VIMVE

ELSEVIER Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

IMTIM

Elastic wave scattering by a cylindrical shell

Naum VeksleraT1,Jean-Louis Izbicki b,*, Jean-Marc Conoir b
a D&partment ISEN, Institut d’Electmnique et de Microklectronique du Nerd, Laboratoire d’rlcoustique, 41 Boulevard Vauban,
59046 Lille Cedex, France
b Laboratoire d’Acoustique Ultrasonore et d’Electronique, LAUE, UPRESA 6068, Universitk du Havre, Place Robert Schuman,
76610 Le Harve, France

Received 20 September 1997; received in revised form 13 May 1998; accepted 8 September 1998

Abstract
The resonances of peripheral waves circumnavigating around an elastic shell included in an elastic medium are studied
by means of the numerical evaluation of the complex poles of the characteristic equation. The scattering by an ahuninium
shell embedded in a polyethylene matrix is considered as an example. The resonance behaviour of the scattered potentials is
shown. The dispersion curves of the phase velocity and the resonance half-width are discussed and compared with those of
an elastic shell immersed in a liquid. Special attention is devoted to the determination of the waves involved in the scattering
process. 01999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

Investigators have been interested in the scattering problems by bodies of spherical and cylindrical shape for a long
time. For these simple geometries, the exact solution can be expressed as a modal series involving eigenfunctions.
These solutions are often used as physical models for understanding more complicated scattering problems where
eigenfunctions do not exist. One can obtain the solution of scattering problems by elastic bodies of complicated
structure and arbitrary shape: finite element methods can be used to compute such a solution. However, the physical
interpretation of the solution is not easy: in particular the interpretation of the scattering as surface elastic wave
reemissions is misleading. This is the reason why the study of simple geometries is of interest.
One way for analysing the solution written as a series form consists in using the Sommerfeld-Watson trans-
formation [l] which transforms the modal series in an integral calculated in the complex mode number plane. By
an appropriate deformation of the integration contour, the solution of the problem consists in the evaluation of an
integral passing through a saddle point, which gives the “geometrical” waves, and in the computation of residues at
the poles of the scattering matrix, which gives rise to the reemission of the peripheral waves.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +33-2-32-797218; fax: +33-2-32-797219; e-mail: [email protected]

’ On leave from Institute of Cybernetics, Estonian Academy of Science.

0165-2125/99/$19.00 01999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

PII: SO165-2125(98)00043-2
196 N. Veksler et al. / Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

The aim of this paper is to analyse the resonances and the corresponding peripheral waves. The “geometrical”
waves (propagation along straight lines), i.e. the specularly reflected wave and the refracted waves, will not be
examined because they do not cause resonances and their influence on the form function is difficult to observe.
For the resonance analysis, many ways are possible. Among them, there are the resonance scattering theory,
RST [2], and the direct study, in the complex frequency plane, of the characteristic equation (CE) provided by the
boundary conditions. The RST allows us to develop a physical analysis of the scattered field because this procedure
can enlight the resonance phenomena. At the close vicinity of a resonance frequency, the scattered pressure is
composed of two parts: the first one correspond to the resonant reemission and the second one to the background.
Once the background is known, and this is the main point of the RST, it is easy to get the resonances. The study
of the CE needs good initial guesses in order to get the resonances, and it is no more computation time consuming
than the RST.
In this paper, we consider the problem of a dilatational (elastic) wave, propagating in an elastic matrix, and
scattered by an empty cylindrical elastic shell. When b tends to a (a and b are the outer and the inner radii of the
shell) we get one limiting situation, the scattering by an empty cavity; when b tends to 0 another limiting situation is
obtained: the scattering by an elastic cylinder in an elastic matrix. The first case has been treated previously [3] and
the results obtained will be used in the following. The choice of the background is more difficult for the problem
of the shell embedded in an elastic matrix than for a shell immersed in a liquid. Actually, it has been shown that,
even for the simple case of an empty cavity embedded in the elastic matrix (i.e. a soft cavity), resonances with small
width values exist. Then, it is not obvious to choose a background when the relative impedance A is large compared
to unity (here A = ,oc~/&, where p is the density and CL is the longitudinal wave velocity in the matrix, and the
corresponding quantities with tilde are relative to the elastic inclusion).
In this paper, the CE provided by the boundary conditions is solved in the complex frequency plane. It can be
written as

&z(x) = 0, (1)
where x is the reduced frequency (X = UW/CL, where w is the circular frequency). The complex roots of Eq. (1) are
denoted classically as
Gl
X=xnr-i--,
- (2)
2
where n is the mode number, index 1 is relative to the wave family, x,1 the resonance frequency and rNl the resonance
width. The resonances can be classified in wave families and then it is possible to understand the evolution of the
form function versus the frequency.
The vibrations of every element of the compound system, the elastic shell and the elastic matrix with a cavity have
been analysed before [3,4]. For a “dry” shell, (without any contact with the elastic matrix), well-known peripheral
waves (i.e. Lamb-type wave for a thin shell) circumnavigate around it. Peripheral waves are also revolving around
an empty cavity in the elastic matrix. For the coupled structure, which waves are generated? Will new types of
waves (absent in the limiting problems) be generated? All the waves depend on both the inclusion and the matrix.
One can say that the wave is mainly related either to the inclusion or to the matrix or to both of them. Section 2 will
discuss these points.
We do not intend to provide here a complete list of references to the various experimental and theoretical papers
dealing with elastic wave scattering by elastic inclusions. Only those which are closely connected with our analysis
are mentioned here. The modal series associated to the scattering of a dilatational elastic wave by an empty cylindrical
cavity have been obtained in [5] for the normal incidence case, and in [6] for the oblique incidence case. The formal
solution of the steady-state problem of elasticity theory in the form of a Rayleigh-type wave propagating on a free
convex or concave cylindrical cavity is given in [7]. The attenuation of the Rayleigh-type waves propagating on a
cylindrical surface is investigated in [8]. Harmonic normal waves (Lamb-type waves) propagating in bare cylindrical
layer have been analysed in [9]. The dynamic stresses and displacements around cylindrical liquid filled cavity in
elastic medium have been considered in [lo-161.
 N. Veksler et al./Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 197

The scattering by an empty spherical cavity in elastic medium has been studied in [ 171 where the Rayleigh series
has been obtained. The Sommerfeld-Watson approach has been used for spherical and cylindrical empty cavities in
elastic medium in [ 18,191. The RST has been used for the analysis of the scattering problem of plane longitudinal
and shear waves by a liquid filled spherical cavity in elastic medium [20-231.
In short, the aim of this paper is the analysis of the resonances of an elastic cylindrical shell in an elastic matrix.
The study of the resonances leads us to study the peripheral waves via the determination of their phase velocity. The
formulation of the problem is given in Section 2; some particular cases are also briefly discussed. Finally, results of
computation are discussed in Section 3.

2. Formulation and solution of the problem

Let consider a two-dimensional steady-state problem of a plane dilatational wave scattering by a circular cylin-
drical shell. The motion of elastic medium is described by two wave equations, Eq. (3a) for the scalar potential ~3
and Eq. (3b) for the single component I/J (along the longitudinal axis of the shell) of the vector potential

Ob)

with the notations

h+2p P
A=$+;;+;$, +-----, c$ = -,
P P
where r, 13are the radial and angular coordinates, t is the time; h, p are the Lame’s coefficients, p is the density;
CL, CT are the velocities of longitudinal and shear waves in elasticity theory.
The radial uy and tangential ug components of the displacement vector are defined by the formulae

aq 1 allr
Ur=-+--,
ar r a6 (44
ia+ a+
l.Q=;,,-,y. (4b)
The components of the stress tensor are

i a2q
2 2
c 7-r =
(g--J+245
L
i a2p
1
+2p
(
-__---
Parae
1 w
9 ae > 9 Pa)

crro=/A 2 -- -_%& + ;!g_!Y+_LL

(5b)
[( r arae > c >I
The same equations define the motion in the shell. All the quantities related to the shell are labelled by tilde.
The potential pci) of the incident plane dilatational wave is taken in the form
v(i) = q*exp(-iwt)exp(-ikLX),
to)
with the notations

X = rcose, h. = W/CL>
198 N. Veksler et al. /Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

where q* is a constant with the dimension of a squared length, w is the angular frequency, and kL is the wave number
of the longitudinal wave.
After the expanding of exp(--ikLr cos 6) in series we present qo(‘)in the form
cc
P(0 = ~*exp(-iwt)~~~(-i)nJ~(kr.r)cosnB (~0 = 1, en = 2, rz 2 1). (7)
n=O
The solutions of the wave equations are
03
qo(‘) = cp*exp(-iot)~a,(-i)nAnH,(l)(kL~)~~~nQ, (8a)
n=O

+(‘) = ~*exp(-ior)~an(-i)nB~H~l)(k~~) sin&, (8b)

n=O

@O = p*exp(--iof )Ec,(-i)” (C, Jn ($Y) + D, &Y)) cos nfZJ, (8~)

n=O

+(‘) = p*exp(-iot)ge,(-i)“(E,J,(&r) + &&r)) sinno, (8d)

n=O
with the notations

kT = @/CT, &_ = w/&, iT = W/ET

and index (s) corresponds to the scattered field. The solutions in Eqs. (8a)-(8d) ensure the symmetry of displace-
ments and stresses relatively to the ray 8 = 0” and satisfy the radiation condition. The unknown coefficients
A,, B,, C,, Dn, E,,, and F, can be found from the boundary conditions on the outer (Y = a) and inner (r = b)
surfaces of the shell. At r = a, there are a complete contact of displacements and stresses; at r = b, the shell is
free, the stresses are null. These contact conditions are
$1 + $’ = i;!“‘, ut’ + ut’ = rjf’ at y = a, (9a)

@j;) + @’ = $;), ~$j)+0$)=5$ at r=a, (9b)

3;;’ = 0, g.(s) at r=b.

r0 (9c)
Introducing the solutions (cf. Eqs. (8a)-(8d)) into the formulae for the displacements and the stresses and taking
into account Eqs. (9a)-(9c), we obtain for each mode number IZ a linear system of six equations for the unknown
coefficients which can be written as

MX=Y, (10)
where X is the vector of the unknown coefficients, M is the matrix of the linear system and Y is the second member
of the linear system. The matrix A4 is written as

‘a11 al2 a13 a14 a15 a16

a21 a22 a23 a24 a25 a26
a31 a32 a33 a34 a35 a36
M= (11)
a41 a42 a43 a44 a45 a46
0 0 a53 a54 a55 “56

\O 0 a63 a64 a65 a66

 N. Veksler et al. /Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 199

where the elements of X are (A,, B, , C, , D,, E, , Fn) and the elements of Y are (urn, ~~20,~30, a40,0,0). The
coefficients of the previous quantities are given in Appendix A. Eq. (10) can be solved by Cramer’s rule. For
example, the coefficients A, and B,, corresponding to the scalar and potential scattered fields are given by the ratios

where D is the determinant of the M matrix, D1 (resp. 02) is the determinant obtained from D by replacing the
first column (resp. second column) by the elements of Y. From the general solution, one can obtain the solutions of
the limiting problems.

2.1. Scattering by a solid elastic cylinder

In this case, the M matrix is reduced to four rows and columns. The M matrix is written as

(13)

where the elements aij are given in Appendix A.

The elements of X are reduced to (A,, B,, C,, E,) and those of Y are (am, ~0, aso, ~4.0).
In a given frequency range, the resonances are numerous and it is not easy to discuss the scattered fields because
there are a lot of resonance overlappings. The peripheral waves are similar to the Whispering Gallery waves
propagating around an immersed cylinder. This study will be the subject of a future paper.

2.2. Scattering by a cylindrical cavity

This case has been discussed in a previous issue [25]. The M matrix is composed only by four elements

(14)

The elements of X are reduced to (A,, B,) and those of Y are (~30, ~~40).
It has been established that four families of waves can propagate around the cavity: the Franz longitudinal
and shear waves, the Rayleigh wave (R wave) and the Rayleigh-type wave (R” wave). The Sommerfeld-Watson
transformation has been used in order to exhibit the nature of the first two families. At a high frequency, the R
wave is analogous to that propagating along the plane vacuum/solid interface; the R* wave corresponds, at high
frequency, to one of the complex root of the characteristic equation of the plane vaccumkolid interface. The study
of the soft cavity is very important for the present study because it can be considered as a limiting problem when
the relative thickness of the shell is diminishing.

2.3. Scattering by a shell immersed in a liquid

One can obtain the solution of the scattering problem of a plane wave, propagating in a liquid, by an empty elastic
shell, under the mathematical assumption that the Lame’s coefficient p tends to 0. The matrix of the linear system
is reduced to
200 N. Vekder et d/Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

where the elements of X are (A,, C,, Dn, E,, F,,) and those of Y are (alo, Zsu, 0, 0,O).The elements aij and Zij
are defined in Appendix A.
This classical case is fundamental because all the waves involved in the scattering are well known and have been
extensively studied [26]. Some features about the dispersion curves and the pole locations in the complex frequency
plane will be used in the following section.

2.4. Eigenfrequencies of the shell

From the M matrix corresponding to the elastic shell included in an elastic medium, it is possible to isolate the
eigenfrequencies of the shell. If the contrast impedance between the shell and the matrix increases, the determinant
of the M matrix can be considered as the product of two subdeterminants. This can be mathematically obtained by
multiplying the third and fourth rows of the M matrix by p and assuming the vanishing of ,u. The two subdeterminants
D* and D** are given by

a33 a34 a35 a36

a11 a12
D” = ;;; ;;‘; ;;: ;;; and D** = (16)
I a21 a22 I*
a63 a64 a65 a66

The characteristic equation of the free shell corresponds to the zeroes of D*. It can be noticed that the zeroes of
D”” correspond to the resonances of a rigid inclusion. Then, it can be expected that, at least for some wave families,
there will be no great difference between the eigenfrequencies and the resonance frequencies in the case of the shell
included in an elastic matrix.

3. Numerical calculations and discussion

3.1. Presentation

The computations have been carried out for an empty aluminium shell in polyethylene matrix with the following
values of parameters

aluminium : 5 = 2800km/m3, &, = 6380m/s, Z, = 3100m/s,

polyethylene : p = 1050 kg/m3, CL = 195Om/s, cr = 54Om/s. (17)

The relative thickness of the shell is h = 1 - b/a = l/20.

The pole locations have been evaluated for six waves called St’, At’, Ace), R*(e), Fkce) and FT@). Superscript
(e) indicates that the wave is re-radiated in the elastic matrix; the choice of the names is justified in the following
sections; it has been made by comparing these waves with the well-known waves propagating around elastic shell
immersed in a liquid or with the waves propagating around an empty cavity included in the elastic matrix. The
values of the poles are given in Tables 1 and 2 . For comparison, the poles of the waves SO, Ao, A and Ft computed
for the scattering by the same shell in “liquid” polyethylene (with CT = 0) are given in Table 3. Fig. 1 shows the
 N. Veksler et d/Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 201

Table 1
Resonance frequencies and half-widths of the peripheral waves St’, At), Ace), and FjT’ for an ahuninium shell with h = l/20 embedded in
polyethylene matrix

n St’ wave Ate) wave A@) wave T(e) wave

0 Fl

&I G/2 XII G/2 &I Cl/2 XII G I2

1 3.141 1.357
2 5.995 2.998
3 8.816 1.194 1.562 1.923 0.578 0.258
4 11.633 1.150 2.582 2.228 0.900 0.255
5 14.453 1.125 3.604 2.443 1.236 0.260
6 17.725 1.112 4.619 2.603 1.609 0.274
7 20.099 1.106 5.624 2.730 2.003 0.295
8 22.923 1.105 6.622 2.837 2.518 0.317 0.369 1.299
9 25.745 1.107 7.612 2.931 3.066 0.336 1.12 1.212
10 28.564 1.133 8.598 3.018 3.676 0.352 1.932 0.841
15 42.583 1.168 13.506 3.427 7.590 0.400 3.221 0.979
20 56.391 1.266 18.472 3.891 12.660 0.459 4.538 1.099
25 69.868 1.408 23.680 4.512 18.491 0.579 5.869 1.201
30 82.866 1.603 29.567 5.138 24.684 0.812 7.208 1.289
35 95.197 1.865 36.224 5.225 30.810 1.252 8.552 1.368
40 106.628 2.203 43.354 4.870 36.487 1.890 9.899 1.438

Table 2
Resonance frequencies and half-widths of the peripheral waves R* and Ff’ for an aluminimn shell with h = l/20 embedded in polyethylene
matrix

n R*(@ wave FL(e) wave

1

% G/2 &l r,f2

4 0.521 3.050
5 1.579 3.614
6 2.640 4.013 0.600 4.742
7 3.670 4.307 1.843 5.225
8 4.669 4.546 2.892 5.536
9 5.648 4.755 3.864 5.823
10 6.617 4.945 4.810 6.094
15 11.437 5.734 9.463 7.239
20 16.348 6.313 14.127 8.096

pole locations in the complex frequency plane. Using the pole values, one can compute the relative phase velocity
uph of the waves by the relation

VPh= CPh
(&I) = -=-
(hd) x,1
(18)

The relative phase velocities of the peripheral waves are shown in Fig. 2.

3.2. IdentiJication of the waves

Many informations can be used in order to group the different resonances into families. The first one is the
location in the complex frequency plane and the dispersion curves of the phase velocities when the data previously
obtained are compared with those obtained with the same shell immersed in a “liquid” polyethylene (Table 3, Fig. 3)
(with CT = 0). Therefore the name St’ can be given by comparing the results of Table 1 with those of Table 2.
Another information can be obtained from the computation of the poles when CT tends to 0 (cf. Table 4). It is then
possible to identify the A!) and A@) waves. It can be noticed that the At) wave can be recognized only by looking
202 N. Veksler et al./Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

Table 3
Resonance frequencies and half-widths of the peripheral waves So, Ao, A, and Ft for an aluminium shell immersed in “liquid” polyethylene

n SOwave Ao wave Ft wave

+I G/2 &I G I2 &I rll/2

1 3.109 0.429
2 6.008 0.278
3 8.851 0.166
4 11.671 0.0933 2.588 2.287
5 14.484 0.0477 3.654 2.537 1.685 3.794
6 17.295 0.0206 4.729 2.732 2.918 4.169
7 20.105 6.06 e-3 5.802 2.887 4.044 4.377
8 22.915 3.58 e-4 6.870 3.013 5.093 4.540
9 25.724 1.21 e-3 7.929 3.120 6.103 4.688
10 28.530 7.19 e-3 8.892 3.216 7.096 4.829
15 42.488 0.0911 14.189 3.661 12.018 5.422
20 56.242 0.248 19.469 4.226 16.978 5.771
25 69.672 0.479 25.159 4.945 21.794 5.851
A wave

&l G/2
21 13.110 2.34 e-5
22 14.255 5.14 e-5
23 15.423 1.100 e-4
24 16.612 2.30 e-4
25 17.818 4.70 e-4
26 19.038 9.10 e-4
27 20.269 1.70 e-3
28 21.508 3.20 e-3
29 22.752 5.60 e-3
30 24.999 9.50 e-2
35 30.175 7.50 e-2
40 36.099 0.262
45 41.697 0.538

Rex

Fig. 1. Tocations of the poles in the complex frequency plane. The numbers denote the resonance order.
 N. Veksler et al. / Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 203

0
0 2 4 6 8 IO 12 14 16 18 20
Reducedfrequency

Fig. 2. Relative phase velocities of the peripheral waves, uPh, versus reduced frequency x in the case of the shell included in elastic polyethylene
matrix.

2.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Reducedfrequency

Fig. 3. Relative phase velocities of the peripheral waves, uph , versus reduced frequency x in the case of the shell immersed in “liquid” polyethylene.

at Fig. 2 (or Table 1) because this wave is subsonic at low frequency (i.e. its phase velocity is inferior to the one
of the longitudinal wave in the matrix) and becomes supersonic at high frequency: that is typical for the A0 wave
propagating around shells immersed in a liquid. The last information can be obtained from the limiting case when
the ratio b/a tends to 1. The considered problem is close to that of an empty cavity included in an elastic matrix
(Table 5) [25].
In the following, the ratio b/a increases from 0.95 (h = l/20) to 0.99999 (h = l/100 000) and the different poles
are computed. As an example the evolution of the mode n = 10 is reported in Table 5 . The A0 wave resonances
tend to those of the FF’ wave obtained for the soft cavity (L stands for longitudinal). In the case of an immersed
204 N. Veksler et d/Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

Table 4
Resonance frequencies and half-widths of the 15th resonance of the At) and A waves for different values of CT

A@)
0
wave A@) wave

x15 X15 f-1512

540 13.506 3.427 7.589 0.400

500 13.542 2.430 7.497 0.378
460 13.580 3.434 7.410 0.354
420 13.620 3.440 7.329 0.328
380 13.661 3.448 1.255 0.302
340 13.705 3.459 7.187 0.274
300 13.751 3.471 7.127 0.244
260 7.073 0.214
220 7.026 0.182
180 6.987 0.151
140 6.956 0.118
100 6.932 0.068
80 6.923 0.068
0 14.232 3.586 6.815 0

cylindrical shell, it has been shown [27,28] that the Ao wave resonances tend to the soft Fy’ Franz wave (i.e. the
Franz wave propagating around an immersed soft cylinder; w stands for water). Consequently, the result obtained
here is not surprising. The resonances of the FF@) wave tends to those of the soft Fp’ wave. This result is in
accordance with the fact that the resonances of the FI wave of the immersed shell tends to those of the soft Fp’
wave [27,28]. The resonances of the FTCe) wave tend to those of the soft Fy’ Franz wave (T stands for transverse):
this result seems natural. This result also holds for the R*ce) and the R* waves. For the immersed cylindrical shells,
the first modes of the A wave disappears when b/a increases. If the surrounding medium is a solid, there is an
additional wave in the asymptotic case which is the Rayleigh wave. This wave does not exist in the fluid/shell case.
Actually the ACeI wave resonances tend to the soft R wave (see Table 5). Then, each wave family propagating around
the shell included in the matrix tends, when the shell becomes thinner, to one family of the soft cavity included in
the same matrix.

3.3. Discussion

3.3 . I . The S@) wave

From data’in Tables 1 and 3, one can see that the contact of the shell with the elastic matrix (in comparison with
fluid contact) weakly affects the real part of the pole but strongly modify its imaginary part. The relative phase
velocity of the St’ wave differs slightly from that of the So wave. In the frame of the thin shell theory and for
an immersed shell, it was shown in [24] that the shell becomes non-deformable when the So wave is excited at a
particular frequency: the SO wave propagates without attenuation and the resonance width vanishes. This frequency
is defined by the relation

2cT 1
xp=2 -- (19)
i vcl‘JC-$p

where v is the Poisson’s coefficient of the shell material. With the parameters given in (16), u = 0.3454705 and
xp = 24.499898. Here, in the case of the “liquid” polyethylene (see Table 3), the resonance n = 8 is located at
x = 22.915 and the half-width is minimum (r/2 = 3.58 x 10p4). A similar situation can be observed for the St’
wave. The half-width is also minimum for n = 8 (see Table 1) but the minimum value is greater (r/2 = 1.105);
the resonance frequency has not been modified greatly: x = 22.923.
 h? Veksler et al. /Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 20.5

Table 5
Evolution of the pole locations with the b/a ratio for the mode n = 10

bla Resonance frequency x Resonance half-width r/2

Ace) wave
0.95 3.676 0.352
0.96 3.156 0.360
0.97 2.746 0.330
0.98 2.523 0.297
0.99 2.447 0.321
0.995 2.420 0.347
0.9999 2.208 0.243
“Soft cavity” 2.181 0.225
At) wave
0.95 8.598 3.018
0.96 8.490 3.073
0.97 8.349 3.123
0.98 8.175 3.145
0.99 7.987 3.117
0.995 7.907 2.851
0.9999 7.575 2.940
“Soft cavity” 7.582 2.967
R*(e) wave
0.95 6.617 4.945
0.96 6.461 5.013
0.97 6.276 5.027
0.99 5.942 4.882
0.9992 5.828 3.873
0.9996 5.826 2.736
0.9999 5.671 1.762
“Soft cavity” 5.560 1.459
FLCe)
1
wave
0.950 4.810 6.094
0.970 4.362 6.216
0.990 4.060 5.935
0.996 4.026 5.805
0.9987 4.394 5.328
0.999 4.813 5.037
0.9999 5.596 4.845
“Soft cavity” 5.612 4.840
FTCe’
1 wave
0.95 1.932 0.841
0.96 1.951 0.876
0.97 1.956 0.950
0.98 1.910 1.037
0.99 1.839 1.098
0.995 1.787 1.117
0.9999 1.646 1.040
“Soft cavity” 1.637 1.030

On the contrary to the problem of scattering in “liquid” polyethylene, where the contributions of almost all modal
resonances of the SO wave can be observed (Fig. 4), one cannot isolate each individual resonant contribution for the
scattering in the elastic matrix. The backscattering form function F(x) defined by

F = f&%,A,l/lr3txL
n=O
206 N. Veksler et d/Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

I !I I j 20
/III SO wave
1 so wave 5 35 40 A wave

i-6
e
a
,E
9
0

J
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 4a 45 50 70 75 90
Reduced lrequency Reduced frequency

Fig. 4. Backscattered form function for a shell immersed in “liquid” polyethylene. The bar show the resonance frequencies of the SO and A
waves.

1.5

6
‘S

e
2
s
2
0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Reduced frequency Reduced frequency

Fig. 5. Backscattered form function for a shell embedded in elastic polyethylene matrix.

is shown in (Fig. 5(a) and (b)). With h = l/20, the St) wave revolving around the aluminium shell is very attenuated
(see Table 1). The successive resonances strongly overlap; they are summed almost in antiphase. Therefore the total
contribution of all resonances is quite small. When the shell is thicker, the resonance half-widths are smaller and
it becomes possible to isolate each resonance contribution in the form function. For an example, the form function
for a shell with h = l/5 is shown in Fig. 6.

3 .3 .2 . The At) wave

This wave is characterized by a very large attenuation. In comparison with the A0 wave, the contact with the
elastic matrix increases only slightly the attenuation. It is noticeable that, for some value of n (n = 33 in the
 N. Veksler et al. / Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 201

sb ’ wave 35 40 45 50 55

0
20 25 30 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Reduced frequency Reduced frequency

Fig. 6. Backscattered form function for a shell with h = l/5. The bars show the resonance frequencies of the SF’ wave.

considered case), the half-width reaches a maximum. The frequency of this resonance is close to the coincidence
frequency, when the relative phase velocity reaches 1. Because of the large attenuation, the resonances of this wave
are not observed on the form function curve.

3.3.3. The A@) wave

This is a bending type wave. The dispersion curve (Fig. 2) begins from zero, firstly it increases fastly, and then,
slowly approaches the limiting value vPh = 1. In comparison with the S,(e) wave, the A@) wave depends greatly
on the contact with the elastic matrix: the real part is widely modified. The dispersion curve of the phase velocity
of the Ace) wave is located above that of the A wave. In comparison with the A wave (cf. Table 3), the resonance
half-width of the A@) wave is 1000 times larger (for n < 25). Xf the first resonances of the A wave can be clearly
distinguished on the form function (see Fig. 4), the contribution of the Ace) wave resonance is too small (see Fig. 5).

3.3.4. The R*@) wave

The half-widths of the R*(e) wave resonances are large. The relative phase velocity increases with the frequency.
When h tends to 0, the R*ce) tends to the R* wave propagating on a free concave elastic cylindrical surface. When the
frequency increases, the relative phase velocity of the R” wave tends to the limiting value, defined by one complex
root of the Rayleigh equation for a plane elastic half-space.

3.3.5. The Franz waves

As in the case of the scattering in a liquid, the Franz (longitudinal) wave Fk@) is very damped. When the frequency
increases, their phase velocity tends to that of the longitudinal wave in the elastic matrix (CT). The half-width of the
FTCe) wave are not so large, they are rather similar to those of the SF’ and At) waves. The limiting phase velocity,
when the frequency increases is the shear velocity of the elastic matrix (CT).
208 N. Veksler et al./Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209

4. Conclusion

The scattering problem of a plane longitudinal elastic wave by a circular cylindrical shell included in an elastic
matrix has been considered. The resonances are computed from the characteristic equation. They can be grouped
into wave families. A special attention has been devoted to the justification of the names of the waves. The study
of the pole locations when the shear celerity of the matrix is diminishing - in order to make a comparison with the
well-known waves propagating on an immersed shell - and the study by varying the ratio b/a -in order to compare
with the results of the “soft” cavity previously obtained -has been performed. The behaviour of the different waves
involved in the scattering have been discussed; the resonance contribution of theses waves can be exhibited if the
shell is not too thin. Works are in progress about, on the first hand, the solid cylinder, and on the other hand, the
case of the obliquely incident wave.

Appendix A

The elements of the M matrix are written as

a11 =xLHn ""(XL), 012 = nH(')(XT)

n 9 Q-13 = %_JI:GL),

a14 = ?LN,:GL), aI5 = nJn(:T), al6 = n%(gT),

a21 = rzH(')(XL),
n a22 = xT@"'(XT), a23 = f&(X"L),

a24 = nN,(zL), a25 = ZTJi(ZT), a26 = .?TNA(iT),

a31 =x; H,(qxL)- $Ip(xL)

I
, a32 = n xTffi("'(xT)- ff,("(xT) ,
1
a33 = -2
; ;
- [
Ji(ZL)_ $Jn(iL)
1 > a34 = -X
; ;
- [
Nl(iL)_ &(ZL)
1
,

a41 = n[xLH,(')'(xL)- H,(')(xL)], a42 = - (;+n2)f&T)],

a43 = ~~ELJLGL) - JnG~)l,

 N. Vebler et al. /Wave Motion 29 (1999) 195-209 209

Ziij = gaij (i = 3,4; j = 3,4,5,6), Z30 = ~$J~(xL).

P
Here prime indicates the derivative with respect to the argument and the following notations are used:

XL = kLa, XT = kTa, i.~ = kLa, 2.T = Iipz, k = iLb, fi = l&b.

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