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 Another Random Document on
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192. ELSTOW, BEDFORDSHIRE
CROSS NEAR THE CHURCH
193. ALDBOROUGH, E.R. YORKSHIRE
VILLAGE CROSS
 194, 195. MITTON, W.R. YORKSHIRE
HEAD OF CROSS IN THE CHURCHYARD, SHOWING OBVERSE AND REVERSE
FACES

At Chester, where Watergate Street ends and Eastgate Street

begins, and where, at the point of junction, Bridge Street leads off at
a right angle southward to the Dee Bridge, there stood the High
Cross on a hexagonal platform or step outside the entrance to the
Pentice, which itself extended the whole length of the south side of
St Peter's Church. The design of this cross was so abnormal that one
is at a loss to place it under any known classification. A plain
cylindrical column supported an immense and lofty superstructure,
exceeding the height of shaft and socket put together, and
consisting of a double-storeyed lantern, with two tiers of niches for
statues surrounding it. The whole was surmounted by an orb and
cross, but the drawing by Randle Holme the third, among the
Harleian manuscripts at the British Museum (Fig. 24), gives two
alternative details to finish off the summit, viz., a crucifix, or a
crowned shield of the royal arms. The High Cross was newly gilded
in 1529. It was overthrown and defaced by the Puritans in 1646, or,
according to another account, in 1648. "In 1804 the remains were
discovered buried in the porch of St Peter's Church, and were taken
to Netherleigh House, and there used to form a kind of ornamental
rockwork in the gardens." The late Archdeacon Barber, writing in
1910, says that in the Grosvenor Museum at Chester there is a plain
stone block, which, though without any of the richly sculptured
ornament depicted by Holme, purports to be the head of the ancient
cross, while "the shaft is said to be in the grounds of Plas Newydd,
at Llangollen."
 196. RIPLEY, W.R. YORKSHIRE
BASE IN THE CHURCHYARD

There is, again, a certain type of cross which cannot exactly be

classified under any of the previously described varieties. The type in
question, as exemplified at Alphington (Fig. 199) and at St Loye's,
Wonford, near Exeter (Fig. 198), appears to be peculiar to
Devonshire. At first sight the cross looks much like a variety of
monolith, but the cross-head is in fact worked in a separate block of
stone. The shortness of the arms, as compared with the height of
the upper limb, is striking. Another feature is a small niche or hollow
sunk in the face of the cross at the point of intersection. For the
rest, the socket does not differ at all from many examples occurring
in the shaft-on-steps group.
 The cross-head at Mitton, Yorkshire (Figs. 194, 195), is peculiar
inasmuch as the crucifixion is sculptured on both faces, but in totally
different fashions. That on the west face has the arms stretched
horizontally, within a sexfoil frame, and might well be of the
thirteenth century. Whereas the sculpture on the east face, though
much more weatherworn, is of a style that could not have been
designed before the late-fourteenth, or perhaps even the fifteenth
century. The arms of the Christ in this instance are drawn upwards in
an unusually oblique direction. It is impossible that these two
representations could have been executed at one and the same
date. The circular outline of the head, too, is peculiar, and
suggestive rather of a gable-cross than of a standing cross. Possibly
the west face only was sculptured in the first instance, for a gable-
cross, the sculpture on the east face being added later in order to
adapt the stone for the head of a churchyard cross. Anyhow, since
Buckler's drawings were made, the head has been mounted on a
modern shaft and pedestal.
 197. BISLEY, GLOUCESTERSHIRE
MONUMENT IN THE CHURCHYARD

A very strange socket, comprising two stages, both cylindrical

with a slight batter, stands to the north of the church in the
churchyard at Ripley, Yorkshire (Fig. 196). The topmost stage is
about 2 ft. 3½ in. high, and the diameter of its upper bed is 2 ft. 9
in. It has had sunk into it, from the shaft of a cross, a mortise 8½
in. deep by 18 in. by 10 in. The bottom stage is 2 ft. high by about 4
ft. 8 in., the diameter of its upper bed, which varies from 6 to 7½ in.
wider all round than the foot of the upper stage. A most peculiar
feature is the series of eight cavities averaging 6 in. deep and from
14 to 17 in. high, by 7 to 10½ in. wide at the top. It cannot be that
these cavities were receptacles for offerings, for eight of them would
be largely in excess of any reasonable requirements of alms-
gathering. It has been called a "weeping cross" on the supposition
that the hollows were meant for penitents to kneel in. But this again
cannot be, for the spaces available are not nearly large enough for
such a purpose. It may be that the bottom stage of the Ripley cross
is, after all, nothing else than the inverted bowl of a font, and the
hollows surrounding it niches for statuary. The problem, however, is
one which has not hitherto been satisfactorily explained.

198. ST LOYE'S, WONFORD, DEVONSHIRE

 199. ALPHINGTON, DEVONSHIRE

At Bisley, Gloucestershire, in the west end of the churchyard,

stands a singular structure of stone, of early-thirteenth-century work
(Fig. 197). Circular on plan at the foot and hexagonal above, it now
measures about 12 ft. high, the original cross or finial at the apex
having disappeared. This monument has been variously described as
a cross, a well-head, or a bone-house. Probably it is rather a
combination between a cross (for with such it must almost certainly
have been crowned) and a lantern for the "poor souls' light." The
trefoil-headed openings in each cant seem designed expressly for
emitting the light of a lamp burning within, while the dormer-like
hoods of the said openings would shelter the flame from wind and
rain. Such lantern pillars are known to have been in use in the
Middle Ages, though they have very rarely survived to our own
times. There exists, however, a fine example of late-fourteenth or
early-fifteenth century work, standing outside the north-east part of
the Dom at Regensburg, in Bavaria.
 VIII. LYCHGATES

L
YCHGATES are so named from the old Anglo-Saxon word lich,
or German leiche, meaning corpse, because they stood at the
entrance of the churchyard, where the bearers of the dead
might deposit their burden, and rest awhile before passing
through, and into the church for the solemn funeral rites. Some
lychgates are actually provided with a long flat slab for this very
purpose, as is the case, for instance, at Ashprington and
Atherington, both in Devonshire, and at Chiddingfold, Surrey (Fig.
227). Usually also they are fitted with benches.
The rubric of the Prayer Book of 1549 directed that the
officiating minister at funerals should go to meet the corpse at the
"church style," i.e., lychgate; and again, according to the Prayer
Book now in use (of the year 1662), the clergyman and the clerks
meeting the corpse "at the entrance of the churchyard" (i.e., at the
lychgate, wherever one exists), there begin the burial service, and
thence precede the body into the church.
In some places, as at Heston and Hayes, in Middlesex, and at
Chalfont St Giles, the entrance gates form turnstiles, being fixed to a
central post, which revolves on a pivot.
There is hardly scope for any very great variety of types in
lychgates, but they may be classified generally under certain main
groups, viz., first, the porch-shape, in which the roof-ridge has the
same axis as the passage way; secondly, the shed-like form, in
which the roof-ridge runs transversely to the axial line of the
passage way; thirdly, a rare variety, embodying both the previous
features, and such that is exemplified by the charming lychgate at
Clun, Shropshire (Fig. 235), where two roof-ridges cross one another
at right angles; or at Berrynarbor, Devonshire, where the lychgate is
on the plan of a cross; and, lastly, lychgates formed by the
combination of the requisite passage way with a church house or
other building. To this class belongs the entrance to the churchyard
at Penshurst, Kent, an example well known and admired for its
picturesqueness. Other instances are those of Hartfield in Sussex
(Fig. 201), Long Compton in Warwickshire, Chalfont St Giles in
Buckinghamshire (Fig. 204), and Bray in Berkshire (Figs. 202, 203).
The last-named specimen is of exceptional interest, not only because
it contains an ancient chapel, but also because it bears, on one of
the uprights of the entrance, the date of its construction, 1448, a
most unusual circumstance. The penthouse gallery, shown on the
left of the photograph, is a modern addition. It will also be noticed,
on comparison of the two illustrations, that the west window of the
old chapel-chamber has, since 1879, been robbed of some of its
mullions, and now consists of three lights only.
Two Welsh examples of lychgates, with a room built over each,
are enumerated by the Rev. Elias Owen, in 1886, viz., Derwen,
Denbighshire, where the upper storey is utilised for parochial
purposes, and Whitford, Flintshire, where it served as a schoolroom.
Latterly, "when the school increased in numbers, the lychgate was
blocked up and formed into a class-room" in addition to the upper
part. The same writer remarks that a fully equipped lychgate
includes seats, a lychcross and a lychstone. As a rule, both
lychcrosses and lychstones "have disappeared ... but underneath the
roof of Caerwys (Flintshire) lychgate are still to be seen the beam
and socket, where once stood the wooden lychcross, and on the
ground are traceable the foundation stones of the two lychseats, and
of the lychstone in the centre of the porch. This rest for the coffin
was a low wall" of about a coffin's length. Some of the distinctive
features of lychgates were destroyed in the eighteenth century. Thus
"the beam that stretched from wall to wall," and had a wooden cross
inserted into it, "has, in nearly every instance, been sawn away."
The above-named example at Caerwys, however, according to the
Inventory of the Royal Commission, still survives. The place was
visited in July 1910, and the report runs: "Within the covered
lychgate is a pre-Reformation oak frame, the two uprights
supporting a beam in which a cross was fixed," the ancient custom
having been to set down corpses on their way to burial upon the
lychstone immediately beneath this cross.
The distribution of lychgates in various districts is most unequal.
Thus nearly every one of the twenty-four churches of the Deanery of
Woodleigh, Devonshire, is said to possess a lychgate. An instance,
which may safely be pronounced unique, is that of Troutbeck,
Westmorland, where there are, or were, no less than three stone
lychgates to one and the same churchyard.

200. HAYES, MIDDLESEX

LYCHGATE

Lychgates are constructed, it goes without saying, of the most

convenient native material available. Thus, the Welsh examples
illustrated are of indigenous stone; whereas in Middlesex,
Hertfordshire, Kent, and other districts in which freestone is not
available, the lack of it is amply compensated by the development of
the resources of timber. Kent, though deficient in churchyard
crosses, may justly claim to rival, if not indeed to surpass, the other
counties of England in respect of the admirable lychgates which it
contains. The handsomest stands at Beckenham (Figs. 205-207), on
the south side of the old churchyard. The gate is of the shed variety,
but the roof-ridge, instead of running the whole length from end to
end (as it does at Lenham in the same county (Figs. 220, 221, and
222), at Ashwell, Hertfordshire (Figs. 215-218), Hayes (Fig. 200) and
Heston (Figs. 213 and 214) in Middlesex, Morwenstow in Cornwall
(Fig. 219), Isleham in Cambridgeshire (Figs. 223-225), and Goring in
Oxfordshire (Fig. 226)), is hipped, with very charming result. But
hipping alone is not enough to ensure full æsthetic effect. One has
only to compare two examples of hipped roofs, viz., that at
Beckenham, already named, and the not dissimilar instance at Staple
(Figs. 208, 209), in the same county, to realise what very different
artistic values two gates, based on one identical motif, may possess.
The Beckenham lychgate is far superior to the other, no doubt
because of the excellent proportions of its parts. The old drawing, by
Buckler (Fig. 206), shows that at one time the large oblique struts
were wanting; a deficiency which altered the whole appearance of
the lychgate, tending, as it did, to make the roof look heavy and ill-
balanced. The large struts, however, had been supplied by 1871.
The pronounced tilt of the roof toward the eaves, by means of
sprockets (see the section drawings, Fig. 207), gives additional
character to this beautiful lychgate. At the present day it cannot,
unfortunately, be seen to proper advantage, because of the intrusive
presence of a modern brick wall, abutting close up against either
end of the gate, and concealing its lower part. The roof is now tiled,
but it is believed that it was originally thatched, or shingled. The
difference of effect produced by varying the number of bays is
illustrated by comparing the lychgates of West Wickham (Figs. 211,
212) and Beckenham, both of one bay each; those of Isleham,
Staple, Lenham, and Ashwell, all of two bays each, and that of
Anstey with its three bays. As to the last-named, Buckler's amazingly
incorrect draughtsmanship in the right hand lower corner fortunately
does not avail to disguise the sturdy dignity and grand outline of this
magnificent example.
At Ashwell, Hertfordshire, the timber lychgate, which forms the
south-west entrance to the churchyard, probably dates from the
fifteenth century. The three standards carrying the horizontal lintel
are so much more massive at the top than at the bottom that they
must certainly have been cut from tree trunks inverted, like the
angle spurs used in the construction of ancient timber-framed
houses. The windbrace in the roof, and the engrailed vergeboard
under the end gable should be noticed.
The lychgate which forms the western entrance to the
churchyard at Lenham, Kent, comprises two passage ways, each
having a four-centred arch of timber overhead. The narrower gate,
that on the south, has the head cambered out of a single piece of
oak to the four-centred outline. The northern, the wider gate, has
the head built together of two pieces, shaped to the requisite form.
The supporting struts and braces are much worn with age and
weather, but happily unrestored. The roof is tiled. The main part of
the timberwork is of the fifteenth century, says Mr E. C. Lee, except
the roof, the rafters of which, built into the adjoining house, are
"very poor and rough.... The strutting at A is bad in construction, all
the strain being thrown on the pins." There is a tradition that this
gate was brought hither from Canterbury some time about 1770; but
it is, in all probability, without historical basis, as also are many other
traditions of a similar kind.
The lychgate at Pulborough, Sussex (Fig. 236), is an example of
a pyramidal roof, and may be contrasted with the cross-ridged
construction of the lychgates at Clun in Shropshire (Fig. 235), or
Monnington-on-Wye in Herefordshire (Fig. 237). All three are square
on plan, and built of timber. The ornamental wood-patterning at
Clun is closely allied to the typical domestic work of Shropshire and
Cheshire, only in this instance it is open instead of being filled in
between with wattle and daub.
 Some lychgates belonging to the shed type are of composite
materials, partly masonry and partly timberwork. To this class belong
the gates at Pattingham, Staffordshire (Fig. 234), with its timber-
framed gables in the long roof; Llanfillo, Brecknockshire (Fig. 229),
and Clodock, Herefordshire (Fig. 228). The last-named is of
uncommon character, having timber posts supplemented by masonry
pier-walls, with recesses, like niches, in their inner sides. The stone
piers are each 8 ft. 8 in. long by 2 ft. thick, and the clear opening
between them is 7 ft. 4 in. wide. The roofing is of stone slates. It is
believed to have been erected in 1667.
To judge of the respective effects produced by timberwork on
the one hand, and stonework on the other, one has only to compare
the porch-like lychgates of Rustington, Sussex (Fig. 230), and
Boughton Monchelsea, Kent (Fig. 231), with those of Talyllyn (Fig.
232) and Llandrillo-yn-Rhos (Fig. 233). It happens that the date of
the construction of the last-named is known, viz., 1677. Otherwise,
both this one and Talyllyn are so rude in construction, and so
conspicuous for the absence of architectural detail, that it would be
rash to attempt to assign a more precise date to either of them than
some period subsequent to Queen Elizabeth's reign.
"It is difficult," says Herbert North in The Old Churches of
Arllechwedd, "to conjecture the date of the local lychgates." Of six
specimens, past and present, noted by him in Carnarvonshire, every
one bore, or bears, a date some time within the eighteenth century.
The lychgate of Llanrug is dated 1718; Caerhun and Llanfaglan,
1728; the old gate, now demolished, at Dolwyddelan, was dated
1736; the gate at Bettws-y-Coed is dated 1756, and Llanrhychwyn,
1762. In one case only, that of Dolwyddelan, the parish accounts
show clearly that the work executed in the year specified was of the
nature of repairs to an already existing structure. With regard to the
other lychgates, however, there is no way of determining whether
they were repaired merely, or built afresh at the dates recorded on
them. With one exception, the lychgate of Bettws-y-Coed, where
there is on the east side, over the gateway, a fine curved beam, 10
in. square, of really medieval aspect, internal evidence is of little
avail, because the structures themselves are of quite plain and
simple character, devoid of any distinctive architectural feature
whatever. It is, however, a very extraordinary coincidence if occasion
arose for all the six lychgates to require repairing within a space of
less than fifty years. One can scarcely be rash, then, in assuming
that, in the majority of instances, these lychgates were built at the
actual dates respectively inscribed upon them.

201. HARTFIELD, SUSSEX

LYCHGATE BUILDING
202. BRAY, BERKSHIRE
 203. BRAY, BERKSHIRE
LYCHGATE, FROM THE CHURCHYARD
204. CHALFONT ST GILES, BUCKINGHAMSHIRE
LYCHGATE
205. BECKENHAM, KENT
LYCHGATE
206, 207. BECKENHAM, KENT
LYCHGATE
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