the military service with the United States Army
from June 18, 1956, to November 14, 1957, when he received an
honorable discharge. Res. (1960) Route 2, Woodsfield, Ohio. BORN
Leonard Leroy Wilson 10-21-1937 Eldra Lea (Emery) Wilson 2-16-
1942 1672-BETTY LOUISE WILSON (1306, 979,496,210,81,25,4,1)
Born in Jacksonburg, W. Va. Married, 12-30-1958, John William
Emery, born in Woodsfield, Ohio. Res. (1960) Route 2, Woodsfield,
Ohio. BORN Betty Louise (Wilson) Emery 8-18-1942 John William
Emery 10-15-1935
 333 1683-SAMUEL EUGENE LITTELL
(1309,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Moundsville, W. Va. Married,
Bernice Eileen Hartzell, born in Cameron, W. Va, Res. (1960)
Uniontown, W. Va. Samuel Eugene Littell Bernice Eileen (Hartzell)
Littell CHILDREN: 2030-Charles Milton Littell 2031-Samuel Ray Littell
2032-Richard Leroy Littell BORN 3-12-1923 12-18-1923 4-22-1944 9-
12-1945 7- 9-1949 1684-HAROLD ALBERT LITTELL
(1309,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Uniontown, W. Va. Married,
11-24-1946, Elizabeth Myrtle Barnard, born in Uniontown, W. Va.
Res. (1960) Knob Fork, W. Va. BORN Harold Albert Littell 5- 6-1926
Elizabeth Myrtle (Barnard) Littell 10-23-1925 CHILD: 2033-Ina
Kristine Littell 3-24-1948 1687-LOLA MAE WINGROVE
(1310,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Graysville, W, Va. Married,
Nippert, born in Clarington, W. Va. Rupple Road, Niles, Ohio. Lola
Mae (Wingrove) Nippert Donald Frank Nippert CHILDREN: 2034-
LaDonna Marie Nippert 2035-David Raymoth Nippert 2036-Barbara
Irene Nippert 2037-Linda Lou Nippert 1946, Donald Frank Res.
(1960) 156 BORN 4- 1-1928 12-11-1929 4-27-1947 10-20-1948 2-
20-1950 10- 2-1951
 334 2038-Rita Sue Nippert 11-20-1953 2039-Donald Alan
Nippert 6-16-1955 1688-LORNA MAXINE WINGROVE
(1310,979,496,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Graysville, W. Va. Married, 7-
15-1948, Harold Elson Knight, born in Russellton, Penna. Res. (1960)
P.O. Box 389, Powhatan Pt,, Ohio. BORN Lorna Maxine (Wingrove)
Knight 5-14-1930 Harold Elson Knight 3-28-1927 CHILDREN: 2040-
Merritt Lynn Knight 1- 5-1950 2041-Brent Elson Knight 3-14-1951
2042-Deborah Jeanne Knight 11- 8-1952 1715-BEULAH MAXINE
BLAKE (1335,992,502,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Cameron, W. Va.
Married, 1953, Charles Robert Pletcher born in Zanesville, Ohio.
BORN Beulah Maxine (Blake) Pletcher 9- 4-1936 Charles Robert
Pletcher 6-24-1924 CHILDREN: 2043-Janet Lee Pletcher 9-23-1953
2044-Nelrose Jane Pletcher 5- 9-1955 2045-Charles Douglas Pletcher
12-13-1958 1716-MYRTLE FAYE BLAKE
(1335,992,502,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Cameron, W. Va. Married, 11-
6-1954, Jack Dean Cunningham. BORN Myrtle Faye (Blake)
Cunningham 4- 7-1938 Jack Dean Cunningham 8-23-1934
 335 CHILDREN: 2046-Joyce Ann Cunningham 2047-
Charlotte Cunningham 2048-Debbie Sue Cunningham 7-18-1955 1-
10-1957 8- 1-1958 1717-PAUL HAROLD BLAKE
(1335,992,502,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Cameron, W.Va. Married, 5-
29-1957, Margaret Mae Dunlap, born in Powhatan, Ohio. BORN Paul
Harold Blake 5-10-1939 Margaret Mae (Dunlap) Blake 12-22-1938
CHILD: 2049-Cindy Mae Blake 10-28-1958 1718-GERALDINE
VIRGINIA BLAKE (1335,992,502,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Cameron,
W.Va, Married, 2-2-1956, Nathan Emanuel Stout, born in Smithfield,
W.Va. BORN Geraldine Virginia (Blake) Stout 11-14-1940 Nathan
Emanuel Stout 9-13-1935 CHILDREN: 2050-David Stout 8-25-1957
2051-Arthur Wayne Stout 10-14-1958 1748-THEODORE JAMES
CURTIS (1355,997,503,220,81,25,4,1) Born in Rochester, N.Y.
Married, 6-6-1953, Dorothy Mae Carr, born at Ventura, Calif.,
daughter of Anthony and Eva Tittle (Perry) Carr. Theodore was in the
military service for 5| years, having entered the service Feb. 12,
1951, and was given an honorable discharge Sept. 10, 1956. He was
with the United States Army during the Korean War, attached to the
Paratroopers Chemical Corps, Army Anti-Aircraft , and received many
medals and awards, namely; Paratroopers Wings; Purple Heart; Oak
Leaf Cluster and Service Campaign Ribbon. In addition he received
Presidential
 336 Citation and was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with
letter "V" device for heroic achievement in connection with military
operations against and armed enemy and given the following
citation:"Corporal Theodore J, Curtis, Chemical Corps, United States
Army. Corporal Curtis distinguished himself by heroism against an
armed enemy in Korea, On 2 April 1952 while on duty with a forward
observer party, he volunteered his services as radio operator on a
hazardous mission to eliminate an enemy observation-post which
was directing fire on friendly infantry troops in the area. "To reach a
vantage point from which he could locate and direct fire on the
enemy, Corporal Curtis exposed himself to direct fire of an enemy
sniper and intense hostile mortar-fire. Disregarding the personal
hazards, he reached his objective and remained in position until
effective counter-fire eliminated the enemy observationpost and
neutralized the enemy mortar-emplacements. Corporal "Curtis"
courageous and decisive action reflects great credit on himself and
the military services." By command of Lieutenant General Palmer,
and signed by Paul D. Adams, Brigadier-General. Res. (1960) 402
Inkopah St., Chula Vista, Calif. BORN Theodore James Curtis 12-11-
1933 Dorothy Mae (Carr) Curtis 12- 9-1935 CHILDREN: 2052-
Nanette Yvonne Curtis 3-26-1954 2053-Gregory Antoine Curtis 2-23-
1956 1753-JAMES WILLIAM HUDSON (1358,998,503,220,81,25,4,1)
Born in Rochester, N.Y. , 6-20-1932, Unmarried. He served four years
in the military force with the U.S. Air Force, from June 1953, until
May 1957. He holds the following medals and awards: National
defense service medal; Army occupation medal (Germany) , and
Good conduct medal . He received the B.S. degree from State
University Teachers College, Potsdam, N.Y. , in 1953 and Master's
degree from the same school in 1959. He graduated magna cum
laude, at Crane Music School, receiving the degree
 337 of B.A., winning the highest honor given at the college,
the Julia Crane award, and in 1959 received the Master's degree
from the same institution. He is now (1960) director of vocal music
at Northside High School at Corning, N.Y. Res. (1960) 42 Pershing
St., Corning, N.Y. 1754-MARIAN DOROTHY BRAKE
(1359,998,503,220,81,25,4,1) Born in Victor, N.Y. Married, 7-24-
1954, Dirk Richard Weigert . BORN Marian Dorothy (Brake) Weigert
9- 7-1935 Dirk Richard Weigert 9- 6-1935 CHILDREN: 2054-Mark
Richard Weigert 1-28-1956 2055-Daniel Richard Weigert 1-28-1956
1755-CARL EDWARD BRAKE (1359,998,503,220,81,25,4,1) Born in
Victor, N.Y. Married, 3-7-1959, Margaret Alice Shoemaker, born in
Rochester, N.Y. BORN Carl Edward Brake 7-13-1937 Margaret Alice
(Shoemaker) Brake 6-19-1940 1756-MARGUERITE ANN BRAKE
(1359,998,503,220,81,25,4,1) Born in Victor, N.Y. Married, 9-22-
1956, Franklin Ralph Subr , Mr. Subr served in the Korean War with
the United States Marine Corps, 3rd Division. He entered the service
Feb. 25, 1953 and received an honorable discharge, Feb. 24, 1956,
Medals and awards: Good conduct medal; National Defense service
medal; United Nations service medal and the Korean service medal.
Res, (1960) 663 W. Whitney Rd . , Fairport, N.Y,
 338 BORN Marguerite Ann (Brake) Subr 5-11-1939 Franklin
Ralph Subr 7-20-1935 CHILDREN : 2056-David Andrew Subr 11-28-
1957 2057-Michelle Marie Subr 1-15-1959
 ELEVENTH GENERATION 1801-CHARLES RICHARD
ROELOFS (1479,1217,941,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Bellevue,
Penna. Married, 8-26-1956 Henri Ann Richert, born at Arlington, Va.
Mr. Roelofs graduated from Washington-Lee High School, 1949. He
received the A.B. degree from Ohio Wesleyan University, 1953, and
B.D. degree from Yale Divinity School, 1956, and now (1960) is a
student at Harvard University Graduate School. Mrs. Roelofs
graduated from Washington-Lee High School, 1952. She received the
B.S. degree in Sociology from Ohio Wesleyan University, 1956, and
M.S. degree in Sociology from University of Pennsylvania , 1958
BORN Charles Richard Roelofs 8-28-1931 Henri Ann (Richert) Roelofs
CHILD: 2058-Laurie Leigh Roelofs 9_14-1958 1804-MARY FRANCES
DANN (1480,1217,941,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Cleveland, 0.
Married, 9-16-1956, Rev. James Russell Little, born in Nyack, N.Y. ,
son of Russell Eugene and Alta Grace (Requa) Little. Mary Frances
received the B.A. degree from Columbia University and a Religious
Education degree from New York Biblical Seminary. Rev. Little
graduated from Houghton College, Houghton, N.Y. , receiving a B.A.
degree, 1955, and B.S.T. degree from Biblical Seminary in New York,
1958. At present (1960) his parish consists of seven churches in
northern New York. Res. (1960) Methodist Parsonage, North Bangor,
N.Y. (339)
 340 BORN Mary Frances (Dann) Little 7-11-1930 James
Russell Little 8-28-1933 CHILDREN : 2059-Janet Joy Little 11-24-
1957 2060-James Russell Little, Jr. 11-19-1958 2061-Jonathan Requa
Little 7-15-1960 1805-DORIS COMRIE DANN ( 1480 , 1217 , 941 ,
483 , 206 , 81 , 25 , 4 , 1 ) Born in Brooklyn, N.Y. Married, 7-2-1955,
George Michael White, born in New York City, son of Richard Anslem
and Charlotte Veronica (Fitzgerald) White. Doris is a graduate of the
Flushing Hospital School of Nursing. George graduated from New
York University, 1956, receiving the B.S. degree. (Res. (1960) 7
Hackmatac St., Central Islip, N.Y. BORN Doris Comrie (Dann) White
12-21-1932 George Michael White 12-13-1932 CHILDREN : 2062-
George Michael White, Jr. 7- 4-1956 2063-Stephen Charles White 10-
26-1957 2064-Gregory John White 11-21-1958 2065-Claire Ann
White 7-27-1960 18 21 -DONALD WILLIAM STURGISS
(1494,1223,944,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Morgantown, W.Va.
Married, 9-4-1948 Mary Patricia O'Donnell, daughter of Merrit
Vincent and Delia Katherine O'Donnell. They are members of Saint
Agatha Church. Mr. Sturgiss is a graduate of Morgantown High
School. He served in the military forces of our country from March
17,1947 to April 21,1949. Res. (1960) 1221 Mercer Rd. , Ellwood
City, Penna. BORN Donald William Sturgiss 3- 8-1930 Mary Patricia
(0»Donnell) Sturgiss 5-20-1932
 CHILDREN: 2066-John Robert Sturgiss 2067-Mary Roberta
Sturgiss 2068-Donald Sturgiss, Jr. 341 12- 8-1949 12- 8-1949 12- 5-
1952 1822- JOHN HOWARD STURGISS
(1494,1223,944,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Morgantown, W.Va.
Married, 3-15-1953, Charlotte Laverne Perkins, daughter of Wilford
R. and Shirley Lantz (Humphrey) Perkins, Mr. Sturgiss was inducted
into military service March 7,1951 and attached to the 43rd Division,
102nd Infantry Regiment. He was sent to Germany for sixteen
months, was released from active duty Feb. 12,1953, and then
served in the Reserves from this date until he was discharged on
May 24,1957. During his military service he attended two non-com.
officers' schools with high honor. He was a squad leader with rank of
P.F.C. and later served as Company Physical Training Instructor. He
was awarded Germany Occupation medal and NATO ribbon. Member
of the Christian Church. Res. (1960) Lowellville, Ohio. BORN John
Howard Sturgiss 4- 8-1931 Charlotte Laverne (Perkins) Sturgiss 2- 2-
1931 CHILDREN : 2069-Linda Dianne Sturgiss 4_11_1954 2070-
Timothy John Sturgiss 12-20-1956 2071-David Lee Sturgiss 9-15-
1958 1823-BETTY JANE STURGISS
(1494,1223,944,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Morgantown, W.Va.
Married, 7-23-1949, Eldon Paul Evans, son of William and Edna (
Hacker.) Evans. Member of the Methodist Church. Res. (1960) 915
Humboldt Parkway, Buffalo, N.Y. BORN Betty Jane (Sturgiss) Evans
2-24-1932 Eldon Paul Evans 9- 1-1929 CHILD: (Adopted) Ardith
Evans 1-31-1960
 342 1824-ROBERT DAVID STURGISS
(1494,1223,944,483,206,81,25,4,1) Born in Morgantown, W.Va.
Married, 7-12-1953 Arlene Walls, daughter of Sherley Harold and
Louise (Bridge) Walls. Mr. Sturgiss is a graduate of Morgantown
School. He has been in the military service 1952 with the U.S. Air
Force. He is now (1960 forecaster with the 26th Weather-Squadron
at AFB, Bossier City, La. His present rank is S They are members of
the Baptist Church. Res 1337 Michael Drive, Bossier City, La. Robert
David Sturgiss Rita Arlene (Walls) Sturgiss CHILDREN: 2072-Robert
David Sturgiss, Jr. 2073-Suzetta Marie Sturgiss 2074-Karen Kay
Sturgiss 2075-William Howard Lee Sturgiss , Rita Murle High since
Nov, ) weather Barksdale taff-Sgt. .(I960) BORN 1- 6-1933 1-24-
1935 7- 1-1954 3-30-1956 5-18-1958 4-22-1960 1826-CLYDE
TRUMAN STURGISS (1494,1223,944,484,206,81,25,4,1) Born in
Morgantown, W.Va. Married, 10-9-1959 , Carol Marie Gavazzo,
daughter of Frank and Edna (Hacker) Gavazzo. Mr. Sturgiss is a
graduate of San Antonio College, San Antonio, Texas. He is
employed by the Buffalo State Hospital. Res. (1960) 915 Humboldt
Parkway, Buffalo 8, N.Y. BORN Clyde Truman Sturgiss 9-24-1935
Carol Marie (Gavazzo) Sturgiss 11- 6-1942 1838-HARRY JOHN
BREWER, Jr. (1509,1237,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Winfield,
Kan. He graduated from the Winfield High School in 1953, and a few
months later was called into the military service. After his release
from military duty he continued his education at the Arkansas City
Junior College, Arkansas City, and graduated in
 343 in 1960. He will seek enrollment in the Kansas State
University, for the September 1960 term to pursue his work for a
Technical Journalist degree, He entered the service of the United
States Air Force, 3-11-1954. He was sent to Bordeaux, France, in
1955, and attached to the 7th Radio Relay Squadron, and served in
the capacity if Airman First Class. He was given an honorable
discharge, 10-10-1957. Married, 8-26-1959, Charlene Valoise
Ridgeway, born in Arkansas City, Kan. , daughter of Charles Wesley
and Wilma Jean (Shipp) Ridgeway. Res (1960) 220| South 4th St, ,
Arkansas City, Kan, BORN Harry John Brewer, Jr. 1_ 4-1935 Charlene
Valoise (Ridgeway) Brewer 7-19-1940 1839-NANTE BREWER
(1509,1237,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Winfield, Kan. Married,
12-31-1958, Kenneth Alvin Brewer, born in Wichita, Kan., son of
Thomas Boyd and Alta (Kessinger) Brewer. Res (1960) 32 Campus
Ct. , Manhattan, Kan, BORN Nante (Brewer) Brewer 12- 4-1939
Kenneth Alvin Brewer 1-24-1938 CHILD: 2076-Michael Keefe Brewer
12- 7-1959 1840-DONNA LUCILLE BREWER
(1510,1237,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Winfield, Kan. Married,
5-18-1957, Wayne Eugene Engel, son of Waldron and Gatha A.
(Wynkoop ) Engel. Wayne has been in the United States Army since,
December 10,1956. He is classified as Specialist 4, an Assistant Chief
Plotter at Headquarters Battery, 40th Artillery Brigade, Fort Bragg,
Calif. Res. (1960) 206 N. Ferndale, Mill Valley, Calif.
 344 BORN Donna Lucille (Brewer) Engel 3-21-1939 Wayne
Eugene Engel 2-25-1934 1853-DOROTHY LEEANNA LASURE
(1520,1238,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Folsom, W.Va. Married,
5-5-1956, Samuel Yoho, born in Jacksonburg, W.Va. Res. (1960)
Cameron, W.Va. BORN Dorothy Leeanna (Lasure) Yoho 12-15-1937
Samuel Yoho 11-24-1931 CHILD: 2077-Terry Lee Yoho 11- 4-1957
1859-NAOMI BURDETT SANDY (1523,1239,959,492,210,81,25,4,1)
Born in Orlando, W.Va. Married, 1-12-1950, Jack Harry Thompson,
born in Toronto, Ohio. BORN Naomi Burdett (Sandy) Thompson 4-
10-1933 Jack Harry Thompson 1-19-1926 CHILDREN : 2078-Brenda
Sue Thompson 1-26-1952 2079- Jack Harry Thompson, Jr. 3-25-
1955 1861 -RUBY ELIZABETH PUMPHREY
(1525,1239,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Roanoke, W.Va. Married,
10-13-1956, Clyde Christy, born in Fairmont, W.Va. Res. (1960) 20|
College St., Weston, W.Va. BORN Ruby Elizabeth (Pumphrey) Christy
3-20-1933 Clyde Christy 12-15-1932 CHILDREN : 2080-James Gray
Christy 7-14-1957 2081-Linda Kay Christy 6-23-1958
 345 1862-LORA JOAN PUMPHREY
(1525,1239,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Roanoke, W.Va. Married,
10-27-1951, Thomas Bragg, born in Weston, W.Va. Res. (1960) 240
Brooks St., Weston W.Va. BORN Lora Joan (Pumphrey) Bragg 7-31-
1934 Thomas Bragg 2-28-1932 CHILDREN : 2082-Susan Ann Bragg
2- 8-1957 2083-Thomas Lee Bragg 2-11-1959 1863-WILLIAJyi
EDWARD PUMPHREY (1525,1239,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in
Roanoke, W.Va. Married, 11-11-1955, Carolyn Jean Matthews, born
in Weston, W.Va. Res. (1960) 1863 Deerfield Ave., Warren, Ohio.
BORN William Edward Pumphrey 9-16-1935 Carolyn Jean
(Matthews) Pumphrey 8-18-1939 CHILD: 2084-William Edward
Pumphrey, Jr. 8-18-1956 1868-PAUL EDWARD WAUGH
(1526,1239,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Roanoke, W.Va. Married,
11-22-1958, Juanita Kelley, born in Webster Springs, W.Va. Res.
(1960) 2832 Brenner Drive, Lorain, Ohio, BORN Paul Edward Waugh
7-19-1938 Juanita (Kelley) Waugh 10-16-1937 1883-RAYMOND LYNN
ADAMS (1533,1240,959,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Fairfax, Okla.
Married, 11-7-1956, Sylvia Jiles, born in Belvidere, 111., daughter of
Martin M. and Virgie Jane (Bennett) Jiles. Res. (1960) 2701
Westward Blvd.,
 346 Phoenix, Ariz, BORN Raymond Lynn Adams 5-22-1936
Sylvia (Jiles) Adams 8-26-1939 CHILDREN : 2085-Raymond Lynn
Adams, Jr. 7-18-1958 2086-Carolyn Bernice Adams 6-22-1959 1931-
KENNETH WAYNE MEYER (1569,1254,960,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born
in Mannington, W.Va. Married, 1955, Eileen Louise Roney, born in
Reading, Penna. , daughter of Fred and Lucy Roney. Res. (1960) 101
Coolidge Ave., Trenton, N.J. BORN Kenneth Wayne Meyer 10-13-
1935 Eileen Louise (Roney) Meyer 7-27-1939 CHILDREN: 2087-
Candace Louise Meyer 6-12-1956 2088-Susan Marie Meyer 3-26-
1958 1932-FLORENCE ELAINE MEYER (1569,1254,9
60,492,210,81,25,4,1) Born in Trenton, N.J. Married, 7-26-1958,
Leigh Richard Barratt, born in Baltimore, Md. , son of Harold and
Lillian Barratt. Res (1960) 115 Keswick Avenue, Trenton, N.J. BORN
Florence Elaine (Meyer) Barratt 10-15-1940 Leigh Richard Barratt 3-
4-1938 1933-RONALD LLOYD MEYER ( 1 570 , 1 254 , 960 , 492 ,
210 , 81 , 25 , 4 , 1 ) Born in Mannington, W.Va. Married, 4-6-1957,
Jessie Lou Scritchf ield, born in Fairmont, W.Va., daughter of William
A. and Bertha Arizona (Wright) Scritchf ield. Res, (1960) 704 East
Main St., Mannington, W.Va. . i
 347 BORN Ronald Lloyd Meyer 4-15-1955 Jessie Lou
(Scritchf ield) Meyer 8- 2-1957 CHILD: 2089-Ronald Wayne Meyer 5-
29-1958
 348 INDEX ABBOTT Mary Webb 91, 92 ABEREGG James H.
2^+0 Minnie Mae 240 ADAMS Carolyn Bernice 346 James Gordon
305 Paul D. 336 Raymond 305 Raymond Lynn 305, 345, 346
Raymond Lynn, Jr. 346 ALDRICH Louise Mabel 281 ALEXANDER
Margaret Alice 251 Paul Wayne 326 Paul Wayne, Jr. 326 ALGER
Andrew Dugald Langdon 225 Augusta Jordan 225 Catherine Jackson
225 John Rogers Meigs 225 Philip Langdon 225 Philip Langdon, Jr.
225 ALLEN Anna Jane 184,23 6,23 7 Charles 41 Charles Edwin 292
Charles J. 41 Cynthia Janice 236 Donald 307 Donald Lenard 307
Elizabeth 41 Hannah 41,76 Mrs. Jane 41 Joseph 41 Joshua M. 41
Judah Ann 2 92 Kathryn Virginia 236 Lloyd 292 Luanna 292 Mary 41
Mary Rosamond 184,237 Mildred Rebecca 184, 237, 238 Osborn 184
Robert E. 184,235,236 Robert E.L. 236 Robert E. Lee 184 Sarah 41
ALT Anna Lydia 231 ANDERS Mae French 306 ANDERSON Alexander
164 Bart V Beulah Catherine 254 David Lee 276 Emily 164 Harold
Franklin 276 Jane 11 Elaine 276 Mary J. 155 Neva Rae 300, 301
Richard Franklin 276 Ronald Jean 276 Thomas L. 300 Vera Marie 276
William Elroy 276 ANDREWS Abigail 126 APPLING David E, 154, 155
Effa May 155 Jesse 155 ARMSTRONG Eddie Grant 214 Edgar W. 214
Ida Lee 214 Robert A, 294 Roberta Jean 294
 349 ASH Benton 234 Francis Gey 234, 235 ASHBURN
Barbara Ellen 289 Geoffrey Spray 289 Harry Virgil 289 John
Raymond 289 Nancy Louise 289 William Richard 289 ASHBY Ida
Ruth 277 Irma 212 ASHCRAFT Alfred Clarence 191 Ina Lorene 191
Thelma Irene 191, 261 Walter Von 191 ASHER Etta L. 246 ASHLAND
Martin R. 322 Miriam Lynn 322 ATTNEAVE Mattie Lee 295 ATWELL
Margaret 263 AYERSMAN David Earl 210 Deloris June 209, 210
Donna Jean 210 Doris Jean 209, 210 Douglas Harold 210 Elsie
Pauline 209, 210 George Ralph 209, 210 Mina Elaine 209 Paul 209,
210 Philip 209 Phillip Carl 210 Robert Lowell 210 William Preston 209
Willis Parker 210 BABCOCK Florence 262 BAILEY Mrs. Amanda
Malvina 83 Eli 45 Eli J, 27, 45 Elizabeth 70, 71 Mrs. Esther W. 158
Jacob 70 James 158 Johnson 45 Joseph 27, 45 Joseph J, 27 Joseph
Taylor 45 Mary 158 Samuel P. 158 BAKER Abbie 124 Abigail 168, 169
Allison 124 Dorothy 15 James Eugene 124 Lewis 124 Lydia Janretta
124 Margaret 77, 78 Thomas 124, 168 T. Xanthus 124 BALDWIN
Barbara Jean 284 Edward Post 283 Elizabeth Ann 284 Robert Dodge
283 Robert Edward 284 .. BALLENGER Grace Irene 324, 325
BANNING Charlotte 80, 82 BARCLAY Rachel 55 BARGER David 328
Jill Ann 328 Robert Duane 328 Robert Mark 328
 350 BARKER Mrs. Elizabeth 42 Elizabeth C. 42 William 42
BARNARD Dinah 57, 58 Elizabeth Myrtle 333 Joseph 57 Mrs. Mary 57
BARNES Catherine Elizabeth 254 John H. 169 Joseph S. 254 Katie B.
169 Rebecca 117 Mrs. Sarah 117 William 117 BARNHART Mary Jane
328 BARRATT Harold 346 Leigh Richard 346 Mrs. Lillian 346 BARTH
Ida Pearl 270 BARTON Anna Elizabeth 163, 164 John McMichael 163
BASHORE Elizabeth 255 BATES Candace Sue 319 Jennifer Lynn 319
Jerry Brooks 319 Jerry Brooks, Jr. 319 Lloyd G. 319 BATTIN Mrs.
Amy 97 John 97 Lydia Ann 97 BAYLESS Lona 289 BEALL Dorothea
305 George 226 John C. 226 BEAN Charles Wallen 284 James
Christopher 284 John Douglas 284 Orvon Ray 284 Wallen Lovet 284
BECKER Rosie Marie 318 BECKMAN Frank 293 Hazel 293 BENEDICT
Mariette 129 Russell 129 Samuel T. 129 William Jackson 129
BENNETT Richard 8, 10, 17 Victoria Vietta 258 Virgie Jane 345 BEST
Edith Elaine 322 BEVERLY Mary 66 BINGHAM Bert 259 BIPPUS
Emma 255 BIRD Mary Elizabeth 218 BISSELL John 47 BLACK Kevin
Paul 324 Paul Richard 324 Sheree Lynette 324 BLAKE Beulah Maxine
274, 334 Cindy Mae 335 Ellen Imogene 274 Geraldine Virginia 274,
335
 351 BLAKE (continued) Harold Edward 274 Mrs. 89 Myrtle
Faye 2 74, 334 Paul Harold 274, 335 Robert Samuel 274 Violet Marie
274 BLANEY Ruth 285 BOAK Mrs. Elizabeth 114, 115 John 114 Mary
L. 114, 115 BOGARD Florence Elene 245, 308 Freda Louise 245, 308
Graden Winfield 245 Harry Lonzo 244, 245 Kathryne Neoma 245
Lillian Irene 245, 307 Mary Alice 245, 307 Ray LaMont 245 Roy Lee
245 Willis Robert 245, 308 BOGGESS Beulah 210 BOND Arthur L.
262 Emma Mary 262 BONNELL Janet Joan 310 Malanee L. 310
BONNER Dora F. 245 BONNETT Margaret Delores 326 Ralph 326
BONSALL Edward 29 Mrs. Hannah 29 Mary 29, 30 BONZI Lilly 321
BOOTH Marylee 236 BORN Hazel 214 Hugh 214 BOSTOCK William
14 BOWERS Charles F. 255 Mabel Lillian 245, 246 Madge Virginia
255 Wilson L. 245 BOYLES Garrett 241 Tina 241 BOYNTON Mrs,
Anna Mae 82, 195 Clinton 192 George W, 192 BRADFORD Lydia 74
BRAGG Susan Ann 345 Thomas 345 Thomas Lee 345 BRAKE Betty
Jane 205, 281 Carl Edward 280, 337 Carol Joan 283 Dale Eugene
281 Deborah Louise 283 Donald Robert 205, 281 Donna Marie 281
Gladys 205 Glen Dale 205, 280 Glen Dale, Jr. 280 Jonathan Richard
283 Judith Ann 281 Judson 205 Lawrence Paul 282 Marguerite Ann
280, 337 338
 352 BRAKE (continued) Marian 205, 206 Marion Dorothy
280,337 Martin Donald 281 Michael Scott 282 Neal Scott 280 Richard
Lee 281 Richard Norton 205,282, 283 Robert Craig 282 Robert Ohley
205, 283 Roy Mitchell 283 Ruth Eleanor 205,280,281 Sherman
Douglas 281 Susan Ann 280 Wanda Evelyn 205,279,280 William
Howard 280 William McDonald 205,282 William Ohley 205 William
Randolph 282 BRAND Mary Ann 231, 232 Virginia Dare 147 William
Harrison 147 BRANSON Virginia R. 298 BRASHEAR Barrick 26 BRAUN
John Edward 273 Marie 273 BREWER Alfred Joe 248 Alfred Warren
247, 312 Alta Ellen 187, 244, 245 Anna 202 Arlene Louise 244, 306
Arthur Gordon 241, 298 Arthur Lee 186, 241 Bernice Elaine 243, 305
Beulah Leah 243, 306 Billy Edward 310 Candace Lee 297 Carl
Deamor 246, 310 Charles Orville 240 Charles Oval 187,245,246
Charles Thomas 310 Charles Wilson 246, 310 Cheryl Ann 311
Clarence Vance 187, 247 Clarissa Jean 241, 296 Clem Ellsworth 187,
244 Clifford Dale 242, 301 Cynthia 298 David Paul 242, 300, 301
Deborah Lynn 310 Delora Mildred 246, 309 Denver Lee 247, 311,
312 Dona Katharyn 241, 298 Donna Lucille 343, 344 Doris Pauline
247, 313 Dorothy Elizabeth 241,297 Dorothy Mae 246, 311 Edward
Emory 187, 244 Elvira Winnie 187, 248 Ervin L. 187 Garnet Lucille
247, 312 Gary Eugene 312 George Lee 241, 297 Gordon Lewis 300
Harry John 241, 296, 297 Harry John, Jr. 297, 342, 343 Harvey Lee
242, 300 Hattie Marie 242,299,300 Jacqueline Christine 312 James
Bruce 312 Jeffery Mark 302 Jestus Demar 186,241,242 Joe Wilbur
247 John Lindsay 186, 243 Kenneth Alvin 343 Laura Elizabeth 186,
242 Lena Faye 246, 311 Lewis Eugene 241, 299 Louise Kathryn 246,
309 Madalyn Kristina 241, 298 Major ie Emory 244, 306
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