2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

Design of a Battery Charge Controller Through

MPPT Based Solar Photovoltaic System
2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT) | 978-1-6654-5635-7/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICERECT56837.2022.10060581

B. Pooja S. Rajanna N. L. Varaprasad

Department of E & E Engneering Department of E & E Engneering Department of E & E Engneering
Malnad College of Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering,
Hassan,India Hassan,India Hassan,India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
G.R.Sowmya S.R.Rakshitha
M. Ramesh
Department of E & E Engneering Department of E & E Engneering
Department of E & E Engneering
Malnad College of Engineering, Malnad College of Engineering,
Malnad College of Engineering,
Hassan,India Hassan,India
Hassan,India
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]

Abstract—Maximum power point tracking system (MPPTs) maximizes the panel efficiency, thereby reducing the overall
play a major role in extracting PV power from solar photovoltaic system cost. This system developed using “Perturb and
system considering continuous changes of temperature and Observe” MPPT method algorithm and implemented
irradiation conditions. DC-DC boost converter increases the DC through a DC- DC Converter.
voltage from PV system. This paper proposes a maximum power
point tracker-based charge controller and obtaining maximum
The literature reviews of these articles are described
power through a solar photovoltaic system for the battery storage below. Femia Petrone et al. [5] presented the perturbation
system. DC-DC boost converter is used to enhance the and observation algorithm with DC-DC boost converter
photovoltaic voltage and charge the battery storage system. The strategy and considered reference sampling time of 0.01 ms
results of efficiency, time response and output power are for the proposed work. With steady state conditions, the
obtained through P&O, incremental conductance, and fuzzy proposed system seemed workable, but under dynamic
logic control MPPT techniques considering constant irradiance changes in irradiation conditions, it substantially degraded.
and temperature. Among all three MPPT techniques, the P & O It is common knowledge that frequent disturbances and
based MPPT Technique with boost converter was found to have power oscillations cause P&O. Singh et al. [6] workout an
better results. In addition, a prototype model of charge controller
has been implemented.
efficient method to improve the performance of PV array
under partial shading situation. The MPPT technique has
Keywords—Solar Charge Controller, P & O based MPPT been implemented for integration of solar PV system into a
Technique, Solar panel, Battery System and DC-DC Converter. three-phase AC grid. P&O technique has been identified
based on the drift problem and remove the drift problem
I. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW with the existing technique. Yi-Hwa Liu [7] carried out
MPPT based battery charger controller system. The solar
The main purpose of a charge controller is to regulate PV power generation system depends on maximum power
the flow of charge from the solar panel into the battery point tracking, solar irradiance, and temperature. Hence a
storage to prevent overcharging of the batteries [1]. The charge controller is required to implement the maximum
most used battery charge controllers today are maximum power point algorithm. Here, the MPPT algorithm was
power point tracking systems (MPPT) and pulse width implemented based on a PIC16F877 based microcontroller
modulation (PWM) based controllers. Both technologies are and developed a mathematical modeling of solar PV model.
excellent choices for quickly charging the battery and are V. Salas et al. [8] proposed a control strategy in solar
commonly employed in the off-grid solar industry. The photovoltaic charge control with MPPT Trackers. The
primary function of an MPPT charge controller is to simulations were performed for off-grid Solar Photovoltaic
maximize the output from a solar photovoltaic module [2]. system. Gules R et al. [9] design and implemented parallel
The maximum power point tracking system examines the connected photovoltaic power panels with MPPT system for
solar PV module's output and compares it to the battery stand-alone applications. The negative impact of power
voltage before deciding on the best solar PV module power converter losses on overall efficiency is reduced only by the
to charge the battery and deliver the most amount of current parallel connection of solar PV with MPPT system, and a
into the battery system. A DC-to-DC converter converts the portion of the generated power was processed through
solar PV module's DC input to AC, changes the voltage and MPPT system. Enslinan [10] implemented a novel solar
current to match the PV module in the battery, and then photovoltaic converter system with a new MPPT technique.
converts it back to DC [3]. Pulse width modulation plays a Three functions—inverting, battery management, and
major role while charging the battery bank system. It is used MPPT tracking—that are necessary for solar PV systems
to control high current and voltage. Utilizing an MPPT is with backup storage battery systems were combined into the
crucial for improving a solar PV panel's efficiency. It is suggested model to provide a cost-effective converter. The
made up of a power electronic component that considerably battery is charged by this charge controller, which also
boosts system efficiency. From the solar PV panel, this functions as a DC-DC AC inverter for a complex load
system functions and generates the most power [4]. MPPT demand through the solar PV panels' MPPT.

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 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

II. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The block diagram of the proposed scheme is shown in
Fig. 1. The proposed scheme consists of a PV panel, a DC-
DC converter, an MPPT controller, and a battery or other
loads.

Fig .2. Polycrystalline 25W, 12V Solar Panel.

B. DC-DC Boost Converter

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the proposed scheme.
Fig.3. displays the circuit schematic for the DC-DC
An algorithm and electronic circuitry are both used by converter's step-up function. When the switch is kept closed
the maximum power tracking system. The approach is based for a long time, the inductor current rises and energy is
on the requirement for maximum power transfer, which is stored in the inductor. The inductor current decreases and
impedance matching between the load and PV module. the energy stored in the inductor is transmitted to the load
MPPT is typically a DC to DC switching voltage regulator via the diode if the switch is left open for a long time. When
modification. To match the impedance, a DC-to-DC incorporating DC-DC converters, the best power point
converter is used. By adjusting the switch's duty cycle, the tracking is possible. A boost converter is used in this
impedance can be matched with a DC-to-DC converter. It experiment.
could be necessary to deliver either a greater voltage or
higher current to couple to the load for optimal power
transfer to changes the switching times; a boost system is
frequently employed with voltage and current sensors
connected to a feedback loop. By measuring the current and
voltage, the power produced by the solar module may be
estimated. This power serves as an input to the algorithm,
which modifies the switch's duty cycle and, as a result, the
reflected load impedance, in accordance with the power
output of the PV module.

A. Specification of Polycrystalline 25W, 12V Solar Panel

The most established and tried and tested solar

technology is poly-crystalline silicon as shown in Fig.2. The
conversion efficiency is higher than in mono-crystalline
modules in diffused light situations. Cells made of poly
crystals are marginally less expensive than those made of
mono crystals.
• Voltage at Maximum (Vmax) =17.9 V
• Open Circuit Voltage (Voc)= 22.41V
• Current at Maximum (Imax) =1.4 amps
• Short Circuit Current (Isc)=1.54 amps
• Performance Warranty: 90% output for 12 years
and 80% output for 25 years.
Fig .3. MC34063A pin diagram

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 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

results of Efficiency, Response time and Output power for

C. Lithium-Ion battery different MPPT techniques are presented.
Lithium ions flow from the negative electrode to the
positive electrode through an electrolyte during discharge
and back again during charging in a lithium-ion battery, a
type of rechargeable battery made up of cells. In this
proposed work 12V, 7Ah battery is used.
• Energy density: 250–693Wh/L, (0.90–2.43 MJ/L)
• Nominal cell voltage: 12.8V, 7 Ah battery
• Energy/consumer-price: 7.6Wh/US$, US$132/kWh
• Specific energy: 100–265Wh/kg(0.36–0.87).
III. SOLUTION TECHNIQUES
Fuzzy logic, incremental conductance (IC) and perturb
and observe (P&O) based MPPT methodologies are used for
obtaining Maximum Power Point. In this study, the
prototype for the intended MPPT charge-controller is tested
for the PV charging system in hardware. Compared to
conventional charge controllers, the outcome demonstrates
that proposed controller increases PV panel efficiency.

A. Perturb & Observe MPPT Technique

The P&O method is typically used to track the MPP.

Usually, the P&O approach is used for MPP tracking. This Fig .4. Flow chart of Perturb and Observe algorithm
technique modifies the output power of the PV module by
introducing a slight disturbance. Periodically, the PV output
power is measured and compared to the preceding power.
Increasing the output power, the same process is followed; if
not, the perturbation is reversed. Flow chart of Perturb and
Observe algorithm is as shown in Fig.4.

B. Incremental Conductance MPPT Technique

In the incremental conductance method, which is based

on the incremental and instantaneous conductance of the PV
module, the array terminal voltage is always modified in
accordance with the MPP voltage. Flow chart of
Incremental Conductance algorithm is shown in Fig.5.

𝑑𝐼/ 𝑑𝑉 = − 𝐼/ 𝑉 at MPP (1)

𝑑𝐼/ 𝑑𝑉> − 𝐼/ 𝑉 Left of MPP (2)
𝑑𝐼/ 𝑑𝑉< − 𝐼/𝑉 Right of MPP (3)

C. Fuzzy logic controller MPPT Technique

Fuzzy logic control has gained popularity over the past

ten years due to its ability to collaborate erroneous inputs,
absence of dependence on a detailed mathematical model, as
well as the capacity to deal with non-linearity. Additionally,
Fig. 5. Flow chart of Incremental Conductance algorithm
microcontrollers have contributed to the acceptance of fuzzy
logic control.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS A. Simulation results of PV Array with P & O MPPT
Technique
The performances of different MPPT techniques are
illustrated. Various waveforms obtained from the three Simulink Model of PV array system consists of charge
models are presented in this section. Those waveforms are controller, battery system, voltage regulator and micro
used to advocate which MPPT technique has better controller is shown in Fig .6. The simulation result of
performance among the three techniques. This project work efficiency is 95.9%, response time is 0.1 second and output
carried out performance analysis considering constant powers is of 1755W are obtained using P&O Technique and
temperature and constant solar irradiation condition and results are shown Fig .7, Fig. 8 and Fig.9 respectively.

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 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

Fig.6. Efficiency characteristics of P&O Technique.

Fig. 9. Simulink Model of PV array with P&O Technique

B. Simulation results of PV Array with Incremental

Conductance Technique.

Simulink Model of PV array with Incremental

Conductance Technique is shown in Fig.10. The simulation
result of efficiency is 94.9%, response time is 0.15 second
and output powers is of 1735W are obtained using
Incremental Conductance Technique.

Fig.7. Response time characteristic of P&O Technique.

Fig.10. Simulink Model of PV array with Incremental Conductance

Technique.

C. Simulation results of PV Array with fuzzy logic technique

Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT method Simulink Model of a

PV System is shown in Fig.11. The simulation result of
efficiency is 92%, response time is 0.18 second and output
powers is of 1680W are obtained using Incremental
Fig.8: Output power characteristic of P&O Technique. Conductance Technique.

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 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

Fig.11. Fuzzy Logic-Based MPPT method Simulink Model of a PV Fig. 13. Prototype Charge Controller Circuit
System.

D. Implementation of Charge Controller Circuit Table I: Various electrical parameters extracted through MPPT solar
The main aim of designing a charge controller is to charge controller.
control the charging of the battery. It keeps the battery
Panel Boost up Battery Current in
properly fed by the power source and safe for reuse. It Voltage in Voltage in volts Voltage in amps
prevents the battery from overcharging and hence increases volts volts
battery life. The charge controller will draw only the 10.01 2.07 12.08 0.27
necessary amount of charge required by the battery. The 10.09 2.06 12.15 0.43
charge controller has two terminals, i.e., input and output 10.20 2.02 12.22 0.43
terminals. The solar panel is connected to the input terminal 10.42 1.90 12.32 0.35
of the charge controller. Fig. 12 implementation of output of 10.59 1.86 12.45 0.32
the charge controller is fed to the battery storage system to 10.71 1.89 12.60 0.22
ensure proper charging and the prototype charge controller 11.06 1.67 12.73 0.22
is shown in 11.37 1.44 12.81 0.20
Fig.13 shows the prototype hardware of the charge
11.56 1.39 12.95 0.60
controller circuit. It regulates the input voltage supplied
11.68 1.29 12.97 0.48
from the MPPT controller as required to charge the battery.
Various electrical parameters extracted through MPPT solar 11.73 1.25 12.98 0.47
charge controller are given in Table I. 11.82 1.16 12.98 0.38
11.90 1.09 12.99 0.06

E. Simulation Results of PV Array with different MPPT

Techniques

Simulation results of P & O, Incremental value and

fuzzy logic techniques are presented in Table 2. Simulation
results of efficiency, output power and time response are
obtained. It is found that the response time of P & O
techniques is 0.1 second, efficiency of 95.9% and power
output would be 1755 watts. Comparative study of different
MPPT techniques is given in Table II.
Further, based on the observation, it is found to be P&O
MPPT technique is much better than the other two
techniques. Thus, it is evident that overall performances of
intelligent system like P&O along with traditional MPPT
techniques found to be better as compared to the results of
Incremental value and fuzzy logic techniques.
Fig. 12. Implementation of Charge Controller Circuit

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 2022 Fourth International Conference on Emerging Research in Electronics, Computer Science and Technology (ICERECT)

Table II: Comparative study of different MPPT techniques [9] Roger Gules, Juliano De Pellegrin Pacheco and HélioLeães Hey, “A
Maximum Power Point Tracking System with Parallel Connection
MPPT Response for PV Stand-Alone Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Efficiency Output Power(W) Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 7, July 2008.
Method time(s)
P&O 95.9% 0.1 1755 [10] J. H. R. Enslinand D. B. Snyman, “Combined Low-Cost, High-
Incremental Efficient Inverter, Peak Power Tracker and Regulator for PV
94.9% 0.15 1735 Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 6. No.
Conductance
1, Jan. 1991.
Fuzzy Logic 92% 0.18 1680
controller

V. CONCLUSION
The prototype board charge controller shown in this
study regulates battery charging while properly utilizing the
battery storage mechanism. The control algorithm runs the
P&O maximum power point tracking function, which allows
it to transfer the maximum amount of energy produced by
the photovoltaic panel to the battery based on solar
irradiance.
An MPPT-based P&O algorithm is used to maximize power
extraction from a PV module. For testing the battery
charging system, a proposed model with a microcontroller
based MPPT and a boost converter (DC/DC) is used. When
using a 25 W solar photovoltaic module for 12-volt battery
charging, charge controllers are compared.
It demonstrates that under fast irradiation conditions and
temperature, the performance of P&O algorithm for
maximum power tracking is reliable and efficient. The
proposed system is more effective, according to the
experimental findings.

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