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Global Health and Security

The past decade has witnessed a significant increase in the construction of health
as a security issue by national governments and multilateral organizations. This
book provides the first critical, feminist analysis of the flesh-and-blood impacts of
the securitization of health on different bodies, while broadening the scope of what
we understand as global health security.
It looks at how feminist perspectives on health and security can lead to different
questions about health and in/security, problematizing some of the ‘common
sense’ assumptions that underlie much of the discourse in this area. It considers the
norms, ideologies, and vested interests that frame specific ‘threats’ to health and
policy responses, while exposing how the current governance of the global economy
shapes new threats to health. Some chapters focus on conflict, war and complex
emergencies, while others move from a ‘high political’ focus to the domain of sub-
tler and often insidious structural violence, illuminating the impacts of hegemonic
masculinities and the neoliberal governance of the global economy on health and
life chances.
Highlighting the critical intersections across health, gender and security, this
book is an important contribution to scholarship on health and security, global
health, public health and gender studies.

Colleen O’Manique teaches at Trent University, Canada. Her research has focused
on feminist political economy and rights-based perspectives on health and health
policies in the context of neoliberal globalization.

Pieter Fourie teaches at Stellenbosch University, South Africa. His research

focuses on HIV/AIDS, global health governance, political epidemiology, and the
political economy of global development.
Routledge Studies in Public Health
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Grace Spencer

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Global Health Geographies

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 Global Health and
Security
Critical Feminist Perspectives

Edited by Colleen O’Manique

and Pieter Fourie
ROUTLEDGE

Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group

LONDON AND NEW YORK

First published 2018
by Routledge
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and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2018 selection and editorial matter, Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie;
individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie to be identified as the
authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual
chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: O’Manique, Colleen, 1962- editor. | Fourie, Pieter, 1972- editor.
Title: Global health and security : critical feminist perspectives / edited by
Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie.
Other titles: Routledge studies in public health.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |
Series: Routledge studies in public health | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017048589| ISBN 9781138677364 (hbk) |
ISBN 9781315559568 (ebk)
Subjects: | MESH: Global Health | Exposure to Violence | Feminism | Gender
Identity | Health Policy | Social Security
Classification: LCC RA441 | NLM WA 530.1 | DDC 362.1—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017048589

ISBN: 978-1-138-67736-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-55956-8 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Keystroke, Neville Lodge, Tettenhall, Wolverhampton
Contents

Notes on contributors vii

List of abbreviations xi

1 Global health, gender, and the security question 1

COLLEEN O’MANIQUE AND PIETER FOURIE

2 The invisible tragedy of war: Women and the environment 13

H. PATRICIA HYNES

3 Survivors of conflict and post-conflict sexual and

gender-based violence and torture in the Great Lakes
region of Africa: A holistic model of care 28
HELEN LIEBLING

4 Securing health in Afghanistan: Gender, militarized

humanitarianism, and the legacies of occupation 45
VANESSA FARR

5 A moving target: Gender, health and the securitisation

of migration 65
SARAH PUGH

6 The global movement for sexual and reproductive health

and rights: Intellectual underpinnings 78
ADRIENNE GERMAIN

7 Solving Nandi: The personal embodiment of structural

injustice in South Africa’s Child Support Grant 96
TESSA HOCHFELD
vi   Contents
8 Responses to recent infectious disease emergencies:
A critical gender analysis 112
COLLEEN O’MANIQUE

9 The invisible men: HIV, security, and men who have sex
with women 131
SIMON RUSHTON

10 Labouring bodies in the global economy: Structural

violence and occupational health 148
TERESA HEALY

11 Public health in the Anthropocene: Exploring population

fears and climate threats 166
JADE S. SASSER

12 Bewitched or deranged: Access to health care for

transgender persons 179
CHLOE SCHWENKE

13 Development as violence: Corporeal needs, embodied life,

and the sustainable development goals 197
COLLEEN O’MANIQUE AND PIETER FOURIE

Index 216
Contributors

Vanessa Farr is an independent consultant specializing in gender, peace and

security, particularly in the Islamic world. She holds a PhD from the School
of Women’s Studies at York University, Toronto. She has published widely
on issues related to gender and armed conflict, including in Afghanistan,
Libya, Yemen and Palestine. She is the co-editor of two books: Back to the
Roots: Security Sector Reform and Development (Münster: LIT, 2012) and
Sexed Pistols: The Gendered Impacts of Small Arms and Light Weapons (UNU
Press, 2009).
Pieter Fourie teaches Political Science at Stellenbosch University (South
Africa), and was trained at the universities of Stellenbosch, Paris, London and
Johannesburg. He has worked for the United Nations, the Australian Department
of Foreign Affairs and Trade, in civil society, and he has taught International
Relations at universities in South Africa and Australia. His research focuses on
HIV/AIDS, global health governance, political epidemiology and the political
economy of global development.
Adrienne Germain is President Emerita of the International Women’s Health
Coalition (IWHC), and has received the 2012 United Nations Population
Award for her lifetime work on women’s health and rights. Following 14 years
with the Ford Foundation, including four as Bangladesh country representative,
she led IWHC’s partnerships with women’s health and rights organizations in
Africa, Asia and Latin America, and, with them, helped create the international
movement for women’s health and human rights. Serving on US government
delegations to the UN’s 1994 International Conference on Population and
Development (ICPD), and 1995 Fourth World Women’s Conference, she shaped
US positions and the final conference agreements.
Teresa Healy is an Associate Professor of Community Economic and Social
Development at Algoma University. She earned her doctorate in Political
Science from Carleton University. Her research focuses on social movements’
struggles for equity and community-based sustainability in times of economic
crisis. Teresa worked as a senior researcher within the Canadian labour move-
ment and is also a recording singer-songwriter. She is the author of Gendered
Struggles against Globalisation in Mexico (Ashgate, 2008), the editor of The
viii   Contributors
Harper Record (CCPA, 2008) and the co-editor of The Harper Record 2008–
2015 (CCPA, 2015). She also is Adjunct Research Professor at the Institute for
Political Economy, Carleton University, and Research Associate at the Canadian
Centre for Policy Alternatives.
Tessa Hochfeld is an Associate Professor at the Centre for Social Development
in Africa, University of Johannesburg. Her work includes research on social
justice, social welfare, social policy, transformative social protection and
gender and development, with a focus on the social impacts of the Child
Support Grant in South Africa. Tessa has a BA in Social Work from the
University of the Witwatersrand, an MSc in Gender and Development from
the University of London, and a PhD in Development Studies from the
University of the Witwatersrand.
H. Patricia Hynes is a retired professor of environmental health from Boston
University School of Public Health. She has directed community-based
environmental justice projects in Boston Public Housing and diverse, low-
income neighborhoods in Boston. For her work, she has received many awards,
including Lifetime Achievement Awards from the Boston Natural Areas Fund
and Environmental Protection Agency New England, as well as Boston
University teaching awards and an American Public Health Association Best
Practice Award. An environmental engineer, Pat designed her passive solar
home, worked for EPA in the Superfund Program and subsequently wrote The
Recurring Silent Spring on the impact of Rachel Carson’s groundbreaking
critique of pesticides in agriculture. A longtime feminist, she co-founded Bread
and Roses in 1974, a feminist restaurant and cultural center in Cambridge,
Massachusetts. Currently, she chairs the board of the Traprock Center for Peace
and Justice in Massachusetts and writes on peace and justice issues.
Helen Liebling is a Senior Lecturer-Practitioner in Clinical Psychology and
Associate of the African Studies Centre at Coventry University and has an
M.Phil. from Edinburgh University, and PhD from the University of Warwick.
She has carried out research with survivors of conflict and post-conflict sexual
violence and torture including refugees, in Africa and UK since 1998. She has
numerous journal publications and two books Ugandan Women War Survivors
(Liebling-Kalifani, 2009), and Justice and Health Provision for Survivors of
Sexual Violence (Liebling & Baker, 2010). Helen has provided consultancies,
training and interventions to improve support for survivors in conjunction
with Isis-WICCE, Uganda and as part of an EU project involving training
police to support survivors. Helen was invited as an expert panel member to
help plan a five-year international research agenda on sexual and gender-based
violence (SGBV) in conflict settings. She is also a member of the Tearfund/
SVRI steering group on the role of faith-based organizations in preventing
conflict SGBV.
Colleen O’Manique has a PhD in Political Science from York University and
has been a faculty member at Trent University for 17 years, teaching in the
 Contributors   ix
departments of Political Studies, Gender and Women’s Studies, and International
Development Studies. Her research has focused on feminist and rights-based
perspectives on health and health policies in the context of neoliberal global-
ization. Among her publications is the book Neoliberalism and AIDS Crisis in
Sub-Saharan Africa: Globalization’s Pandemic (Palgrave 2004).
Sarah Pugh is an independent consultant based in Cape Town, South Africa,
with a background in international development, migration, gender and health.
She worked for several years in Vancouver, Canada, at a provincial healthcare
network, before pursuing a PhD in International Development and Political
Science through the University of Guelph, in Ontario, Canada. From 2014 to
2016, Sarah held a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council post-
doctoral fellowship in the Department of Political Science at Stellenbosch
University. She is currently a Research Associate with the Centre for International
and Comparative Politics in the Department of Political Science at Stellenbosch
University, and Managing Editor of the journal Reproductive Health Matters.
Simon Rushton is a lecturer in the Department of Politics at the University of
Sheffield, UK and an Associate Fellow of the Centre on Global Health Security
at Chatham House, UK. He has written widely on international responses to
HIV/AIDS and other diseases, the links between health and security, and the
changing nature of global health governance. His most recent books have
been The Routledge Handbook of Global Health Security (Routledge, 2014 –
co-edited with Jeremy Youde) and Disease Diplomacy: International Norms
and Global Health Security (Johns Hopkins University Press 2015, with Sara
Davies and Adam Kamradt-Scott).
Jade S. Sasser is an Assistant Professor of Gender and Sexuality Studies at
the University of California, Riverside. She holds a PhD in Environmental
Science, Policy and Management and an MA in Cultural Anthropology from the
University of California, Berkeley, and an MPH from Boston University. Her
forthcoming book, Making Sexual Stewards: Population, Climate Activism, and
Social Justice in the New Millennium, explores activism linking climate change
with women’s reproductive rights. Her broader research interests are focused at
the intersections of gender and environment, international development, and
women’s health.
Chloe Schwenke is the Director of the Global Program on Violence, Rights and
Inclusion at the International Center for Research on Women in Washington,
DC. An openly transgender woman, she is a human rights and social inclusion
researcher, feminist author, scholar and international development practitioner
with over three decades of international practitioner and research experience –
nearly half in Africa and Asia. She served as a political appointee during the
Obama Administration, as Senior Advisor on Human Rights at USAID. She was
also a Fulbright Senior Scholar in Uganda, and has served as an adjunct professor
for the past 18 years.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
Abbreviations

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ART antiretroviral therapy
BPHS Basic Primary Health Services
CBHC Community Based Health Care
CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CHW community health worker
CSG Child Support Grant
DAWN Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era
DOE Department of Energy
DoPH Department of Public Health (Provincial)
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EU European Union
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
FCHW female community health worker
FfD Financing for Development
FGM female genital mutilation
FIGO International Federation for Obstetricians and Gynaecologists
GBV gender-based violence
GDP gross domestic product
GGE greenhouse gas emission
HAART highly active antiretroviral therapy
HDC highly developed country
HERA health, empowerment, rights, and accountability
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
HPAI highly pathogenic avian influenza
HRP Special Programme of Research on Human Reproduction
ICPD International Conference on Population and Development
IFI international financial institution
IHR international health regulation
IISS International Institute for Strategic Studies
IMF International Monetary Fund
IOM International Organisation for Migration
xii   Abbreviations
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IR International Relations
ITECH International Training and Education Center for Health
IWHC International Women’s Health Coalition
KAP knowledge and practices
KII key informant interview
KIWEPI Kitgum Women’s Peace Initiative
LDC less developed country
LGBTI lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersexual
LGBTQ lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer
LGBTQI lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex
LRA Lord’s Resistance Army
MCH maternal and child health
MCHW male community health worker
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MNC multinational corporation
MoPH Ministry of Public Health
MSM men who have sex with men
MSW men who have sex with women
MVA manual vacuum aspiration
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
NFPB National Family Planning Board
NGO Non-Government Organisation
NID National Immunisation Day
NPO mon-profit organization
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
OPV oral polio vaccine
OWFI Organization for Women’s Freedom in Iraq
PEI Polio Eradication Initiative
PEPFAR President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief
PHC primary health care
PHEIC Public Health Emergency of International Concern
PLWHIV people living with HIV
PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder
SASSA South African Social Security Agency
SDG sustainable development goal
SM social mobilizer
SRHR sexual and reproductive health and rights
STD sexually transmitted disease
STI sexually transmitted infection
TBA traditional birth attendant
TOW Transforming Our World
TPO Transcultural Psychosocial Organisation
 Abbreviations   xiii
UN United Nations
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFPA United Nations Population Fund
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNSCR United National Security Council Resolution
US United States
USA United States of America
USAID US Agency for International Development
USTS US Trans Survey
VA Veterans Administration
WB World Bank
WHAM Women’s Health Advocates on Microbicides
WHO World Health Organization
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group
http:/taylorandfrancis.com
1 Global health, gender,
and the security question
Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie

Insecurity has always been a feature of human societies, as has the impulse to
mitigate and control risks, and to protect oneself and one’s kin. The new millennium
has been marked by increased attention to human health as a security issue by a
range of actors, including nation-states, multilateral organizations and private
interests. New health “threats” such as novel influenzas, SARS and Ebola, have
joined terrorism, refugee “crises” and environmental disasters in contributing to
the normalization of a culture of fear and heightened insecurity. The WHO 2007
World Health Report was aptly titled A Safer Future: Global Public Health Security
in the 21st Century. In it, the Director General of the WHO states that ‘[s]hocks
to health reverberate as shocks to economies and the business community in areas
well beyond the affected area. Vulnerability is universal’ (2008: vi).
Appeals to the dangers that specific “health security” risks pose for nation-
states and the global economy are in tension with ones that point to the impacts of
broader health “threats” for all of humanity. The latter include chronic and non-
communicable diseases that are endemic to many parts of our planet, the erosion
of the social determinants of health, and the deepening of market relations in the
provision of basic health services (O’Manique and Fourie, 2010: 248). While
disease outbreaks have become more central to the lexicon of globalization and
foreign policy, a focus on the foundations of human health insecurities around the
world has shifted further away from foreign policy and local and global governance
agendas. It is indeed not the case that “vulnerability is universal”. We are not all
equally at risk. In order to understand the state of health security for all people on
the planet we need to understand the embodied realities of people’s lives that result
in health security for some people, and in insecurity for others. This means drawing
attention to the narrowness of the mainstream discourse of global health security
that renders invisible the actual people who are impacted by global health
emergencies, and illuminating how current ideologies and structures of governance
shape the life chances of individuals the world over.
As we have noted elsewhere (Fourie, 2015; O’Manique, 2015) the utility
of securitizing any issue – including health – is manifold. By making appeals to
states’ security a number of effects can be achieved: a sense of imminent peril is
evoked and a common enemy can be identified; an instant increase in the political
commitment to address the issue, domestically, multilaterally, as well as globally,
2   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
can be justified, and institutions, budgets and expertise and personnel can be
mobilized. The issue can be moved from the domain of “normal” and low politics
to “exceptional” and high politics, which allows for easy mythmaking around
who the heroes or victors are, so that public health interventions can be activated.
As we have seen with the security responses to recent infectious diseases,
human rights concerns can take a backseat, while interfering laws, rules, and
regulations can be suspended to enable rapid intervention that is crafted as serving
the “greater good”. We see this reflected, for example, in the above-mentioned
WHO 2007 World Health Report. The document navigates the tension between
state sovereignty and human security by unequivocally accepting the state as the
global unit of analysis in terms of security while drawing special attention to
the obligation that states have to protect individuals’ rights to health. The two are
constructed as mutually compatible. In the words of the conclusion to the 2007
WHO report:

Although the subject of this report has taken a global approach to public health
security, WHO does not neglect the fact that all individuals – women, men
and children – are affected by the common threats to health. It is vital not to
lose sight of the personal consequences of global health challenges. This was
the inspiration that led to the “health for all” commitment to primary health
care in 1978. That commitment and the principles supporting it remain
untarnished and as essential as ever. On that basis, primary health care and
humanitarian action in times of crisis – two means to ensure health security at
individual and community levels – will be discussed at length in The World
Health Report 2008.
(WHO 2007: 19)

It is worth stating that the “health for all” commitment to primary health care was
to be realized by the year 2000. The goal remains as elusive as ever. And the value
of people’s lives is shaped by the accident of whether one is born into security or
insecurity – by one’s economic class, nation, skin pigmentation, religion, sex, and
sexuality.
A year later, the WHO’s 2008 report, Primary Health Care: Now More Than
Ever, documents some of the shortcomings of contemporary health systems, among
them the disproportionate focus on hospital care, fragmentation of health services,
and the proliferation of unregulated commercial care. It admits that global health
gains have been “unevenly shared”, particularly on the African continent where
health has stagnated or worsened (WHO, 2008). However, the report is largely
silent on the global political and financial context, and on the architecture of health
policy reform. Furthermore, “health” has become increasingly synonymous with
health care, rendering invisible the foundations of persistent health insecurities
that shape life chances: the deepening wealth inequality both within and among
countries, declining conditions labour and the increasing precariousness of
livelihoods, permanent war and political violence, refugee movements, and the
destruction of the ecosystem upon which all life depends. Neoliberal globalism,
 Global health, gender, and security   3
as Janine Brodie (2003: 47) states, is marked by ‘. . . a deep and perilous
gap between [its] promises, and the insecurities of daily life for the majority of
humankind’. Health insecurities arise from this foundation.
This volume endeavours to begin to make this mostly tacit, complicated reality
explicit, and to demonstrate how across various levels of analysis and normative
frames critical feminist analyses expose and challenge the dominant framings of
global health security, by casting a light on the many chronic and every-day
gendered, classed and racialized violences that shape access to health’s social
determinants, and by extension, the health of differently situated and gendered
bodies. Remarkably, feminist perspectives have remained on the borders of
the evolving body of scholarship that has situated global health within a security
frame, and in particular, feminist analyses that address the flesh-and-blood impacts
worldwide on different bodies. This can be said of both of the competing conceptions
of health in/security reflected in contemporary global health governance: first,
health as a “human” security issue linked to the study of the ideological and structural
forces shaping both the governance of global health and the conditions that shape
human health, and, second, the increasingly hegemonic view of health as a national
security issue in which intensified globalization produces new pathogens and
“health threats” with potential impacts on stability and wealth accumulation. Some
contributions to this volume specifically engage in this question of securitization,
while others amplify more tacit cognate narratives.
Social and political life is profoundly gendered and feminist scholarship has a
critical role to play in illuminating both the foundations of health insecurities and
the effects of different policies and practices on different bodies. For example, we
need only look to some of today’s sites of conflict to see the ubiquity of sexual
violence as part of militarized violence, state violence targeted at queer and trans
people, the structural violence of the austerity response that has undermined basic
health care and which has left impoverished women struggling to fill the care
gap, or the absence of the most basic occupational health conditions for women in
parts of the global south.
The overarching aim of this volume is to begin to illuminate some of the critical
intersections across health, gender, and security, through an approach that focuses
on the quotidian violences – those everyday insecurities – emerging from the socio-
economic and cultural organization of society that shape the health and life chances
of people occupying different spaces and identities around the world. The chapters
in this book address how one’s experience of “health security” has much to do with
gender to the extent that specific “risks” and vulnerabilities are located in culturally
constructed gender roles, and one’s sex and gender can circumscribe access to
health care and the social determinants of health. In/security is constituted through
and by sex and gender as key components of the matrix of power that governs the
global life economy. Within most scholarship of global health and accounts
of health’s social determinants, gender tends to be seen as one of a collection of
variables, with sex and gender often conflated. The reality is more complicated.
The politics and ideology of global neoliberalism contribute to emerging
health “crises” and the frameworks though which they are addressed: the general
4   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
acceptance of international competitive rules, the hollowing out of the state, and
a belief that market arrangements should play a central role in the provision of a
minimal social safety net. Neoliberalism is largely consistent with the biomedical
construction of disease, which reduces it to its individual and clinical dimensions.
What is erased and obscured are the material conditions that allow disease to
thrive, the broader factors that condition access to treatment, and the daily realities
of affected bodies and households where the tangible impacts are felt. The over-
whelming focus on clinical management and education obscures gendered and
racialized crises of production and social reproduction at the local level, a key
feature of epidemics in many regions of the world. A central concern of the contri-
butions in this book is to document what is missing in global health scholarship that
is both gender-blind to the individuals and communities who are subject to both the
physical violence of conflict and insecurity, and to the more ordinary structural
violence of the contemporary neoliberal global political economy.
War and political violence is newsworthy, while structural violence is largely
invisible. Drawing on John Galtung and Paul Farmer, Jade Sasser explains in her
chapter that structural violence is violence that is without a clear victim or perpetra-
tor; it is the slow violence that is built into structures and systems of governance
that creates unequal power relations and shapes life chances. It is characterized
by the massive unequal distribution of resources and political, economic and
discursive power. Sasser states in her chapter (Chapter 11) that ‘Rather than direct
action taken between individuals and groups, structural violence manifests
indirectly, through the impacts of highly inequitable or violent social structures,
particularly in the context of bodies’ (p. 167). Teresa Healy (Chapter 10) adds that,
in Galtung’s (1975) idea of structural violence, it is not necessarily the activities
of specific institutions that are of interest, but the cumulative impacts of indirect
violence that leave individuals’ rights to self-realization unmet. She describes
structural violence:

. . . as a complex of socially-embedded and inequitable economic, political,

legal, religious and cultural social practices that cause physical and psycho-
logical harm to people (Flynn et al., 2015; Bitton et al., 2011) . . . [that] turns
large historical and social dynamics into systemic and everyday practices that
injure those most marginalized. . . .
(p. 149)

Other contributors to this volume have slightly different takes, with Vanessa Farr,
for instance, drawing on Rob Nixon’s understanding of slow violence. These are
Nixon’s (2006–2007) words:

To confront what I am calling slow violence requires that we attempt to give

symbolic shape and plot to formless threats whose fatal repercussions are
dispersed across space and time. Politically and emotionally, different kinds
of disaster possess unequal heft. Falling bodies, burning towers, exploding
heads have a visceral, page-turning potency that tales of slow violence cannot
 Global health, gender, and security   5
match. Stories of toxic buildup, massing greenhouse gases, or desertification
may be cataclysmic, but they’re scientifically convoluted cataclysms in which
casualties are deferred, often for generations. In the gap between acts of slow
violence and their delayed effects both memory and causation readily fade
from view and the casualties thus incurred pass untallied.
(2006–2007: 14)

Taken together, the authors assembled here put forth the case for broadening and
deepening our understanding of “health security” beyond the effects and impacts
of health and disease on the stability of nation states and the global economy, to
the recognition of the impacts of disease, and various forms of violence (military,
structural, slow, intimate) on the health and psychological well-being of differently
raced, classed, and gendered bodies. There is no one disciplinary perspective or
unifying conceptual framework, but what all chapters share in common is the
objective to illuminate, to critique, and to disrupt assumed meaning.
The first four contributions to the book apply our collective lens to contexts of
war and political violence. In Chapter 2, The invisible tragedy of war: Women and
the environment, Patricia Hynes offers a broad brushstroke of the effects of war
and political violence on women’s bodies, setting the broad context for the chapters
that follow. Hynes documents how war and militarism, and the encroachment
of military institutions and ends into politics and society, have been normalized
by “rites”, such as war veterans’ parades and “sites”, such as monuments to war
heroes and the military war dead. The greatest human casualties of modern war are
non-combatant civilians, not soldiers, while few have acknowledged that, among
civilian casualties, women and girls are deliberately targeted and disproportionately
harmed by war and its aftermath. Hynes also illuminates the staggering impacts
of war on nature and our lived environment – by the kinds of weapons used, the
hazardous waste their manufacture and testing generate, the “shock and awe”
intensity of industrial warfare, and the massive exploitation of natural resources
and fossil fuels to support militarism. The first effects of war are effects on health,
both human and eco-systemic health, and as the other chapters illuminate, those
effects are profoundly gendered and racialized.
In Chapter 3, Survivors of conflict and post-conflict sexual and gender-based
violence and torture in the Great Lakes region of Africa, Helen Liebling makes the
argument that the impact of conflict and post-conflict sexual violence and torture
has often been misunderstood in terms of an individual manifestation of psycho-
logical trauma and physical injuries, with responses confined to a biomedical
approach. Based on research carried out with women survivors of conflict, former
child abductees, and women and girls who bore children from rape in the Great
Lakes region of Africa, Liebling argues for an alternative understanding that is
gendered, recognizes the devastating impact of sexual violence and torture on
reproductive and psychological health, as well as on whole communities. Her
analysis highlights the resilience of survivors and their ability to reconstruct
identities, and argues for a holistic response for survivors with improved pro-
fessional structures for service providers that are sensitive to gender and culture,
6   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
informed by a considered understanding of the impact of trauma on survivors,
while addressing stigma and shame as barriers to effective service access and
response. She emphasizes the need for justice and social support structures, in
conjunction with building on the resilience and reconstruction of identities of
survivors and their communities.
In Chapter 4, Securing health in Afghanistan: Gender, militarized humanitarian-
ism, and legacies of occupation, Vanessa Farr draws from field research conducted
with male and female community health workers in Afghanistan, who, working
as unpaid volunteers, form the foundation of the Community Based Health Care
pillar of the Ministry of Public Health. The chapter explores how the neoliberal
“reconstruction” policies imposed on Afghanistan by donors including the United
States military occupiers – now-turned economic advisers – are premised on a
highly gendered exploitation of labour, and misuse narratives of women’s empow-
erment even as they seamlessly intertwine with the country’s own patriarchal
patronage systems. Working from Julie Billaud’s observation that in Afghanistan,
‘a society torn by violence and war, women’s bodies have become the field through
which statehood enacts its power’ (Billaud, 2015: 18), the chapter argues that an
analysis of the health sector, devastated as it is by the “slow violence” of the
ongoing conflict, offers eye-opening insights into how contemporary militarized
humanitarianism and development approaches function “post”-conflict. The
chapter concludes that, far from working towards a “peace dividend” of newly
transparent institutions focused on socially inclusive reconstruction, outside forces
rely on and reproduce a weakened and unresisting civil society. Ultimately naked
profiteers, they collude with and entrench existing male patronage networks, and
are both managers and profit-sharers in the violent, divisive, warlike and extractive
political economy they maintain.
The next chapter widens national or localized experiences towards the trans-
national. In Chapter 5, A moving target: Gender, health and the securitisation of
migration, Sarah Pugh notes that, with more people on the move than any other
time in human history, states are struggling to effectively “manage” the movement
of people across borders, navigating deeply emotive and often politically divisive
questions of inclusion and exclusion, citizenship and identity, nationalism and
human rights. Internationally, many states are responding to migration pressures
with an increasingly control-oriented and securitized approach, tightening borders,
criminalizing irregular and often low-skilled migrants, and framing migrants
broadly as a social, economic, and potentially political threat. The chapter highlights
some of the potential health implications of this increasingly securitized approach
to migration, applying a gender lens to tease out the ways in which these health
implications might be experienced or embodied in different ways by men, women,
boys and girls. In particular, the gendered health implications of practices of
detention and encampment, access to health care, sexual violence, and mental
health are highlighted.
The next chapter speaks to the transnational project to put sexual and reproduc-
tive health and rights on the global agenda. In Chapter 6, The global movement for
sexual and reproductive health and rights: Intellectual underpinnings, Adrienne
 Global health, gender, and security  7
Germain describes the feminist intellectual work, facilitated by the International
Women’s Health Coalition (IWHC), which first conceptualized sexual and repro-
ductive health and rights (SRHR). The IWHC and their feminist colleagues (most
from the global south) recognized SRHR as a vital dimension of women’s lives
that was widely neglected and undermined by global and national population
policies. Those policies aimed to control population growth simply by delivering
contraceptives to married women in poor countries, avoiding other aspects of
women’s health and human rights, and excluding the young and the unmarried.
The chapter reflects on IWHC’s generation of the intellectual capital needed to
challenge such polices, the author drawing on her decades of work with and for
women in low and middle-income countries. In the late 1980s, IWHC published
the first papers defining SRHR and its components, using a feminist lens and with
an emphasis on the policy changes and actions needed. In 1993, with facilitation
by IWHC, the emerging global feminist movement for women’s health and human
rights adopted SRHR as their primary advocacy goal for the United Nation’s
1994 International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), and also
elaborated what needed to be done to achieve SRHR. In the decades since their
success in the ICPD, feminist health and rights advocates, facilitated by IWHC,
have continued work on the conceptual foundation and evidence base for SRHR
to use in their countries and in UN negotiations on population, health, women’s
equality, human rights, and empowerment. Based on her continuing involvement
from 1985, the author analyses why and how IWHC and their allies chose to work
on SRHR, their collaborative processes, and the contributions this intellectual
capital made to international mobilizing for women’s health and rights.
Tessa Hochfeld complements this focus on a rights-based approach in Chapter 7,
Solving Nandi: the personal embodiment of structural injustice in South Africa’s
Child Support Grant. Hochfeld’s chapter provides a concrete illustration of how
social justice and social injustice are structural in origin, yet embodied in the lives
of individuals. In multiple ways, the state and society dynamically affect the daily
experiences of health and security of individuals and households. Two case studies
drawn from narrative research in South Africa illuminate the injustices that
can become visible at the interface between the individual and formal/informal
institutions. The case analyses focus on the accounts of two women living in a low-
income community, both receiving state-funded cash transfers for their children.
In their narratives, the two women interact with the state as provider, employer,
administrator, and justice agent. They also experience and respond to societal
norms and expectations around the relationships between the individual and the
state. The stories illustrate how the many-layered interactions can have various
beneficial, neutral, and punitive effects, shaping the women’s personal trajectories
of health and security; how issues of power and lack of power, access and lack of
access can tend to disproportionately skew the trajectories downward. Despite
an impressive set of laws and regulations protecting the rights of individuals
and communities in South Africa, the accounts expose the irony that the actual
functioning of formal and informal democracy in times of peace may serve to deny
substantive rights, with tangible implications for health and security.
8   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
In Chapter 8, Responses to recent infectious disease emergencies: A critical
gender analysis, Colleen O’Manique returns to health specifically as a lodestar
illustrating structural violence in a transnational focus. HIV/AIDS, SARS, H1N1,
and more recently Ebola in West Africa, are infectious diseases that have been
constructed by the UN as “threats” requiring biosecurity interventions. The chapter
argues that the meanings of health security and the practices to “secure” infectious
disease reflect a tension between health as a basic human right linked to broader
rights of citizenship and health’s social determinants, and health as an instrumental
condition for securing geopolitical and economic interests principally of states of
the global north. The initial polemic of HIV/AIDS and security was framed within
a traditional paradigm that privileged military and economic interests, discursively
aligning these with liberal, developmental concerns, while sidelining the crisis at
the household level that was experienced largely by women who shouldered the
main care burdens and multiple impacts. There are parallels with Ebola: an almost
singular attention on containment (with significantly higher levels of female
mortality from Ebola) and little focus on the beleaguered state of public health in
the West African countries where the virus took hold. The chapter illustrates how
global hierarchies of class, gender, and ethnicity shape the environments in which
one seeks to secure pandemic infection, and how biosecurity policies and strategies
are imprinted on the body.
Continuing the focus on infectious disease and HIV/AIDS specifically, Simon
Rushton in Chapter 9, The invisible men. HIV, security, and men who have sex
with women, makes heterosexual men his focus. Over the first 20 years of the
AIDS pandemic there were regular complaints about the ways in which men, in
particular African men, were portrayed in the discourse around HIV transmission.
Authors such as Stillwagon (2003) and Watney (1989) examined a range of sources
including the media, academic research and policy statements and found that
there was a pervasive tendency to attribute the serious epidemics in Sub-Saharan
Africa to a hyper-sexualized and primitive culture, frequently (sometimes not
even implicitly) constructing Africa as an undifferentiated “deviant continent”.
Rushton’s chapter examines whether the troubling tendencies identified by
Stillwagon, Watney, and others are still evident in the global AIDS policy discourse
today.
Through a critical discourse analysis of major policy documents from global
and national-level AIDS institutions, Rushton argues that this racialized depiction
of “African men” has, thankfully, largely been expunged. However, heterosexual
men have almost completely vanished from the AIDS discourse – other than as
virus transmitters, perpetrators of gender-based violence and exploitation, and
as clients of sex workers: essentially through the trail of destruction that they lead.
Heterosexual men are not considered a “key population”, are not explicitly dis-
cussed as holders of rights, and are never recognized as playing important roles
such as caregiving. The man himself is seldom anywhere to be seen. The chapter
argues that whilst this has the positive effect of avoiding the racially driven over-
simplifications of the past, it does not provide a much firmer basis for addressing
heterosexual HIV transmission, either in Sub-Saharan Africa or elsewhere.
 Global health, gender, and security   9
In Chapter 10, Labouring bodies in the global economy: Structural violence and
occupational health, Teresa Healy considers the insecurity of workers whose bodies
bear the impact of transnational production processes and privatized social
reproduction. Structural violence, intimately felt and socially constructed, relegates
workers to the margins of capital accumulation in the twenty-first century. From
lessons learned in particular households, workplaces, economic sectors and
national social formations, the chapter interrogates how the gendered intersections
of global in/security are understood by those who study occupational health and
safety. The chapter presents a framework for understanding similarities and differ-
ences, as well as absences and promising avenues for a research agenda alive to the
embodied, the intersectional, and the diverse impacts of globalized power relations
where security is not seen from the perspective of the nation-state, but from that of
the embodied worker and (their) collectivities.
In Chapter 11, Public health in the Anthropocene: Exploring population fears
and climate threats, Jade Sasser problematizes the structurally violent interplay
between gendered public health and climate change. The chapter notes how public
health scholars have increasingly demonstrated the wide range of current and
possible future health impacts of climate change, through discourses emphasizing
the links between public health, environmental instability, and international
relations. At the same time, policymakers and NGO representatives have called
for greater attention to the links between population growth and climate change,
often drawing on discourses that position the fertility and childbearing of poor
communities as a threat to local and global environmental sustainability. Sasser
explores these parallel approaches through the lens of structural violence. She
analyzes the role of public health research in shaping broader anxieties around
national security, health threats, and population fears – particularly in the context
of global ecological crisis. The chapter argues that the ways policymakers and
publics take up and circulate public health research may have unintended conse-
quences in the form of structural and discursive violence. The chapter concludes
with a discussion of alternative framings that resist these forms of violence and call
for centring social justice in the links between human health and environmental
change.
In an ethnographic account exposing the many violent silences surrounding
the lived experiences of transgender persons, Chloe Schwenke’s Bewitched or
deranged: Access to health care for transgender persons (Chapter 12) shows how,
in more developed economies, any discussion on transgender health tends to focus
on the unique health care needs of this small population, particularly during a
process of gender transition. It is simply assumed that transitioning transgender
persons (and transsexuals) still obtain unhindered access to routine general health
care not associated with the transgender phenomenon. In reality, transgender
persons experience significant discrimination in accessing health care services in
more developed countries. In the less developed countries of the global south,
anecdotal evidence indicates that the level of stigma, rejection, humiliation, and
even violence encountered by transgender persons seeking routine health care is
both commonplace and extreme, leading to situations where these populations are
10   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
entirely excluded. However, empirical data remains largely unavailable, with no
systematic data collection taking place. Governments in both the north and south
are ignoring the discrimination and high levels of insecurity directed at transgender
persons, although the degree to which this insecurity is due to governmental
intention or ignorance remains unclear. The chapter relies on anecdotal evidence
to characterize the structural violence affecting transgender persons in four
countries: Jamaica, Kenya, Russia, and the United States, and seeks to make the
case for the importance of analytical data collection and analysis by governments
and NGOs. The reliance on anecdotal evidence might be considered a weakness,
but the reality is that scant evidence of the realities of transgendered people’s
struggles exists, and we are hopeful that Schwenke’s visceral accounts will lead to
more attention to, and a deeper understanding of transgendered peoples’ lives.
In the final contribution to this book, Development as violence: Corporeal needs,
embodied life, and the sustainable development goals, Colleen O’Manique and
Pieter Fourie address how the UN Sustainable Development Goals have become
the de facto global instrument for “development” from 2016 to 2030, replacing the
Millennium Development Goals that were endorsed by the UN in 2001. The chapter
analyses the prospects and possibilities of the SDG approach for improving on the
MDG record. The analysis is situated in the context of the current global economic
and ecological crisis, the rise of religious fundamentalisms, and the ascendancy of
private sector solutions to poverty reduction and “empowerment” that are embedded
in the outcome document on financing the SDGs endorsed by the UN General
Assembly. O’Manique and Fourie ask whether the SDGs serve the project of
consolidating the current global neoliberal socio-political and economic order
in which corporeal needs (based on the life-sustaining work of gendered social
reproduction) compete with the needs of capital, and discuss what this means for
the future of genuine health security and gender justice.
All the chapters share a “critical analysis” rather than a unified theoretical or
disciplinary framework. Contributors to this volume come from various profes-
sions and fields: we include academics, activists, and journalists, who all some-
times wear multiple hats. We view this variety as a particular strength of this
volume, as it challenges the often premature attraction of agreement or consensus;
it is the disruptive potential of critical feminist lenses that we embrace. What is
shared amongst the contributors is the importance of critically analysing how the
health and well-being of differently sexed, racialized, and gendered bodies are
governed by both the overt and subtle practices of both health governance and
governance more broadly. At the foundation of a critical feminist perspective is the
understanding that, in the words of Riki Wilchins:

The instinct to control bodies, genders and desires, may be as close as we have
to a universal constant. It is common to cultures rich and poor, left wing and
right wing, Eastern and Western, [. . .] And here I mean gender in its widest
sense – including sexual orientation, because I take it as self-evident that the
mainspring of homophobia is gender: the notion that gay men are insufficiently
masculine or lesbian women inadequately feminine. And I include sex, because
 Global health, gender, and security   11
I take it as obvious that what animates sexism and misogyny is gender, and our
astounding fear and loathing around issues of vulnerability or femininity.
(Wilchins, 2002:11)

We need to acknowledge that most bodies that need to be controlled are female.
Girls and women are still overwhelmingly responsible for invisible care labour,
and this labour is considered the “natural” extension of their role in biological
reproduction, which remains across the world, for many girls and women, out of
their control. The vast majority of the perpetrators of intimate partner violence
are men, and the majority of their victims are women. It is the same with rape and
sexual violence during conflict and political violence; whilst men and boys are also
the victims of sexual violence perpetrated by other males (and we acknowledge the
pressing need to document and analyse this phenomenon), the majority recipients
of such violence are female. States Cynthia Cockburn:

Different feminisms have different slants on this. But there is one constant:
the differentiation between and relative positioning of women and men is seen
as an important ordering principle that pervades the system of power and is
sometimes its very embodiment. Gender does not necessarily have primacy in
this respect. Economic class and ethnic differentiation can also be important
relational hierarchies, structuring a regime and shaping its mode of ruling. But
these other differentiations are always also gendered and in turn help construct
what is a man and woman in any given circumstances . . . while formulations
of gender show rich diversity from culture to culture a dominance of men and
masculinity is pervasive.
(Cockburn, 2001:15)

While feminist perspectives on the “health and security” question are scant, they
have much to offer the discussion. It is with this in mind that we hope that this
volume contributes to the understanding and practice of “global health security”
by expanding the understanding of who and what is being “secured”, and
challenging the structural/slow violence as well as the overt physical violence
inherent to the current gendered global order. We view this book as the beginning
of a conversation.

References
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U Penn Press.
Bitton, A., Green, C. and Colbert, J. (2011) ‘Improving the delivery of global tobacco
control’. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized
Medicine, 78: pp. 382–93.
Brodie, J. (2003) ‘Globalization, in/security, and the paradoxes of the social’ in Bakker, I.
and Gill, S. (eds) Power, Production, and Social Reproduction. Basingstoke: Palgrave
MacMillan.
12   Colleen O’Manique and Pieter Fourie
Cockburn, C. (2001) ‘The gendered dynamics of armed conflict and political violence’ in
Moser, C. and Clarke, F. (eds) Victims, Perpetrators or Actors? Gender, Armed Conflict
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Flynn, M. A., Eggerth, D. E. and Jacobson, C. J. (2015) ‘Undocumented status as a social
determinant of occupational safety and health: The workers’ perspective’. American
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2 The invisible tragedy of war
Women and the environment
H. Patricia Hynes

Introduction
The words ‘genocide’ and ‘ecocide’ were coined in the latter part of two twentieth-
century wars. Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish lawyer, conceptualized genocide
‘to describe Nazi policies of systematic murder, including the destruction of the
European Jews’ during World War II (Holocaust Encyclopedia, 2016). The scientist
Arthur Galston defined ‘ecocide’ as ‘the permanent and willful destruction of the
environment in which a people can live in a manner of their own choosing’,
referring to the methodical chemical warfare the United States employed from
1961 to 1971 against the tropical ecosystems of South Vietnam in order to defeat
the National Liberation Front (Zierler, 2011). In 1996 the author Beverly Allen
introduced the term ‘genocidal rape’ to specify the Serbian army’s military policy
of raping Muslim women for the purpose of genocide (Allen, 1996). In many
previous wars the misogynist military strategy of rape was employed to destroy a
people, among them the 1937 Japanese ‘Rape of Nanking’, Pakistani soldiers in
the 1971 Bangladeshi Liberation War, and the 1990s civil war in Rwanda.
The twentieth century, one in which conventions and covenants on human rights
and environmental protections for all flourished, was also a century of record-
breaking death (Ferguson, 2006), human rights violations and ecological destruction
perpetrated within wars, both declared and undeclared. The twenty-first century has
begun with no less gruesome hostility: the Iraq War (2003–11) culminated with the
ensuing disintegration of that society, culture, and country. The year 2014 witnessed
more conflicts than any other year in this century, as well as escalating international
weapons sales. Some 60 million refugees (the majority being Syrians, Iraqis and
Afghanis, and millions of internally displaced people) now suffer from these
cumulative wars, the largest number of refugees fleeing war since World War II.
Healthcare, public and environmental health (safe food, water, and sanitation), and
economic development are casualties of war, such that the costs of conflict in 2014
were US$14.3 trillion, 100 times the official development assistance from rich to
poor countries (McCoy, 2015).
All wars, putatively just and unjust alike, and less conventional wars such as
‘dirty wars’ of repression, low-intensity conflicts within and between countries and
political groups, ethnic conflicts, and civil wars are unexamined public health
14   H. Patricia Hynes
and environmental disasters that leave in their wake humanitarian crises and human
rights abuses, aggravated sexual exploitation of women and girls, and extreme and
often irreversible environmental degradation (Enzler, 2016; Geiger 2000; Toole,
Galson, and Brady, 1993). Early second wave feminist analysis, prominently Susan
Griffin’s Women and Nature: the Roaring Inside Her, explored the identification of
women with the earth, both as sustenance for humanity and as victim of male rage.
From Plato through Francis Bacon, the world was fatefully breached into spirit and
matter, such that patriarchal Western philosophy, science and medicine, religion,
industrialization, and politics have used this divide to bolster their power over both
women and nature (Griffin, 2000).
This chapter examines, through themes and case examples, the egregious and
singular trauma of war for women and the natural world – harm belittled as collateral
damage, rarely documented by the perpetrators of armed conflict, and unaccounted
for in war reparations. The first narrative focuses on women in war, and the second
narrative explores the impact of armed conflict on the environment.

War and women

War has never spared nor protected women civilians. The targets of modern warfare
are not primarily combatants; they are the enemy’s infrastructure, economy and,
thus, civilians. The twentieth century was the most lethal to civilians trapped in
armed conflict. Civilian deaths as a percentage of all deaths, direct and indirect,
from war rose from between 60 and 67 per cent in World War II to 90 per cent in
the 1990s (Renner, 1999; Garfield and Neugut, 2000). The twenty-first century has
begun with a similar morbid profile of armed conflict.
In seeking to make explicit the more systemic, sex-based and enduring impacts
of war on women, there are many limitations. Women who were assaulted and
harmed by martial rape and women who died in childbirth from war-related neglect
and trauma, have not generally been documented as civilian casualties of war
(Garfield and Neugut, 1991). Moreover, much of the data gathered in conflict and
post-conflict situations is not disaggregated by gender, although this is changing
with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) conducting independent impact
analysis of war and a growing consciousness of documenting violence against
women, a result of more than three decades of feminist research, activism and
advocacy.
The few recent studies that have examined the death toll of war on females and
males have concluded that equal numbers of civilian women and girls die of war-
related injuries as civilian men and boys (Reza, Mercy, and Krug, 2001; Murray
et al., 2002). This data, however, does not include the morbidity of the spirit and
the increased suicide and premature death that directly results from the sexual
torture, despair and destitution of women in conflict-ridden and armed societies.
To die by a bullet in war is a ‘clean death’, said one woman refugee and survivor
of the war in Kosovo. To lose one’s family, home and community in conflict, to
be raped by enemy soldiers and then made suspect and shunned by one’s husband
and community, these are a living death, a social death, marked with acute
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Mfg r 2, 18 Kew Beach av — Wm slsmn Swift Candn Co h 68
Boultbee . avenue — Wm serv stn attdt Sunoco Serv Stn r 302
Gainsborough rd • — Wm shpr Rawlinson Furn Co r 14 St Joseph KI
8018 — Wm wldr CGE r 1179 Davenport rd — Wm A uphol h 186
Gillard av GL 3054 — Wm B priv off 404, 414 Bay WA 4257 h 304,
400 Avenue rd RA 4324 — Wm B supt Arthur Welch Co h 388
Armadale av LY 7919 — Wm C r 4, 884A Bloor w ME 3892 — Wm D
elk Treas Dept (Ont) r 254 Church — Wm D lab Rapid Grip & Batten
Co h 169 King Edward av (E Y) — Wm E flremn Stn 8 r 113 Amelia
RA 2805 — Wm E mgr The Candn Chromalox Co Ltd h 208, 2651
Bloor (Kngswy Pk) JU 0491 — Wm E stk elk Dom Bridge r 3
Glencairn avenue - — Wm F jr elk Natl Cash Register h 266 Harvle
av KE 3100 — Wm G h 714 Windermere av LY 5861 — Wm G barber
1033 College r 218 Holbome av (E Y) GR 3014 — Wm G emp Candn
Kodak r 714 Windermere av — Wm G ftr TTC r 20 Galt av GL 1392
— Wm G lab Dept of St Clng h 183 First av GL 1568 — Wm H elk
CGE r 161 Symington av — Wm H emp Anaconda Amer Brass h 79
Thirteenth (New T) — Wm H lather h 44 Larchmount av — Wm H
phy 3 First av HA 7578 h 34 Sherbourne n MI 6737 — Wm J r 108
Nairn av — Wm J elect CNR h 173 Barrfngton av (E Y) CR 8015 —
Wm J emp Canfield Elect Co r 58 Auburn av KE 7567 — Wm J slsmn
F C Burroughes Furn h 8 Orchard Crest rd (H Crest) JU 7950 — Wm
J slsmn Twentieth Century Fox Corp h 419 Armadale av LY 2238 —
Wm J toolmkr CGE h 294 St Clarens av — Wm M jr r 26 Blandford
(Frbk) — Wm M elk P O h 26 Blandford (Frbk) — Wm M prsmn West
Tor Prntg House h 58 Auburn av KE 7567 — Wm M tubing dept hlpr
Viceroy Mfg r 26 Blandford (Frbk) — Wm N tlr 1210% Weston rd (Mt
D) h 45 Buttonwood av (Mt D) — Wm R r 160 Wheeler av GR 8347
— Wm R elk Gas Co h 219 Airdrie rd (Leas) — Wm R drvr Elias
Rogers h 118 Edwin av — Wm R emp Massey Harris h 49
Fermanagh av LL 0847 Reid Wm R insp r 15, 433 Sackville MI 9018
— Wm S sr auditor City Audit Dept h 156 Lawrence av w — Wm T r
237A Jane LY 3628 — Wm T emp Can Vinegars h 129 Eastwood rd
GR 4582 • — Wm T flremn Stn 10 h 154 Ranleigh av HU 3681 - —
Wm T servmn Inti Bus Mach r 53 Highview cres — Wm T W ftr Gas
Co h 771 Dupont ME 2017 — Wilrose H acct exec Lord & Thomas of
Can Ltd h 322 Brookdale av MO 3665 — Wilmer h 173A Barrington
av (E Y) GR f Q/>t — Wilmott J r 19 Lockwood rd HO 6717 — &
Campbell (Howard F Reid and Malcolm D Campbell) radio 2013
Yonge HY 1109 REID & ALLEN, (Thomas Reid, John B Allen, J W G
Hunter, A R Campbell), Barristers and Solicitors, Room 27, 38 King
west. Phones ELgin 3141-2 REID & CO LUMBER LTD, George T Reid
President and Manager, John B Filsinger Secretary-Treasurer, Lumber
(Wholesale and Retail), foot Berkeley, s s Esplanade East, Phone
ELgin 7251 Reid’s Drug Store (J W Reid) drugs 241 Jarvis RA 2218 •
— Grocery (Edwd H Reid) 237 Gerrard e MI 7011 —Groceteria
(Elwood J Reid) gros 573 Bayview av (Leas) HY 2112-3 Reidel Wilfrid
L M acct Bank of Mont (Queen’s Park Br) h 39 Robina av (Oak) ME
4504 Reider David slsmn D Davis & Sons Clothing r 85 Baldwin —
Irving rep Rose Dress Mfg Co r 46 D’Arcy WA 1453 —Jack mgr Joy
Ann Frocks h 323 Yonge WA 8467 —Sami h 46 D’Arcy WA 1453
Reidford Jas carp h 25 Broolsside av (H Crest) LY 6241 Reidman
Douglas flremn CPR h 179 Gilmour av LY 9806 - — Martha Mrs
hsekpr r 215 Lansdowne av Reidpath Malcolm S h 685 Soudan av
Reids Apartments 4 Fairlawn av Reidt Catherine Mrs r 425 Clendenan
av LY 0036 Reidy Elizth h 359 Wolverleigh blvd GR 0013 • — Eva r
359 Wolverleigh blvd GR 00-13 • — Helen emp St Michael’s Hosp r
125 Bond WA 3148 • — Michl sound engnr Genl Theatre Supply r 95
St Joseph Reigate Ada (wid Geo) h 100 Maplewood av (Wych) LA
9181 —Jos paver TTC h 96 Alcina av LA 472S — Norman W flremn
insp Eatons r 100 Maplewood av (Wych) LA 9181 • — Sidney h 127
Kane av (Silv) Reiggs John transport opr Can Bread r 199
Sherbourne Reihm Amasay slsmn h 582 Indian rd KE 2190 — -H
Armond embalmer Bates & Dodds Ltd r 931 Queen w AD 0683
Reiich John emp John T Hepburn h 112 Sheridan av Relju Iamo
shoemkr Edna Shoe Co h 299 Clinton Reiken Louis (Crescent
Garment Co) h 213 Markham WA 9568 — Raymond fur ctr Princess
Fashion Furs h 122 Roxton rd ME 4760 — Reuben R (Runnymede
Pharmacy) h 2, 19 Rusholme rd LO 0146 Reiley Frances stenog De
Havilland Aircraft r 43 Bowie av (Frbk) KE 9542 - — Frank P carp De
Havilland Aircraft h 43 Bowie av (Frbk) KE 9542 Reili Chas mach h 1
John (Wstn) — G h 3, 317 Brock av — Rose r 35 Kingsway cres
(Kngswy Pk) LY 1610 — Wm C lab h 1119 Kingston rd (Bch C)
Reilley Norma Mrs maid Tor East Genl Hosp r 121 Woodington av -
— Wilbert wldr Ideal Welding r 137 Chester avenue ♦Reilly see also
Rlelly, Riley and Ryley — A Gordon pres Reilly’s Lock Corp Ltd (639
Yonge) — Agnes V elk RCAF r 101 O’Hara av LL 9120 — Alex r 29
Ashbridge av GR 3711 (act ser) — Annie D (wid Wm) h 49
Gainsborough rd —Barbara (wid Patk) r 36 Haslett av GR 0948 —
Bernice elk Candn Genl Ins r 101 O’Hara av LL 9120 — C & Co (C
Reilly) genl brkrs 408, 11 King w AD 3109 - — Carman H grass ctr
Park Lawn Cemetery h 200 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) JU 3547 —
Carmelita B asst buyer Simpsons r 768 Coxwell av HA 4478 —
Catherine T r 36 Haslett av GR 0948 — Cecil B emp Ryder Mach Co h
22 Hampton av GE 4324 —Chas lab Gas Co r 34 Mt Stephen — Chas
H barber 841 Dovercourt rd h same — Chas H car washer Bay-Front
Garage r 62 Wolseley — Christina emp Honey Dew r 226 Osier —
Clifford (C Reilly & Co) h 33 Brooke av (Nth Y) HU 9939 Reilly David
const Pol Dept h 6 Hemlock av HO 8107 — Dorothy mach opr Mono
Ltd r 406 Jones avenue — E Ralph off mgr Ogilvle Flour Mills Co Ltd
h 130 Simpson av KI 4550 — Edgar T r 768 Coxwell av HA 4178 —
Edwd garage mech Highland Dairy h 93 Dagmar av HA 1734 —
Eleanor M order filler Drug Trading r 101 O'Hara av LL 9120 — Elizth
(wid Patk) r 71 Dowling av LL 8253 — Esther r 20 Warren rd MI
1653 — Evelyn r 584 Indian gr LY 6433 ■ — F slsmn O'Keefe’s
Beverages r 855 Logan avenue — F D & Co (Fredk D Reilly) barr 5,
935 St Clair av w LL 0872 — Francis hrdrsr Flora Simpson Beauty
Salon r 30 Holbome av (E Y) - — Francis pol sergt h 19 Cayuga av
(Mt D) - — Frank h 523 Bloor w (act ser) —Frank E sheriff offr City
Hall h 101 O’Hara av LL 9120 — Fredk elect Allen Electric Co h 39
Harlton cres (Silv) — Fredk B caretkr Eatons h 378 Sackville —Fredk
D (F D Reilly & Co) h 274 Westmount av (Oak) LA 3101 —Geo h 68
Badgerow av — Geo stower CPR Frt r 42 Garden av — Heal Ltd A G
Reilly pres and purch agt R F Heal sec-treas constrn co 639 Yonge
MI 2881 and Queensway Hts LY 7167 — Henry emp Stanley Mfg h
34 Mount Stephen HA 0146 — Hugh mach U of T h 1109 Gerrard e
HA 8264 — Ina emp -Simpsons Knitting Mills r 1-66A St Johns rd LY
9781 —Investments (Thos Reilly) 405, 100 Adelaide w WA 2682-3 -
— Jas elect plater John Inglis Co h 149 Strachan av — Jas emp Parks
Dept h 940 Broadview av GE 6124 — Jas A B dept mgr Simpsons h
68 Wendover rd (Kngswy Pk) LY 0451 — Jean slsldy Eatons r 211
Lauder av (Oakwood) —Jean Mrs h 166A St Johns rd LY 9781 —
John r 140 Arlington av (Wych) LA 1959 (act ser) — John emp
Aluminum Co of Can h 66A Wallace av — John reprmn Eatons res
Lansing —John D (Salter, Stapells, Sewell & Reilly) h 408, 1 Cberitan
av HY 4216 — John P lab Dickie Constrn h 35 Berryman —John P lab
Link-Belt Ltd h 23 Eastern av cres HA 0983 — Jos r 538 Pape av HA
7263 — Jos drvr Lauder Lumber h 12 Trenton — Jos E trk drvr Dom
Envelope Co h 544 Victoria Pk av GR 7468 — Jos L r 101 O’Hara av
LL 9120 — Josephine M elk Natl Defence r 101 O'Hara av LL 9120 —
Laura slsldy Hunts r 11D Murray — Leo M traffic suprvsr CGE h 63
Cameron cres (Leas) MO 4918 — Leonard M vice-pres and mgr
Reilly’s Lock Corp Ltd h 81 Roe av MO 6231 — Lillian r 226 Osier —
Louisa billing elk Candn Gypsum r 69 Woodycrest av HA 3891 — M
Mrs slsldy Stollery’s Ladles Wear r 227 Broadview av —
Manufacturing Co Ltd Wm C Reilly pres Wm Jackson vice-pres Alice
P Smith sec-treas mens scarfs and Ids wear 253259 Spadina av EL
0841 — Margt elk Tor Genl Trusts r 274 Westmount av (Oak) LA
3101 —Margt hollerith opr Genl Accident Assce r 136 Roxborough w
— Margt lndrs Pridhams Lndry r 171% Shaw LA 4681 —Margery T A
typist Mfrs Life r 768 Coxwell av HA 4478 —Mary fnshr Wm R
Warner & Co r 5, 102 Tyndall av KE 6183 — Matthew J h 191 St
Clarens av LO 0855 (act ser) Maud (wid John D) h 93 Lansdowne av
LO 0853 —Michl r 620 Clinton — Michl lab Terminal Warehouses r
120 Shaw — Mildred bkpr Rapid-Grip & Batten h D 1386A Yonge KI
0994 —Minnie dsgnr h 67 Walmer rd KI 8679 —Muriel B r 768
Coxwell av HA 4478 — Patk h 300 Seaton (act ser) —Patk stablemn
Can Bread h 859 Pape av (East York) —Patk F hrdrsr Flora Simpson
Hairdressing h 30 Holbome av (E Y) —Paul E r 101 O’Hara av LL
9120 — Peter w-rehsemn Candn Natl Carbon h 120 Shaw —Ray
shpng elk Bulova Watch Co r 211 Lauder av (Oak) — Robt hlpr
Wonder Bakeries r 166 St Johns road —Robt mach Lincoln Elect h
224 Winnett av (Cedarvale) KE 7812 —Robt meter repr Gas Co r 43
Darrell av —Robt wrehsemn Can Paint Co r 171% Shaw LA 4681 —
Robt B real est 313, 156 Yonge WA 7594 h 2, 36 Acacia rd HY 3113
— Robt E lab Park Lawn Cemetery h 114 Pritchard av (Rnny) LY
5355 Reilly Robt J r 2, 36 Acacia rd HY 3113 (active service) —
Roberta V r 200 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) JU 3547 —Ronald grass
ctr Park Lawn Cemetery r 200 Humbercrest blvd (H Crest) JU 3547
— Roy r 178 Westmount av (Oak) (act ser) — Russell R prntr
Simpsons h 178 Westmount av (Oak) —Terence r 141 Garden av —
Thos r 8 Marigold av — Thos (Reilly Investments) h 768 Coxwell av
HA 4478 — Thos carp layer Eatons res West Hill — Thos shingler
Candn Rogers Sheet Metal - — Thos wtr Christie St Hosp h 117
Shaw —Thos S opr TTC h 211 Lauder av KE 5286 — Wm emp Can
Wire & Cable r 489 Ossington av LO 6598 — Wm emp John Inglis Co
h 226 Osier — Wm emp St Michaels Hosp r 291% George RA 4879
— Wm gdnr Fairglen Dairy h 193 Locksley (Fairbank) — Wm pol
const Stn 8 h 105 East Lynn av HO 3457 — Wm G pres Reilly Mfg Co
Ltd h 86 Lake Front (Ward's Island) TR 1062 — Wm J bench band
John Inglis Co h 16, 1845 Gerrard e - — Wm P h 827 Sammon av (E
Y) (act ser) — Wm T emp Dufferin Shipbuilding r 36 Haslett av GR
0948 Reilly’s Lock Corp Ltd A Gordon Reilly pres Leonard M Reilly
vice-pres and mgr locksmiths 639 Yonge RA 5101 Reim Elizth (wid
Michl) h 213B Roncesvalles av — John B L insp CNR r 213B
Roneesvalles avenue Reiman Chas J h 305A Roneesvalles av (act
ser) — Herman E prsmn Gair Co h 2, 373 Danforth av HA 4101
Relmer Bernard G assmblr MoFarlane Gendron Mfg r S3 Robinson av
(Scar) — John messr Eatons r 83 Robinson av (Scarboro) — John B
conveyor opr Gas Co h S3 Robinson av (Scar) — Vera E wdwkr
McFarlane Gendron Mfg r S3 Robinson av (Scar) Rein Millinery Store
(Sami and Esther Rein) 2144 Danforth av GR 2349 — Sami (Rein
Millinery Store) h 2144 Danforth av GR 2349 Relndorf Harold r 76%
Ulster — Sarah Mrs h 76% Ulster Reineking Riohd F time study mn
Small Arms h 72 Heman (Mim) • — Ruth cash Capitol Theatre r 72
Heman (Mimico) Reiner Dora h 16, 162 Huron — Geo J h 34, 435
Sherbourne MI 6492 —Max furrier h 158 Borden ME 7098 — Otto
furn mover McMillan & Co r 236 Harbord ME 5201 —Ralph J G bkpr
McLeod Young & Weir h 34 Astor av (Leas) MO 9207 Reinert Otto
btehr Swift Candn h 686 Willard av (Rnny) JU 2988 —Robt jr asst
plate-mn Commercial Lltho r 102 Wallace av LL 1649 — Robert trav
A Mulrhead Co h 102 Wallace av LL 1649 Reingewertz Isadore
(Exclusive Paint & Wallpaper) h 1, 442 Spadina av RA 5751
Reingewirtz Naftul wallpaper and paints 107 Baldwin h same WA
7971 • — Rachael busheller Reliable Leather Sportwear r 107
Baldwin WA 7971 Reingold Bella Mrs h 79 Baldwin WA 2891 —Frank
drugs 438 College KI 0235 h 286 Grace ME 9793 —Hyman (Ontario
Cloak Co) h 27 Borden KI 7750 —Mark barr 204-5, 88 Richmond w
EL 1165 h 3 Browside av (Fst H) HU 2278 —Morris (Ontario Cloak
Co) h 118 Borden MI 4521 —Murray r 27 Borden KI 7750 —Sami
(Ont Cloak Co) h 519 Vesta dr (Fst H) HY 3848 Reinhard Frank E car
repr CNR h 104 Twenty-second (New T) — Jos pntr and dec h 679
Dovercourt rd LO 6347 ♦Reinhardt, see also iRynehart —Alice M r 2,
27 Winchester KI 2812 —Cecil fruit pdlr r 2916A Dundas w JU 4598
—John E chf elk Singer Sewing Mach h 305, 110 Oriole Pkwy HU
5932 —Margt (wid John) r 2916A Dundas w JU 4598 Reinhart Chas J
wtr Miracle Luncheonette r 3, 4 Broadway av —Elizth Mrs r 217
Lauder av (Oak) LA 0895 —Frank F emp CNR r 11 Indian rd cres LA
5455 — Fred h 11 Indian rd cres LA 5455 —Raymond A cash
Parkdale Hotel r 11 Indian rd cres LA 5455 Reinhart Wm F elk Candn
Kodak r 11 Indian rd cres LA 5455 Reinholdt Albert h 1889A Gerrard
e HO 9293 (act ser) — Albert H slsmn Devon Realty h 125 Virginia
av (E Y) HO 5641 — IFredk C elk Milner, Ross & Co h 66 Oakcrest av
— (Henbt stkpr Permite Products of Can Ltd h 203 Balsam av IGR
4863 —John N r 125 Virginia av (E Y) HO 5641 —1246—
 Reinhom H Mrs h H9, 1652 Bathurst ('Cedarvale) HU 9477
Reiniohe Ohas H slsmn Tor Dyeing & Finishing Wks h 524
Strathmore blvd G® 46 V>7 — Marguerite complaint adjuster
Simpsons r 524 'Strathmore blvd 'OR 4657 Reinikainen (Eino tool
mkr 'Candn Acme Screw & Gear h 313 Roblna av (Frbk) Reininger
Emry oarp h 40 Russell RA 4984 —Joseph btchr Gan Packers h 42
Russell Ki 10256 — (Richd tool & die imkr Century Tool & Dye Works
h 97 Robert KI 9884 Reinke Arnold A elk Christie Brown Co h I'8i7
Vaughan rd (Wych) —(Fred slsmn h 486% Gladstone av DO 4993 —
G Lenore stenog RCA Victor h 20. Avoca av RA 8606 -^Harold E tchr
King Edward Pub iSchl h 45 Willingdon blvd (Kngswy Pk) —(Ronald S
emp Bell Tel h 207. 3112 Yonge MA 3818 Relnsilber Jack h 3 Casimir
WA 8705 —Sami h 0 Borden KI >0888 Reinstein Morris prsr Modern
Clnrs h 273 Grace ME 3803 Reint Alex h 173 Borden Reinwald Lillian
(Ritchie’s Taxi) h 22, 1836 Queen e GR 8242 Reis Harvey stock elk
IStedman Bros r 127 Seaton AD 0602 —John IH h 127 Seaton AJD
>9'6i02 Relsberg Abraham opr M Koretsky Fur Co h 216 Montrose av
ME 4408 Reiser Anne stenog (Hunter Realty r 209 Berkley AD 9884
— Karl h 209 Berkeley AD 9884 Reisman Benj newspaper agt r 33
Major KI 7941 — Benj slsmn to 224 Bellwoods av WA 9665 —
(Hannah fnshr Louis Korn & >Son r 220 Augusta av —(Irving bkpr
>r 33 Major KI 7941 Isadora (Reisman’s Grocery) h 682A College —
Jenny Mrs drs fnshr to 124 Borden MI 1760 — Max .prsr h 226
Augusta av WA 0149 • — iSaml fruit pdlr h 56 Robinson — Solomon
to 33 Major KI 7941 Reisman’s Grocery (Isadore Reisman) 682
'College LA 2366 Reismann Helen Mrs dietitian Wellesley Hosp r 485
ShePbourne Reiss Gertrude bkpr G L Magann & Co r 21 Tracy AD
I9®7,1 ■ — Irving c a studt J John iShulman & Co r 21 Tracey AD
.9571 — Joseph (Royal York Cleaners & (Dyers h 543 College MI
1533 —Morris tinsmith to 446 Crawford LO 2016 — Rose Mrs r 33
Grange av AD 3'7>05 — ISadie stenog-bkpr Cruden’s r 21 Tracy AD
9571 — Wm h (21 Tracy AD 9571 Reissman Jules mfg agt 510, 19
Melinda WA 8975 r 37 Bernard av —Jules slsmn Wm Looser & Co Ltd
r 112 (Cluny dr MI 4051 Relst Vincent bus boy Royal York Hotel r
245 Leslie Reitapple Emma artificial flower mkr r 80 Bellevue av WA
9842 • — Harry emp (Central Lumber Co r >86 Bellevue >av WA
9842 — Israel mgr Central Lumber lOo to 80 Bellevue av WA 9842 —
Meyer slsmn Central Lumber Co r 302 Huron KI 1041 — Morris
(Hollywood Ladles’ Wear) h 1172A Bloor w LO 7736 — Percy slsmn
Central Lumber Co h 2, 664 Euclid av ’MIE '7804 Reitberg Everett
ovenmn Wonder Bakeries h 91 Empire av Reiter Adam ctr IS Samuel
Fur h 34 Leuty HO 7300 — IDavld elk Davis Clothing t 85 Baldwin EL
6520 — IDavid (Rite Pleating Co) h 164 Concord av ME 9888 —Max
ctr Textile Knitting Mills r 2(1.9 Major KI 8381 — Max drsmkr Green
Hood Co to 851 Manning av KE 5556 — Morris opr Stand Dress >r
27 Grange av Reith Alex Grand Lodge rep A F of L Grand Lodge to
143 O’Connor dr (E Y) — ‘BlaPbara E parceller Simpsons r (144
Woodmount av —James McD jntr Right of Way Dept CNR h 206
Emerson av KE 4834 —James S advertising mgr .Age Publications h
104 A Dawes rd (E Y) GR 7417 —John to 31 %> Myrtle av — John
emp (Can Metal to 14(4 Woodmount av (E Y) HO 56(28 —John mgr
Midtown (Theatre r '827 Bathurst LA 0745 —Louise A literature sec
Presby Women’s Miss See r 248 Shaw KE (0386 — ‘Mary wrapper
Wonder Bakeries r 144 Woodmount av —(Peter R to 248 Shaw KE
0386 — iRobt slsmn York Trading Ltd t 1 Riverdale av Reitman Elsie
or Croydon Hat Co r 3, 632 (College KE 7738 Reitman’s Inc Helen J
Hershman dist supvsr ladles wear 183 Yonge WA 3310. br 551
Danforth av GE 6131, 2034 Danfort* av GR 6060, 1182 St Clair av w
LA 0700, 2876 Dundas w LY S616 Reitzel Mary A slsldy Miotoie & Co
r |65(9 Shaw LO 4421 Reitzel Ralph E acct Dorn Bank (Yonge &
Gerrard) r 49 Poplar Plains rd Reive Ediwd G stenog Malton Airport it
83 Rivercrest rd (H Crest) LY 3531 —Geo emp Canada Dry h 19
Sibley .av (E York) — Jas W rly ml elk P O h 33 Rivercrest rd (H
Crest) LY’ 3531 — Jessie (wid Howard) h 2, 21 Rose RA 5626 —Joan
elk Simpsons r 439 Sherboume MI 8474 — H Margt sis elk Binnie’s
Ltd r 83 Rivercrest rd (H Crest) LY 353d —Marion D stenog
Herrington & Co r 433 Roselawn av — 'Nelson A ichf elk Pol Dept to
238 Roetoampton av HU 9040 — iRobt H rly ml elk P O h 433
Roselawn av HU '7930 — W G interne Western Hosp r same WA
2581 Rekas Joseph r .195% Givens LL 4738 Rekel Thos cook Modern
Lunch r 118 Baldwin Rekus Paul wldr Smith Transport r 2i9
Montague RA 4405 Relf Albt V sheet metal wkr Eatons h 163
(Conrcelette rd (Scar) — Alex F mach opr Sou-tham Press to 379
Melrose av (Nth Y) — iColln h 2, 1191A St Clair av w (act ser) —
'Elsie M shpng elk r 71 Drayton av GR 11836 —Ernest asst engnr
Caulfield’s Dairy h 13 Elvin av (La M) — Fredk elk 1C N Tel to 71
Drayton av GR 1836 — Henry G prs rm MacLeans Pub h 38 Belhaven
rd GR 3679 — Rerbt L prntr Liquor iBd to 49 Fortieth (long Branch)
— IHerbt W ctr Tor Envelope h 423 Deloraine av (Nth Y) — James
emp Anaconda Brass h 1(2 Forty First (Long B) — Jessie Mrs r 343A
Scarborough rd — Jessie (wid Henry) r 44 Ninth (New T) — John
wtchmn L C B r 2, 466 Quebec av JU 5658 — (Leonard E P C Stn 7 r
817 Gladstone av — iGeorge W coil dept foremn Candn Pad 6 Paper
h 78 Kirknawton rd LL 9.141 — (Walter W ctr Globe Envelopes h 817
Gladstone av — (Wm J b 216 St Helens av Reliable Ambulance
Service (Ivan B Towriss) 6 Cawthra sq KI 5462 —(Battery Service
(John E Watkinson) >98 Bond EL 11851 — (Butchers & Grocers
(Horaoe L Burnett) 2165 Danfort'h av GR (9850 — lOafe (James
Mok) 66 Queen e RELIABLE CLEANERS & DYERS, Ernest J Salter
Manager, 313-315 King w-est. Phones ADelaide 7921 and WAverley
91(93 — Dress (Co (Montreal) Nat Laurie agt 141 Spadina av AD
'8981-2 — Electric Co (Danl J Mur.phy) 82, Bathurst EL 2816 —
'Exterminators Regd M A Sanderson mgr pest control oprs 222 , 64
Wellington w WA 8393-4 — (Fish & 'Chips (Alfred W Mongour) >954
Queen e GL 4411 — Footwear Co (Samuel Sable) 26 Wellington w
WA 9331 —Fur Dressers & Dyers Ltd Max Manson pres, Harry W
Topper sec-treas, John >E McCann mgr fur dressers & dyers 490
Richmond w EL 7269 — >Fur Co (Leo Shoot) 568 Queen w WA 9294
— Garment Co (Sami Platt, Max Eckler) >3rd fir, 116-124 Spadina av
AD >9766 — Hand Bag (Benj Belick i& Morris Feldman) Ladles
handbags 6th flr 466-4I76 Richmond w WA 1492 — Hand Laundry
(ISaml & Mrs Ida Gold) 7 Roncesvalles av LA 1'8>1i7 — (Hardware &
Electric Store (Joseph Jacobs) 1698 iSt 'Clair av w JU 5321 —
Heating >& Roofing >Co (Benj Katz) 5(36 Dundas w ML 4551 —
House Furnishers The (Mrs Rose Lipson) >258 Queen e AD 7628 —
House Furnishings ((Morris B Swerling) 79 Hillcrest dr LO 6450 — Ice
& Fuel Supply ((Gordon H Foster) ice & Fuel 26 Blake .av HA 7276 —
Jobbers (Morris Rosensweig) second hand clothes 87 Chestnut KI
9121 — (Leather Sportwear Ltd '(Saul Sigler & Lewis K Shiftman)
(3rd flr, 2(21-226 Richmond w AD 5931-2 wrehse 3rd flr, 21.7
Richmond w — (Linen Service (Louis & Benj Mendelson i& Sam
Sacks (Montreal Que) 8-14 Vanauley WA 1223 — Loan 'Office (Morris
Pozen) pawnbrokers 370 Yonge EL 4531 —Pant Co (Max Goldman ,&
Jacob Ladner) 3rd flr, 268 Adelaide w AiD 4792 — Pleating Co
Leopold A Polgrain mgr pleating, covered buttons etc (basement)
191 John WA (9216 — Radio Service (John E Betswort'h) 50
Boultbee av (HA 816(8 — Realty (Walter J J, anna way) real estate
540 Lansdowne av (ME '6464 — (Sheet Metal Mfg (Co '(David Kogon
& Abraham Abramovitz) 53 Ossington av (LL 5463 — Shoe Repair
(Max Valeski) 3283 Dundas w LY 5647 — Shoe Repairs (Dlmytro
Hoizny) 366B 'Gerrard e Reliable Silk Co Ltd Joseph Marin pres-mgr,
Ben Marin '(New York) vice-pres, Mrs Sonia Marin treas silk i3rd flr
252-260 Richmond w EL 2945 — Specialties Ltd (Marvin Roteniberg
& Sam Stein, baby carriages 896 Yonge MI '7426 — Store Fixture Co
Joseph Nail berg mgr fixtures 496 Bathurst WA 0'39>5 — ‘Tire &
Vulcanizing Co i(Geo A Mitchell) 222 Richmond w WA '5'390 —
Tobacco 'Co Ltd The J P Katz pres whol tab, confy 444 Spadina av
AD >9966-7 — (Toy Co (Alex & ,S Frank Samuels) toy mfrs 258
Oarlaw av HA 2191-2 — >Vest (Harry & Hirgo Bornatein) i(rear) 78
St Patrick WA 4386 —(Wallpaper & Paint (Awner Kirshenblatt) 822
(Dundas w IEL 8952 — Welding Co (Fredk A Jones) 16-1(2 Duchess
EL 7964 Reliance Aircraft & Tool Co Ltd John J M-oreh '(Belleville)
pres, Kenneth Soden ((Belleville) treas, Jam.es H Bryant mgr
machinery (tool & die mks) 11 Darrell av HO '3949 — Bldg 82-8(8
King e — Engravers Ltd Edwin J Nunn pres, Harry W Wadland vice-
pres, Charles W Perry sec-treas photo engravers 164 Bond EL 6411 •
— Ins Co of Canada Wm Johnstone genl agt 12, 43 Adelaide e E;L
(1563 — Men’s Wear (Abraham Blitzstein) 754 St Clair ,av w ME
6(991 — IPress Berne Cook prop printing 1344 (Danforth av GE
,1108-6 — - Shoe Co Ltd James P Maher pres & genl mgr. Lane R
(Chester sec-treas, Wm G (Olton purchasing agt. shoe mfgs 1st flr,
5719 Richmond w WA 8631-2-3 — (Van & Storage (E Leslie Clark)
31 Northview av (iScar) GR 5319 Relic Nicholas chipper >OGE h
'1193 Royce av — 'Nicholas jr sheet metal wkr Cansfield r 193 Royce
av RELIEF OFFICE (See Toronto Government) Religa Helen emp
Wilson’s 'Cigars r 66 Fourth (New T) —John emp Anaconda Amer
Brass h 65 Fourth (New T) — John E head cost dept Candn (Chew
Gum h 196 Riverdale av HA 3835 — (Lucy emp Small Arms r 66
Fourth (New Toronto) — Michael r 66 Fourth (New T) — (Stanley h
17 Robinson Rellinger -Geo H h 119 Galt av HA 9410 — iGeirald copy
holder Howarth & Smith r 119 Galt av HA 9410 — (Roy G r 119 'Galt
av HA 9410 (act ser) Ralph Arthur >G mach J A Wilkes & Co h 31
Logan av n (E Y) Reltuc Apts 1434 Queen e Relyea Ada M (wid
Myron) h 8, 149 Carlton RA 1881 ■ — Edna Mrs tchr Parkdale Pub
Schl h '89 Oakwood av LL 4142 — 'Margt nuirse r 22, 19(7 Wellesley
(RA 6615 — Thos A sec (Candn & Foreign Securities Co Ltd h 338
Riverside dr (Swan) JU 2il>9>5 — (Thos G h 1, 420 Walmer rd
(Wych) KI 1246 — Vein (Relyea’s Farm Produce) h 22(22 Dundas w
LA 3174 — IWm r >22, 22 Dundas w LA 3174 Relyea’s Farm Produce
(Voln Relyea) 2222 Dundas w LA ,3174 Remant Nigel drvir Amos Taxi
r 716 Dovercourt rd lLA 6762 Remasch Miehl btahr Swifts
(Cedarvale) h 22 Gloucester 'Gr Rembish Anthony opr (Dom Sport
Garments h 123 Montrose av — (Ben t 1>2'3 Montrose av Rembrand
French Art Studio (Tavante Fanteshi) photo '45.3A Yonge WA 6365
Remchuk Jessie sewer (Candn Bag r 35 Delaware av Ramer Esther
(wid Israel) h 92 Nassau WA 9622 Remes Ernest A prsmn J D Moore
>Co h 68 Burgess av GR 4278 Ramos Wm mfg jeweller Ohas IH
Cope h (97 Wroxter av Remeszewskl Vincenty knotter Star Bedding r
90 Palmerston av Remlllaird Patk A jockey h 4 Fairbank av (Frbk) KiE
724(6 Remllong Peter r 149 Me Caul Remington Rand I-td J E
Reynolds pres and genl mgr, E W 'Stoddard asst treas, typewriters
and office equip 2nd & 3rd firs, 19,9 Bay hr 339 Bay EL 6241 service
dept 35 Wellington w — Rand Ltd genl shaver div Stanley R Lundy
sis mgr 2nd fir. 184 Bay EL 6241 Remlinger Ethel opr Ont Lndry r
122 Carlaw av —John E bkr Purity Bread h 1(22 Carla w av — Russell
J r 122 Carlaw av Remlopp A >P h 464, 24-6 St Joseph KI Hif-vAT f a
pf c>pr\ Remmage John ir 34 McGill EL 2934 Remimer Roy K tchr
Mimtco High Schl r 35 Robert (Mim) N T K786IW Remnant A Mrs
insD Eatons r 58 Dupont —Ernest (Amos Taxi) res Etobicoke —
Emest chauf h 12 Le May rd HY 9966 — Fred iC h 58 Dupont (act
seir) — IMairgt (wid Geo) h 32 Carling av LO 8970 —.Norman C
chauf Tor Bd of Educ h 229 Deloraine av MO 1(924 REN RENDALL
Remnant Winnifred emp Parker Pen Co r 146A Garden av Remonde
Laura welter Herbert Hosiery Mills r 381 Dundas e (E'L 67:92 —Lena
M r 381 Dundas e EL 6792 — iPasquale fruit >381 Dundas e EL 6792
h same Remouch Anthony musician r 1'23 Montrose avenue
Remouehe Ben ctr Wm Gluckin & iCo r 123 Montrose av Rempel
Ivan tchr Danforth Tech Schl h 9 iCunrie av GR 3991 — (Wm h 77
Delaware av LO ,9961 Remus Bety L mach opr NeiLsons r 11S
Margueretta — IDarline F wrpr Neilsons r 118 Margueretta — Wm H
emp Durite »Co h 1118 Margueretta Romy Cuirtis H acct exec Norris-
Patterson fc 122 Lawrence Gres HY 52:92 — Olive I stenog Bank of
Mont (Bloor & Lansdowne) r 293 Vaughan rd (Wych) LA 9250
Renaghan Daniel slipr Sun Tested Wallpaper h 995 Dovercourt rd KE
9554 Renahan James A h 86 Hatherley rd (Frbk) (active service) —
James P ir 16>1 iShanly LL 4326 — IMiChl J insp Elect & Gas Insp
Serv Dept Trade >& 'Comm h 161 Shanly LL 4326 — (Patricia r 11
Queen Mary’s dr (Kngswy Pk) JU 582(5 •Renaldo Elandro drvr Tor
Brick Co r 143 Parkmount rd (GL 16S3 — ISante Mrs r 197 Marlow
av (E Y) Renalds Ernest r 56 Charles w Renard Bessie (wid Stephen)
h 2(56 Clinton .ME 2,765 — Florence R labeller Sheffield Bronze
Powder r 256 'Clinton ME 2765 • — ILtd Phillip Bookspan pres ladies
wear 256 Yonge EL 5(941 — (Lionel emp Star Clnrs r 256 Clinton ME
2765 Renardson Dorothy hrdrsr John W Fraser r 16 Lawler av —
Gordon K sandblaster Stand Cycle Products r 66 Hastings av —
Harold r 257 Gladstone av (act ser) — (Mary 'wtrs Gerrard (Grill r
116 Lawlor av Renasawcicz John porter Royal York Hotel h 135
Stracban av Renaseveicz Stanley .porter Royal York Hotel h 143
Gorevale av Renato (Gregory r 2 Selby RA 7662 Renaud Angelo
rooming house h 43-45 Wood TR 1472 — Anne stenog Dom Mfrs r
57% Delaware ,av KE 3437 —Arthur baker Royal York Rotel h 7
Percj7 — tEdwd h 82 Armstrong av — Elmer D -tchr Central High
Schl of 'Com h >96 Albany av RE 2279 — Elodie (wid Felix A) h 51
Victor av HA 2854 — et Cie of Canada (S H Beardmore Agencies)
perfume 3rd flr, 251 Spadina av WA '3594 — Frances pekr Dnt
Honey Producers r 271 Gerrard e —■Henri distributor Singer Sewing
Mach Co h 66 Lake Shore rd ,(Mim) N T 1257 — J r 165 Browning av
HA 8667 — Joseph R cigar mkr Churchill Cigars h 7, 86-82 Pembroke
—Jules zinc etcher Graphic Engravers Ltd h 30 Nanton av RA 1366 —
(Loretta wd wkr McFarlane Gendron Mfg r 1173 Danforth av — Paul
E cook 'CPR h 1173 Danforth av Renault Harold J vehiclemn CP Exp
— John D slsmn Hamilton Carhartt h 12) Laughton av JU '5953
Renco Peter (Peters 'Cleaners) h 1624 Queen w —■Therapeutic 'Co
(Harold D Reynolds) ultra short wave therapeutic equipment 1392 ,
55 Yo>rk EL 9990 Rendall C Bruce r 363 'Soudan av HY 6828 (act
ser) — (Colin W layout man (Stauntons h 363 Soudan ,av HY 6828
— Dorothv A chbr Loblaws r 1, 42.7 Danfortl. av GL 2041 - — Edwd
J candy hlpr Hunts h 113 Cottingham KI 1268 — Harry W shpr
Kelvinator r 1, 427 Danforth av GL 2641 — Hazel J tchr John Fisher
Pub Schl h 87, 25 Sherwood av HY 4556 — Jack chauf h 122
Eglinton av e MO 7239 — (Margt G physician Ont Hosp — Marion S
cllr S. S Kresge t 1181 Glenforest rd HU 3834 — (Nellie opr Tor
Petticoat ir 495 iGlebeholme blvd GR 6873 — ‘Nora J swltchbd opr
Tor Conserv of Music r 113 Cottingham KI 1(2(98 — Stanley grndr
COM h 5 Rectory rd (Wstn) — Stanley D Insp Secondary Schls Dept
of Educ (Ont) h 46 Cheltenham av HY 2631 — iSydney slsmn
Wonder Bakeries h 181 Glenforest rd HU 3854 Alphabetical, White
Page 1247
 REN REND ALL Rendall Violet A mgrs United & De Forest
Clnrs & Dyers (126130 Yonge) h 1, 41217 D.anforth av GL .2041
Rendell Lillian h 11/B Albany av KE 6&06 — 1 Alary D librarian Tor
Pub Lib r 112 Howland av EE 4184 — -Re.ah ihrdrsr Eatons r 18
Teddington Pk avenue — 'S.ajrah (wid F.redk) r 386 Berkeley JII
9338 Render Elizth Mrs r 271 Sherbcurne MI 2966 Rendezvous
Hamburger (Wm Zuravinski) lunch counter 391 Parliament TR 1621
— Library Tire Jean Beadie gifts greeting cards 1570 Bloor w —
Lunch (Saul Freed) 635 Mt Pleasant rd MO 0276 Rendle Ada h 32
Thompson — Alfred J mfg jeweller 1st flr, 39 Lombard EL 1929 111
592 Hillsdale av e HY 6S3S Rene Apts 670 St iClair av w Rene’s Cake
Shop (Mrs Ediwd Gay) cakes 9 Main n (Wstn) 555 Reneau Gordon L
r 13 Newmarket av (HO i3735 (act ser) ■ — (Riclid N elk Bel Tel h 78
Westmoreland av LA 3523 Renfer Geo M jwlr h 217 Balliol MO 3085
Renfrew Apts 1531 Bathurst (Wych) — (Frank hkpr Tor United
Garages h 3.90A Huron KI 6009 — IH elk Langleys r 193 Glengrove
av w HU 4546 —(Hugh F iboilsr ndir John Inglis h 137 Barton av —
Kenneth emp Natl .Steel Oar Co Malton ■h 193 Glengrove av w HU
4546 —Minerals Ltd Wm J McCoy pres, treae, mgr, Wm E Smith see
non metallic minerals 407, 100 Adelaide w AD 4795 — IRobt mach
Turnbull's Elevators h 335 (Soudan av HU 8930 Renfrey Elizth (wid
Geo) h 126 Kitchener av (Frbk) • — (L Mrs r 90 Margueretta LL 7807
— (Walter pntr r 8 Rose av Rengel Dorothy E switehbd opr & typist
Dom Mutual Ins Agency r 92 Birookdale av HU 3849 —Jacob H treas
.Oandn Acme Screw & Gear Ltd h 92 Brookdale av HU 3849 Renick
Jean emp Tip Top Tailors r 29 Rossmore rd KE 21797 Renison Annie
h I8i80 Woodbine iav GR 9467 • — Edna M elk T 88 Pleasant blvd KI
1467 — Fredk W furniture fnshr Simpsons r 167 Langford av (E Yr)
— IGeo E r 5 'Cluny av MI 3986 (act ser) — Gertrude (wid Walter) h
167 Langford av (East Y'ork) ■ — Kathleen (wid John) ir 880
Woodbine av GR 9467 . — iMargt. stitcher Hinde & Dauch r 1050
Dundas w . — iRobt jr r 5 Cluny .av MI 3086 (act ser) . — Robt J Rt
Rev rector St Pauls Anglican Church h 5 Cluny av MI 3986 — (Wm
shpr Eatons r 92 Pleasant blvd — iWm E emp Coleman Lamp r 167
Langford av (E Y) Renkas Stella ibkbndr Candn Pad & Paper r 5l2
Wood Renkuyk Wm stripping Dom Paper Box r 24 Draper
Rennardson Mary (wid Robt) h 1339 Queen e Rennells Alex E Insp
John Inglis r 194 Scarborough Beach blvd HO 8260 Renner M Bud
slsmn Gray Forgings h 138 Montgomery av ♦Renniok, see also
Renwick — Adam A elk Eatons r 298 Carlton RA 472S — Agnes (wid
Wm) h 446 Caledonia rd (Fairbank) — Arlene Mrs r 5, The Aberdeen
s s Bain av GL 4042 — E emp Browns Bread r 98 Gough av HA 5819
■ — Elizth mgr Customs Dept Simpsons r 37 Tarlton rd (Fst H) MO
8179 —Elizth (wid John W) r 52 Armadale av (Swan) JU 3633 - —
Emerson € prntr r 98 Gough av HA 5819 —Erma F stenog-clk
Simpsons r 144 Glendale av - — John B elk J C Adams Co r 6, 359
Davenport rd MI 5614 — Margt h 6, 359 Davenport rd MI 5614 —
Martyn sis elk Eatons h Lawrence av w (Weston) — Mary r 39 Ward
—Nora B N r 446 Caledonia rd (Frbk) — Orval r 446 Caledonia rd
(Frbk) (act service) ■ — Peter lathe opr Hamilton Gear & Macli r 615
Bathurst — R attdt Hart House r 158 Gilmour av — Thos h 9,8
Gough av HA 5819 — -Victor M drvr Roseland Bus h 224 Aileen av
(Silv) — Wm G elect h 39 Ward Rennlcks Jas elk (Magistrate’s Court
h 4 McCord rd HY 1686 — John H elk Tor Creamery h 7 Ashbridge
avenue ♦Rennie, see also Rainey, Raney and Rannie - — A lab Elias
Rogers res Scarboro ■ — Agnes Mrs hsekpr 299 Indian rd LL 0352 -
— Albt S agt Great West Life h 15 Grimthorpe rd (Wych) LL 9629 -
— Alex boarder Tor Hosiery li 50 Marchmount rd LA 9564 — Alex
emp Johnston & Mathew Mfg Co r 66 Boon av ME 1257 —Alex jr lab
Better Packages of Can r 90 Wolverleigh blvd HA 9009 — Alex mgr
Loblaws (1476 Queen w) h 90 Wolverleigh blvd HA 9009 — Alex pntr
Loblaws h 67 Yarmouth rd LO 2603 • — Alex slsmn Can Bread h
1284 Danforth avenue —Alex tool mkr John Inglis h 701 Windermere
av — Alexandrena pekr Can Bread r 1284 Danforth av — Alfred h
227 River (act ser) - — Alice E Mrs elk Spick & Span r 20 Newmarket
av - — Alice M h 125 Macpherson av —Amy r 16 Newman av (E Y)
HO 5096 — Andrew r 20 Newmarket av (act ser) — Andrew bkbndr
Tor Sat Night h 422 Summerhlll av — Andrew emp Liggetts wrehse r
301 Springdale blvd GR 3848 ■ — Andrew emp Loblaws h 23
Lambton av (Mt D) JU 3740 - — Andrew lab Scythes & Co r 5
Newsham avenue ■ — Andrew opr TTC h 301 Springdale blvd (E Y)
GR 3848 — Arehd trk drvr Kauffman Metal h 685 Spadina av KI 4651
— 'Arehd W h 141 Niagara — Barrie artist r 119 Spadina rd MI 5523
• — Betty r 119 Spadina rd MI 5523 - — C Glen princ Geo Syme Pub
Schl h 358 Lauder av (Oak) KE 7751 ■ — Catherine stenog Natl
Stationers r 90 Wolverleigh blvd HA 9009 - — Chas F vehicle opr
Nichols Chem h 96% Walpole av • — Constance elk Tor Realty Co r
20 KUdonan dr • — David emp Gutta Percha r 19 Bernice cres (La
M) LY 8846 — Donald tracer J 'Hepburn Co r 75 Dorval rd LO 5933
— Dorothy stenog Meyer Brenner & Co Ltd r 99 Monarch Park av GL
1440 - — Edna B sec Normal Schl r 144 Madison av KI 6950 • —
Eleanor studt Eatons r 34 St Hildas av — Elgin lab C'GE Royee Av
Wks — Ellen emp Dunlop Tire r 337 Scarborough rd HO 2633 ■ —
Elsabeth A elk Imp Oil r 27 Grenadier Hts (Swan) LY 8064 — Elsie sis
elk Eatons r 611 Jarvis RA 2903 • — Ernest S elk City Treas h 159
Glebeholme blvd GE 6428 — Everett t 117 Northcliffe blvd (Oak) ME
1309 — Flora pekr Rowntree Co r 227 River —Florence nurse Grace
Hosp r 332 Huron KI 7125 — Florence J mlnr G Goulding & Sons h
125 Macpherson av MI 6874 —Frances B (wid Robt C) r 155
Glendale ■av LA 6515 — Frank W elk Pearens Drug Store h 359
Deloraine av (Nth Y) HY 1025 - — Frieda A Mrs elk Stanton, Hatch &
McCarthy h Ii5i56 Davenport rd KE 8754 — IG Berbt (Haig, Rennie &
Co) h 31 Rosedale rd RA 5376 — Geo japanner H Mander & Co >r
194 Parliament - — Geo lab Massey-Harris h 20 Hewitt av LL 3533 -
— Geo lab Elias Rogers h (rear) 2647 Danforth av GR 6755 — Geo
trk drvr CNR h 596 Logan av GL 1545 — Geo E Ins broker h 37
Helendale av MO 2772 — Gertrude hsekpr r 70 Salisbury av MI 577S
— Gladys r 144 Madison av KI 6950 —Gordon C archt r 80, 21-29
Avenue rd KI 4318 —Grace tutor r 22 Glen Elm av MA 2911 -
^Hector shpr Aluminum Goods r 75 Dorval ixl LO 59313 — Helen h
3'17. 22 St Thomas RA 5141 — Helen emp McLaughlin Johnston Co r
64 Brookdale av HU 4413 —Helen M hrdrsr Hilda G Squires r 15
Grimthorpe rd (Wych) LL 9629 —Howard chef Walker House Hotel h
12, 89 Queen e EL 0820 — Industries Ltd R John Rennie pres
hosiery 321 Weston rd s LY 6500 br 136 Simcoe WA 37.21 • —
Isabel radio technician Stromberg Carlson r 75 Dorval rd LO 5933 —
Isabel M r 629 Bayview av (Leas) ■ — Isabella parceller Simpsons r
90 Wolverleigh blvd — J Stanley staty engnr Lever Bros h 372 Indian
gr - — Jas r 127 Heddington av MA 2371 - — Jas opr TTC h B, 469
Roncesvalles av — Jas C h 151 Argyle — Jas D with Tor Hydro h 127
Heddington av MA 2371 - — Jas H attdt Cedarvale Motors h 16
Patricia dr GR 1633 Rennie Jas H stkpr Candn Kodak h 19 Earnscliffe
rd (Oak) —Jas J shpr-app Malton Airport r 66 Prescott av JU 9180 -
— Jas R prsmn McCallum Press h 126 Dunington dr (Bch C) — Jane
(wid Wm) r 15 Melgund rd LA 6329 —Jane A r 519 Dovercourt rd LO
4732 — Jean E sec Marshall IS 'Soules h 1124, 2755 Yonge MA 2604
— Jeanette billing mach opr Simpsons r 611 Jarvis RA 2903 ■ —
Jennie C Mrs h 24 Parkhurst blvd (Leas) HU 7751 — John h 25 Elm
av RA 3'387 — John h 484. Ossington av LO 2701 (act service) —
John btehr Sami Bell r 28 Kerr rd — John mach John Garde & Co h
130A Main ■ — John p c Stn 7 h 106 O’Hara av ME 5992 - — John
secdsmn Rennie Seed h 73 Ascot avenue —John C frt hndlr CNR h
61 Kerr rd HA 5782 ■ — John S carp h 66 Boon av ME 1257 — John
S soap ctr Lever Bros r 372 Indian gr — Johnston elk Wonder
Bakeries r 151 Argyle — Jos C litho Rolph-Clark-Stone h 29 Galt av
HA 6471 • — Kingsley C suprvsr Roselawn Farms h 245 Van Horne
ME 3858 — Lida J (wid Ryerson) h 156 Davenport rd MI 3128 - —
Loretto mach opr Wedlock Paper Bag r 106 O'Hara av ME 5992 —
Lucille M sec Percy N W Currie r 8 Grimthorpe rd (Wych) LL 9629 —
Margt opr Candn Kodak r 3632 Eglinton av w (Mt D) - — Margt pekr
Can Bread r 1284 Danforth ■avenue — Margt sis ldy r 332 Huron KI
7125 —Margt tchr Wellesley Pub Schl r 264 St George KI 5774 —
Marge .S tel adjuster Simpsons r 611 Jarvis RA 2903 — Marion
stenog r 50 Marchmount rd LA 9564 — Mary r 93 Westmoreland av
LO 7735 —Mary sis elk Eatons r 37 Helendale av — Mary S emp Genl
Leather Goods r 66 Boon av ME 1257 — Maryann M opr Candn
Kodak r 3632 Eglinton av w (Mt D) - — Melba M pekng elk John A
Huston Co r 106 O’Hara av ME 5992 — Muriel cash Walter Riley & Co
r 66 Boon av ME 1257 — (Norma h 427 Eileen av (La 51) • —
Norman J contr-bldr-carp 34 St Hildas av MO 1787 • — O Everett,
trav J F Hartz Co h 164 Sydenham EL 6016 • — Olive H h 144
Madison av KI 6950 — (Palmer B .reviser Vlt'agraph r 25 Oak Pk
avenue — R trucker CPR Frt r 372 Indian gr — R John pres Rennie
Industries Ltd h 72 Harper av HY 8379 • — Robt caretkr Sunnyside
Park h 66 Prescott av JU 9180 - — Robt opr Stand Oil Co h 611
Jarvis RA 2903 ■ — Robt Major-Genl h 80, 21-29 Avenue rd KI 4318
■ — Robt C wrehsemn Stewart & Wood h B, 702 Danforth av — Robt
M off mgr Geo Coles h 146 Randolph rd (Leas) — Ruby opr Candn
Kodak r .3'6i3i2 Eglinton av w (Mt D) • — Russell J suprvsr Christie
Brown h 163 Pickering HO 1510 — Sarah r 80 Macdonell av LA 6238
— Thos pres Wm Rennie Seeds Ltd h 10 Sherbourne n RA 47S4 —
Thos trk drvr Apco Petroleum Products h 629 Bayview av (Leas) —
Thos L mech h 99 Monarch Pk av GL 1440 — -V Mrs r 119 Spadina
rd MI 5523 — W Leroy h 27 Grenadier Hts (Swan) LY 8064 — -
Walter A tchr Western Tech-Comm Schl h 59 Glenrose av HY 9258 —
(Watson J off mgr Ont Hydro h 81 Snowdon av HU ®0i9'2 — (Wm h
87 Day av KE .2355 — Wm h 20 Kildonan dr (Bch C) (act ser) — Wm
chief guard John T Hepburn Co h 75 Dorval rd LO 5933 — Wm drvr
Silverwoods h 41 Inwood av (E Y) GE 2965 — Wm emp Imp Oil r 27
Grenadier Hts (Swan) LY 8064 — Wm mach John Inglis h (upper) 82
Burnaby blvd MA 5254 — Wm maintenance mn Adams Furn h 93
Westmoreland av LA 7735 — Wm slsmn Viscoe Pet Co h 64
Brookdale av HU 4413 — Wm trnnm CPR h 403 Willard av JU 0929
— Wm A sis mgr Can Foils Ltd h 2, 1 Henning av HY 6093 • — Wm
H (Nu-Life Products Co) r 15 Melgund rd LA 6329 — Wm J staty
engnr h 194 Parliament — Wm J watchmn Millar Coal r 4 Kiswick
RENNIE WM SEEDS LIMITED, Thomas Rennie President, K J
Harrison Vice-President, Seeds, Bulbs, Plants, 128-134 Adelaide e.
Phone ELgin 9381, Trial Grounds at Agincourt, City Store 151 King e
— Williamena pekr Can Bread r 1284 Danforth av ■ — Williamina H
G Mrs cake suprvsr Christie Brown r 19 Bernice cres '(La M) LY 8846
Renninson Barbara stenog Simpsons T 21, 9 Humewood dr (Wych)
KE 8627 — Betty elk Shaw & Begg r 21, 9 Humewood dr (Wych) KE
8627 — Frank J acct Bank of N S (Avenue rd .& .St .Clair) h 204,
23(2 Heath w (.Wych) — Spencer C eloakrm attdt Pub Lib h 21, 9
Humewood dr (Wych) KE 8627 - — Wanda policy writer Hunter
Rowell & Co r 21, 9 Humewood dr (Wych) KE 8627 Rennocks Jas opr
John Inglis h 11 Lappin av 51 E 7179 — Neville G tool dsgnr John
Inglis r 163 St Leonards av MO 4202 Rennox Wm jr drftsmn Massey-
Harris r 206 Lauder av (Qak) LL 32'8'0 — W.m paper ctr E S & A
Robinson h 206 Lauder av (lOak) LY' 3&8’0 Renny Margt Mrs r 527
Logan av Reno Ernie r 127 Parliament (act ser) Renold-Coventry Ltd
Fred Sloley Tor mgr industrial chains & sprockets 172 King e WA
8377-8 Renouf Edwd R asst purch agt Campbell Soup h 90 Eleventh
(New T) ph N T 1026 — Eric mach De Havilland Aircraft h 314, 807
College — Florence (wid E J) h 50 Coady av HA 9016 — Jas L h 40
Tiverton av - — Norman W slsmn Can Bread h 363 Woburn av HU
1791 —Stanley h 162 Cottingham KI 3706 Ren-O-Val Industrial
Cleaners (Wm C Bunker) clnrs & dyers 865 Old Weston rd (Silv) LY
8383 Renowden Albt J trk drvr Cloke Constn h 68 Wrenson rd — Wm
h 7S Wrenson rd Renown Plumbing Supplies Ltd Fredk H Gentle
pres, Wm C Mack vice-pres, Muriel M Fair sec-treas, John A Clifton
mgr 236-8 Parliament AD 3662-3-4 Rens Gertrude r 34 Castle Frank
rd RA 2816 Renshaw Agnes R stenog Employers Liability r 19
Wiliingdon blvd (Kngswy Pk) JU 7516 — Alice (wid Wm) hsekpr 22,
43 Metcalfe ■ — Arnold auto mech (rear) 1365-67 Queen w KE 6412
res Etobicoke — Bernard r 24 Concord av — Chas firemn Genl Steel
Wares h 360 Wellesley 511 5813 — Dorothy r 337 Ontario — Frances
55r bkpr Simpsons r IS Lucy av (Scar) GR 0082 — Fred G slsmn
Bowes Co h 278 Glenholme av (Oak) KE 3383 — H 5'aughan medical
officer Workmens Compensation Bd li 309, 790 Eglinton av w (Fst H)
5IA 5579 — Henry A C cost acctng engnr Ont Hydro h 58
Cherrywood av (Wych) LA 3900 — J F & Co (England) Ltd Arthur E
Hall Candn rep bakers supplies 27 Front e EL 8745 — Jack asst
stekpr Simpsons r 278 Glenholme av (Oak) KE 3383 — Jean E elk
Can Life r 19 Wiliingdon blvd (Kngswy Pk) JU 7516 - — Joyce (wid
John) h 337 Ontario - — Kathleen (wid Bernard) pekr Natl Grocers h
B. 604 Bloor w LO 9494 — 5Iargt br mgr Honey Dew Ltd (2878
Dundas w) h 22, 43 5Ietcalfe — 5Iary (wid Alan J) h 19 Wiliingdon
blvd (Kngswy Pk) JU 7516 — 5Iary J r 19 Wiliingdon blvd (Kngswy
Pk) JU 7516 — (Percy metal roller Johnson Mat they h 24 Concord
av — Robt elev opr Genl Steel Wares h 18 Lucy av (Scar) GR 0082 —
Sheila opr Bell Tel r 22, 43 Metcalfe — Stanley F motor mech Christie
Brown h 29 Belhaven rd GR 4877 Rensler Bessie 5Irs h 4, 6 Gore —
Hannah shpng elk Dom Beauty Equip & Supplies r 4. 6 Gore Rentes
Wm (Uptown Shoe Craft) h 762 Yonge 511 0255 Rentner Annie elk
Edgar A Burd r 276 Willow av — Cecil R attdt Tor Psychiatric Hosp h
2, 1264 Yonge Renton Albt (Renton Realty) h 624 5It Pleasant rd HU
1996 — Allan F emp 5Iassey-Harris h 65 Roxborough dr KI 8911 —
Annice H pekr 51acdonald 51fg h 121 5Iassey — Christina r 132%
Westminster av LO 4271 — Colin 51 sign pntr Tor Display Serv h 2,
2352A Y'onge - — Fleming caretkr Northern Vocational Schl r 37
Corley av — Frances parcel insp Eatons r 6 Westminster av — Geo
slsmn Singer Sewing Mach h 70 Warden (51im) ph N T 1650J — Jas
51 audit off Bank of Com (Hd Off) h 303, 190 Colin av —1248—
 Renton John lab Dept of Wks h 298 Kenilworth av — John
H tool setter Dom Bridge r 132% Westminster av LO 4271 —John W
emp QGM h 5 Basis av (Mt D) — Loretta I (The Kenton Shoppe) h 4
Mimico av (Him) ph X T 1821R • — Lucy M insp Rogers Majestic r 6
Westminster av ME 2629 — Margt L M bkpr John H Doughty h 4
Mimico av (Mini) —Mary opr Toilet Lndry r 6' Westminster av ME
2629 —Peter F r 119 Shaw — Realty (Albt E Renton) 624 Mt
Pleasant rd HU 1‘996 — Robt ink mixer Chas Bush h 72 Auburn av
KE 0245 ■ — Shoppe The (Margt L M & Loretta I Renton) dry gds 4
Mimico av (Mini) — Thos r 34 Simpson av (Mim) ■ — Wm G elect
Dom Bridge h 6 Westminster av ME 2629 Rentz Balzar mill lid Tor
Elevators h 52 Wiliison Square — Lawrence J mill hd Tor Elevators r
52 Wiliison Square ♦Renwick, see also Rennick — Alma r 187
Fairview av LY 5759 — Ann tag stringer A Kimball r 450 Bathurst KI
6201 • — Chas carp h 106 St George KI 0380 — Chas Mrs fasekpr
Workers Educational Assn r 106 St George KI 0380 — Christopher h
187 Fairview av LY 5759 ■ — Douglas elk Eatons res Willowdale —
Douglas H lab asst Dept Chem U of T h 2, 3230 Yonge — (Florence
stitcher Hinde & D.iuch r 450 Bathurst KI 6201 — Gabriel oiler TTC h
6 Mohawk av (Centre Island) — Geo lab CGE h 450 Bathurst KI 6201
— Geo R asst regional aud Acctng Dept CNR h 56 Grenview blvd
(Kngswy Pk) JU 8309 —Halbert S pay roll aud Workmens
Compensation Bd h 21 Wilgar rd (Kngswy Pk) — Jas A ir 56
Grenview blvd n (Kngswy Pk) JU 8309 (act ser) — Jas H emp Eatons
h 1905 Queen e — John mgr J Clay & Co (Can) Ltd h 393 Willard av
JU 7521 —John H organist Alhambra United Church h 63 Woodside
av LY 1428 —(John W r 56 Grenview’ blvd n (Kingsway Pk) JU 8309
(act ser) — John W h 398 Strathmore blvd GR 4536 — Julie tag
stringer A Kimball r 450 Bathurst KI 6201 — Kathleen stitcher Hinde
& Dauch r 450 Bathurst KI 6201 - — Margt stenog Dept Pub Welfare
r III Hampton av GE 1993 — Marshall T limb oiler Christie iSt Hosp h
159 Connolly LY 0557 ■ — Norman J r 187 Fairview av LY 5759 • —
Phillip fender mn Dom Brake & Steering Co r 450 Bathurst KI 6201 -
— Sylvester r 450 Bathurst KI 6201 — W Murray mgr Imp Bank
(Silverthorn & Rogers Rd) h 409 Roselawn av HU 4273 ■ — Wm r
1905 Queen e — Wm pattern mkr McIntyre & Taylor h 114 Hampton
av GE 1993 Renz Eve baker Bia Cake Food Shop r 100 Gloucester
Renzetti Albt M brklyr r 1101 College ME 9868 — Bernice (wid Ralph)
h 120 Greenlaw av KE 6377 — Carmeno cement fnshr h 26 Boyce av
• — Eugene mach opr Candn Elevator Equipt h 161 Glebemount av
(E Y) GR 7446 — Guido (Rivercourt Memorials Ltd) r 120 Greenlaw
av KE 6377 — Louis (Rivercourt Memorials Ltd) h 22 Beaver av —
Mario emp Hall Dairy r 59 Lappin av LO 01317 — Patk foremn
Dufferin Constn h 59 Lappin av LO 0137 — -Peter lab r 120
Greenlaw av KE 6377 — Thos V musician r 773 Gladstone av LO
1704 Renzi Domeniea h 18 Walton Renzoni Attilio lab r 44 Royce av
— Louis brklyr h 114 Chandos av LL 0593 Reo Bicycle Co (Mabel B
Crysdale) bicycles 223.7 Dundas -w LL 2618 REO MOTOR COMPANY
OF CANADA LIMITED, Robert J Telford Vice-President and General
Manager, Reo Speed Wagons. Heavy Duty Trucks and Buses, 32-36
Yorkville Avenue, Phones RAndolph 1105-6-7 Reoeh Allan .h 10, ISO
Fermanagh av LA 5326 — Annie tchr Mimico High Schl h 4, 1621
Queen w LA 3418 — John elev opr Jas Robertson Co h 13 Howland
rd HA 0320 —Robt C chem laboratory Can Packers h 3 06 A St Clair
av w MI 4944 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day
Saints Rev G E Parfitt pastor 1433 Bathurst Repa Helen emp Laura
Secord Candies r 300 Lumsden av (E Y) HO 6487 — J trucker CPR
Frt r 117 Beatrice Repas Steve asst soap mkr Leeds Soaps h 4S
Oxford ♦Repath, see also Redpath and Ridpath —Arthur E h 4, 384A
Roncesvalles av LO 3587 Repath (Ernest wtr Rondun Hotel h 517 A
Indian rd — Frances V (wid Edwd) h 260 Jane — Gordon J h 20, 143
Arlington av (Wych) (act ser) — Marion stenog Candn Kodak Co r
503 Dovercourt rd LO 5751 — Mildred h 394A Roncesvalles av —
Stanley R shpng elk Eatons h 410 Brock av LA 2617 —(Thos B h 503
Dovercourt rd LO 5751 (‘act ser) — Victor H estimator Eatons li 3
Elm ( Wstn ph 1287) Repatsoff Mary opr York Knitting Mills r 137
Grange av Repatzoff Evan C (Violet Sweets) h 140 Sackville WA 5617
Repchik Andrew emp Can Packers h 210 Gilmour av Repo Frank
mach opr Dart Union r 158 -St Johns rd —Peter lab CPR h 158 St
Johns rd —Rose opr Ont Boys Wear r 158 St Johns road — Theodore
emp Northern Auto Body r 19 .Baird av Repole Bernice R asst cash
Woolworths r 99 Dundas e EL 8568 — Caroline Mrs h 99 Dundas e
EL 8568 —Desmond messr CPR Tel r 99 Dundas e EL 8568 — Jos
barber 207 Church h same Reporter Publishing Co Ltd publish ns
311, 73 Adelaide w EL 0831 Repp Peter btehr Can Packers h 9
Ravenal (Rnny) Reppen Alice optician J C Williams r 169 Sherwood
av MO 4289 — Florence M pre-adjuster Eatons r 169 Sherwood av
MO 4289 John A chf elk Pennsylvania Railroad h 66 Robina av (Oak)
ME 2566 —John L optical wrkr J C Williams h 165 Sherwood av —
Marion L elk Bank of Com (Tor Br) r 25 Keele JU 8542 -Wary Mrs li
169 islierwood av MO Repays Prances opr ‘Ont Dress Republic
Pictures Corp 4th fir, 2(77-9 Victoria WA 8621 Resanti-s Tony h 94'5
Dundas w Rescorl Alfred ins agt Candn Order of (Chosen Friends !h
213 Boon av LO 3501 — Alfred J agt Prudential Ins h 110 Browning
av Ha 2622 — Alfred P h 1186 Dovercourt rd (act ser) — Clifford S r
213 Boon av LO 3501 — (Geo lab ‘OPR h 394 Nairn av (Fihk) KE
4398 — Maud r 21 Rusholme Park cres LO 1572 — JThos W drftsmn
DeiSpirt Mosaic r 261 Brookdale av HU 40'27 — (Violet -emp OGE r
3914 Naim av (Frbk) KE 4398 — (Wm h 320 Harvie av (Erls) (act
ser) — Winnie emp .Sidney ICaplan Ltd r 394 Nairn av (Frbk) KE
4398 Rescorla Maude (wid Eward) r 365 S-ackville Rese Luigi lab h
80 Vanauley Research Enterprises Ltd Col W E Phillips (Oshawa) pres
A L Ainswortfh vice-pres A Gaine sec-treas AV A Hawkins personnel
mgr optical glass cor Vandeihoof av and Brentwood rd (Leas) MO
110)1 — ‘& Analytical Laboratory Fredk A J Zeidler) 143 College EL
2821 Reseli Vrenec lab r 47 :St Patrick WA 6482 Resentera Rosa (wid
Louis) r 591 Dufferin LO 4915 Resorbats Jos h 36.9 Bellwoods av
Reservoir Park 123 Rosehill av Resko Danl h 645A College Resney -
Nicholas music mixer Benj Moore & Co h 245 Symington av Resnick
Albt btehr IPoteck Meat Mkt h 118 Palmerston av WA 9917 - —
Arthur r 76 ,St Annes rd LO 3653 — lOarl trimmer Colonial ‘Footwear
r 258 Markham KI 7250 — Earl dsgnr h 369 Walmer rd MI 91-09 —
Geo r 12S7 St Clair av w LL 9332 — 'Harry mfrs agt 7th fir, 130
Spadina av WA 5682 r 111 Major KI 8444 — Hyman (Students Shoe
Repairing) h 110 H'arbord KI 9720 — Hyman fruit pdlr h 313
Markham MI 4197 — ‘Hyman tlr h 157 Gorevale -av WA 8129 —
Irving shpr Massey-Harris h 168 Bellwoods av EL 4742 — Isaac mgr
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