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Higher Order Finite Element Methods With CDROM
Pavel Solin Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Pavel Solin, Karel Segeth, Ivo Dolezel
ISBN(s): 9781584884385, 158488438X
Edition: Har/Cdr
File Details: PDF, 6.27 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
 Higher-Order
Finite Element
Methods

ˇ ´ Rice University, Houston, Texas

PAVEL SOLIN,
KAREL SEGETH, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague
ˇ
IVO DOLEZEL, Czech Technical University, Prague

CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC

A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Studies in Advanced Mathematics

Titles Included in the Series

John P. D’Angelo, Several Complex Variables and the Geometry of Real Hypersurfaces
Steven R. Bell, The Cauchy Transform, Potential Theory, and Conformal Mapping
John J. Benedetto, Harmonic Analysis and Applications
John J. Benedetto and Michael W. Frazier, Wavelets: Mathematics and Applications
Albert Boggess, CR Manifolds and the Tangential Cauchy–Riemann Complex
Goong Chen and Jianxin Zhou, Vibration and Damping in Distributed Systems
Vol. 1: Analysis, Estimation, Attenuation, and Design
Vol. 2: WKB and Wave Methods, Visualization, and Experimentation
Carl C. Cowen and Barbara D. MacCluer, Composition Operators on Spaces of Analytic Functions
Jewgeni H. Dshalalow, Real Analysis: An Introduction to the Theory of Real Functions and Integration
Dean G. Duffy, Advanced Engineering Mathematics
Dean G. Duffy, Green’s Functions with Applications
Lawrence C. Evans and Ronald F. Gariepy, Measure Theory and Fine Properties of Functions
Gerald B. Folland, A Course in Abstract Harmonic Analysis
José García-Cuerva, Eugenio Hernández, Fernando Soria, and José-Luis Torrea,
Fourier Analysis and Partial Differential Equations
Marian Gidea and Keith Burns, Differential Geometry, Differential Topology, and Dynamical Systems
Peter B. Gilkey, Invariance Theory, the Heat Equation, and the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem,
2nd Edition
Peter B. Gilkey, John V. Leahy, and Jeonghueong Park, Spectral Geometry, Riemannian Submersions,
and the Gromov-Lawson Conjecture
Alfred Gray, Modern Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces with Mathematica, 2nd Edition
Eugenio Hernández and Guido Weiss, A First Course on Wavelets
Kenneth B. Howell, Principles of Fourier Analysis
Steven G. Krantz, The Elements of Advanced Mathematics, Second Edition
Steven G. Krantz, Partial Differential Equations and Complex Analysis
Steven G. Krantz, Real Analysis and Foundations
Steven G. Krantz, Handbook of Typography for the Mathematical Sciences
Kenneth L. Kuttler, Modern Analysis
Michael Pedersen, Functional Analysis in Applied Mathematics and Engineering
Clark Robinson, Dynamical Systems: Stability, Symbolic Dynamics, and Chaos, 2nd Edition
John Ryan, Clifford Algebras in Analysis and Related Topics
Xavier Saint Raymond, Elementary Introduction to the Theory of Pseudodifferential Operators
John Scherk, Algebra: A Computational Introduction
Pavel Šolín, Karel Segeth, and Ivo Doležel, High-Order Finite Element Method
Robert Strichartz, A Guide to Distribution Theory and Fourier Transforms
André Unterberger and Harald Upmeier, Pseudodifferential Analysis on Symmetric Cones
James S. Walker, Fast Fourier Transforms, 2nd Edition
James S. Walker, A Primer on Wavelets and Their Scientific Applications
Gilbert G. Walter and Xiaoping Shen, Wavelets and Other Orthogonal Systems, Second Edition
Nik Weaver, Mathematical Quantization
Kehe Zhu, An Introduction to Operator Algebras

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

C438X disclaimer Page 1 Monday, June 16, 2003 10:55 AM

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ÿ
Solín, Pavel.
ÿ
Higher-order Þnite element methods / Pavel Solín, ÿ .
Karel Segeth, Ivo Dolezel
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58488-438-X
ÿ Ivo. III. Title. IV. Series.
1. Finite element method. I. Segeth, Karel. II. Dolezel,

TA347.F5+.S68 2003
620¢.001¢51535—dc21 2003051470

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
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Printed on acid-free paper
We dedicate this book to the memory of Prof. Jindrich Necas (December 14,
1929 { December 5, 2002), an outstanding Czech mathematician and a world-
renowned authority in the eld of partial di erential equations and modern
functional analysis.
Prof. Jindrich Necas contributed substantially to the development of
modern functional analytic methods of solution to elliptic partial di eren-
tial equations in his famous monograph Les methodes directes en theorie des
equations elliptiques (1967). He followed the modern Italian and French school
and enhanced it with important results, for example, by a new \algebraic"
proof of general inequalities of Korn's type and generalized regularity results.
A few years later, in 1973, he published with collaborators the monograph
Spectral Analysis of Nonlinear Operators, which aroused great interest. Prof.
Necas was always intrigued by the problem of regularity of solutions. Out-
standing results in this eld appeared in his book Introduction to the Theory
of Nonlinear Elliptic Equations (1983, 1986).
From the very beginning Prof. Necas devoted great e ort to applications
in mathematical physics and engineering. In 1967 he established a semi-
nar on problems of continuum mechanics that continues to the present day.
From this seminar came the monographs Mathematical Theory of Elastic and
Elastoplastic Bodies: An Introduction (1981, 1983) and Solution of Variational
Inequalities in Mechanics (1982). The latter book was translated into Rus-
sian (1986) and English (1988). Both these monographs also were directed
toward numerical methods of solution based on the nite element method.
This prompted P. G. Ciarlet and J. L. Lions to invite Prof. Necas to write an
article, \Numerical Methods for Unilateral Problems in Solid Mechanics," for
their Handbook of Numerical Analysis (1996).
During the last two decades of his life Prof. Necas' eld of interest changed
from solid to uid mechanics, in particular to problems of transsonic ow.
Using the method of entropic compacti cation and the method of viscosity, he

achieved remarkable results that he published in his monograph Ecoulements
de uide: Compacite par entropie (1989). Recent results of Prof. Necas and
his collaborators have been collected in the book Weak and Measure Valued
Solutions to Evolutionary PDE's (1996).
Besides the above-mentioned monographs, Prof. Necas initiated and pub-
lished more than 180 papers in outstanding mathematical journals and con-
ference proceedings.
An excellent teacher, Prof. Necas in uenced many students and colleagues
with his never-ending enthusiasm. He organized lectures, seminars and two
series of summer schools, and guided many students on the way to their diplo-
mas and Ph.D. theses. They all will remember him with gratitude.
 n and K. Segeth were, at di erent times, students of J. Necas.
Both P. Sol

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Preface

The nite element method is one of the most popular tools for the numerical
solution of engineering problems formulated in terms of partial di erential
equations. The latest developments in this eld indicate that its future lies in
adaptive higher-order methods, which successfully respond to the increasing
complexity of engineering simulations and satisfy the overall trend of simul-
taneous resolution of phenomena with multiple scales.
Among various adaptive strategies for nite elements, the best results can
be achieved using goal-oriented hp-adaptivity. Goal-oriented adaptivity is
based on adaptation of the nite element mesh with the aim of improving
the resolution of a speci c quantity of interest (instead of minimizing the er-
ror of the approximation in some global norm), and hp-adaptivity is based
on the combination of spatial re nements (h-adaptivity) with simultaneous
variation of the polynomial order of approximation (p-adaptivity). There
are nonacademic examples where the goal-oriented hp-adaptivity turned out
to be the only way to resolve the problem on a required level of accuracy
(see, e.g., [185]). Automatic hp-adaptivity belongs to the most advanced top-
ics in the higher-order nite element technology and it is subject to active
ongoing research. We refer the reader to works by Demkowicz et al. (see
[162, 64, 62, 8, 122, 149, 172, 191] and references therein). The goal of this
book is more modest { we present the basic principles of higher-order nite
element methods and the technology of conforming discretizations based on
hierarchic elements in spaces H 1 , H (curl) and H (div). An example of an ef-
cient and robust strategy for automatic goal-oriented hp-adaptivity is given
in Chapter 6.
In the introductory Chapter 1 we review the aforementioned function spaces
and their basic properties, de ne unisolvency of nite elements, formulate con-
formity requirements for nite elements in these spaces, introduce the basic
steps in the nite element procedure, and present several families of orthogo-
nal polynomials. Section 1.3 is devoted to the solution of a one-dimensional
model problem on a mesh consisting of elements of arbitrary polynomial or-
der. The technical simplicity of the one-dimensional case gives the reader
the opportunity to encounter all the important features of higher-order nite
element discretization at the same time.
A database of scalar and vector-valued hierarchic master elements of ar-
bitrary order on the most commonly used reference domains in 2D and 3D
is provided in Chapter 2. This chapter contains many formulae of higher-
order shape functions and is intended for reference rather than for systematic

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC vii

viii
reading. Chapter 3 discusses the basic principles of higher-order nite element
methods in two and three spatial dimensions that the reader was rst exposed
to in Section 1.3. We begin with generalizing the standard nodal interpola-
tion to higher-order hierarchic elements, and describe the design of reference
maps based on the trans nite interpolation technique as well as their polyno-
mial isoparametric approximation. We discuss an approach to the treatment
of constrained approximations (approximations comprising \hanging nodes")
and mention selected software-technical aspects at the end of this chapter.
Chapter 4 is devoted to higher-order numerical quadrature in two and three
spatial dimensions. Numerical quadrature lies at the heart of higher-order -
nite element codes and its proper implementation is crucial for their optimal
performance. In particular the construction of integration points and weights
for higher-order Gaussian numerical quadrature is not at all trivial, since they
are not unique and the question of their optimal selection is extremely diÆ-
cult. For illustration, each newly explored order of accuracy usually means
a new paper in a journal of the numerical quadrature community. Tables of
integration points and weights for all reference domains up to the order of
accuracy p = 20 are available on the CD-ROM that accompanies this book.
Chapter 5 addresses the numerical solution of algebraic and ordinary diffe-
rential equations resulting from the nite element discretization. We present
an overview of contemporary direct and iterative methods for the solution of
large systems of linear algebraic equations (such as matrix factorization, pre-
conditioning by classical and block-iterative methods, multigrid techniques),
and higher-order one-step and multistep schemes for evolutionary problems.
Chapter 6 presents several approaches to automatic mesh optimization and
automatic h-, p- and hp-adaptivity based on the concept of reference solutions.
Reference solutions are approximations of the exact solution that are sub-
stantially more accurate than the nite element approximation itself. We use
reference solutions as robust error indicators to guide the adaptive strategies.
We also nd it useful to recall the basic principles of goal-oriented adaptivity
and show the way goal-oriented adaptivity can be incorporated into standard
adaptive schemes. The mathematical aspects are combined with intuitive ex-
planation and illustrated with many examples and gures.
We assume that the reader has some experience with the nite element
method { say that he/she can solve the Poisson equation ( 4u = f ) in two
spatial dimensions using piecewise-linear elements on a triangular mesh. Since
it is our goal to make the book readable for both engineers and applied re-
searchers, we attempt to avoid unnecessarily speci c mathematical language
whenever possible. Usually we prefer giving references to more diÆcult proofs
rather than including them in the text. A somewhat deeper knowledge of
mathematics (such as Sobolev spaces, embedding theorems, basic inequali-
ties, etc.) is necessary to understand the theoretical results that accompany
some of the nite element algorithms, but some of these can be skipped if the
reader is interested only in implementation issues.

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

 ix

The rst author is indebted to Prof. Leszek Demkowicz (ICES, The Univer-
sity of Texas at Austin) for many motivating discussions on theoretical issues
related to the De Rham diagram, theory of higher-order nite elements and
automatic hp-adaptivity. He further gratefully acknowledges the numerous
suggestions of Prof. Jan Hesthaven (Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown
University, Providence, RI), who despite his many other duties found time
to read the whole manuscript. Especially noteworthy have been the ideas of
Dr. Fabio Nobile (ICES, The University of Texas at Austin), who signi -
cantly in uenced the structure of the rst chapter. Deep appreciation goes to
graduate student Denis Ridzal (Department of Computational and Applied
Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX), who gave freely of his time in
investigating the conditioning properties of higher-order shape functions for
various types of nite elements in one and two spatial dimensions.
The authors would like to thank Prof. Ronald Cools (Departement Com-
puterwetenschappen, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium) for providing
them with valuable information related to higher-order numerical quadra-
ture and for his help with the review of Chapter 4. Many thanks are owed
to Jan Haskovec (Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University,
Prague, Czech Republic), Dr. Petr Kloucek (Department of Computational
and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX), Dr. Dalibor Lukas
(Technical University of Ostrava, Czech Republic), Dr. Andreas Obereder (In-
stitute of Industrial Mathematics, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria),
Dr. Tomas Vejchodsky (Mathematical Institute of the Academy of Sciences
of the Czech Republic, Prague), and Martin Ztka (Faculty of Mathematics
and Physics, Charles University, Prague) for their invaluable help with the
review of the manuscript.
The authors would also like to thank Dr. Sunil Nair, Helena Redshaw, Jas-
min Naim and Christine Andreasen (Chapman & Hall/CRC Press) for their
friendly and eÆcient assistance during the nal stage of the publishing process.
The work of the rst author was sponsored partially by the Grant Agency
of the Czech Republic under grants GP102/01/D114 and 102/01/0184, and
partially by the TICAM Postdoctoral Fellowship Award. Several results from
TICAM Reports No. 02-32 and No. 02-36 are included. The second and
third authors acknowledge partial nancial support of the Grant Agency of
the Czech Republic under grants 201/01/1200 and 102/01/0184.

Our e orts could never have been successful without the understanding, pa-
tience and support of our families, for which we are deeply grateful.

Houston and Praha, March 2003 P. Soln, K. Segeth, I. Dolezel

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Contents

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Finite elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Function spaces H 1 , H (curl) and H (div) . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Unisolvency of nite elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.3 Finite element mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.1.4 Finite element interpolants and conformity . . . . . . 8
1.1.5 Reference domains and reference maps . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1.6 Finite element discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.1.7 Method of lines for evolutionary problems . . . . . . . 19
1.2 Orthogonal polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.1 The family of Jacobi polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.2.2 Legendre polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.3 Lobatto shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.2.4 Kernel functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.5 Horner's algorithm for higher-order polynomials . . . 27
1.3 A one-dimensional example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.1 Continuous and discrete problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.3.2 Transformation to reference domain . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.3.3 Higher-order shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3.4 Design of basis functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.3.5 Sparsity structure and connectivity . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.3.6 Assembling algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.3.7 Compressed representation of sparse matrices . . . . . 42
2 Hierarchic master elements of arbitrary order 43
2.1 De Rham diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.2 H 1 -conforming approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.2.1 One-dimensional master element Ka1 . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.2.2 Quadrilateral master element Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2.3 Triangular master element Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.2.4 Brick master element KB1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.5 Tetrahedral master element KT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2.6 Prismatic master element KP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.3 H (curl)-conforming approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.3.1 De Rham diagram and nite elements in H (curl) . . . 79
2.3.2 Quadrilateral master element Kqcurl . . . . . . . . . . . 80

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC xi

xii
2.3.3 Triangular master element Ktcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.3.4 Brick master element KBcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.3.5 Tetrahedral master element KTcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.3.6 Prismatic master element KPcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.4 H (div)-conforming approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
2.4.1 De Rham diagram and nite elements in H (div) . . . 105
2.4.2 Quadrilateral master element Kqdiv . . . . . . . . . . . 106
2.4.3 Triangular master element Ktdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
2.4.4 Brick master element KBdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
2.4.5 Tetrahedral master element KTdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
2.4.6 Prismatic master element KPdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2.5 L2-conforming approximations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
2.5.1 De Rham diagram and nite elements in L2 . . . . . . 121
2.5.2 Master elements for L2-conforming approximations . . 121
3 Higher-order nite element discretization 125
3.1 Projection-based interpolation on reference domains . . . . . 125
3.1.1 H 1 -conforming elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.1.2 H (curl)-conforming elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.1.3 H (div)-conforming elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.2 Trans nite interpolation revisited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.2.1 Projectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.2.2 Bipolynomial Lagrange interpolation . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.2.3 Trans nite bivariate Lagrange interpolation . . . . . . 147
3.3 Construction of reference maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
3.3.1 Mapping (curved) quad elements onto Kq . . . . . . . 148
3.3.2 Mapping (curved) triangular elements onto Kt . . . . 152
3.3.3 Mapping (curved) brick elements onto KB . . . . . . . 153
3.3.4 Mapping (curved) tetrahedral elements onto KT . . . 155
3.3.5 Mapping (curved) prismatic elements onto KP . . . . 157
3.3.6 Isoparametric approximation of reference maps . . . . 158
3.3.7 Simplest case { lowest-order reference maps . . . . . . 159
3.3.8 Inversion of reference maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
3.4 Projection-based interpolation on physical mesh elements . . 161
3.5 Technology of discretization in two and three dimensions . . 163
3.5.1 Outline of the procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.5.2 Orientation of master element edge and face functions 164
3.5.3 Transformation of master element polynomial spaces . 172
3.5.4 Design of global basis functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
3.5.5 Minimum rules for higher-order FE discretizations . . 183
3.5.6 Enumeration of functions and connectivity arrays . . . 184
3.5.7 Variational formulation on the reference domain . . . 185
3.5.8 Local and global assembling procedures . . . . . . . . 187
3.5.9 Static condensation of internal DOF . . . . . . . . . . 191
3.6 Constrained approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

 xiii
3.6.1 Continuous constrained approximation in 2D . . . . . 194
3.6.2 Vector-valued constrained approximation in 2D . . . . 200
3.6.3 Continuous constrained approximation in 3D . . . . . 203
3.6.4 Vector-valued constrained approximation in 3D . . . . 212
3.7 Selected software-technical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.7.1 Data structure for hp-adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.7.2 One-irregular mesh division algorithms . . . . . . . . . 215
4 Higher-order numerical quadrature 217
4.1 One-dimensional reference domain Ka . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.1.1 Newton-Cotes quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.1.2 Chebyshev quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.1.3 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.1.4 Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.2 Reference quadrilateral Kq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.2.1 Composite Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.2.2 Economical Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
4.2.3 Tables of Gauss quadrature points and weights . . . . 232
4.3 Reference triangle Kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
4.3.1 Translation of quadrature to the ref. quadrilateral Kq 234
4.3.2 Newton-Cotes quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.3.3 Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.3.4 Tables of Gauss integration points and weights . . . . 237
4.4 Reference brick KB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
4.4.1 Composite Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
4.4.2 Economical Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
4.4.3 Tables of Gauss integration points and weights . . . . 241
4.5 Reference tetrahedron KT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
4.5.1 Translation of quadrature to the reference brick KB . 243
4.5.2 Economical Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.5.3 Tables of Gauss integration points and weights . . . . 246
4.6 Reference prism KP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
4.6.1 Composite Gauss quadrature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5 Numerical solution of nite element equations 251
5.1 Direct methods for linear algebraic equations . . . . . . . . . 252
5.1.1 Gaussian elimination and matrix factorization . . . . . 252
5.1.2 Banded systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
5.1.3 General sparse systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.1.4 Fast methods for special systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
5.2 Iterative methods for linear algebraic equations . . . . . . . . 265
5.2.1 ORTHOMIN and steepest descent methods . . . . . . 265
5.2.2 Conjugate gradient and biconjugate gradient methods 269
5.2.3 MINRES and GMRES methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
5.2.4 Classical iterative methods and preconditioning . . . . 274

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5.2.5 Block iterative methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.2.6 Multigrid methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
5.3 Choice of the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.4 Solving initial value problems for ordinary di erential equations 290
5.4.1 Method of lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
5.4.2 Multistep methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
5.4.3 One-step methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
6 Mesh optimization, reference solutions and hp-adaptivity 297
6.1 Automatic mesh optimization in one dimension . . . . . . . 298
6.1.1 Minimization of projection-based interpolation error . 299
6.1.2 Automatic mesh optimization algorithms . . . . . . . 302
6.1.3 Automatic h-adaptive mesh optimization . . . . . . . 304
6.1.4 Automatic p-adaptive mesh optimization . . . . . . . 310
6.1.5 Automatic hp-adaptive mesh optimization . . . . . . . 311
6.2 Adaptive strategies based on automatic mesh optimization . 314
6.2.1 Reference solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
6.2.2 A strategy based on automatic mesh optimization . . 316
6.2.3 Model problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
6.2.4 Automatic h-adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.2.5 Automatic p-adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.2.6 Automatic hp-adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.3 Goal-oriented adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
6.3.1 Quantities of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
6.3.2 Formulation of the dual problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
6.3.3 Error control in quantity of interest . . . . . . . . . . 326
6.3.4 Selected nonlinear and unbounded functionals . . . . . 327
6.4 Automatic goal-oriented h-, p- and hp-adaptivity . . . . . . . 329
6.4.1 Automatic goal-oriented adaptive strategies . . . . . . 330
6.4.2 Example: average of solution over a subdomain . . . . 331
6.4.3 Goal-oriented and energy-driven h-adaptivity . . . . . 332
6.4.4 Goal-oriented and energy-driven hp-adaptivity . . . . 335
6.5 Automatic goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in two dimensions . . 337
6.5.1 Mesh optimization step in two dimensions . . . . . . . 338
6.5.2 Example: singular solution in the L-shape domain . . 341
6.5.3 Goal-oriented and energy-driven h-adaptivity . . . . . 343
6.5.4 Goal-oriented and energy-driven hp-adaptivity . . . . 348
6.5.5 Comparison of convergence in the quantity of interest 353
References 359
Author index 375
Subject index 379

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

List of Tables

2.1 Scalar hierarchic shape functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

2.2 Scalar hierarchic shape functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.3 Scalar hierarchic shape functions of KB1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4 Scalar hierarchic shape functions of KT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.5 Scalar hierarchic shape functions of KP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
2.6 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of Kqcurl . . . . . . . 82
2.7 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of Ktcurl . . . . . . . 87
2.8 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KBcurl . . . . . . . 91
2.9 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KTcurl . . . . . . . 96
2.10 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KPcurl . . . . . . . 103
2.11 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of Kqdiv . . . . . . . . 108
2.12 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of Ktdiv . . . . . . . . 110
2.13 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KBdiv . . . . . . . . 113
2.14 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KTdiv . . . . . . . . 117
2.15 Vector-valued hierarchic shape functions of KPdiv . . . . . . . . 120
3.1 Hierarchic basis functions in various function spaces . . . . . 178
4.1 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 1 . . . . . 220
4.2 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 2 . . . . . 220
4.3 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 3 . . . . . 220
4.4 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 4 . . . . . 221
4.5 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 5 . . . . . 221
4.6 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 6 . . . . . 221
4.7 Closed Newton-Cotes quadrature on Ka , order n = 7 . . . . . 221
4.8 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 3 . . . . . . . . . 223
4.9 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 4 . . . . . . . . . 223
4.10 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 5 . . . . . . . . . 223
4.11 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 6 . . . . . . . . . 223
4.12 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 7 . . . . . . . . . 224
4.13 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 8 . . . . . . . . . 224
4.14 Chebyshev quadrature on Ka , order n + 1 = 10 . . . . . . . . 224
4.15 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 3 . . . . 225
4.16 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 5 . . . . 226
4.17 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 7 . . . . 226
4.18 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 9 . . . . 226
4.19 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 11 . . . . 226

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4.20 Lobatto (Radau) quadrature on Ka, order 2n 3 = 13 . . . . 226
4.21 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.22 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . 227
4.23 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.24 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 9 . . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.25 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 11 . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.26 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 13 . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.27 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 15 . . . . . . . . . . 228
4.28 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 17 . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.29 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 19 . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.30 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 21 . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.31 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 23 . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.32 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 31 . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.33 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 39 . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.34 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 47 . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.35 Gauss quadrature on Ka , order 2n 1 = 63 . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.36 Min. numbers of Gauss quadrature points on Kq . . . . . . . 232
4.37 Gauss quadrature on Kq , order p = 0; 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.38 Gauss quadrature on Kq , order p = 2; 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.39 Gauss quadrature on Kq , order p = 4; 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.40 Gauss quadrature on Kq , order p = 6; 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.41 Min. numbers of Gauss quadrature points on Kt . . . . . . . 238
4.42 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.43 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.44 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.45 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.46 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4.47 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4.48 Gauss quadrature on Kt , order p = 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
4.49 Min. numbers of Gauss quadrature points on KB . . . . . . . 241
4.50 Gauss quadrature on KB , order p = 0; 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.51 Gauss quadrature on KB , order p = 2; 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.52 Gauss quadrature on KB , order p = 4; 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.53 Gauss quadrature on KB , order p = 6; 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
4.54 Min. numbers of Gauss quadrature points on KT . . . . . . . 246
4.55 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4.56 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4.57 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.58 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.59 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.60 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
4.61 Gauss quadrature on KT , order p = 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
6.1 Projection-based interp. error err2 for the p-adaptive scheme 314

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

List of Figures

1.1 An example of a nonunisolvent nite element . . . . . . . . . 5

1.2 Gauss-Lobatto nodal points in equilateral triangles . . . . . . 6
1.3 Examples of hanging nodes in 2D and 3D . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4 Linear Lagrange and Crouzeix-Raviart elements . . . . . . . . 13
1.5 Sample mesh consisting of two triangular elements . . . . . . 14
1.6 Continuous Lagrange interpolant on K 1 [ K 2 . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7 Discontinuous Crouzeix-Raviart interpolant on K 1 [ K 2 . . . 15
1.8 Reference map for a quadrilateral element . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.9 Legendre polynomials L0 ; L1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.10 Legendre polynomials L2 ; L3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.11 Legendre polynomials L4 ; L5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.12 Legendre polynomials L6 ; L7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.13 Legendre polynomials L8 ; L9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.14 Lobatto shape functions l0 ; l1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.15 Lobatto shape functions l2 ; l3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.16 Lobatto shape functions l4 ; l5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.17 Lobatto shape functions l6 ; l7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.18 Lobatto shape functions l8 ; l9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.19 Example of a Dirichlet lift function for 1D problems . . . . . 30
1.20 Quadratic nodal shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.21 Cubic nodal shape functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.22 Conditioning properties of various types of shape fns. in 1D . 36
1.23 Vertex basis functions in the hierarchic case . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.24 Vertex nodal basis functions for piecewise-quadratic approx. . 38
1.25 An example of a hierarchic quadratic bubble basis function . 38
1.26 An example of a hierarchic cubic bubble basis function . . . . 38
2.1 The reference quadrilateral Kq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 Vertex functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3 Quadratic edge functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.4 Cubic edge functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5 Fourth-order edge functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.6 Fifth-order edge functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.7 Sixth-order edge functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.8 Quadratic bubble function of Kq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.9 Cubic bubble functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

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2.10 Fourth-order bubble functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.11 Fifth-order bubble functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.12 Sixth-order bubble functions of Kq1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.13 The reference triangle Kt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.14 Vertex functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.15 Quadratic edge functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.16 Cubic edge functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.17 Fourth-order edge functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.18 Fifth-order edge functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.19 Sixth-order edge functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.20 Standard cubic and fourth-order bubble functions of Kt1 . . . 59
2.21 Standard fth-order bubble functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.22 New cubic and fourth-order bubble functions of Kt1 . . . . . . 60
2.23 New fth-order bubble functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.24 New sixth-order bubble functions of Kt1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.25 Conditioning properties of shape functions in 2D . . . . . . . 61
2.26 The reference brick KB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.27 Vertex functions of KB1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.28 Edge functions of KB1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.29 Face functions of KB1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.30 The reference tetrahedron KT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.31 Vertex functions of KT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.32 Edge functions of KT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.33 Face functions of KT1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.34 The reference prism KP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.35 Vertex functions of KP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.36 Edge functions of KP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.37 Face functions of KP1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.38 Edge functions of Kqcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.39 Elementary functions of Ktcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.40 Edge functions of Ktcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
2.41 Vertex-based edge functions of KTcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.42 Edge-based face functions of KTcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.43 Genuine face functions of KTcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.44 Face-based bubble functions of KTcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
2.45 Edge-based face functions of KPcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.46 Genuine face functions of KPcurl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
2.47 Vertex-based face functions of KTdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.48 Edge-based bubble functions of KTdiv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.1 Projection-based interpolation in 1D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.2 Projection-based interpolation in 2D, part 1 . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.3 Projection-based interpolation in 2D, part 2 . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4 Projection-based interpolation in 2D, part 3 . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.5 Example of a trans nite interpolation projector . . . . . . . . 146

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3.6 Parametrization of a quadratic arc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.7 Sample deformed quadrilateral K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.8 Schematic picture of the Newton-Raphson technique. . . . . . 161
3.9 Face orientations of reference domains in 3D . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.10 Global orientation of edges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
3.11 Global orientation of faces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
3.12 Sign adjustment of edge functions in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
3.13 Global and local orientations for quadrilateral faces . . . . . . 169
3.14 Local transformation of face functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
3.15 Global and local orientations for triangular faces . . . . . . . 171
3.16 Vertex basis functions in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
3.17 Vertex basis functions in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
3.18 Edge functions in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
3.19 Edge functions in 3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
3.20 Minimum rule for two-dimensional approximations. . . . . . . 183
3.21 Constrained continuous approximation in 2D . . . . . . . . . 195
3.22 Constrained continuous approximation 3D, case 1 . . . . . . . 204
3.23 Constraining relations, case 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
3.24 Constrained continuous approximation 3D, case 4 . . . . . . . 208
3.25 Rede nition of orientations, case 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
3.26 Reference con guration, case 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
3.27 Four-re nement of a triangular face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
3.28 Natural order of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
3.29 Unwanted re nements enforced by the 1-irregularity rule . . . 216
4.1 Newton-Cotes integration points for the ref. triangle . . . . . 235
5.1 Scheme of the steepest descent method . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
5.2 Scheme of the conjugate gradient method . . . . . . . . . . . 271
5.3 LU factorization of a sparse matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.4 Scheme of incomplete factorization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.5 One iteration step of the two-grid method . . . . . . . . . . . 284
5.6 V-cycle on three grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
5.7 W-cycle on three grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
5.8 Full multigrid method on four grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
6.1 h-re nement of a linear element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.2 p-re nement of a linear element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
6.3 Motivation for the criterion (6.6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
6.4 Example function u forming a local peak at x = 0:4 . . . . . 304
6.5 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6.6 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
6.7 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.8 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.9 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

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6.10 h-adaptivity with linear elements, step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
6.11 h-adaptivity with quadratic elements, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . 307
6.12 h-adaptivity with quadratic elements, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.13 h-adaptivity with quadratic elements, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.14 h-adaptivity with quadratic elements, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.15 Convergence of projection-based interpolation error . . . . . . 309
6.16 p-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
6.17 p-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
6.18 p-adaptivity, step 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
6.19 hp-adaptivity, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
6.20 hp-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
6.21 hp-adaptivity, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.22 hp-adaptivity, step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.23 hp-adaptivity, step 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.24 hp-adaptivity, step 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
6.25 hp-adaptivity, step 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
6.26 Convergence of projection-based interpolation error . . . . . . 313
6.27 h-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.28 h-adaptivity, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
6.29 h-adaptivity, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.30 h-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.31 h-adaptivity, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
6.32 p-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.33 p-adaptivity, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.34 p-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.35 p-adaptivity, step 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
6.36 hp-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.37 hp-adaptivity, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.38 hp-adaptivity, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.39 hp-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.40 hp-adaptivity, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.41 hp-adaptivity, step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.42 hp-adaptivity, step 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.43 hp-adaptivity, step 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.44 Convergence of the approximate discretization error . . . . . 323
6.45 Average of the solution u over a subdomain . . . . . . . . . . 332
6.46 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.47 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.48 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.49 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.50 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.51 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.52 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity, step 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
6.53 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
6.54 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

 6.55 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
6.56 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.57 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.58 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.59 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity, step 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
6.60 Convergence in quantity of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
6.61 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D - domain and goal . . . . . 342
6.62 Exact solution u to the problem (6.41) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
6.63 Exact solution v to the dual problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
6.64 Energy-based h-adaptivity in 2D, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
6.65 Energy-based h-adaptivity in 2D, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
6.66 Energy-based h-adaptivity in 2D, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
6.67 Energy-based h-adaptivity in 2D, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
6.68 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity in 2D, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
6.69 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity in 2D, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
6.70 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity in 2D, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.71 Goal-oriented h-adaptivity in 2D, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.72 Color code for the visualization hp-meshes in 2D . . . . . . . 348
6.73 Color scale for the order of polynomial approximation . . . . 348
6.74 Energy-based hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 349
6.75 Energy-based hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 349
6.76 Energy-based hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 3 . . . . . . . . . . . 350
6.77 Energy-based hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 4 . . . . . . . . . . . 350
6.78 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 351
6.79 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, step 2 . . . . . . . . . . . 351
6.80 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, steps 3 and 4 . . . . . . . 352
6.81 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, steps 5 and 6 . . . . . . . 352
6.82 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, steps 7 and 8 . . . . . . . 353
6.83 Goal-oriented hp-adaptivity in 2D, steps 9 and 10 . . . . . . . 353
6.84 Comparison of resulting optimal meshes, h-adaptivity . . . . 354
6.85 Comparison of resulting optimal meshes, hp-adaptivity . . . . 354
6.86 Relative error in the quantity of interest . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
6.87 Final meshes for values D = 6 and D = 10 . . . . . . . . . . . 356
6.88 Final meshes for values D = 15 and D = 20 . . . . . . . . . . 356
6.89 Convergence of relative error in goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

Chapter 1
Introduction

As stated in the preface, we assume that the reader knows the basic concepts
of the nite element method (see, e.g., [11, 39, 46, 47, 119, 178, 180, 191]).
Nevertheless, let us review at least the most commonly used concepts { scalar
and vector-valued Hilbert spaces, trivia of nite elements in these spaces,
basic principles of the discretization of time-independent and evolutionary
problems and a few additional topics that will be important for higher-order
nite element technology.

1.1 Finite elements

DEFINITION 1.1 (Finite element) Finite element in the sense of Ciarlet

[47] is a triad K = (K; P; ), where
 K is a domain in IRd { we will con ne ourselves to intervals (d = 1),
triangles and quadrilaterals (d = 2), and tetrahedra, bricks and prisms
(d = 3).
 P is a space of polynomials on K of dimension dim(P ) = NP .
  = fL1 ; L2; : : : ; LNP g is a set of linear forms
Li : P ! IR; i = 1; 2; : : : ; NP : (1.1)

The elements of  are called degrees of freedom (and often abbreviated as

DOF).

1.1.1 Function spaces H 1 , H (curl) and H (div)

Let  IRdbe a bounded domain with Lipschitz-continuous boundary, d
being the spatial dimension. The scalar Hilbert space of functions

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

1
2 Higher-Order Finite Element Methods

H 1 = fu 2 L2 ( ); @u=@xi 2 L2 ( ); 1  i  dg (1.2)
is the basic and most commonly used Sobolev space. Recall that the partial
derivatives in (1.2) are understood in the sense of distributions. The Hilbert
spaces
H (curl) = fu 2 [L2( )]d ; curl u 2 [L2 ( )]d g (1.3)
and
H (div) = fu 2 [L2( )]d ; div u 2 L2 ( )g (1.4)
of vector-valued functions (de ned for d = 2; 3) appear in variational formu-
lations of problems rooted, e.g., in Maxwell's equations, mixed formulations
in elasticity and acoustics.
Notice that the spaces H (curl) and H (div) fall between the spaces L2 and
1
H in the sense that only some combinations of the partial derivatives need
to be square-integrable.

1.1.2 Unisolvency of nite elements

De nition 1.2 introduces unisolvency as another expression for compatibility
of the set of degrees of freedom  with the polynomial space P .

DEFINITION 1.2 (Unisolvency of nite elements) The nite element

K = (K; P; ) is said to be unisolvent if for every function g 2 P it holds

L1 (g) = L2 (g) = : : : = LNP (g) = 0 ) g = 0: (1.5)

In other words, every vector of numbers
L(g) = (L1(g); L2(g); : : : ; LNP (g))T 2 IRNP
uniquely identi es a polynomial g in the space P .
De nition 1.3 together with Theorem 1.1 o er a useful characterization of
unisolvency of nite elements.

DEFINITION 1.3 (Æ-property) Let K = (K; P; ), dim(P ) = NP , be a

nite element. We say that a set of functions B = f1 ; 2 ; : : : ; NP g  P has
the Æ-property if

Li (j ) = Æij for all 1  i; j  NP : (1.6)

Here Æij is the standard Kronecker delta, Æij = 1 if i = j and Æij = 0 otherwise.

© 2004 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

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8 MM. DOCUMENTS PROJECT. See

EXPLORER I: FIRST SUCCESSFUL U. S. SATELLITE.

GEMINI IV: SPACE WALK.
MERCURY 7: FLIGHT OF ALAN SHEPARD.
MERCURY 13: FLIGHT OF JOHN GLENN.
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EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND. See

WORLD HISTORY ENRICHMENT SERIES.

EILEEN. See
 THE VIRGINIAN.

THE ELECTRIC CURRENT. See

BASIC ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES.

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BASIC ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES.

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THE HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN SERIES.

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ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS.

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VISUAL ANTHOLOGY OF LITERATURE: LOVE AND FAMILY.

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EQUALITY: ONE MAN, ONE VOTE. See

RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES.

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ERNESTO, MEXICAN-AMERICAN BOY. See

CHILDREN OF THE INNER CITY.

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[HF/TV EXCLUSIVES TELEVISION COMMERCIALS] Series 1.

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KID'S STUFF. No. 102.

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THE MONKEES. 48.

FALLEN ANGEL. See

JIGSAW.

FALSE WITNESS. See

THE FBI.

THE FAMILY. See

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FAMILY CONTEST. See

FATHER KNOWS BEST. 197.

FAMILY FUN. See

LIVING WITH YOUR FAMILY.

A FAMILY GROUP. See

FAMILY AFFAIR.

THE FAMILY HAS A NEW BABY. See

LIVING WITH YOUR FAMILY.

THE FAMILY IN THE PURPLE HOUSE. King Screen Productions. 13

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FAMILY AFFAIR.
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[FILMSTRIPS DISTRIBUTED AS A SINGLE UNIT TO

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SEEING THE ANDES COUNTRIES.

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SEEING ARGENTINA, PARAGUAY AND URUGUAY.

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JU12603.
FASTENING WITH BLIND RIVETS. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Made by
McGraw-Hill Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. (Sheet
metal series: Hand tool operations, set 1) Produced in
collaboration with Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.;
31Dec68; MP20098.
FASTENING WITH SHEET METAL SCREWS. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Made by McGraw-Hill Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm.
(Sheet metal series: Hand tool operations, set 1) Produced in
collaboration with Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.;
31Dec69; MP20113.
A FATHER. See
 VISUAL ANTHOLOGY OF LITERATURE: LOVE AND FAMILY.

FATHER IS BIG. See

PHONO-VIEWER PROGRAM, BOWMAR EARLY CHILDHOOD

SERIES I.

FATHER KNOWS BEST. FKB Enterprises. Released by Screen Gems.

Approx. 30 min. each, sd., b&w unless otherwise indicated, 16
mm. © FKB Enterprises.

173. Bud branches out. Color. © 12Oct59 (in notice: 1960);

LP37580.
174. Gardener's big day. Color. © 19Oct59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37581.
176. Bud plays it safe. © 2Nov59 (in notice: 1960); LP37582.
177. Bicycle trip for two. Color. © 9Nov59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37583.
178. First disillusionment. Color. Appl. states prev. reg. 29Apr58,
LP10670. NM: additions. © 16Nov59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37584.
179. Margaret's old flame. Color. © 23Nov59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37585.
180. Kathy becomes a girl. Color. © 30Nov59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37586.
181. Bud, the willing worker. Color. © 7Dec59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37587.
182. Turn the other cheek. Color. © 14Dec59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37588.
183. Good joke on mom. Color. © 28Dec59 (in notice: 1960);
LP37589.
184. Betty's double. © 4Jan60; LP37592.
 185. Father, the naturalist. Appl. states prev. reg. 29Apr58,
LP10658. NM: additions. © 11Jan60; LP37593.
187. Togetherness. © 25Jan60; LP37594.
188. Second best. © 1Feb60; LP37595.
191. The big test. Appl. states prev. reg. 29Apr58, LP10676. NM:
additions. © 22Feb60; LP37596.
192. Jim's big surprise. © 29Feb60; LP37597.
193. Time to retire. © 7Mar60; LP37598.
196. Adopted daughter. Appl. states prev. reg. 29Apr58,
LP10656. NM: additions. © 28Mar60; LP37599.
197. Family contest. © 4Apr60; LP37600.
200. Betty's career problem. © 25Apr60; LP37601.
201. Bud lives it up. © 9May60; LP37602.

FATHER KNOWS BEST. Screen Gems. Approx. 30 min. each, sd.,

b&w unless otherwise indicated, 16 mm. Based on characters
created by Ed James. © Screen Gems, Inc.

172. A day in the country. © 5Oct59; LP37590.

175. The imposter. © 26Oct59; LP37591.

FATHER, THE NATURALIST. See

FATHER KNOWS BEST. 185.

FATHERS DAY. See

[JET X TELEVISION COMMERCIALS]

FAVORITE SONGS OF JAPANESE CHILDREN (Filmstrip) Bowmar

Records. 34 fr., color, 35 mm. With kit. Collected & edited by
Hanako Fukuda. NM: compilation, translation & addition. ©
Bowmar Records, Inc.; 15Dec64; A157464.
THE FEAR OF HIGH PLACES. See

THE NAME OF THE GAME.

FEARLESS FRANK. Jericho Productions. 78 min., sd., color, 35 mm.

© Jericho Productions, Inc.; 10Dec69 (in notice: 1966);
LP37604.
FELLINI SATYRICON. Produzioni Europee Associate. Italy. 128
min., sd., color, 35 mm. Panavision. © Produzioni Europee
Associate, S.A.S.; 3Sep69 (in notice: 1968); LF59.
FIELD TRIPS. See

RULES AND PLANS.

FILE ORGANIZATION METHODS. Computer Methods Corp. 1 reel,

sd., color, 16 mm. (Tutorial film series) © Computer Methods
Corp.; 23Jan70 (in notice: 1969); MP20281.
FILIFORM CORROSION. John Wiley & Sons. 4 min., sd., color,
Super 8 mm. Loop film. Appl. author: Wendell H. Slabaugh. ©
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 18Jul69; MP20465.
FILMS ON MATHEMATICS FOR THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, FIRST
LEVEL SERIES. See

ADDITION FACTS OF 1-5.

ADDITION FACTS OF 6, 7, 8, & 9.
MORE ABOUT TEN.
NUMBERS 11-19.
SUBTRACTION FACTS OF 1-5.
SUBTRACTION FACTS OF 6 & 7.
SUBTRACTION FACTS OF 8 & 9.
WHAT IS 1-5.
 WHAT IS 6, 7, 8, & 9.
WHAT IS 10.

FILMSTRIP ON CURRENT AFFAIRS. See

THE ALIENATED AMERICAN.

THE AMERICANIZATION OF EUROPE.
THE RIGHT TO STRIKE.
SQUANDERED RESOURCES.

[FILMSTRIPS DISTRIBUTED AS A SINGLE UNIT TO

CORRESPONDENCE COURSE ENROLLEES] Broadcasting
Academy. 16 filmstrips, color, 35 mm. Contents: No.: [1] 24 fr.-
-9. Voice production. 21 fr.--10. Commercials. 16 fr.--12.
Programming. 23 fr.--13. Announcers tools. 86 fr.--18. Public
service. 26 fr.--19. Weather. 29 fr.--20. Voice and diction. 29 fr.-
-21. Rock and roll. 27 fr.--23. Country and western. 25 fr.--24.
Sports. 18 fr.--26. Women in broadcasting. 29 fr.--27. Production.
26 fr.--28. How radio and television work. 30 fr.--29. Farm
reports, 30 fr.--32. Humor in broadcasting. 27 fr. Appl. author:
Donald G. Bennett. © Broadcast Academy; 10Mar70; A137904.
FILTERING. Raybar Technical Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm.
Loop film. Produced by McGraw-Hill Text-Films. © Raybar
Technical Films, Inc.; 1Apr69; MP20400.
FIND THE MONKEES. See

THE MONKEES. 19.

FINDIN' THE PHANTOM. Terrytoons. 5 min., sd., color, 16 mm.

(Possible Possum) © Terrytoons, a division of CBS Films, Inc.;
8Jul68 (in notice: 1965); LP37874.
FINDING AND INTERPRETING TERMS. See

READING.
FIRE DRILLS. See

RULES AND PLANS.

THE FIRE ENGINE. See

LET'S LEARN LANGUAGE.

FIREBIRD 1970 (Filmstrip) Pontiac Motor Division. Made by Jam

Handy Organization. 48 fr., color, 35 mm. © Pontiac Motor
Division, General Motors Corp.; 24Jun70; JU12608.
FIREBOMBS. MSM Enterprises. 15 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl.
author: R. M. Momboisse. © MSM Enterprises; 1Dec69;
LP37970.
FIRST DISILLUSIONMENT. See

FATHER KNOWS BEST. 178.

FIRST TEN MONTHS. See

THE 21ST CENTURY.

FIRST TIME AMBULATION FOR THE PATIENT. Comprenetics. 20

min., sd., color, 8 mm. (Basic procedures for the paramedical
employee) © Comprenetics, Inc.; 10Jul69 (in notice: 1968);
MP20320.
FIRST TUESDAY. National Broadcasting Co. Approx. 90 min. each,
sd., b&w, 16 mm. © National Broadcasting Co., Inc.

First Tuesday in August. © 4Aug69; MP20301.

First Tuesday in September. © 1Sep69; MP20302.
First Tuesday in November. 119 min. © 3Nov69; MP20303.
First Tuesday in December. 119 min. © 1Dec69; MP20304.
First Tuesday in January. 119 min. © 5Jan70; MP20305.
 First Tuesday in February. 119 min. © 2Feb70; MP20306.

THE FIVE MAN ARMY. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. 105 min., sd., color,

35 mm. © Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.; 31Dec69; LP37774.
FIVE RED FLOWERS FOR SUZIE. See

LET'S LEARN LANGUAGE.

FIXED POINT OPERATIONS - ADDITION/SUBTRACTION.

International Business Machines Corp. 35 min., sd., b&w.
Videotape (1 in.) (7090/94 programming) © International
Business Machines Corp.; 10Jul69; MP19970.
FIXED POINT OPERATIONS - MULTIPLICATION/DIVISION.
International Business Machines Corp. 32 min., sd., b&w.
Videotape (1 in.) (7090/94 programming) © International
Business Machines Corp.; 10Jul69; MP19971.
FIXED POINT OPERATIONS - SHIFTING. International Business
Machines Corp. 35 min., sd., b&w. Videotape (1 in.) (7090/94
programming) © International Business Machines Corp.;
10Jul69; MP19969.
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA, SERVICE COMMUNITY. See

WORKING IN U.S. COMMUNITIES.

THE FLAT BLADE SCREW DRIVER. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Made by

McGraw-Hill Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. (Sheet
metal series: Hand tool operations, set 1) Produced in
collaboration with Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.;
31Dec68; MP20097.
FLAT PICTURES (Filmstrip) Oates Learning Materials. 50 fr., color,
35 mm. Artist, Marlea VanDame; narrator, Harriet J. Cherberg.
Appl. author: Stanton C. Oates. © Stanton C. Oates d. b. a.
Oates Learning Materials; 13Aug69; A117880.
FLAW. See
 THE FBI.

A FLEA IN HER EAR. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. 95 min.,

sd., color, 35 mm. Panavision. Based on John Mortimer's English
stage adaptation of Georges Feydeau's original play La puce a
l'oreille. © Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.; 23Oct68; LP36282.
FLESH. Score Movies. 105 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Score
Movies, Ltd.; 26Sep68; LP37571.
FLIGHT OF THE HAWK. See

THE LONE RANGER. 23.

THE FLIP SIDE. See

FAMILY AFFAIR.
THE OUTSIDER.

FLOATING POINT CONCEPTS. International Business Machines

Corp. 32 min., sd., b&w. Videotape (1 in.) (7090/94
programming) © International Business Machines Corp.;
10Jul69; MP19967.
FLOATING POINT OPERATIONS, SINGLE PRECISION AND
FLOATING POINT OPERATIONS, DOUBLE PRECISION.
International Business Machines Corp. 1 reel, sd., b&w.
Videotape (1 in.) (7090/94 programming) © International
Business Machines Corp.; 10Jul69; MP19968.
FLOSSING AND BRUSHING. Teaching Films. Made by A-V Corp. 8
min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Prevention and control of dental
disease) © Teaching Films, Inc.; 27Apr70; MU8171.
FLOWER FORMS. See

SMALL WOOD ASSEMBLAGE.

FLOWER POWER. See

 FAMILY AFFAIR.

FLOWERS OPENING. Ward's Natural Science Establishment. 1 reel,

si., color, 8 mm. Loop film. © Ward's Natural Science
Establishment, Inc.; 8Apr65 (in notice: 1964); MP20292.
FLYING CHARIOT. See

LUNO.

FLYING FEET. Mirisch-DePatie-Freleng. Released by United Artists

Corp. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. © Mirisch-D-F; 10Apr70 (in
notice: 1969); LP37963.
THE FLYING TRUNK. See

THE HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN SERIES.

FOCUS ON BERLIN. See

SCREEN NEWS DIGEST. v. 11, issue 8.

FOLK SONGS OF AFRICA (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 49 fr., color,

35 mm. With kit. Edited by Roberta McLaughlin. NM: compilation
& addition. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 15Jun65; A157463.
FOLK SONGS OF CALIFORNIA AND THE OLD WEST (Filmstrip)
Bowmar Records. 41 fr., color, 35 mm. With kit. Appl. author:
Roberta McLaughlin. NM: compilation & addition. © Bowmar
Records, Inc.; 9Nov66; A157462.
FOLK SONGS OF CANADA (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 30 fr., color,
35 mm. With kit. Appl. author: Bryce Bowmar. NM: compilation,
translation & addition. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 15Jun65 (in
notices: 1966, 1965, 1964); A157460.
FOLK SONGS OF ISRAEL (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 2 filmstrips
(pt. 1, 49 fr.; pt. 2, 53 fr.), color, 35 mm. Edited by Roberta
McLaughlin. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 11Aug69; JP12262.
FOLK SONGS OF LATIN AMERICA. See

LATIN AMERICAN FOLK SONGS.

FOLK SONGS OF MANY PEOPLE (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 45 fr.,

color, 35 mm. With kit. Appl. author: Lucille Wood. NM:
compilation & addition. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 15Apr66;
A157465.
FOLK SONGS OF THE ARAB WORLD (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 2
filmstrips (pt. 1, 52 fr.; pt. 2, 43 fr.), color, 35 mm. Compiled &
edited by Sally Monsour. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 3Jul69;
JP12259.
FOLK SONGS OF THE U.S.A. (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 33 fr.,
color, 35 mm. With kit. Appl. author: Bryce Bowmar. NM:
compilation & addition. © Bowmar Records, Inc.; 15Jun65 (in
notices: 1966, 1965); A157459.
FOLLOW ME. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp. 5 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp.;
31Oct69; MP20377.
FOLLOW THE LEADER. See

PHONO-VIEWER PROGRAM, BOWMAR EARLY CHILDHOOD

SERIES IV.

FOOD. See

AUDIO-VISUAL ENGLISH.

FOOD SERVICE SERIES. See

THE FOOD SERVICE WORKER.

PREVENTING FOOD SPOILAGE.
RECOGNIZING FOOD SPOILAGE.
SALAD PREPARATION.
 STANDARD FOOD PORTIONS.

THE FOOD SERVICE WORKER. Comprenetics. 17 min., sd., color, 8

mm. (Food service series) © Comprenetics, Inc.; 10Oct69;
MP20240.
FOODS: WHERE DO THEY COME FROM? (Filmstrip) Marsh Film
Enterprises. 49 fr., color, 35 mm. With Suggestions and guides
for teaching, 6 p. © Marsh Film Enterprises; 22Sep69; JP12316.
FOR MEMBERS ONLY. See

THE OUTSIDER.

FOR TIME OR ETERNITY? Brigham Young University. 27 min., sd.,

color, 16 mm. Appl. author: Brigham Young University Dept. of
Motion Picture Production. © Brigham Young University;
30Dec69 (in notice: 1970); MP20289.
FOREST COMMUNITIES. See

LIVING THINGS AND THEIR HABITATS.

FORESTS. See

RESOURCES FOR TOMORROW.

FORGERY: DR-33. See

DRAGNET 1969.

FORMING A FLAT SLIP. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Made by McGraw-Hill

Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. (Sheet metal series:
Hand tool operations, set 2) Produced in collaboration with
Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 31Dec68;
MP20109.
FORMING A PITTSBURGH LOCK. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Made by
McGraw-Hill Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. (Sheet
 metal series: Hand tool operations, set 2) Produced in
collaboration with Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.;
31Dec69; MP20105.
FORMING AN OUTSIDE GROOVE SEAM. McGraw-Hill Book Co.
Made by McGraw-Hill Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm.
(Sheet metal series: Hand tool operations, set 2) Produced in
collaboration with Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.;
31Dec69; MP20103.
FORMING LAP SEAMS. McGraw-Hill Book Co. Made by McGraw-Hill
Text-Films. 4 min., si., color, Super 8 mm. (Sheet metal series:
Hand tool operations, set 2) Produced in collaboration with
Raybar Technical Films. © McGraw-Hill, Inc.; 31Dec69;
MP20102.
FOSSILS, KEYS TO THE PAST. See

[AN INTRODUCTION TO FOSSILS]

FOSTER, A STORY IN PICTURES (Filmstrip) Bowmar Records. 2

filmstrips (pt. 1, 58 fr.; pt. 2, 48 fr.), color, 35 mm. (Biographies
of great composers) Created by Nick Rossi & Jerald Saladana. ©
Bowmar Records; 30Dec69; JP12264.
FOUNDING OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. Doubleday Multimedia.
10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Doubleday Multimedia, a division
of Doubleday & Co., Inc.; 15Jan70; MP20488.
FOUR MOODS OF LOVE: TO BE IN LOVE. See

VISUAL ANTHOLOGY OF LITERATURE: LOVE AND FAMILY.

THE 4-STROKE-CYCLE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. See

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN.

1410 DATA FLOW AND INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCODER.

International Business Machines Corp. 52 min., sd., b&w.
 Videotape (1 in.) (1410/7010 programming) © International
Business Machines Corp.; 9Jun69 (in notice: 1968); MP20213.
1410/7010 PROGRAMMING. See

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS.
AUTOCODER.
COMPARE AND BRANCH OPERATIONS.
DATA MOVEMENT.
EDITING, PT. 1 AND 2, UNIT RECORD INPUT/OUTPUT, PT. 1.
1410 DATA FLOW AND INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCODER.
IOCS.
INDEXING.
INTRODUCTION TO 1410/7010 COURSE, INTRODUCTION TO
1410/7010 SYSTEMS & INTRODUCTION TO PROCESSING.
INTRODUCTION TO IOCS & IOCS.
INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUCTIONS.
MAGNETIC TAPE CONCEPTS.
MAGNETIC TAPE CONSIDERATIONS.
PROCESSING CONTROL OPERATIONS.
UNIT RECORD INPUT/OUTPUT, PT. 3; I/O CHANNEL STATUS
INDICATORS.
TABLE LOOKUP.

FOX, HOUND, AND THE WIDOW MCCLOUD. See

THE VIRGINIAN.

THE FOX WENT OUT ON A CHILLY NIGHT. Weston Woods Studios.

8 min., sd., color, 16 mm. From the book by Peter Spier. Appl.
 author: Morton Schindel. © Weston Woods Studios, Inc.;
15Nov69; LP37639.
FRACTIONAL PARTS. Macmillan Co. Made by Davidson Films. 1
reel, si., color, Super 8 mm. Loop film. (Macmillan school
mathematics program) © Macmillan Co.; 31Dec69; MP20431.
FRACTIONS: ADDING AND SUBTRACTING NUMERATORS. See

ARITHMETIC REVIEW SERIES. 11.

FRACTIONS: ADDITION & SUBTRACTION (COMMON

DENOMINATORS) See

ARITHMETIC REVIEW SERIES. 12.

FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS, DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS. See

ARITHMETIC REVIEW SERIES. 21.

FRANK 'N' STEIN. See

[GRAIN BELT BEER COMMERCIALS]

THE FRAUD. See

THE FBI.

FRAUDS. See

DRAGNET 1969.

THE FRAUDULENT VOLCANO. See

JONNY QUEST.

FRED, BLACK AMERICAN BOY. See

CHILDREN OF THE INNER CITY.

FREDERICK DOUGLASS. See

AFRO-AMERICAN HISTORY.

FREE TO CHOOSE. See

HEALTH AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS.

FREEDOM: PROTEST AND CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. See

RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES.

FREEDOM: WALL OF SEPARATION. See

RIGHTS & RESPONSIBILITIES.

FRESHWATER POLLUTION. See

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, OUR WORLD IN CRISIS.

FRIENDSHIP. Terrytoons. 5 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Possible

Possum) © Terrytoons, a division of CBS Films, Inc.; 8Jul68 (in
notice: 1966); LP37855.
THE FROG. Terrytoons. 8 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Mighty heroes)
© Terrytoons, a division of CBS Films, Inc.; 2Sep66; LP37823.
THE FROGGY FROGGY DUO. Mirisch-DePatie-Freleng. Released by
United Artists Corp. 7 min., sd., color, 35 mm. © Mirisch-D-F;
15Mar70; LP37957.
THE FUEL SYSTEM. See

AUTOMOTIVE TECHNICIAN.

FULLY-FUNCTIONING INDIVIDUAL. See

TOUGH-MINDED MANAGEMENT.

THE FULLY-FUNCTIONING ORGANIZATION. See

 TOUGH-MINDED MANAGEMENT.

THE FULLY-FUNCTIONING SOCIETY. See

TOUGH-MINDED MANAGEMENT.

FUNCTION OF BLOOD (Filmstrip) Edwin Shapiro. 32 fr., color, 35

mm. © Edwin Shapiro; 17Oct69; A128867.
FUNCTIONS AND FORMULAS (Filmstrip) Mathematical Sciences
Group. 101 fr., color, 35 mm. (Production in calculus) Written by
George N. Trytten. © Mathematical Sciences Group, Inc.;
20Dec69; JP11876.
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOLOGY (Filmstrip) Visual Sciences. 3
filmstrips, color, 35 mm. Contents: B-102--B-104: Coelenterata,
Platyhelminthes, Nemathelminthes and Annelida. 39 fr.--
Echinodermata and Mollusca. 35 fr.--Arthropoda. 36 fr. Rev. &
edited by Ellsworth R. Johnson; drawings & letterings by Helen
Smith Zwart. © Gerrit C. Zwart d.b.a. Visual Sciences; 10Nov69;
A126622, 126620-126621.
THE FUNERAL IS ON MUNDY. See

IT TAKES A THIEF.

FUNGUOUS INFECTIONS OF THE FOOT. Schering Corp. Made by

Kevin Donovan Films. 18 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Schering
Corp.; 30Mar68; MP18063.
FUNNY MR. CLOWN. See

PHONO-VIEWER PROGRAM, BOWMAR EARLY CHILDHOOD

SERIES II.

FUSE. See

[GRAIN BELT BEER COMMERCIALS]

 G
GAIL ANN, KENTUCKY MOUNTAIN GIRL. See

CHILDREN OF THE INNER CITY.

GAILY, GAILY. Mirisch Productions & Cartier Productions. Released

by United Artists Corp. 107 min., sd., color, 35 mm. Based on the
book by Ben Hecht. © Mirisch Productions, Inc. & Cartier
Productions, Inc.; 16Dec69; LP37432.
GALILEO: THE CHALLENGE OF REASON. Learning Corp. of
America. 28 min., sd., color, 16 mm. A film production of
Azzarella Unlimited. © Learning Co. of America, division of
Columbia Pictures, Inc.; 3Feb70 (in notice: 1969); LP37688.
GALLERY, A VIEW OF TIME. Buffalo Fine Arts Academy. Made by
Don Owen Films. Distributed by Fleetwood Films, Inc. 13 min.,
sd., color, 16 mm. © Buffalo Fine Arts Academy; 1Mar70;
MP20345.
THE GALLOPING SKIN GAME. See

IT TAKES A THIEF.

THE GAMES. Twentieth Century-Fox Productions. Released by

Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp. 95 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
Panavision. From the novel by Hugh Atkinson. © Twentieth
Century-Fox Productions, Ltd.; 31Dec69; LP37951.
GAMES. Universal Pictures. 100 min., sd., color, 35 mm.
Techniscope. © Universal Pictures; 4Nov67; LP37793.
GARBAGE. King Screen Productions. 12 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
Produced in cooperation with Environmental Studies Program &
Earth Science Curriculum Project. © King Broadcasting Co.;
20Feb70 (in notice: 1969); MP20287.
THE GARBAGE EXPLOSION. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational
Corp. 16 min., sd., color, 16 mm. (Saving the environment) ©
Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp.; 28Apr70; MP20522.
GARDENER'S BIG DAY. See

FATHER KNOWS BEST. 174.

GAS. See

OUR COMMUNITY UTILITIES.

A GATHERING OF ONE. International Business Machines Corp.

Made by Henry Strauss & Co. 19 min., sd., color, 16 mm. ©
International Business Machines Corp.; 5Feb69; MP20506.
GEMINI IV: SPACE WALK. Thorne Films. 4 min., sd., color, Super 8
mm. (The 8 mm. documents project, no. 305) NM: compilation &
revision. © Thorne Films, Inc.; 1Oct69; MP20227.
GENERAL EISENHOWER ON THE MILITARY CHURCHILL. James
Nelson Productions. 50 min., sd., b&w. © James Nelson;
16Mar70; MU8159.
GENERAL PROBLEMS IN SUPERVISING THE DISADVANTAGED. See

THE SUPERVISING THE DISADVANTAGED FILMSTRIP SERIES.

GENERATING AND COLLECTING GASES (Filmstrip) Pace Films. 45

fr., color, 35 mm. Written & photographed by John W. Sulcoski.
© Pace Films, Inc.; 21Mar69; JP12103.
GENERATION GAP. See

[GRAIN BELT BEER COMMERCIALS]

GENETICS AND THE CELL. See

INTRODUCING GENETICS.
GEOFFREY CHAUCER. See

GREAT WRITERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

[GEOGRAPHY IN AN URBAN AGE, UNIT 3: CULTURAL

GEOGRAPHY] (Filmstrip) High School Geography Project,
Association of American Geographers. With kit. Contents: 1-2:
Different ideas about cattle. 27 fr.--Cultural change: a trend
toward uniformity. 19 fr. Appl. ti.: Student resources. Geography
in an urban age, unit 3: Cultural geography. Presented by CCM
Films. Supported by the National Science Foundation. NM:
additions & revisions. © Association of American Geographers;
9Mar70; A149354.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE UNIVERSE. See

ASTRONOMY: THE SOLAR SYSTEM AND BEYOND.

GEORGE ELIOT. See

GREAT WRITERS OF THE BRITISH ISLES.

GERMINATION OF THE BEAN. Ward's Natural Science

Establishment. 1 reel, si., color, 8 mm. Loop film. Appl. ti.: Bean
germination. © Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc.;
8Apr65 (in notice: 1964); MP20290.
GET ME TO THE REVOLUTION ON TIME. See

IT TAKES A THIEF.

GETTING ACQUAINTED. See

RULES AND PLANS.

GETTING AHEAD: THE ROAD TO SELF-DEVELOPMENT. Roundtable

Productions. 28 min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Roundtable
Productions, Inc.; 14Nov69; LP37706.
GETTING ALONG. Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp. 2
min., sd., color, 16 mm. © Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational
Corp.; 31Oct69; MP20387.
GETTING ALONG IN SCHOOL (Filmstrip) Coronet Instructional
Films. 6 filmstrips, color, 35 mm. Contents: Being on time. 49 fr.-
-Doing things for yourself. 50 fr.--Taking care of things. 48 fr.--
Working with others. 47 fr.--How quiet helps. 47 fr.--Listening
and following directions. 47 fr. © Coronet Instructional Films, a
division of Esquire, Inc.; 13Oct69; JP12212.
GETTING READY FOR LEARNING (Filmstrip) 213. Educational
Innovations. 33 fr., color, 35 mm. © Educational Innovations,
Inc. (in notice: Education Innovations, Inc.); 1Aug69; JP11933.
GETTING STRAIGHT. Columbia Pictures Industries. 123 min., sd.,
color, 35 mm. Based upon the novel by Ken Kolb. © Columbia
Pictures Industries, Inc.; 1May70; LP37910.
GETTING THE JOB DONE. Mobil Oil Corp. Made by Jam Handy
Productions, div. of T.T.P. Corp. 19 min., sd., color, 16 mm.
Produced in cooperation with Fate-Root-Heath Co. & others. ©
Mobil Oil Corp.; 26Jan70; MU8155.
GETTING TO AND FROM SCHOOL. See

RULES AND PLANS.

THE GHOST MONSTER. Terrytoons. 8 min., sd., color, 16 mm.

(Mighty heroes) © Terrytoons, a division of CBS Films, Inc.;
9Sep66; LP37824.
GHOST RIDERS. See

THE LONE RANGER. 1.

GIANT LIME. See

[CHAS. PFIZER & CO. TELEVISION COMMERCIALS]

THE GIANTS. Sim Productions. 10 min., sd., color, 16 mm. Appl.
author: Morton Schindel. © Sim Productions, Inc.; 1Dec69;
LP37638.
GIDGET GROWS UP. Screen Gems. 90 min., sd., b&w, 16 mm.
Based on a book by Frederick Kohner. © Screen Gems, division
of Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc.; 30Dec69; LP37666.
A GIFT FOR SAINT MICHAELS (Filmstrip) Division of Curriculum
Resources of the General Board of Education, United Methodist
Church. Made by Graded Press. 66 fr., color, 35 mm. With
Leader's guide & Reading script, 1 v. By Janet Jacobson & Grace
Storms Tower. Produced through Trafco. Photographed by Wayne
Smith. © Graded Press; 1Feb70; A136324.
THE GIFT OF THE MAGI. See

VISUAL ANTHOLOGY OF LITERATURE: LOVE AND FAMILY.

[GILLETTE CO. TELEVISION COMMERCIALS] Gillette Co. 1 reel

each, sd., color, 16 mm. © Gillette Co.

Druggist-30. © 6Jan70 (in notice: 1969); MP20032.

Hardness-30. © 2Dec69; MP20029.
March announcement-60. Appl. ti.: More announcement-30. ©
3Dec69; MP20030.
More announcement. 69-01127-60. © 3Dec69; MP20462.
More signs. 70-0250-30. © 3Mar70 (in notice: 1969); MP20285.
Platinum-Plus. EB-11-30. © 1Dec69; MP20028.
Platinum-Plus. EB-11-60. © 3Dec69; MP20031.

THE GIRL IN THE SHADOWS. See

THE VIRGINIAN.

GIRL WHO LOVED DANGER, A STORY FROM THE CONGO. See

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