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54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page i

Preparing to Pass
the Medical
Assisting Exam
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page ii
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 10:27 PM Page iii

Preparing to Pass
the Medical
Assisting Exam
CARLENE HARRISON, EdD, CMA (AAMA)
Dean, School of Allied Health
Hodges University

VALERIE WEISS, MD, MS

Program Chair, Health Studies
Hodges University
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 12:15 PM Page iv

Disclaimer: This eBook does not include ancillary media that was packaged with the
printed version of the book.
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Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Harrison, Carlene.
Preparing to pass the medical assisting exam / Carlene Harrison and Valerie Weiss.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-7637-5402-0 (alk. paper)
1. Medical assistants—Examinations, questions, etc. 2. Medical assistants—Examinations—United States—Study
guides. I. Weiss, Valerie, 1975– II. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Physician Assistants—Examination Questions. 2. Practice Management, Medical—Examination
Questions. W 18.2 H318p 2011]
R728.8.H383 2011
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2009039397
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Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page v

Brief Contents

Acknowledgments xv

SECTION I
Preparing to Take the Certification Exam 1

Chapter 1
The Certification Process and the Exam 3

Chapter 2
Study Techniques and Exam-Taking Strategies 7

SECTION II
General Knowledge 11

Chapter 3
Medical Terminology 13

Chapter 4
Anatomy and Physiology 39

Chapter 5
Common Diseases and Pathology 89

Chapter 6
Psychology 113

Chapter 7
Professionalism 123

Chapter 8
Communications 129

Chapter 9
Legal and Ethical Issues 139

v
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Brief Contents

SECTION III
Administrative Knowledge 151

Chapter 10
Administration and Technology 153

Chapter 11
Administrative Functions and Management 165

Chapter 12
Finance 175

Chapter 13
Third-Party Billing 185

Chapter 14
Coding Systems 197

SECTION IV
Clinical Knowledge 213

Chapter 15
Asepsis and Infection Control 215

Chapter 16
Patient Preparation and Assisting the Physician 227

Chapter 17
Specimen Collection, Diagnostic Testing, and Medical Equipment 237

Chapter 18
Pharmacology and Medication Administration 261

Chapter 19
Medical Emergencies and First Aid 285

Chapter 20
Nutrition 301

Index 311

vi
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page vii

Contents

Acknowledgments xv

SECTION I
Preparing to Take the Certification Exam 1

Chapter 1
The Certification Process and the Exam 3
The National Exams 3
American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) Certification Exam 3
American Medical Technologists (AMT) Certification Exam 4
Summary 5

Chapter 2
Study Techniques and Exam-Taking Strategies 7
Preparing for the Exam 7
Step 1: Set Up a Study Area 7
Step 2: Define Your Study Style 7
Step 3: Create a Schedule 8
A Possible Schedule 8
Exam-Taking Strategies 9

SECTION II
General Knowledge 11

Chapter 3
Medical Terminology 13
Questions 29
Answers 35

Chapter 4
Anatomy and Physiology 39
Structural Units 39
Anatomic Divisions 39
Body Planes 39

vii
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page viii

Contents

Body Cavities 40
Abdominal Quadrants and Regions 40
Positions and Directions 41
Anatomic Position 41
Directional Terms 42
Common Anatomic Descriptors 42
Homeostasis 42
Tissues 42
Epithelial Tissue 42
Connective Tissue 43
Muscle Tissue 44
Nervous Tissue 44
Membranes 44
Epithelial Membranes 44
Connective Tissue Membranes 44
Organ Systems 44
Integumentary (Skin) System 45
Muscular System 45
Skeletal System 47
Nervous System 47
Cardiovascular System 51
Hematopoietic System 54
Lymphatic and Immune System 56
Respiratory System 58
Digestive System 59
Urinary System 62
Reproductive System 63
Endocrine System 68
Special Senses 68
Questions 74
Answers 83

Chapter 5
Common Diseases and Pathology 89
Integumentary System 89
Musculoskeletal System 91
Muscular System 91
Skeletal System 91
Nervous System 93
Cardiovascular System 94
Hematopoietic System 95
Lymphatic and Immune System 96
Respiratory System 96
Digestive System 98
Urinary System 99
Reproductive System 100
Endocrine System 101
Thyroid Gland 101
Pancreas 103
Special Senses: The Eyes and Ears 103
Questions 104
Answers 109

viii
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page ix

Contents

Chapter 6
Psychology 113
Basic Principles 113
Sigmund Freud: Id, Ego, and Superego 113
Abraham Maslow: Hierarchy of Human Needs 113
Ivan Pavlov: Conditioned Reflex 114
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross: Five Stages of Grief 114
Developmental Stages of the Life Cycle 115
Erik Erikson: Developmental Stages 115
Psychology of the Life Cycle: Stages of Development 115
Defense Mechanisms 115
Empathy 115
Questions 118
Answers 120

Chapter 7
Professionalism 123
Displaying a Professional Attitude 123
Job Readiness and Seeking Employment 124
Working as a Team Member to Achieve Goals 126
Questions 126
Answers 128

Chapter 8
Communications 129
The Communication Process 129
Communicating with Patients with Special Needs 129
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 130
Professional Communication and Behavior 131
Patient Interviewing Techniques 131
Receiving, Organizing, Prioritizing, and Transmitting Information 131
Telephone Techniques 132
Fundamental Writing Skills 132
Questions 133
Answers 136

Chapter 9
Legal and Ethical Issues 139
Licenses 139
Legislation 139
Documentation/Reporting 141
Releasing Medical Information 142
The Physician–Patient Relationship 143
Maintaining Confidentiality 144
Performing within Ethical Boundaries 144
Questions 145
Answers 148

ix
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page x

Contents

SECTION III
Administrative Knowledge 151

Chapter 10
Administration and Technology 153
Data Entry 153
Keyboard Fundamentals and Functions 153
Formats for Written Communication 153
Proofreading 155
Office Equipment 156
Computer Concepts 156
Records Management 157
Scheduling and Monitoring Appointments 159
Questions 160
Answers 162

Chapter 11
Administrative Functions and Management 165
Screening and Processing Mail 165
Resource Information and Community Services 166
Maintaining the Office Environment 166
Equipment and Supply Inventory 167
Liability Coverage 168
Time Management 168
Office Policies and Procedures 168
Questions 169
Answers 172

Chapter 12
Finance 175
Bookkeeping Principles 175
Charges, Payments, and Adjustments 176
Petty Cash Fund 176
Billing Procedures 177
Aging Procedures 177
Collection Procedures 177
Consumer Protection Acts 177
Accounts Payable 177
Banking 178
Payroll 178
Questions 179
Answers 182

Chapter 13
Third-Party Billing 185
Types of Health Insurance 185
Government-Sponsored Plans 185
Group Plans 187

x
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xi

Contents

Managed Care 187

Processing Claims 188
Manual and Electronic Claims 188
Tracing Claims 188
Sequence of Medicare Filing 188
Reconciling Payments/Rejections 189
Inquiry and Appeal 189
Applying Managed Care Policies and Procedures 189
Referrals 189
Precertifications 189
Fee Schedules 189
Contracted Fees 190
Questions 191
Answers 194

Chapter 14
Coding Systems 197
Procedural Coding: Level I or CPT Codes 197
Procedural Coding: Level II or HCPCS Codes 200
International Classification of Diseases, 9th Edition (ICD-9) Codes 202
Linking CPT and ICD-9 Codes 206
Resource-Based Relative Value Scale (RBRVS) 206
Coding for Services Provided by a Hospital 206
Questions 206
Answers 210

SECTION IV
Clinical Knowledge 213

Chapter 15
Asepsis and Infection Control 215
Principles of Disease 215
Aseptic Technique 215
Medical Asepsis 215
Surgical Asepsis 218
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 221
Disposal of Biohazardous Material 221
Standard Precautions 221
Questions 222
Answers 225

Chapter 16
Patient Preparation and Assisting the Physician 227
Vital Signs and Anthropometric Measurements 227
Examinations 228
Patient Education 229
Mobility-Assisting Equipment 230

xi
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xii

Contents

Medications 230
Patient History Interview 230
Questions 231
Answers 234

Chapter 17
Specimen Collection, Diagnostic Testing, and Medical Equipment 237
Treatment 237
Principles of Equipment Operation 237
Restocking Supplies 237
Preparing and Maintaining Treatment Areas 237
Safety Precautions 238
Collecting and Processing Specimens 238
Collecting Specimens 239
Blood 239
Urine 241
Stool 241
Sputum 242
Cultures 242
Processing Specimens 242
Performing Selected Tests 243
Urinalysis 243
Hematology 243
Blood Chemistry 244
Immunology 246
Microbiology 247
Guaiac Testing 248
Electrocardiography (EKG/ECG) 248
Vision Testing 249
Hearing Testing 250
Respiratory Testing 250
Medical Imaging 251
Questions 252
Answers 257

Chapter 18
Pharmacology and Medication Administration 261
Pharmacology 261
Factors that Affect Drug Action 265
Side Effects/Adverse Reactions 265
Emergency Use 267
Preparing and Administering Oral and Parenteral Medications 267
Oral Administration 268
Parenteral Administration 268
Calculation of Dosage 268
Types of Injections and Injection Sites 268
Gauge of Needle 269
Length of Needle 269
The Z-Track Method 269
Prescriptions 270
Safekeeping and Recordkeeping 270
Schedule of Controlled Substances 270

xii
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xiii

Contents

Immunizations 270
Storage and Recordkeeping 270
The Six Rights of Medication Administration 271
Questions 275
Answers 280

Chapter 19
Medical Emergencies and First Aid 285
Emergencies 285
Preplanned Action 285
Policies and Procedures 285
Legal Implications and Action Documentation 285
Equipment 286
Assessment and Triage 287
Emergency Preparedness 288
First Aid 288
Bleeding/Pressure Points 288
Burns 288
Cardiac and Respiratory Arrest/CPR 289
Choking/Heimlich Maneuver 289
Diabetic Coma/Insulin Shock 290
Fractures 290
Poisoning 290
Seizures 292
Shock 292
Stroke 293
Syncope 294
Wounds 294
Questions 295
Answers 298

Chapter 20
Nutrition 301
Questions 306
Answers 309

Index 311

xiii
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xiv
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xv

Acknowledgments

Every textbook is completed because of the support and help from a variety of people. The authors
wish to offer a big thank you to Christine Sanders, CMA(AAMA), an Instructor at Hodges University’s
Medical Assisting program, who provided valuable feedback as we developed this text. We never
would have completed the text without the typing and error-checking skills of Amy Mulligan, a
Hodges University student who has gone on to graduate school to become a Physician Assistant.
Our families were an important part of the process. During previous projects, Bill Harrison spent
lonely hours as Carlene worked. This time, however, he contributed by reviewing and reading as if
he were a student to help this text be as clear as possible.
Valerie could not have accomplished writing the text without the much-needed support and en-
couragement of her husband, Shad White. He spent every weekend for months taking their two
young children, Harrison and Kyra, on fieldtrips away from the house so Valerie could write. Valerie’s
parents, who are affectionately known as Gramsy and Pal, also were fabulous babysitters during
those intense months of writing and teaching.

xv
54020_FMxx_FINAL.QXP 10/20/09 6:45 PM Page xvi
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 1

Preparing to Take the SECTION

Certification Exam
I
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 2
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 3

The Certification Process CHAPTER

and the Exam

1
If you are reading this book, you are getting ready to take either the American Association of Medical
Assistants (AAMA) Certified Medical Assisting (CMA) Exam or the American Medical Technologists
(AMT) Registered Medical Assisting (RMA) Exam. If you are a recent graduate of a medical assisting
program, taking the exam as soon after graduation as possible is important. If you are a practicing CMA
who is taking the exam, the likelihood is that you are taking the exam again because you did not keep
up on your continuing education units. Why take the exam at all? There are several reasons:
• Passing a national certification exam demonstrates to patients, employers, and others that you
have learned a standardized body of knowledge. Many physicians will only hire individuals
who have passed one of the two exams.
• If you move, you do not have to apply for a separate certification—both the CMA and the RMA
are recognized by employers throughout the United States.
• Larger medical group practices may be affiliated with local hospitals and may be required to
meet Joint Commission standards. The credentials of all staff are inspected. Although the Joint
Commission does not currently require that all medical assistants be certified, having certified
staff is looked upon favorably.
• Because passing the certification exam(s) requires that you study and are up-to-date on current
standards, you can take pride in your certification.

THE NATIONAL EXAMS

As mentioned earlier, two organizations offer nationally recognized medical assisting examinations.
Both are highly respected professional organizations. The exam format is similar, using only multiple
choice questions, and the content covered on the exams is similar. The difference is the eligibility cri-
teria for each exam. Whether you take from the AAMA or the AMT depends on whether you meet
the admission criteria. It also may be that one credential is better recognized in your area.

American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) Certification Exam

The American Association of Medical Assistants (AAMA) is the professional organization representing
medical assistants throughout the country. Individuals who pass the AAMA exam earn a CMA
(AAMA). This credential is recognized throughout the United States. Once they have earned the cre-
dential, individuals must be recertified every five years by continuing education or reexamination. This
recertification is to demonstrate competency and knowledge in the field. All CMA (AAMA)’s must

3
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 4

Preparing to Take the Certification Exam

either take the exam again after five years or provide proof of 60 continuing education units to the
AAMA. The specific information about recertifying by continuing education is available on the AAMA
website (http://www.aama-ntl.org).
To be eligible to take the AAMA exam, candidates must meet one of the following conditions:
• Category 1: This is for the graduating student or recent graduate of a medical assisting program
accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)
or by the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES). Students must be within
30 days of completing their education and externship to take the exam.
• Category 2: This category is for the individual who is not a recent graduate of a CAAHEP or
ABHES accredited program. If you graduated more than 12 months prior to the exam date, you
are considered a nonrecent graduate. The fee for the examination may be higher if you are not
a member of the AAMA. You must submit a transcript with proof of graduation.
• Category 3: The last category is for individuals who are already CMA (AAMA)s and are apply-
ing to recertify the credential. You must submit a copy of a current provider-level CPR and a
copy of your current CMA (AAMA) certificate.
The AAMA certification exam is offered in a variety of locations throughout the year. It is very
important that you review the current Candidate Application and Handbook in detail. This handbook
provides the latest information on the steps you need to follow to take the exam as well as the ap-
plication that must be completed. The timing of your application to take the exam is important. If you
are planning to take the exam soon after graduation, you must apply no less than five months in ad-
vance of the date you will complete your medical assisting program.
The exam consists of 200 multiple choice questions. The content of the exam is outlined in the
Handbook in detail. You should be prepared to answer questions on all of the topics outlined.
The current exam is administered in two 80-minute segments, with an optional 20-minute break
between segments. The entire exam is taken on a computer, so you must be comfortable with test
taking on a computer. You can use the CD that accompanies this book for practice, but the actual
computerized format for the test will probably be different than the format on the CD.

American Medical Technologists (AMT) Certification Exam

The American Medical Technologists (AMT) is a nonprofit certification agency and professional
membership association representing a variety of healthcare professionals. AMT’s mission is to issue
certification credentials to medical and dental assistants, clinical laboratory personnel, laboratory
consultants, and allied health instructors. AMT is recognized throughout the country, as is its Regis-
tered Medical Assistant (RMA (AMT)) credential. Once they have passed the exam, RMA (AMT)s must
maintain their credential by providing proof of 30 points of continuing education every 3 years.
Check the AMT website (http://www.amt1.com) for more information about maintaining continuing
education credits.
There are three different categories of eligibility to be considered for the AMT examination:
• Category 1: The applicant must be a graduate of, or scheduled to graduate from, a medical as-
sistant program that is accredited by CAAHEP or ABHES or a medical assistant program in a
postsecondary school or college that has institutional accreditation by a regional accrediting
commission, or by a national accrediting organization approved by the U.S. Department of
Education. The program must include a minimum of 720 hours (or equivalent) of training in
medical assisting skills (including a clinical externship). If you graduated within the last three
years, proof of work experience is not required. If you graduated over three years ago, you will
be required to show proof of current work experience. Your program chair will know if you are
graduating from an appropriately accredited program.
• Category 2: If you are a graduate of a formal medical services training program of the U.S.
Armed Forces, you are eligible to take the exam.

4
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 5

The Certification Process and the Exam

• Category 3: You may register for the exam if you have been employed in the profession of
medical assisting for a minimum of five years, no more than two years of which may have been
as an instructor in the postsecondary medical assistant program. Proof of current work experi-
ence and high school education or equivalent is needed. Employment dates must be within the
last five years.
The areas covered in the RMA examination differ slightly from the CMA exam. The examination
is usually 200 questions. The AMT offers both a pencil and paper test and a computerized version of
the exam. It is important that you check the AMT website for specific information about the exam.

SUMMARY
Congratulations for taking the next step in your professional career by taking a certification exam.
You must begin preparing for the exam long before the actual date. Chapter 2 provides you with
some study tips. It is also important that you carefully review the candidate handbook and instruc-
tions for either exam. The exam process is clearly outlined in the individual handbook.

5
54020_CH01_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 6
54020_CH02_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 7

CHAPTER
Study Techniques and
Exam-Taking Strategies
2
PREPARING FOR THE EXAM
The RMA and CMA exams are not like a final exam in a course. You cannot study for several days
before, or cram the night before, and expect to do well. You must begin your preparation several
months before the planned exam date.

Step 1: Set Up a Study Area

Find space in your home to set aside that is your special study place. In this space you should have
this review book and your textbooks from your courses, as well as some other supplies listed in Step 2.
People learn in different ways, but for this exam, you should have a quiet place where you can study
and memorize the facts and information. The majority of the questions are knowledge based (i.e.,
facts and information) and you will be doing a lot of memorizing.
If you do not have a quiet space at home and must go to the library or another place to study,
use a bookbag to carry all your essentials for memorizing. You can even create three or four book-
bags and divide their contents by the sections of the exam (one each for general, administrative, and
clinical, and one for supplies).
Depending on how much room you have, you should also have access to a computer. Both the
RMA and CMA exams are computerized, so you must feel comfortable taking exams on a computer.
You may also take the RMA test as a pencil and paper test at certain times of the year. Check the AMT
website for more details. This textbook provides you with a CD-ROM with some 1600 questions. If
you are going to study at the library, then bring the CD along and practice taking the exam over and
over again. The CD will mix up the questions for you.

Step 2: Define Your Study Style

Think about your most successful study habits. Did you do better if you created flash cards on 3" × 5"
cards? Did you outline material using a systematic set of headings and subheadings? Some students
do well with a concept called mind mapping to help them understand and memorize material (see
Figure 2-1).
Hopefully you saved all your notes from your various classes in medical assisting; however,
using your notes from class and your textbooks may not be the best way to study for this type of
exam. Because the exam covers so much material, if you go back and review every chapter of every
text and every set of notes you had from each and every class, you may become overwhelmed. In
this book, we have attempted to outline the major areas of the exam. You should create your own
set of notes, either by outline or flashcards, that reflects the major points in each area.

7
54020_CH02_FINAL.QXP 10/21/09 8:15 PM Page 8

Preparing to Take the Certification Exam

HC PCS Coding ICD = 9

Identifies procedure Identifies Dx

Gen Med Lots of misc. By organ system (mostly)

Lab HC PCS
Orthotics V codes E codes
CPT Level 2
E.rM Radiology
Level 1
Surgery Code to
highest level
ANS Transportation
5 digits: XXX.XX

5 digits no period

Modify after 5 digits

Figure 2-1 Mind Mapping

Whatever you create as study notes, try to make them portable. That way, you can take them
with you and study while stuck in traffic, waiting to be seen by a doctor or dentist, or standing in line
at the grocery store or bus stop.
Remember that just reading material is not enough. You must drill yourself on the material in
whatever way works for you. That is why study outlines, flash cards, or some other set of review tools
is so important.

Step 3: Create a Schedule

Develop a study schedule. This may be the most difficult thing you do because it requires that you
maintain discipline. But once you set a schedule, follow it.
Your schedule should reflect what you are going to study when. Begin by studying difficult
and/or boring subjects first. For example, many students find the administrative areas of medical as-
sisting uninteresting; however, there are many questions on administrative topics, so it is important
that you begin working on this area if it is your least favorite. If you found pharmacology difficult dur-
ing your classes, add that to your study early list.
Start approximately three months before the scheduled exam date. Organize your material. Talk
with the other people in your life and explain to them the importance of this study time. You may
need to negotiate with them, but you must be able to say no when someone wants to interfere with
your study time.
The time you set aside should be the time when you function at your best. Are you a morning
person? Maybe you study best late at night. By now, you probably know when you best study time
is, so use that information to your advantage.

A POSSIBLE SCHEDULE
Everyone is different, and the following schedule may not be best for you. The important thing is that
you create a schedule that gives you increased study time as you get closer to the exam. Let’s assume
that you are going to take the exam the last day of June. Here is a possible schedule:

April 1–15: Establish your study area and your study times for the next three months. Organize
what you will study in what order. Get the supplies you need. Set aside time during these first
two weeks—maybe two hours—to start studying. You can do this in one 2-hour increment or two
1-hour increments. Take practice exams.

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Study Techniques and Exam-Taking Strategies

April 16–30: During this 2-week period you should put in at least four hours of study time in
whatever way works best for you. At least one of the boring or difficult areas should be mem-
orized at this point. Take practice exams.
May 1–15: Every week you should be studying approximately three hours. That means that during
this period of time you have put in at least six hours studying and memorizing. Take practice exams.
May 16–31: Find a study friend from school. Set up study sessions that begin during this time
where you can quiz each other. If no one is available, continue to study at least three hours
each week. It is also time to review your schedule at this point. Are you more comfortable with
the boring and difficult areas? Do you need to revise the schedule now that you have main-
tained a strict schedule? Take practice exams.
June 1–15: You should be devoting time every day to studying—even if it is only 30 minutes a day.
You should be feeling comfortable with the boring and difficult areas by now, but if you are not,
keep working on those areas, along with those areas with which you are more comfortable.
Take practice exams.
June 16–28: Try to put in at least one hour every day reviewing material and taking practice
exams. At this point, you are probably getting really tired of the material and becoming appre-
hensive. You may need to take a day off from studying.
Repetition, repetition, repetition. Using your flash cards or outlines and taking practice exams
will help your recall facts and information. Be careful not to memorize practice questions, how-
ever. You are memorizing the information, not the question itself.
June 29: Don’t study the day before the exam. Give yourself time to relax. Try to avoid being
anxious. Make sure you know where you are going to take the exam and how long it is going
to take you to get to your destination. Be sure you have your exam admission documentation
and photo identification. Try to get a good night’s sleep!

EXAM-TAKING STRATEGIES
The CMA and RMA exams are multiple choice exams. Both exams are 200 questions. The questions
consist of the stem and either four or five lettered response choices. Only one of these choices is cor-
rect; the other three or four are called distractors. Here are some suggestions:

• Read the question carefully. Remember that you are selecting the one best answer.
• Do not read into the question by assuming information that is not provided.
• Eliminate those answers you know to be wrong.
• If you are taking the computerized version of the exam, you can write out choices (A, B, C, D, E)
on your scratch paper and then cross off the ones you know aren’t correct. You can repeat this
technique for each question.
• If you do not see a “right” answer, choose the best answer available.
• If the possible answers cover a wide range of quantities and you don’t know the correct answer,
choose the one in the middle of the range.
• Pay attention to those words that are underlined, in bold , CAPITALIZED, or italicized.
• Be careful with questions that have the word except as part of the question. The correct answer
is the opposite of what is asked in the question.
• If you really don’t know the answer at all:
° Choose the answer that uses the same language that appears in the stem.
° Choose the answer that appears to be the most complex.
° Choose from two answers that are possible—pick one and move on.
° For all questions for which you simply do not know the answer, pick the same letter every
time.

Every question should be answered. An unanswered question always is wrong, but you
might guess correctly.

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Preparing to Take the Certification Exam

The exams are timed, so it is important that you do not linger over a question. Unless you make
an obvious mistake, do not change the answer. Answer the questions you are certain about first. Then
you can go back and answer the remaining questions.
Pay attention to the time. Depending on the exam, the proctor may announce how much time
is left. If you are running out of time, just go through and quickly select answers to those questions
you have not answered.
The exam preparation process is a difficult one. You must be prepared to sacrifice time and energy
to be successful on the day of the exam.

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SECTION
General Knowledge

II
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CHAPTER
Medical Terminology

3
Throughout the exam there will be questions that require knowledge of medical terminology. This
chapter outlines some of the main terms.
A medical term may have three parts—the prefix, the word root, and the suffix. Knowing the
meaning of each will help to you to understand a variety of terms. Prefixes are found at the begin-
ning of the word and modify the word’s meaning. Table 3-1 lists some common prefixes. The suffix
of a word occurs at the end of the word. The suffix also modifies the word’s meaning. Table 3-2 lists
some common suffixes.
The word root of a medical term is the foundation of a word that gives it meaning. Word roots
typically describe the part of the body involved. Word roots are usually combined with a vowel at the
end (often an “o”) so that a suffix beginning with a consonant can be added. When word roots are
written in this way, they are called combining forms.
The following pages (Tables 3-3 through 3-14) look at each of the organ systems separately.
Memorizing every single medical term is not the best approach to studying for the medical terminol-
ogy portion of the exam. Memorizing basic prefixes and suffixes as well as some of the major terms
for each organ system is a better approach.
Body planes are imaginary vertical and horizontal lines that are used to divide the body for de-
scriptive purposes. When using body planes, the person is assumed to be in the anatomic position,
which means standing erect, facing forward, arms at the sides with palms toward the front. Questions
about body planes are common on the exam. Table 3-15 identifies the various body plane terms.
It is possible that there may be several questions about abbreviations and their use. Table 3-16
lists common approved abbreviations that might appear on the exam.

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General Knowledge

Table 3-1 Common Prefixes

Prefix Meaning Example

a-, an- without Aphasia is the loss of ability to speak, write, and/or
comprehend the written or spoken word.
ab- from, away from Abduct means to be move away from the midline
of the body.
ad- toward, in the direction of Adduct means to move toward the midline of the body.
albin- white Albinism is an inherited deficiency in which there is
absence of pigment (melanin) in the skin, hair, and irises.
ambi- both Ambidextrous is the ability to use both hands with equal
dexterity.
ante-, pre-, before Prenatal means the time and events before birth. Antecubital
pro- refers to the region in front of the elbow.
anti-, contra- against Antibiotic means to act against microorganisms.
auto- self Autologous means relating to self.
bi-, diplo- two Bilateral means pertaining to two sides; diplopia means
double vision.
bio- life Biology means the study of life.
brady- slow Bradycardia means an abnormally slow heartbeat.
circum- around Circumcision means the removal of the skin around the tip
of the penis.
con- together, with Congenital means present at birth.
de- away from Delusion is a false personal belief that is maintained despite
obvious proof to the contrary. Delusion is a thought that
strays away from the norm.
dia- through Diarrhea is the rapid movement of fecal matter through
the intestines.
dys- abnormal, difficult, Dyspnea is difficult or labored breathing.
painful, bad
ecto- outside An ectopic pregnancy is when the ovum becomes fertilized
outside the uterus.
endo- within Endoscopy is a procedure in which an instrument is placed
within the body.
epi- upon, over Epidermis is the outermost layer of skin.
eu- normal, good Euphoria is a state of well-being.
ex-, exo-, extra- out of, away from, outside Exophthalmus is an abnormal protrusion of the eyes.
hemi-, semi- half Hemiplegia is total paralysis of half of the body; semicircular
means shaped like a half-circle.
hyper-, poly- above normal, excessive Hyperhidrosis is a condition of excess sweating; polymyalgia
means pain in several muscle groups.
hypo-, sub- below normal, below, Hypocalcemia is a condition characterized by abnormally
underneath low calcium levels in the blood; subcutaneous injection is
the administration of medicine by injection into the fatty
layer just below the skin.
(continues)

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-1 Common Prefixes (Continued)

Prefix Meaning Example

inter- between Interstitial means between tissue.
intra- within Intracranial pressure means the amount of pressure within
the skull.
iso- same Isotope is a chemical element having the same atomic
number as another chemical element.
macro-, megalo- big, large A macrocyte is an abnormally large cell; megalocephaly is
an abnormally large head.
mal- bad, not adequate Malnutrition is a lack of proper food or nutrition.
meta- change, transformation Metastasize describes the process by which cancer spreads.
micro- small Microbiology is the study of microorganisms. Microcephaly
refers to a small head.
mono- one Monochromatism is also known as color blindness or the
inability to distinguish certain colors.
multi-, pluri- many Multiparous is a term used to describe a woman who has
given birth two or more times; pluripotent stem cells have
the ability to differentiate into any of the three germ layers.
neo- new, recent Neoplasm describes new and abnormal tissue formation;
also known as a tumor.
non- not Noninvasive is a term used to describe therapeutic and
diagnostic procedures that do not involve the puncturing
of the skin.
oligo- few, scanty, sparse Oligospermia is a low sperm count.
pan- all Pandemic is a widespread epidemic, usually worldwide.
para- near, beside, beyond, Paradoxical drug reaction describes the effect caused
opposite, abnormal by a medication that is the exact opposite of what is
therapeutically intended.
per- through Percutaneous means through the skin.
peri- around Periosteum describes the dense connective tissue around
the bone.
poly- many Polydipsia means excessive thirst; polyphagia means
excessive hunger.
post- after, following Postmortem means after death.
pre- before Premature infant means a neonate born before 37 weeks
gestation.
primi- first Primigravida is a woman during her first pregnancy.
quadra-, quadri- four Quadriplegia is paralysis of all four extremities.
re- again, backward Relapse is the return of a disease.
rube- red Rubella is a viral disease that produces red skin rashes.
semi- half Semiconscious means half-conscious.
sub- under, below Subcostal means below the rib(s).
super-, supra- above, superior Superinfection is a new infection above and beyond the
original infection which results in a serious condition.
(continues)

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General Knowledge

Table 3-1 Common Prefixes (Continued)

Prefix Meaning Example

syn-, sym- together Symphysis pubis is the area in front of the pelvis where
the pubic bones meet.
tachy- fast, abnormally fast Tachypnea is fast breathing.
tri- three The triceps brachii muscle is the muscle of the posterior
upper arm that has three divisions.
ultra- beyond Ultrasound is a procedure where high-frequency sound
waves are used to visualize internal organs.
uni- one, single Unilateral means relating to one side.

Table 3-2 Common Suffixes

Suffixes Meaning Example

-ac, -al, -ar, -ary pertaining to Cardiac means pertaining to the heart; congenital means
pertaining to the presence at birth; muscular means
pertaining to the muscles; integumentary means pertaining
to the skin.
-algia pain Neuralgia means pain in the nerves.
-ase enzyme Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down starch.
-blast baby, immature Osteoblast refers to an immature bone cell.
-cele abnormal protrusions Myocele is an abnormal protrusion of muscle; hernia.
-centesis surgical puncture Abdominocentesis is a surgical puncture of the abdominal
cavity to remove fluid.
-cide destroying Germicide is a solution that kills germs.
-cyte cell Erythrocyte is a red blood cell.
-derma skin Scleroderma is the hardening of connective tissues,
including the skin.
-desis binding Arthrodesis is the binding of a joint.
-dipsia thirst Polydipsia means excessive thirst, as occurs in diabetes.
-dynia pain Gastrodynia means pain in the stomach.
-ectasis dilation Ureterectasis is dilation of a ureter.
-ectomy surgical removal Tonsillectomy is surgical removal of the tonsils.
-edema fluid accumulation, Lymphedema is swelling due to abnormal accumulation of
swelling lymph within the tissues.
-emesis vomiting Hyperemesis is excessive vomiting.
-emia blood Uremia is a toxic condition caused by excessive amounts
of urea and other wastes in the blood.
-esthesia sensation, feeling Anesthesia refers to the absence of normal sensation.
-gen, -genesis, producing, formation A carcinogen is something that produces cancer;
-genic carcinogenesis is the formation of the cancer;
carcinogenic refers to an agent that produces cancer.
-gram record An electrocardiogram is a recording of the heartbeat.
(continues)

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-2 Common Suffixes (Continued)

Suffixes Meaning Example

-graph instrument to record An electrocardiograph is the instrument used to produce
electrocardiograms.
-graphy the process of recording Coronary angiography refers to the process of making a
radiographic study of the coronary arteries after inserting
contrast medium.
-gravida pregnant Nulligravida refers to a woman who has never been
pregnant; primigravida refers to a woman during her first
pregnancy.
-iasis condition, formation of Lithiasis is the formation of stones.
-iatric pertaining to medical Pediatric is pertaining to the treatment of children.
treatment
-ic, -ical pertaining to Gastric is pertaining to the stomach.
-ism condition Hypothyroidism refers to low production of thyroid hormone.
-itis inflammation Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx.
-logist someone who studies a A neurologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing
specific area and treating disorders of the nervous system.
-logy the study of Cardiology is the study of the heart.
-lysis destruction Hemolysis refers to the destruction of red blood cells.
-malacia softening Osteomalacia is the softening of bone due to defective
bone mineralization.
-mania abnormal preoccupation Pyromania is defined as a pattern of deliberate setting of
fires for pleasure.
-megaly enlargement Cardiomegaly is the enlargement of the heart.
-meter, metry measuring device, the Spirometry is a noninvasive test in which a person
process of measuring breathes into a device that measures airflow, volume, and
time of each breath.
-oma tumor Carcinoma is a malignant tumor that arises from epithelial
tissue; sarcoma is a malignant tumor that arises from
connective tissue.
-otomy the process of cutting, an Phlebotomy is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of
incision drawing blood.
-para, -parous to have a child, to bring Nullipara refers to a woman who has never borne a viable
forth child; primipara refers to a woman who has had one
viable child; multiparous refers to a woman who has had
two or more children.
-pathy, -pathic disease Idiopathic disease is a disease of unknown origin.
-penia deficiency Leukopenia is the decrease in the number of circulating
white blood cells.
-pepsia digestion Dyspepsia is an upset stomach.
-pexy surgical fixation Cystopexy is the surgical fixation of the bladder to the
abdominal wall.
-phagia eating Polyphagia means excessive hunger, as occurs in diabetes.
(continues)

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General Knowledge

Table 3-2 Common Suffixes (Continued)

Suffixes Meaning Example

-phobia fear of Agoraphobia is anxiety about being in outdoor, open, or
public places.
-plasty surgical repair Valvoplasty is the surgical repair or replacement of a heart
valve; also known as valvuloplasty.
-pnea breath or breathing Apnea is the cessation of breathing.
-prandial meal Postprandial is after a meal.
-ptosis sagging or drooping Cystoptosis is the prolapse of the bladder.
-rrhage, heavy discharge Hemorrhage is a heavy discharge of blood in a short
-rrhagia amount of time.
-rrhaphy surgical suturing (to Myorrhaphy is the surgical suturing of muscle.
close a wound)
-rrhea discharge Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual flow.
-rrhexis rupture Myorrhexis is the rupture of muscle.
-scope an instrument used to A laparoscope is an instrument through which structures
view in the abdomen and pelvis can be seen.
-scopy visual examination Laparoscopy is the visual examination of the interior of
the abdomen with a laparoscope.
-stasis stopping Hemostasis means to stop or control bleeding.
-stenosis narrowing Arteriostenosis is the abnormal narrowing of an artery or
arteries.
-stomy opening Colostomy is the creation of an artificial opening between
the colon and the surface of the body for excretion of
wastes.
-tropic having an affinity for A vasotropic agent acts on blood vessels.
-uria urine Dysuria is difficult or painful urination.

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-3 Integumentary System

Combining Form Meaning Example

alopec/i baldness Alopecia is the partial of complete loss of hair.
cry/o cold Cryosurgery is surgery that uses liquid nitrogen to freeze the tissue.
cutane/o skin Subcutaneous means beneath the skin.
cyan/o blue Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin.
dermat/o skin Dermatoplasty is the surgical repair of the skin with a skin graft.
erythr/o, red Erythroderma is widespread redness accompanied by scaling of
erythem/o the skin.
hidr/o sweat Hyperhidrosis is a condition of excess sweating.
hist/o tissue Histology is the study of tissues.
leuk/o white Leukopenia is a reduction of the number of leukocytes in the blood.
lip/o fat Lipoma is a benign fatty deposit under the skin.
melan/o black Melanosis is any condition of unusual deposits of black pigment
in different parts of the body.
onych/o nail Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of a nail.
pil/i hair Arrector pili are tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles
that respond to cold or fright.
scler/o hard, hardening Scleroderma is a condition of hardened skin and other connective
tissues.
seb/o sebum (oil) Seborrhea is a condition in which there is an overproduction of
sebum.
trich/o hair Trichotillomania is a behavior in which one has a compulsion for
hair pulling.
xanth/o yellow Xanthoderma is any yellow discoloration of the skin.
xer/o dry Xeroderma is excessive dryness of the skin.

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General Knowledge

Table 3-4 Musculoskeletal System

Combining Form Meaning Example

ankyl/o to make crooked; Ankylosis is stiffness in a joint due to disease, injury, or surgery.
stiff
arth/o joint Arthralgia is pain in a joint or joints.
burs/o bursa Bursitis is inflammation of a bursa.
carp/o wrist Carpals are bones of the wrist.
cervic/o neck Cervical means pertaining to a neck.
chir/o hand Chiropractors are specialists who manipulate the spine with their
hands to realign the vertebrae.
chondr/o cartilage Chondroma is a slow-growing tumor derived from cartilage.
cost/o rib Costal means between the ribs.
crani/o skull, head Craniotomy is a surgical incision or opening into the skull.
dors/o back Dorsal means pertaining to the back.
kyph/o hump Kyphosis is abnormal outward curvature of the thoracic spine;
humpback.
lamin/o posterior portion Laminectomy is the surgical removal of the lamina.
of a vertebra
lei/o smooth muscle Leiomyoma is a benign tumor of the smooth muscle.
lord/o bent backward Lordosis is abnormal forward curvature of the lumbar spine;
swayback.
myel/o bone marrow Myeloma is a tumor of the bone marrow.
(or spinal cord—
depends on
context)
myo, myos/o muscle Myomalacia is abnormal softening of muscle tissue.
orth/o straight An orthopedist is a surgeon that specializes in straightening/
treating injuries of bones.
osteo/o bone Osteoplasty is the surgical repair of bone(s).
scoli/o curved Scoliosis is abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
synovi/o, synov/o synovial fluid or Synovitis is inflammation of the synovial membrane.
membrane
ten/o tendon Tenodynia is pain in a tendon.

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-5 Cardiovascular System

Combining Form Meaning Example

angi/o vessel Angiostenosis is the narrowing of a blood vessel.
aort/o aorta; main vessel The aortic semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle
of the heart and the aorta.
arteri/o artery Arterionecrosis is death of an artery.
atri/o atrium Atriomegaly is the abnormal enlargement of the atrium.
cardi/o heart A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in treatment of
heart diseases.
cyt/o cell Cytology is the study of the cell.
erythr/o red Erythrocytes are red blood cells.
hem/o, hemat/o blood Hemorrhage is a heavy discharge of blood in a short amount
of time.
leuc/o, leuk/o white Leukocytes are white blood cells.
lymph/o lymph Lymphadenopathy is enlargement of the lymph nodes.
phleb/o vein Phleborrhexis is the rupture of a vein.
plasm/o plasma Plasmapheresis is the removal of whole blood from the body,
separation of the cellular elements, and return of those blood
cells to the body’s circulation.
thromb/o clot Thrombus is a blood clot attached to the interior of an artery
or a vein.
valv/o, valvul/o valve Valvuloplasty is the surgical repair or replacement of a heart
valve; also known as valvoplasty.
vas/o vessel A vasodilator is a medication that dilates the blood vessels.
ven/o vein Venography is an x-ray image of veins after the injection of
contrast medium.
ventricul/o ventricular Ventricular fibrillation refers to the rapid, irregular, and useless
contractions of the ventricle(s) that are usually fatal; also known
as V-fib.

Table 3-6 Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Combining Form Meaning Example

immun/o immune system Immunology is the study of the immune system.
lymph/o lymph Lymphedema is swelling due to abnormal accumulation of
lymph within the tissues.
lymphaden/o lymph nodes Lymphadenectomy is the surgical removal of a lymph node.
lymphangi/o lymph vessels Lymphangiography is the radiographic examination of the
lymphatic vessels.
onc/o tumor An oncologist is a physician who specializes in the treatment
of tumors.
splen/o spleen Splenomegaly is an abnormal enlargement of the spleen.
thym/o thymus Thymoma means a tumor originating in the thymus.
tonsill/o tonsils Tonsillitis refers to inflammation of the tonsils.

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General Knowledge

Table 3-7 Respiratory System

Combining Form Meaning Example

alveol/o air sac Alveoli are the small grape-like clusters found at the end of each
bronchiole.
bronch/o bronchus or Bronchopneumonia is the form of pneumonia that affects patches
bronchi of the bronchioles throughout both lungs.
epiglott/o epiglottis Epiglottitis refers to inflammation of the epiglottis.
laryng/o larynx Laryngitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane in the larynx.
lob/o lobes Lobar pneumonia affects one or more lobes of a lung.
muc/o mucus Mucolytic is an agent that destroys mucus.
nas/o, rhin/o nose The nasal septum is a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into
two equal sections.
ox/o oxygen Anoxia is the absence of oxygen in the body’s tissues.
pharyng/o pharynx Pharyngoplasty is the surgical repair of the pharynx.
phon/o voice or sound Dysphonia means any voice impairment.
pleur/o pleura Pleurisy or pleuritis is an inflammation of the pleura that produces
sharp chest pain.
pneum/o lung, air A pneumothorax is the accumulation of air in the pleural space
causing a pressure imbalance and potentially a collapsed lung.
pulmon/o lung Pulmonary fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue in the lung,
resulting in difficulty breathing.
sinus/o sinus Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses.
spir/o to breathe Spirometry is a noninvasive test in which a patient breathes into
a device that measures airflow, the length of time of each breath,
and air volume.
tonsil/o tonsils Tonsillectomy is the removal of the tonsils.
trache/o trachea Tracheotomy is an emergency procedure in which an incision is
made into the trachea to gain access to the airway; this is usually
intended to be temporary.

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-8 Gastrointestinal System

Combining Form Meaning Example

aer/o air Aerophagia is the excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking.
ailment/o nourishment Alimentary canal is another name for the digestive tract.
or food
amyl/o starch Amylase describes the enzyme that digests starch.
bil/i bile Biliary cirrhosis is a liver disorder due to the obstruction of bile ducts.
chol/e gall, bile Cholelithiasis is the presence of stones in the gallbladder or bile ducts.
cholecyst/o gall bladder Cholecystalgia is pain in the gallbladder; cholelithotripsy is the
procedure for crushing gallstones.
col/o colon Colonoscopy is the visual examination of the colon.
dent/o tooth Edentulous means without natural teeth.
duoden/o duodenum Gastroduodenostomy is the establishment of a connection between
the upper portion of the stomach and the duodenum.
enter/o intestine Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine.
esophag/o esophagus Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is the endoscopic examination
of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum.
gastr/o stomach Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a syndrome of chronic
epigastric pain, accompanied by belching and nausea.
gingiv/o gums Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums.
gloss/o tongue Glossoplegia is paralysis of the tongue.
hepat/o liver Hepatectomy is the surgical removal of all or part of the liver.
intest/o intestines Intestinal adhesions are fibrous bands of tissues in the intestines.
lapar/o abdomen Laparoscopy is the visualization of the interior of the abdomen with
a small camera.
lith/o stone Lithotripsy is a non-invasive medical treatment that uses shock waves
to break up stones in the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or gallbladder.
pancreat/o pancreas Pancreatotomy is a surgical incision into the pancreas.
peritone/o peritoneum Peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
phag/o eat A phagocyte is a cell that ingests bacteria, foreign particles, and
other cells.
pharyng/o pharynx Pharyngoplasty is the surgical repair of the pharynx.
proct/o rectum Proctopexy is the surgical fixation of a prolapsed rectum to an
adjacent organ.
rect/o rectum Rectal means relating to the rectum.
sigmoid/o sigmoid colon Sigmoidectomy is surgical removal of all or part of the sigmoid colon.
stomat/o mouth Stomatitis is inflammation of the mucous tissue of the mouth.

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General Knowledge

Table 3-9 Urinary System

Combining Form Meaning Example

albumin/o protein (called Albuminuria refers to protein in the urine.
albumin)
bacteri/o bacteria Bacteriuria refers to bacteria in the urine.
cyst/o urinary A cystocele is the hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall;
bladder cystotomy refers to surgical incision into the bladder wall.
lith/o stone Nephrolithiasis is the presence of a renal stone.
nephr/o kidney Nephrectomy is the removal of a kidney.
pyel/o renal pelvis Pyelolithotomy is the surgical removal of stones from the renal pelvis.
ren/i, ren/o kidney Renography is radiography of the kidney.
ur/o, urin/o urine Urinalysis is the analysis of urine to help in the diagnosis of diseases.
ureter/o ureters Ureterectasis is distention of a ureter.
urethr/o urethra Urethrorrhagia is bleeding from the urethra.

Table 3-10 Nervous System

Combining Form Meaning Example

cerebell/o cerebellum Cerebellitis is inflammation of the cerebellum.
cerebr/o cerebrum Cerebropathy refers to any disorder of the cerebrum.
crani/o skull Cranioplasty refers to surgical repair of the skull.
encephal/o brain An encephalocele is the congenital herniation of brain
substance through a gap in the skull.
mening/o the membranes Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes covering
covering the brain the brain and/or spinal cord.
and spinal cord
myel/o spinal cord (or bone Myelitis is inflammation of the spinal cord; also could be
marrow—depends inflammation of the bone marrow.
on context)
neur/o nerve A neurologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing
and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
psych/o mind A psychiatrist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing
and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems,
and mental illnesses.

24
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Medical Terminology

Table 3-11 Endocrine System

Combining Form Meaning Example

aden/o gland Adenopathy refers to large, swollen lymph node glands.
adrenal/o adrenal gland Adrenalectomy is the surgical remove of one or both of the
adrenal glands.
andr/o male Androgen is a hormone produced in the male testes.
cortic/o cortex A corticosteroid is a steroid produced by the adrenal cortex.
gluc/o, glyc/o sugar Glucosuria is sugar in the urine; hypoglycemia is low blood sugar.
gonad/o sex gland Gonadopathy is any disease of the gonads.
pancreat/o pancreatic islets Pancreatitis is any inflammation of the pancreas.
parathyroid/o parathyroid gland Hypoparathyroidism is insufficient or absent secretion from the
parathyroid glands.
pineal/o pineal gland Pinealectomy is the surgical removal of the pineal gland.
pituitar/o, pituit/o pituitary gland Hyperpituitarism is pathology that results in excessive
secretion by the hormones of the anterior pituitary.
thym/o thymus gland Thymoma is a benign tumor of the thymus.
thyr/o thyroid gland Thyrotoxicosis is a life-threatening condition resulting from the
release of excessive quantities of thyroid hormone into the
bloodstream.

Table 3-12 Reproductive System

Combining Form Meaning Example

amni/o amnion Amniocentesis is a surgical puncture of the amnion for diagnostic
testing.
cervic/o cervix Endocervicitis is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining
the cervix.
colp/o vagina Colporrhaphy is the surgical suturing of a tear in the vagina.
crypt/o concealed, Cryptorchidism is a developmental defect in which one or both of
hidden the testes fail to descend into the scrotum.
galact/o milk Galactorrhea is the spontaneous flow of milk from the breasts
unassociated with nursing.
gyn/o woman, female Gynecomastia is the excessive development of mammary glands
in the male.
hyster/o uterus Hysterectomy is surgical removal of the uterus.
mamm/o, mast/o breast Mammalgia and mastalgia both mean pain in the breast.
meno/o menstruation Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation caused by uterine cramps;
polymenorrhea refers to excessive menstrual flow.
nat/o birth Neonatal means the first month of life.
oophor/o ovary Oophorectomy is the surgical removal of an ovary.
orchid/o testes, testicle Orchidectomy is the removal of one or both testes.
salping/o fallopian tube Salpingectomy is the surgical removal of a fallopian tube.
vas/o vessel, duct Vasectomy is the removal of a section of the vas deferens for
male sterilization.

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General Knowledge

Table 3-13 The Eye

Combining Form Meaning Example

blephar/o eyelid Blepharoptosis is drooping of the upper eyelid.
conjunctiv/o conjunctiva Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva, better known as pink
eye.
dacry/o tear duct Dacryorrhea is the excessive flow of tears.
dipl/o double Diplopia is the perception of two images of one object, better known as
double vision.
ir/i, ir/o, irid/o iris Iritis is any inflammation of the iris.
nyct/o night Nyctalopia is poor night vision.
ocul/o eye Oculomycosis is any fungal disease of the eye.
phac/o, phak/o lens Phacoemulsification is the use of ultrasound to break up a cataract in
order to make it easier to remove.
phot/o light Photoretinitis is retinitis due to exposure to intense light.
presby/o old Presbyopia refers to the common changes in the eye that occur with aging.
retin/o retina Retinopexy refers to the treatment to reattach a detached area of the retina.

Table 3-14 The Ear

Combining Form Meaning Example

acous/o, acoust/o hearing Acoustic is pertaining to hearing.
audi/o hearing An audiometer is an instrument to measure hearing.
labyrinth/o inner ear Labyrinthitis is an inflammation of the inner ear that can result in
vertigo and/or deafness.
ot/o ear Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear.
pinn/i outer ear The pinna is also known as the auricle, and is the external portion of
the ear.
presby/o old Presbycusis refers to a gradual sensorineural hearing loss that
occurs with aging.
tympan/o, tympanic Tympanostomy tubes are also known as pediatric ear tubes that are
myring/o membrane placed through the tympanic membrane to provide on-going
drainage of fluids; myringotomy is the surgical incision of the
tympanic membrane to create an opening for tympanostomy tubes.

Table 3-15 Body Planes

Body Plane Meaning

Coronal plane Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; also known as the frontal plane
(hint: think of placing a crown on your head)
Frontal plane Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions; also known as the coronal plane
Horizontal plane Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; also known as
the transverse plane (hint: think of the horizon)
Transverse plane Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; also known as
the horizontal plane
Sagittal plane Divides the body into left and right portions; a vertical plane
Midsagittal plane Divides the body into equal left and right halves; a vertical plane

26
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Medical Terminology

Table 3-16 Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations

Abbreviation Meaning
a before
a.c. before meals
AD right ear
ad lib as desired, as needed
AS left ear
AU each ear or both ears
bid or b.i.d. twice a day
BP blood pressure
bpm beats per minute
–c with
CA, ca cancer
CBC complete blood count
CNS central nervous system
C/O complains of
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CVA cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
D5W dextrose, 5% in water
D&C dilation and curettage
DC discontinue
DX diagnosis
ECG, EKG electrocardiogram
EEG electroencephalogram
EGD esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Fe iron
FH family history
g gram
GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease
GI gastrointestinal
gtt drop
GU genitourinary
GYN gynecology
H&P history and physical
HEENT head, ears, eyes, nose, and throat
h.s. at bedtime (hour of sleep)
HX history
I&D incision and drainage
ICU intensive care unit

(continues)

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General Knowledge

Table 3-16 Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations (Continued)

Abbreviation Meaning
IM intramuscular
IV intravenous
K potassium
KCl potassium chloride
kg kilogram
L liter
mcg microgram
mg milligram
MI myocardial infarction
mL or ml milliliter
mm millimeter
Na sodium
NaCl sodium chloride
NPO, npo nothing by mouth
OD right eye
oint ointment
OR operating room
OS left eye
OTC over the counter
OU each eye (or both eyes)
–
p after
p.c. after meals
PE physical exam
PMH past medical history
p.o., PO by mouth, orally
POSTOP; postop postoperative
PREOP; preop preoperative
PRN, prn whenever necessary
q every
qd or q.d. every day
qh or q.h. every hour
q2h or q.2h every 2 hours
q4h or q.4h every 4 hours
qid or q.i.d. four times a day
RE√ recheck
R/O rule out
ROS/SR review of systems/systems review
(continues)

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Medical Terminology

Table 3-16 Commonly Used Medical Abbreviations (Continued)

Abbreviation Meaning
Rx prescription
–s without
sig write
SOB shortness of breath
sol solution
stat immediately and once only
subq, SubQ, subcu subcutaneous
susp suspension
tab tablet
tid or t.i.d. three times a day
TX treatment
U/A urinalysis
URI upper respiratory infection
US ultrasound
UTI urinary tract infection

QUESTIONS
3-1. The prefix “dys-” means
A. a pathologic tissue change.
B. good, benign, or harmless.
C. bad, difficult, or painful.
D. abnormal narrowing.
E. abnormal softening.

3-2. The suffix meaning “to rupture” is

A. -rrhage.
B. -rrhagia.
C. -rrhea.
D. -rrhexis.
E. -rrhaphy.

3-3. The combining form meaning “blue” is

A. cyan/o-.
B. erythr/o-.
C. leuk/o-.
D. poli/o-.
E. melan/o-.

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General Knowledge

3-4. The suffix that means “abnormal softening” is

A. -necrosis.
B. -malacia.
C. -maegaly.
D. -sclerosis.
E. -stenosis.

3-5. Which term means the direction toward or nearer the midline?
A. Distal
B. Medial
C. Lateral
D. Ventral
E. Dorsal

3-6. Which term means the death of bone tissue?

A. Osteoporosis
B. Osteomyelitis
C. Osteitis deformans
D. Osteonecrosis
E. Osteoclasis

3-7. Which term refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly
worldwide?
A. Endemic
B. Epidemic
C. Pandemic
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

3-8. What word means an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine, also
known as humpback?
A. Scoliosis
B. Lordosis
C. Swayback
D. Kyphosis
E. Spondylosis

3-9. The correct spelling for a fracture in which the bone is broken into many pieces is
A. conmitted.
B. cominnuted.
C. cominuted.
D. conminuted.
E. comminuted.

3-10. Which term means the breakdown of muscle tissue?

A. Myocele
B. Myorrhaphy
C. Myoclonus
D. Myotomy
E. Myolysis

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Medical Terminology

3-11. Which term means the condition commonly known as hiccups?

A. Myasthenia
B. Singultus
C. Contracture
D. Torticollis
E. Aponeurosis

3-12. Which term means the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body?
A. Myoparesis
B. Hemiparesis
C. Hemiplegia
D. Paraplegia
E. Quadriplegia

3-13. Which term means bending the foot upward at the ankle?
A. Abduction
B. Dorsiflexion
C. Elevation
D. Plantar flexion
E. Pronation

3-14. Which term describes the abnormal hardening of an artery?

A. Arthrosclerosis
B. Atherosclerosis
C. Ischemia
D. Arrhythmia
E. Aneurysm

3-15. An abnormally fast heartbeat is referred to as

A. bradycardia.
B. palpitation.
C. tachycardia.
D. prolapse.
E. stenosis.

3-16. Which of the following refers to an abnormally high white blood cell count?
A. Hypochromia
B. Anemia
C. Leukopenia
D. Leukocytosis
E. Leukoplakia

3-17. Which of the following words is misspelled?

A. Easinophil
B. Thrombocyte
C. Basophil
D. Erythrocyte
E. Neutrophil

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General Knowledge

3-18. The condition commonly known as chickenpox is caused by which virus?

A. West Nile
B. Rubeola
C. Varicella zoster
D. Rubella
E. Epstein-Barr

3-19. A person might experience dyspnea with which of the following conditions?
A. Heart failure
B. Liver failure
C. Rheumatoid arthritis
D. Benign prostatic hypertrophy
E. Otitis media

3-20. The emergency procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea in order to gain access
to the airway is called a
A. tracheoplasty.
B. lobectomy.
C. pleurectomy.
D. thoracotomy.
E. tracheotomy.

3-21. The medical term for runny nose is

A. epistaxis.
B. pertussis.
C. croup.
D. sinusitis.
E. rhinorrhea.

3-22. Another term for heartburn is

A. melena.
B. pyrosis.
C. hemoptysis.
D. colostomy.
E. halitosis.

3-23. A colonoscopy would be performed by a(n)

A. urologist.
B. endocrinologist.
C. gastroenterologist.
D. oncologist.
E. neonatologist.

3-24. A stone in the urinary bladder is known as a

A. uretorolith.
B. nephrolith.
C. cystolith.
D. cholecystolith.
E. urinarolith.

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Medical Terminology

3-25. Which of the following refers to a congenital abnormality in the male in which the urethral
opening is located on the upper surface of the penis?
A. Epispadius
B. Hypospadius
C. Paraspadius
D. All of the above
E. None of the above

3-26. Which term refers to an irrational fear of going out in public?

A. Acrophobia
B. Agoraphobia
C. Claustrophobia
D. Hypochondrias
E. Conversion disorder

3-27. An abbreviation that refers to the right ear is

A. OD.
B. OS.
C. OU.
D. AD.
E. AS.

3-28. A doctor who treats disorders of the eyes is called a(n)

A. ophthalmologist.
B. urologist.
C. otolaryngologist.
D. endocrinologist.
E. oncologist.

3-29. __________ is also known as itching.

A. Purulent
B. Pruritis
C. Granuloma
D. Gangrene
E. Ichthyosis

3-30. Which of the following is written in its plural form?

A. Cicatrices
B. Nevus
C. Fungus
D. Epidermis
E. Keratosis

3-31. With regards to menstrual disorders, menorrhagia refers to

A. painful menstrual flow.
B. absence of menstrual flow.
C. excessive menstrual flow.
D. light menstrual flow.
E. premature menopause.

33
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
their use of a skull a symbolic design. (SeeBaphomet.) Skull and
Cross-bones. They are a symbol of mortality and death, and are so
used by heralds in funeral achievements. As the means of inciting
the mind to the contemplation of the most solemn subjects, the skull
and cross-bones are used in the Chamber of Reflection in the French
and Scottish Rites, and in all those degrees where that Chamber
constitutes a part of the prehminary ceremonies of initiation.
Slander. Inwood, in his sermon on "Union Amongst Masons," says:
"To defame our brother, or suffer him to be defamed, without
interesting ourselves for the preserSLOANE vation of his name and
character, there ia scarcely the shadow of an excuse to be formed.
Defamation is always wicked. Slander and evil speaking are the
pests of civil society, are the disgrace of every degree of religious
profession, are the poisonous bane of all Drotherly love." Slave. See
Free Born. Slip. This technical expression in American Masonry, but
mostly confined to the Western States, and not generally used, is of
very recent origin; and both the action and the word most probably
sprang up, with a few other innovations, intended as especial
methods of precaution, about the time of the antiMasonio
excitement. Sloane Manuscripts. There are three copies of the Old
Constitutions which bear this name. All of them were found in the
British Museum among the heterogeneous collection ofpapers which
were once the property of Sir Hans Sloane. The first, which is known
in the Museum as No. 3848, is one of the most complete of the
copies extent of the Old Constitutions. At the end of it, the date is
certified by the following subscription: ' ' Finis p . me Eduardu
Sankey decimo sexto die Octobns Anno Domini 1646." It was
published for the first time, from an exact transcript of the original,
by Bro. Hughan in his Old Charges of the British Freemasons. The
second Sloane MS. is known in the British Museum as No. 3323. It is
in a large folio volume of three hundred and twenty-eight leaves, on
the fly-leaf of which Sir Hans Sloane has written, "Loose papers of
mine Concerning Curiosities." There are many Manuscripts by
different hands. The Masonic one is subscribed "Haec scripta fuerunt
p. me Thomam Martin, 1659," and this fixes the date. It consists of
three leaves of paper six inches by seven and a half, is written in a
small, neat hand, and endorsed "Free Masonry." IV was first
published, in 1871, by Bro. Hughan in his Masonic Sketches and
Reprints. The Rev. Bro. A. F. A. Woodford thinks this an "indifferent
copy of the former one." But this seems unlikely. The entire omission
of the "Legend of the Craft" from the time of Lamech to the building
of the Temple, including the important "Legend of Euclid," all of
which is given in full in the MS. No. 3848, together with a great
many verbal discrepancies, and a total difference in the eighteenth
charge, would lead one to suppose that the former MS. never was
seen, or at least copied, _by_ the writer of the latter. On the whole,
it is, from this very omission, one of the least valuable of the copies
of the Old Constitutions. The third Sloane MS. is really one of the
most interesting and valuable of those that have been heretofore
discovered. - A portion of it, a small portion, was inserted by Findel
in his History of Freemasonry; but the whole has been since
published in the Voice of Masonry, a periodical printed at Chicago in
1872. The number of the MS. in the British Museum is 3329, and Mr.
Hughan places ite date at
 SMABAGDINE from 1640 to 1700; but he says that Messrs.
Bond and Sims, of the British Museum, agree in stating that it is "
probably of the beginning of the eighteenth century." But the Rev.
Mr. Woodford mentions a great aiUhorUy on MSS., who declares it to
be "previous to the middle of the seventeenth century." Findel thinks
it originated at the end of the seventeenth century, and "that it was
found among the papers which Dr. Plot left behind him on his death,
and was one of the sources whence his communications on
Freemasonry were derived." It is not a copy of the Old Constitutions,
in which respect it differs from all the other Manuscripts; but is a
description of the ritual of the society of Free Operative Masons at
the period when it was written. This it is that makes it so valuable a
contribution to the history of Freemasonry, and renders it so
important that its precise date should be fixed. Smaragdlne, Tablet
of Hermes. The foundation of Hermetic knowledge, with an unknown
author. Translated in the (Edipus Mgyptiacus*. Smith, George.
Captain George Smith was a Mason of some distinction during the
latter part of the eighteenth century. Although born in England, he at
an early age entered the military service of Prussia, being connected
with noble families of that kingdom. During his residence on the
Continent it appears that he was initiated in one of the German
Lodges. On his return to England he was appointed Inspector of the
Royal Military Academy at Woolwich, and published, in 1779, a
Universal Military Dictionary, and, in 1783, s. Bibliotheca Militaris. He
devoted much attention to Masonic studies, and is said to have been
a good workman in the Royal Military Lodge at Woolwich, of which
he was for four years the Master. During his Mastership the Lodge
had, on one occasion, been opened in the King's Bench prison, and
some persons who were confined there were initiated. For this the
Master and brethren were censured, and the Grand Lodge declared
that "it is inconsistent with the principles of Masonry for any
Freemason's Lodge to be held, for the purpose of making, passing,
or raising Masons, m any prison or place of confinement."
(Constitutions, 1784, p. 349.) Smith was appointed by the Duke of
Manchester, in 1778, Provincial Grand Master of Kent, and on that
occasion delivered his Inaugural Charge before the Lodge of
Friendship at Dover. He also drew up a code of laws for the
government of the province, which was published in 1781. In 1780
he was appointed Junior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge; but
objections having been made by Heseltine, the Grand Secretary,
between whom and himself there was no very kind feeling, on the
ground that no one could hold two offices in the Grand Lodge, Smith
resigned at the next quarterly communication. As at the time of his
appointment there was really no law forbidding the holding of two
offices, its impropriety was so manifest, that SMITH 695 the Grand
Lodge adopted a regulation that "it is incompatible with the laws of
this society for any brother to hold more than one office in the
Grand Lodge at the same time." (Constitutions, 1784, p. 336.)
Captain Smith, in 1783, published a work entitled The Use and
Abuse of Freemasonry: a work of the greatest utility to the Brethren
of the Society, to Mankind in general, and to the Ladies in particular.
The interest to the ladies consists in some twenty pages, in which he
gives the "Ancient ana Modern reasons why the ladies have never
been admitted into the Society of Freemasons," a section the
omission of which would scarcely have diminished the value of the
work or the reputation of the author. The work of Smith would not at
the present day, in the advanced progress of Masonic knowledge,
enhance the reputation of its writer. But at the time when it
appeared, there was a great dearth of Masonic literature —
Anderson, Calcott, Hutchinson, and Preston being the only authors
of any repute that had as yet written on the subject of Masonry.
There was much historical information contained within its pages,
and some few suggestive thoughts on the symbolism and philosophy
of the Order. To the Craft of that day the Dook was therefore
necessary and useful. Nothing, indeed, proves the necessity of such
a work more than the fact that the Grand Lodge refused its sanction
to the publication on the general ground of opposition to Masonic
literature. Noorthouck (Constitutions, 1784, p. 347), in commenting
on the refusal of a sanction, says: "No particular objection being
stated against the above-mentioned work, the natural conclusion is,
that a sanction was refused on ,the general principle that,
considering the flourishing state of our Lodges, where regular
instruction and suitable exercises are ever ready for all brethren who
zealously aspire to improve in masonical knowledge, new
publications are unnecessary on a subject which books cannot teach.
Indeed, the temptations to authorship have effected a strange
revolution of sentiments since the year 1720, when even antimt
manuscripts were destroyed, to prevent their appearance in a
printed Book of Constitutions! for the principal materials in this very
work, then so much dreaded, have since been retailed in a variety of
forms, to give consequence to fanciful productions that might have
been safely withheld, without sensible injury, either to the Fraternity
or to the literary reputation of the writers." To dispel such darkness
almost any sort of book should have been acceptable. The work was
published without the sanction, and the Craft being wiser than their
representatives in the Grand Lodge, the edition was speedily
exhausted. Tn 1785 Captain Smith was expelled from the Society for
"uttering an instrument purporting to be a certificate of the Grand
Lodge recommending two distressed Brethren." Dr. Oliver (Rev. of a
Sq., p. 215) describes Captain Smith as a man "plain in speech and
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.73%
accurate

696 SMITTEN SOFISM manners, but honourable and

upright in his dealings) and an active and zealous Mason." : It is
probable that he died about the end of the last or the beginning of
the present century. Smitten Builder. The old lectures used to say:
"The veil of the Temple is rent, the builder is smitten, and we are
raised from the tomb of transgression." Hutchinson, and after him
Oliver, apply the expression, "The . smitten builder," to the crucified
Savior, and define it as a symbol of his Divine mediation; but the
general interpretation of the symbol is, that it refers to death as the
necessary precursor of immortality. In this sense, the smitten builder
presents, like every other part of the Third Degree, the symbolic
instruction of Eternal Life. Snow, John. A distinguished lecturer on
Masonry, who was principally instrumental in introducing the system
of Webb, of whom • he was a pupil, into the Lodges of the Western
States. He was also a Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Ohio, and
was the founder and first Grand Commander of the first Grand
Encampment of Knights Templar in the same State. He was born in
Providenee, Rhode Island, February 25, 1780; was initiated into
Freemasonry in Mount Vernon Lodge, of Providence, in 1809, and
died May 16, 1852, at Worthington, Ohio. Snows. See Bains. Social
Character or Freemasonry. Freemasonry attracts our attention as a
great bocial Institution. Laying aside for the time those artificial
distinctions of rank and wealth, which, however, are necessary in the
world to the regular progression of society, its members meet in
their Lodges on cine common level of brotherhood and equality.
There virtue and talent alone claim and receive preeminence, and
the great object of all is to see who can best work and best agree.
There friendship and fraternal affection are strenuously inculcated
and assiduously cultivated, and that great mystic tie is established
which peculiarly distinguishes' the society. Hence m it that
Washington has declared that the benevolent purpose of the
Masonic Institution is to enlarge the sphere of social happiness, and
its grand object to promote the happiness of the human race.
Socius. The Sixth Degree of the Order of Strict Observance.
Sodalities. Societies or companies of friends or companions
assembled together for a special purpose. Such confraternities,
under me name of Sodalitia, were established in Rome, by Cato the
Censor, for the mutual protection of the members. As their
proceedings were secret, they gave offense to the government, and
were suppressed, 80 B.C., by a decree of the Senate, but were
afterward restored by a law of Cl6dius. Soflsm. The Sons were a
mystical sect which greatly prevailed in Eastern countries, and
especially in Persia, whose religious faith was supposed by most
writers to embody the secret doctrine of Mohammedanism. Sir John
Malcolm {Hist. Pers., ch. xx.) says that they have among them great
numbers of the wisest and ablest men of Persia and the East, and
since his time the sect has greatly increased. The name isinost
probably derived from the Greek oaQia,, wisdom ; and Malcolm
states that they also bore the name of philosaufs. in which we may
readily detect the word philosophers. He says also: "The
Mohammedan Sofis have endeavored to connect their mystic faith
with the doctrine of their prophet, who, they assert, was himself an
accomplished Soft." The principal Sofi writers are familiar with the
opinions of Aristotle and Plato, and their most important works
abound with quotations from the latter. Sir John Malcolm compares
the school of Sofism with that of Pythagoras. It is evident that there
is a great similarity between Sofism and Gnosticism, and all the
features of the Sofic initiation remind us very forcibly of those of the
Masonic. The object of the system is the attainment of Trim, and the
novice is invited "to embark on the sea of doubt," that is, to
commence his investigations, which are to end in its discovery. _
There are four stages or degrees of initiation: the first is merely
preliminary, and the initiate is required to observe the ordinary rites
and ceremonies of religion for the sake of the vulgar, who do not
understand their esoteric meaning; In the Second Degree he is said
to enter the pale of Sofism, and exchanges these external rites for a
spiritual worship The Third Degree is that of Wisdom, and he who
reaches it is supposed to have attained supernatural knowledge, and
to be equal to tne angels. The Fourth and last degree fa called Truth,
for he has now reached ft, and has become completely united with
Deity. They have, says Malcolm, secrets and mysteries m every stage
or degree which are never revealed to the profane, and to reveal
which would be a crime of the deepest turpitude. The tenets of the
sect, so far as they are made known to the world, are, according to
Sir William Jones (Asiat. Researches, ii., 62), '*that nothing exists
absolutely but God; that the human soul is an emanation of his
essence, and, though divided for a time from its heavenly source,
will be finally reunited with it; that the highest possible happiness
will arise from its reunion; and that the chief good of mankind in this
transitory world consists in as perfect a union with the Eternal Spirit
as the mcumbrances of a mortal frame will allow." It is evident that
an investigation of the true system of these Eastern mysteries must
be an interesting subject of inquiry to the student of Freemasonry;
for Higgins is hardly too enmusiastic in supposing them to be the
ancient Freemasons of Mohammedanism. His views are thus
expressed in the second volume of his Anacalmsis, p. 301: a
wonderful work— wonderful for the vast and varied learning that it
exhibits; but still more so for the bold and strange theories which,
however untenable, are defended with all the powers of a mor$ than
ordinary intellect.
 SOFT AS "The circumstances," hesays, "of the gradation of
ranks, the initiation, and the head of the Order in Persia being called
Grand Master, raise a presumption that the, Sofia were, in reality, the
Order of Masons." Without subscribing at once to the theory of
Higgina, we may well be surprised at the coincidences existing
between the customs and the dogmas of the Sofia and those of the
Freemasons, and we would naturally be curious to investigate the
causes of the close communication which existed at various times
during the Crusades between this Mohammedan sect of philosophers
and the Christian Order of Templars, Mr. C. W. King, in his learned
treatise on the Gnostics, seems to entertain a similar idea of this
connection between the Templars and the Sofia. He says that,
"inasmuch as these Sofa were composed exclusively of the learned
amongst the Persians and Syrians, and learning at that time meant
little more than a proficiency in medicine and astrology, the two
points that brought the Eastern sages into amicable contact with
their barbarous invaders from the West, it is easy to see how the
latter may have imbibed the secret doctrines simultaneously with the
science of those who were their instructors in all matters pertaining
to science and art- The Sofi doctrine involvea the grand idea of one
universal creed, which could be secretly held under any prof ession
of an outward faith: and in fact took virtually the same view of
religious systems as that in which the ancient philosophers had
regarded such matters." Sottas. Students in the universities of Islam.
So Help Me God. The usual obsecration or imprecation affixed in
modern times to oaths, and meaning, "May God so help me as I
keep this vow." Sojourner. See Principal Sojourner. Soldiers of Christ.
Mttiies Christiis the title by which $t. Bernard addressed his
exhortations to the Knights Templar. They are also called in some of
the old documents, "Militia Templi Salomonis," The Chivalry o the
Temple of Solomon; but their ancient statutes were entitled "Reguta
pauperum commilikmum Templi Salomonis," The Rule of the poor
fellow-soldiers of the Temple of Solomon; and this is the title by
which they are now most generally designated. SoB Sanctisslmo
Sacrum. ("Sacred to the most holy Sun") Mentioned in the Twenty-
eighth Degree, A. A. Scottish Rite. Solomon. In writing the life of
King Solomon from a Masonic point of view, it is impossible to omit a
reference to the legends which have been preserved in the Masonic
system. But the writer, who, with this preliminary notice, embodies
them in his sketch of the career of the wise King of Israel, is by no
means to be held responsible for a belief in their authenticity. It is
the business of the Masonic biographer to relate all that has been
banded down by tradition in connection with the life of Solomon; it
will be the duty of the SOLOMON 697 severer critic to seek to
separate out of al! these materials that which is historical from that
which is merely mythical, and to assign to the former all that is
valuable as fact, and to the latter all that is equally valuable aa
symbolism. Solomon, the King of Israel, the son of David and
Bathsheba, ascended the throne of his kingdom 2989 years after the
creation of the world, and 1015 years before the Christian era. He
was then only twenty years of age, but the youthful monarch is said
to have commenced his reign with the decision of a legal question of
some difficulty, in which he exhibited the first promise of that wise
judgment for which he was ever afterward distinguished. One of the
great objects of Solomon's life, and the one vraich most intimately
connects him with the history of the Masonic institution, was the
erection of a temple to Jehovah. This, too, had been a favorite
design of his father David. For this purpose, that monarch, long
before his death, had numbered the workmen whom be found in his
kingdom; had appointed the overseers of the work, the hewers of
stones, and the bearers of burdens; had prepared a great quantity
of brass, iron, and cedar; and had amassed an immense treasure
with whieh to support the enterprise. But on consulting with the
prophet Nathan, he learned from that holy man, that although the
Sious intention was pleasing to God, yet that e would not be
permitted to carry it into execution, and the Divine prohibition was
proclaimed in these emphatic words:- "Thou hast shed blood*
abundantly, and hast made great wars; thou shalt not build a house
unto my name, because thou hast shed much blood upon the earth
in my sight," The task was, therefore, reserved for the more
peaceful Solomon, his son and successor. Hence, when David was
about to die, he charged Solomon to build the Temple of God as
soon as he should have received the kingdom. He also gave him
directions in relation to the construction of the edifice, and put into
his possession the money, amounting to ten thousand talents of gold
and ten times that amount of silver, which he had collected and laid
aside for defraying the expense. Solomon had scarcely ascended the
throne of Israel, when he prepared to carry into execution the pious
designs of his predecessor. For this purpose, however, he found it
necessary to seek the assistance of Hiram, King of Tyre, the ancient
friend and ally of has father. The Tynans and Sidonians, the subjects
of Hiram, had long been distinguished for their great architectural
skill; and, in fact, many of them, job the members of a mystic
operative society, the fraternity of Dionysian artificers, had long
monopolized the profession of building in Asia Minor. The Jews, on
the contrary, were rather more eminent for their military valor than
for their knowledge of the arts of peace, and hence King Solomon at
once conceive^ the necessity of invoking the aid of these foreign
architects, if he expected to
 698 SOLOMON complete the edifice he was about to erect,
either in a reasonable time or with the splendor and magnificence
appropriate to the sacred object for which it was intended. For
thisjpurpose he addressed the following letter to King Hiram: "Know
thou that my father would have built a temple to God, but was
hindered by wars and continual expeditions, for he did not leave off
to overthrow nis enemies till he made them all subject to tribute. But
I give thanks to God for the peace I, at present, enjoy, and on that
account I am at leisure and design to build a house to God, for Got
foretold to my father, that such a house should be built by me:
wherefore I desire thee to send some of thy subjects with mine to
Mount Lebanon, to cut down timber, for the Sidonians are more
skilful than our people in cutting of wood. As for wages to the
hewers of wood, I will pay whatever price thou shalt determine."
Hiram, mindful of the former amity and alliance that had existed
between himself and David, was disposed to extend the friendship
he had felt for the father to the son, and replied, therefore, to the
letter of Solomon in the following epistle : "It is fit to bless God that
he hath committed thy father's government to thee, who art a wise
man endowed with all virtues. As for ifcyjjelf, I rejoice at the
condition thou art in, and will be subservient to thee in all that thou
sendest to me about; for when, by 'my subjects, I have cut down
many and large trees of cedar and cypress wood, I will send them to
sea, and will order my subjects to make floats of them, and to sail to
what places soever of thy country thou shalt desire, and leave them
there, after which thy subjects may carry them to Jerusalem. But do
thou take care to procure us corn for this timber, which we stand in
need of, because We inhabit in an island." Hiram lost no time in
fulfilling the promise of assistance which he had thus given: and
accordingly we are informed that Solomon received thirty-three
thousand six hundred workmen from Tyre, besides a sufficient
quantity of timber and stone to construct the edifice which he was
about to erect. Hiram sent him, also, a far more important gift than
either men or materials, in the person of an able architect, "a
curious and cunning workman," whose skill and experience were to
be exercised in miperintending the labors of the craft, and in
adorning and beautifying the building. Of this personage, whose
name was also Hiram, and who plays so important a part in the
history of Freemasonry, an account will be found in the article Hiram
Abif, to which the reader is referred. King Solomon commenced the
erection of the Temple on Monday, the second day of the Hebrew
month Zif, which answers to the twenty-first of April, in the year of
the world 2992, and 1012 years before the Christian era. Advised in
all the details, as Masonic tradition informs us, by the wise and
prudent counsels SOLOMON of Hiram, King of Tyre, and Hiram Abif,
who, with himself, constituted at that time the three Grand Masters
of the Craft, Solomon made every arrangement in the disposition
and government of the workmen, in the payment of their wages,
and in the maintenance of concord and harmony which should
insure despatch in the execution and success in the result. : To
Hiram Abif was entrusted the general superintendence of the
building, while subordinate stations were assigned to other eminent
artists, whose names and offices have been handed down in the
traditions of the Order. In short, the utmost perfection of human
wisdom was displayed by this enlightened monarch in the disposition
of everything that related to the construction of the stupendous
edifice. Men of the most comprehensive minds, imbued with the
greatest share of zeal and fervency, and inspired with the strongest
fidelityto his interests, were- employed as masters to instruct and
superintend the workmen; while those who labored in inferior
stations were excited to enthusiasm by the promise of promotion
and reward. • The Temple was at length finished in the month Bui,
answering to our November, in the year of the world 3000, being a
little more than seven years from its commencement. As soon as the
magnificent edifice was completed, and fit for the sacred purposes
for which it was intended, King Solomon determined to celebrate the
consummation of his labors in the most solemn manner. For this
purpose he directed the ark to be brought from the king's house,
where it had been placed by King David, and to be deposited with
impressive ceremonies in the holy of holies, beneath the expanded
wings of the cherubim. This important event is commemorated in
the beautiful ritual of the Most Excellent Master's Degree. Our
traditions inform us, that when the Temple was completed, Solomon
assembled all the heads of the tribes, the elders and chiefs of Israel
to bring the ark up out of Zion, where King David had deposited it in
a tabernacle until a more fitting place should have been built for its
reception. This duty, therefore, the Levites now performed, ami
delivered the ark of the covenant into the hands of the priests, who
fixed it in its place in the center of the holy of holies. Here the
immediate and personal connection of King Solomon with the Craft
begins to draw to a conclusion. It is true, that he subsequently
employed those worthy Masons, whom the traditions say, at the
completion and dedication of the Temple, he had received and
acknowledged as Most Excellent Masters, in the erection of a
magnificent palace and other edifices, but in process of tune he fell
into the most grievous errors; abandoned the path of truth;
encouraged the idolatrous rites of Spurious Masonry; and, induced
by the )ersuasions of those foreign wives and concu>ines whom he
had espoused in bis later days, he erected a fane for the celebration
of these
 SOLOMON SONGS 699 heathen mysteries, on one of the
hills that overlooked the very spot where, in his youth, he had
consecrated a temple to the one true God. It is however believed
that before his death he deeply repented of this temporary
aberration from virtue, and in the emphatic expression, "Vanity of
vanities! all is vanity," he is supposed to have acknowledged that in
his own experience ; he had discovered that falsehood. and
sensuality, however they may give pleasure for a season, will, in the
end, produce the bitter fruits of remorse and sorrow. That King
Sofomon was the wisest monarch that swayed the scepter of Israel,
has been the > unanimoua opinion of posterity. So much waB he
beyond the age in which he flourished, in the .attainments of
science, that the Jewish and Arabic writers have attributed to him a
thorough knowledge of the secrets of magic, by whose incantations
they suppose him to have been capable of calling spirits and demons
to his assistance; and the Talmudists and Mohammedan doctors
record many fanciful legends of his exploits in controlling these
ministers of darkness. As a naturalist, he.is said to have written a
work on animals of no ordinary character, which has however
perished; while his qualifications as a poet were demonstrated by
more than a thousand poems which he composed, of which his
epithalamium on his marriage with an Egyptian princess and the
Book of Ecclesiastes alone remain. He has given us in bis Proverbs
an opportunity of forming a favorable opinion of his pretensions to
the character of a deep and right-thinking philosopher; while the
long peace and prosperous condition of his empire for the greater
portion of his reign, the increase of his kingdom in wealth and
refinement, and the encouragement which he gave to architecture,
the mechanic arts, and commerce, testify his profound abilities as a
sovereign and statesman. After a reign of forty years he died, and
with him expired forever, the glory and the power of the Hebrew
empire. Solomon, House Qf- Lord Bacon composed, in his New
Atlantis, an apologue, in which he describes the island of Bensalem
— that is, island of the Sons of Peace— and on it an edifice called
the House of Solomon, where there was to be a confraternity of
philosophers devoted to the acquisition of knowledge. Nicolai
thought that out of this subsequently arose the society of
Freemasons, which was, he supposes, established by Elias Ashmole
and his friends. (See Nicolai.) Solomon, Temple of. See Temple of
Solomon. Solstices. The days on which the sun reaches his greatest
northern and southern declination, which are the 21st of June and
the 22d of December. Near these days are those in which the
Christian church commemorates St. John the Baptist and St. John
the Evangelist, who have been selected as the patron saints of
Freemasonry for reasons which are explained in the article on the
Dedication of a bodge, which see, Son of Hiram. A mixed tradition
states that Aynon was a son of Hiram Abif , and was appointed
master of the workmen who hewed the cedars and shaped the
timber for the temple, and was recognized for his geometrical
knowledge and skill as an engraver. (See Aynon.) Songs of Masonry.
The song formed in early times a very striking feature in what may
be called the domestic manners of the Masonic Institution. Nor has
the custom of festive entertainments been yet abandoned. In the
beginning of the eighteenth century songs were deemed of so muoh
importance that they were added to the Books of Constitutions in
Great Britain and on the Continent, a custom which was followed in
America* where all the early Monitors contain an abundant supply of
lyrical poetry. In the Constir tuiions published in 1723 we find the
wellknown Entered Apprentice's song, written by Matthew Birkhead,
which still retains its popularity among Masons, and has attained an
elevation to which its intrinsic merits as a lyrical composition would
hardly entitle it. Songs appear to have been incorporated into the
ceremonies of the Order at the revival of Masonry in 1717. At that
time, to use the language of the venerable Oliver, "Labor and
refreshment relieved each other like two loving brothers, and the
gravity of the former was rendered more engaging by the
characteristic cheerfulness and jocund gayety of the latter. In those
days the word "refreshment had a practical meaning, and the Lodge
was often called from labor that the brethren might indulge in
innocent gaiety, of which the song formed an essential part. This
was called harmony, and the brethren who were blessed with talents
for vocal music were often invited "to contribute to the harmony of
the Lodge." Thus, in the minute-book of a Lodge at Lincoln, in
England, in the year 1732, which is quoted by Dr. Oliver, the records
show that the Master usually "gave an elegant charge, also went
through an examination, and the Lodge was closed with song and
decent merriment.'r In this custom of smging there was an
established system. Each officer was furnished with a song
appropriate to ms office, and each degree had a song fcantself.
Thus, in the first edition of the Book of Constitutions, -we have the
"Master's Song, which, says Dr. Anderson, the author, is tobe sung
with a chorus— when the Master shall give leave— either one part
only or all together, as he pleases"; the "Warden's song," which was
"to be sung and played at the Quarterly Communication"; the
"Fellow-Craft's song, which was to be sung and played at the grand
feast; and, lastly, the "Entered 'Prentiss' song," which was "to be
sung when all grave business is over, and with the Master's leave. In
the second edition the number was greatly increased, and songs
were appropriated i to the Deputy Grand Master, the Secretary, the
Treasurer, and other officers. For all this provision was made in the
Old Charges so that there should be no confusion between the
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accurate

700 SONGS hours of labor and refreshment : for while the

brethren were forbidden to behaye ''ludicrously or jestingly while the
Lodge ia engaged in what is serious or solemn," they were per-•
iaitted, when work was over, "to enjoy them sefires with innocent
mirth.'' The custom of singing songs peculiarly appropriate to the
Craft at their Lodge meetings, when the grave business was over,
was speedily tntfoduced into France and Germany, in which
countries a large number of Masonic Bongs were written and
adopted, to be sung by the German and French Masons at their
"Table Lodges," which corresponded to the
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.67%
accurate

SORROW SOVEREIGN 701 by De la Tierce, and again in

1766, at Berlin, with another reply by a writer under the assumed
name of Jarhetti, > Sorrow Lodge. It is the custom among Masons
on the Continent of Europe to hold special Lodges at stated periods,
for the purpose of commemorating the virtues and deploring the loss
of their departed members, and Other distinguished worthies of the
Fraternity who have died. These are called Funeral or Sorrow
Lodges. In Germany they are held annually; in France at longer
intervals. In America the custom has been introduced by the Ancient
and Accepted Rite, whose Sorrow Lodge ritual is peculiarly beautiful
and impressive, and the usage has been adopted by many Lodges of
the American Kite. On these occasions the Lodge is clothed in the
habiliments of mourning and decorated with the emblems of death,
solemn music is played, funereal dirges are chanted, and eulogies on
the life, character, and Masonic virtues of the dead are delivered. .
Seter. A Greek appellation implying "Savior." . Soul of Nature. A
platoiuc expression, more properly the anima mundi, that has been
adopted into the English Royal Arch system to designate the Sacred
Delta, or Triangle, which Dunckerley, in his lecture, considered as the
symbol of the Trinity. "So highly," sayS the modern lecture, "indeed
did the ancients esteem the figure, that it became among them an
object of worship as the great principle of animated existence, to
which they gave the name of God because it represented the animalj
mineral, and vegetable creation. They also distinguished it by an
appellation which, in the Egyptian language, signifies the Soul of
Nature" Dr. Oliver (Juris., p. 446) warmly protests against the
introduction of this expression as an unwarrantable innovation,
borrowed most probably from the Rite of the Philalethes. It has not
been introduced into the Ameri
 702 SOVEREIGN and the Knights "Sovereign Commanders."
The place of meeting is called a "Court." The apron is flesh-colored,
lined and edged with black, with a Teutonic cross encireledby a
wreath of laurel and a key beneath, all inscribed in black upon the
flap. The scarf is red bordered with black, hanging from the right
shoulder to the left hip, and suspending a Teutonic cross in
enameled gold. The jewel is a triangle of gold, on which is engraved
the Ineffable Name in Hebrew. It is suspended from a white collar
bound with red and embroidered with four Teutonic crosses. Vassal,
Ragon, and Clavel are all wrong in connecting this degree with the
Knights Templar, with which Order its own ritual declares that it is
not to be confounded. It is without a lecture. Vassal expresses the
following opinion of this degree: "The twenty-seventh degree does
not deserve to be classed in the Scottish Rite as a degree, since it
contains neither symbols nor allegories that connect it with initiation.
It deserves still less to be ranked among the philosophic degrees. I
imagine that it has been intercalated only to supply an hiatus, and
as a memorial of an Order once justly celebrated." It is also the
Forty-fourth Degree of the Rite of Mizraim. Sovereign Grand
Inspector-General. The Thirty-third and last degree of the Ancient
and Accepted Scottish Rite. The Latin Constitutions of 1786 call it
"Tertius et trigesimus et sublimissimus gradus," i. e "the Thirty-third
and Most Sublime Degree"and it is styled "the Protector and
Conservator of the Order." The same Constitutions, m Articles I. and
II., say: "The thirty-third degree confers on those Masons who are
legitimately invested with it, the quality, title, privilege, and authority
of Sovereign [Supremorum] Grand Inspectors General/of the Order.
"The peculiar duty of their mission is to teach and enlighten the
brethren; to preserve chanty, union, and fraternal love among them;
to maintain regularity in the works of each degree, and to take care
that it is preserved by others; to cause the dogmas, doctrines,
institutes, constitutions, statutes, and regulations of the Order to be
reverently regarded, and to preserve and defend them on every
occasion; and, finally, everywhere to occupy themselves in works of
peace and mercy." The body in which the members of this degree
assemble is called a Supreme Council. The symbolic color of the
degree is white, denoting purity. The distinctive insignia are a sash,
collar, SOVEREIGN left hip, ends in a pint, and is fringed with gold,
having at the junction a circular band of scarlet and green containing
the jewel of the Order. The collar is of white watered ribbon fringed
with gold, having the rayed triangle at its point and the swords at
the sides. By a regjeWnu' ieutomc cross, decoration, and ring. The
sash is a broad, white watered ribbon, bordered with gold, bearing
on the front a triangle of gold glittering with rays of gold; which has
in the center the numerals 33, with a sword of silver, directed from
above, on each mde of the triangle, pointing to its center. J. he sash,
worn from the right shoulder to the ulation of the Southern Supreme
Council of the United States, the collar is worn by the active, and the
sash by the honorary, members of the Council. The jewel is a black
double-headed eagle, with golden beaks and talons, holding in the
latter a sword of gold, and crowned with the golden crown of
Prussia. The red Teutonic cross is affixed to the left side of the
breast. The decoration rests upon a Teutonic cross. It is a rune-
pointed star, namely, one formed by three triangles of gold one upon
the other, and interlaced from the lower part of the left side to the
upper part of the right a sword extends, and in the opposite
direction is a hand of (as it is called) Justice. In the center is the
shield of The Order, azure charged with an eagle like that on the
banner, having on the dexter side a Balance or, and on the sinister
side a Compass of the second, united with a Square of the second.
Around the whole shield runs a band of the first, with the Latin
inscription, of the second, Obdo Ab Chao, which band is enclosed by
two circles, formed by two Serpents of the second, each biting his
own tail. Of the smaller triangles that are formed by the intersection
of the greater ones, those nine that are nearest the band are of
 SOVEREIGN crimson color, and each of them has one of the
letters that compose the word S. A. P. I. E. N. T. I. A. . The ring is a
triple one, like three small rings, each one-eighth of an inch wide,
side by side, and having on the inside a delta surrounding the
figures 33, and inscribed with the wearer's name, the letters 8:. G.\
I.-. G.\, and the motto of the Order, " Deus meumque Jus. " It is
worn on the fourth finger of the left hand in the Southern
Jurisdiction and on the third in the Northern Jurisdiction of America.
Until the year 1801, the Thirty-third Degree was unknown. Until then
the highest degree of the Rite, introduced into America by Stephen
Morin, was the Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret, or the Twenty-
fifth of the Rite established by the Emperors of the East and West.
The administrative heads of the Order were styled Grand Inspectors-
General and Deputy Inspectors-General; but these were titles of
official rank and not of degree. Even as late as May 24, 1801, John
Mitchell signs himself as "Eadosh, Prince of the Royal Secret and
Deputy Inspector-General." The document thus signed is a Patent
which certifies that Frederick Dalcho is a Kadosh, and Prince of the
Royal Secret, and which creates him a Deputy Inspector-General.
But on May 31, 1801, the Supreme Council was created at
Charleston, and from that time we hear of a Rite of thirty-three
degrees, eight having been added to the twenty-five introduced by
Morin, and the last being called Sovereign Grand Inspector-General.
The degree being thus legitimately established by a body which, in
creating a Rite, possessed the prerogative of establishing its classes,
its degrees and its nomenclature were accepted unhesitatingly by all
subsequently created Supreme Councils; and it continues to be
recognized as the administrative head of the Ancient and Accepted
Scottish Rite. Sovereign Master. 1. The presiding officer in a Council
of Companions of the Red Cross. He represents Darius, King of
Persia. 2. The Sixtieth Degree of the Rite of Mizraim. Sovereign
Prince Mason. A title first conferred on its members by the Council of
Emperors of the East and West. Sovereign Prince of Rose Crotx. See
Rose Croix. Spain. Anderson says (ConstU., 2d ed., p. 194) that a
Deputation was granted by Lord Coleraine, Grand Master, in 1728,
for constituting a Lodge at Madrid ; another in 1731, by Lord Lovell,
to Capt. James Cummerford, to be Provincial Grand Master of
Andalusia; and a third in 1732, by Lord Montagu, for establishing a
Lodge at Valenciennes. Smith, writing in 1783, says ( Use and
Abuse, p. 203) : "The first, and, I believe, the only Lodge
established in Spain was by a Deputation sent to Madrid to
constitute a Lodge in that city, under the auspices of Lord Coleraine,
a. d. 1727, which continued under English jurisdiction till the year
1776, when it refused that subordination, but still continues to meet
SPAIN 703 under its own authority." From these two differing
authorities we derive only this fact, in which they concur: that
Masonry wits introduced into Spain in 1727, more probably 1728, by
the Grand Lodge of England. Smith's statement that there never was
a second Lodge at Madrid is opposed by that of Gidicke, who says
that m 1751 there were two Lodges in Madrid. Llorente says (Hist,
Inquis., p. 525) that in 1741 Philip V. issued a royal ordinance
against the Masons, and, in consequence, many were arrested and
sent to the galleys. The members of the Lodge at Madrid were
especially treated by the Inquisition with great severity. All the
members were arrested, and eight of them sent to the galleys. In
1751, Ferdinand VI., instigated by the Inquisitor Joseph Torrubia,
published a decree forbidding the assemblies of Freemasons, and
declaring that all violators of it should be treated as persons guilty of
high treason. In that year, Pope Benedict XIV. had renewed the bull
of Clement XII. In 1793, the Cardinal Vicar caused a decree of death
to be promulgated against all Freemasons. Notwithstanding these
persecutions of the Church and the State, Freemasonry continued to
be cultivated in Spain; but the meetings of the Lodges were held
with great caution and secrecy. On the accession of Joseph
Napoleon to the throne in 1807, the liberal sentiments that
characterized the Napoleonic dynasty prevailed, and all restrictions
against the Freemasons were removed. In October, 1809, a National
Grand Lodge of Spain was established, and, as if to make the victory
of tolerance over bigotry complete, its meetings were held in the
edifice formerly occupied T>y the Inquisition, which body had been
recently abolished by an imperial decree. But the York Rite, which
had been formerly practised, appears now to have been abandoned,
and the National Grand Lodge just alluded to was constituted by
three Lodges of the Scottish Rite which, during that year, had been
established at Madrid. From that time the Masonry of Spain has
been that of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. Clavel says
(Hist. Pittoresgue, p. 252) that "in 1810, the Marquis de Clermont-
Tonnere, member of the Supreme Council of France, created, near
the National Grand Lodge, (of the Scottish Rite in Spain,) a Grand
Consistory of the thirty-second degree; and, in 1811, the Count de
Grasse added to this a Supreme Council of the thirty-third degree,
which immediately organized the National Grand Lodge under the
title of Grand Orient of Spain and the Indies. The overthrow of
French domination dispersed, in 1813, most of the Spanish Masons,
and caused the suspension of Masonic work in that country." In
1814, Ferdinand VII., having succeeded to the throne, restored the
Inquisition with all its oppressive prerogatives, proscribed
Freemasonry, and forbade the meetings of the Lodges. It was not
until 1820 that the Grand Orient of Spain recovered its activity, and
in
 704 SPARTACUS 1831 we find a Supreme Council in actual
existence, the history of whose organization was thus given, in 1870,
to Bio. A; 6. GoodalL the Representative of the Supreme Council or
the •Northern Jurisdiction of the United States: The parties now
claiming to be a Supreme Cwracil assert that the Count de Tilly, by
authority from his cousin, De Grasse Tilly, ■ijtmstituted a Supreme
Council, Ancient Accepted Rite, at Seville, in 1807; but in
consequence of a revolution, in which Tilly was a prominent actor,
the Grand Body was removed to Aranjuez, where, on the 21st of
September, 1808, the officers were duly installed; Saavedra as Sov.'.
Gr.\ Commander, ad vitam; Count de Tilly, Lieutenant Grand
Commander; Carlos de Rosas, Grand Treasurer; Jovellanos, Grand
Chancellor; Quintana, Grand Secretary;. Pelajos, Captain of Guard.
On the death of Tilly and Saavedra, Badilla became Sovereign Grand
Commander ; and under his administration the Supreme Council was
united with the Grand Orient of Spain at Granada, in 1817, under the
title of Supreme Council, Grand Orient National of Spain." On the
death of Ferdinand VII. in 1853, the persecutions against the
Freemasons ceased, because, in the civil war that ensued, the
pnesta lost much of their power. Between 1845 and 1849, according
to Findel (Hist., p. 584), several Lodges were founded and a Grand
Orient established, which appears to have exercised powers up to at
least 1848. But subsequently, during the reign of Queen Isabella,
Masonry again fell into decadence. It has now, however, revived,
and many Lodges are in existence who, three years ago, were under
the jurisdiction of the Grand Orient of Portugal. v There is now a
Grand Orient of Spain at Madrid with 14 Chapters and 87 Lodges
under its jurisdiction. Spartaeus. The characteristic name assumed
by Weishaupt. the founder of the Order of the HluminatL Speculative
Masonry. The lectures of the Symbolic degrees instruct the neophyte
in the difference between the Operative and the Speculative
divisions of Masonry. They tell him that "we work in Speculative
Masonry, but our ancient brethren wrought in both Operative and
Speculative." The distinction between an. Operative art and a
Speculative science is, therefore, familiar to all Masons from their
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