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Nature and Nurture in French Social Sciences 1859 1914
and Beyond 1st Edition Martin S. Staum Digital Instant
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Author(s): Martin S. Staum
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 N AT U R E A N D N U R T U R E I N F R E N C H
SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1859–1914 AND BEYOND
 McGill-Queen’s Studies in the History of Ideas
Series Editor: Philip J. Cercone

1 Problems of Cartesianism 10 Consent, Coercion,

Edited by Thomas M. Lennon, and Limit:
John M. Nicholas, and The Medieval Origins of
John W. Davis Parliamentary Democracy
Arthur P. Monahan
2 The Development of the Idea of
History in Antiquity 11 Scottish Common Sense in
Gerald A. Press Germany, 1768–1800:
A Contribution to the History of
3 Claude Buffier and
Critical Philosophy
Thomas Reid:
Manfred Kuehn
Two Common-Sense
Philosophers 12 Paine and Cobbett:
Louise Marcil-Lacoste The Transatlantic Connection
David A. Wilson
4 Schiller, Hegel, and Marx:
State, Society, and the Aesthetic 13 Descartes and the Enlightenment
Ideal of Ancient Greece Peter A. Schouls
Philip J. Kain
14 Greek Scepticism:
5 John Case and Aristotelianism in Anti-Realist Trends in Ancient
Renaissance England Thought
Charles B. Schmitt Leo Groarke

6 Beyond Liberty and Property: 15 The Irony of Theology and the

The Process of Self- Nature of Religious Thought
Recognition in Eighteenth- Donald Wiebe
Century Political Thought
16 Form and Transformation:
J.A.W. Gunn
A Study in the Philosophy
7 John Toland: His Methods, of Plotinus
Manners, and Mind Frederic M. Schroeder
Stephen H. Daniel
17 From Personal Duties
8 Coleridge and the Inspired Word towards Personal Rights:
Anthony John Harding Late Medieval and Early
Modern Political Thought,
9 The Jena System, 1804–5: Logic
1300–1650
and Metaphysics
Arthur P. Monahan
G.W.F. Hegel
Translation edited by 18 The Main Philosophical
John W. Burbidge and Writings and the Novel Allwill
George di Giovanni Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
Introduction and notes by Translated and edited by
H.S. Harris George di Giovanni
19 Kierkegaard as Humanist: 29 Jacob Burckhardt and
Discovering My Self the Crisis of Modernity
Arnold B. Come John R. Hinde

20 Durkheim, Morals, 30 The Distant Relation:

and Modernity Time and Identity in Spanish-
W. Watts Miller American Fiction
Eoin S. Thomson
21 The Career of Toleration:
John Locke, Jonas Proast, 31 Mr Simson’s Knotty Case:
and After Divinity, Politics, and Due
Richard Vernon Process in Early Eighteenth-
Century Scotland
22 Dialectic of Love:
Anne Skoczylas
Platonism in Schiller’s
Aesthetics 32 Orthodoxy and
David Pugh Enlightenment:
George Campbell in
23 History and Memory
the Eighteenth Century
in Ancient Greece
Jeffrey M. Suderman
Gordon Shrimpton
33 Contemplation
24 Kierkegaard as Theologian:
and Incarnation:
Recovering My Self
The Theology of Marie-
Arnold B. Come
Dominique Chenu
25 Enlightenment and Christophe F. Potworowski
Conservatism in
34 Democratic Legitimacy:
Victorian Scotland:
Plural Values
The Career of
and Political Power
Sir Archibald Alison
F.M. Barnard
Michael Michie
35 Herder on Nationality,
26 The Road to Egdon
Humanity, and History
Heath: The Aesthetics
F.M. Barnard
of the Great in Nature
Richard Bevis 36 Labeling People:
French Scholars on Society, Race,
27 Jena Romanticism and Its
and Empire, 1815–1849
Appropriation of Jakob Böhme:
Martin S. Staum
Theosophy – Hagiography –
Literature 37 The Subaltern Appeal to
Paolo Mayer Experience: Self-Identity,
Late Modernity, and the
28 Enlightenment and Community:
Politics of Immediacy
Lessing, Abbt, Herder, and the
Craig Ireland
Quest for a German Public
Benjamin W. Redekop
38 The Invention of Journalism 47 Under Conrad’s Eyes:
Ethics: The Path to Objectivity The Novel as Criticism
and Beyond Michael John DiSanto
Stephen J.A. Ward
48 Media, Memory, and
39 The Recovery of Wonder: the First World War
The New Freedom David Williams
and the Asceticism of Power
49 An Aristotelian Account
Kenneth L. Schmitz
of Induction: Creating
40 Reason and Self-Enactment Something from Nothing
in History and Politics: Louis Groarke
Themes and Voices
50 Social and Political Bonds:
of Modernity
A Mosaic of Contrast
F.M. Barnard
and Convergence
41 The More Moderate Side F.M. Barnard
of Joseph de Maistre:
51 Archives and the
Views on Political Liberty
Event of God:
and Political Economy
The Impact of Michel Foucault
Cara Camcastle
on Philosophical Theology
42 Democratic Society David Galston
and Human Needs
52 Between the Queen
Jeff Noonan
and the Cabby:
43 The Circle of Rights Expands: Olympe de Gouges’s
Modern Political Thought Rights of Women
after the Reformation, 1521 John R. Cole
(Luther) to 1762(Rousseau)
53 Nature and Nurture in French
Arthur P. Monahan
Social Sciences, 1859–1914
44 The Canadian Founding: and Beyond
John Locke and Parliament Martin S. Staum
Janet Ajzenstat
45 Finding Freedom: Hegel’s
Philosophy and the
Emancipation of Women
Sara MacDonald
46 When the French
Tried to Be British:
Party, Opposition, and
the Quest for the Civil
Disagreement, 1814–1848
J.A.W. Gunn
NATURE AND NURTURE IN
FRENCH SOCIAL SCIENCES,
1859–1914 AND BEYOND

Martin S. Staum

McGill-Queen’s University Press

Montreal & Kingston • London • Ithaca
© McGill-Queen’s University Press 2011
isbn 978-0-7735-3892-4

Legal deposit third quarter 2011

Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper that is 100% ancient forest free

(100% post-consumer recycled), processed chlorine free

This book has been published with the help of a grant from the
Canadian Federation for the Humanities and Social Sciences, through
the Aid to Scholarly Publications Programme, using funds provided
by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.

McGill-Queen’s University Press acknowledges the support

of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program.
We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of
Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities.

Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication

Staum, Martin S., 1943–

Nature and nurture in French social sciences, 1859–1914 and
beyond / Martin S. Staum.

(McGill-Queen’s studies in the history of ideas; 53)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-7735-3892-4

1. Social sciences--France--History--19th century. 2. Social sciences--France--

History--20th century. 3. Nature and nurture--France--History--19th century.
4. Nature and nurture--France--History--20th century. I. Title. II. Series:
McGill-Queen’s studies in the history of ideas; 53

h53.f7s73 2011 300'94409034 c2011-902773-9

This book was typeset by Interscript in 10/12 New Baskerville.

To Sarah, Nina, Wally, Libby, and Elliot
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Acknowledgments xi
Illustrations xiii

1 Introduction to the Nature-Nurture Debate 3

2 The Ethnographers 17
3 The Anthropologists 46
4 Ribot and Psychological Heredity 84
5 Heredity and Milieu in the Revue philosophique 108
6 Alfred Binet: From Measuring Heads
to Testing Intelligence 126
7 The Non-Durkheimian Sociologists 142
8 Reorientation of Institutions 169
9 Echoes in the Vichy Era 194
10 Conclusion 205

Bibliography 213
Index 253
This page intentionally left blank
 Acknowledgments

at the outset of this project, the French historian of anthropol-

ogy Claude Blanckaert assured me that nineteenth-century anthro-
pologists were all believers in the influence of heredity and that they
were also all believers in the influence of the environment. Little did I
realize at the time the wisdom of this indication that nature and nur-
ture could never be completely opposed, for one of the major themes
in this study is how the concepts of the innate and acquired are inex-
tricably bound up with each other. For his acute perceptions and his
profound knowledge of the history of the social sciences, I should like to
thank Claude Blanckaert. For very helpful advice, encouragement, and
hospitality, I am grateful to the historian of psychology Jacqueline Carroy.
I have also benefited from the insights of Laurent Mucchielli, who en-
couraged me in the early stages of my research, though he may not agree
with my conclusions.
For recent work that confirms many of my original assumptions, I
would like to acknowledge Carole Reynaud Paligot, whom I know only as
a correspondent. To Alain Froment of the Société d’anthropologie de
Paris, I should like to extend thanks for allowing consultation of society
archives, with the gracious assistance of Frédérique Valentin and Pascal
Sellier. To the many librarians and archivists who have facilitated my re-
search, I am especially thankful for your consideration. I am also obliged
to a Master’s student, Katie Emond, for research assistance. I would also
like to acknowledge the very helpful advice and diligence of McGill-
Queen’s editor Joan McGilvray and copy editor Lesley Andrassy. Of course,
no one named here is responsible for any errors of fact or interpretation
in this study.
I very much appreciate the funding from the Social Sciences and
Humanities Research Council of Canada that made possible several re-
search expeditions to France.
xii Acknowledgments

Some ideas for chapters 2 and 3 of this study appeared in a preliminary

form in “Nature and Nurture in French Ethnography and Anthropology,
1859–1914,” Journal of the History of Ideas 65, 3 (2004): 475–95. Portions
of chapters 4 and 6 appeared first in “Ribot, Binet, and the Emergence
from the Anthropological Shadow,” Journal of the History of the Behavioral
Sciences, 43, 1 (2007): 1–18 and portions of chapter 7 in “‘Race’ and
Gender in Non-Durkheimian French Sociology, 1893–1914,” Canadian
Journal of History 42, 2 (2007): 183–208.
There is no way I can sufficiently acknowledge the invaluable support
of my wife Sarah for more than half a lifetime.
 Seal of the Société d’ethnographie de Paris, L’Ethnographie, nouvelle série, 1(1913)
title page, Département des Imprimés, Bibliothèque nationale de France

Léon de Rosny, Founder of the Société d’ethnographie de Paris, from D. Marceron,

ed. Pensées extraites des ouvrages de Léon de Rosny, Cullman Library, Smithsonian
Institution
Paul Broca, Founder of the Société d’anthropologie de Paris.
Collection of the National Library of Medicine
Charles Letourneau, Sociological Anthropologist, Département des
Estampes et de Photographie, Bibliothèque nationale de France
Théodule Ribot, Psychologist and Philosopher. Département des Estampes
et de Photographie, Bibliothèque nationale de France
 N AT U R E A N D N U R T U R E I N F R E N C H
SOCIAL SCIENCES, 1859–1914 AND BEYOND
This page intentionally left blank
 1

Introduction to the Nature-Nurture Debate

even as geneticists probe ever more deeply the secrets of the hu-
man genome, the perennial debate continues over the influence of he-
reditary nature versus cultural and environmental nurture on human
behaviour. In the most profound sense, the debate has ended in a draw.
For even the most enthusiastic geneticist admits that expression of genes is
not automatic and varies with circumstances. Even the most ardent critic of
biological determinism would concede that the evolutionary adaptation of
the human brain enables the formation of human culture. But as ideologi-
cal disputes continue in the twenty-first century about just how much hu-
mans can alter their destiny, the entire furor concerns the weight assignable
to each side and whether or how they are inextricably intertwined. At stake
is the limiting constraint of a cross-cultural human nature against those
who argue that parenting (as well as the peer group) makes enormous dif-
ferences in the lives of children, that genetic differences between men and
women do not pre-program their patterns of life or career preferences,
that education or example can counteract drives of aggression, and that
treatment as well as punishment may affect the behaviour of criminals.
Almost every era has sufficient social turmoil to make these issues time-
ly. The great debates in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century France
illuminate our current dilemmas. In late nineteenth-century France, a
host of social and political fears assailed the national psyche – relentless
urbanization and industrialization, the involvement of the masses in poli-
tics, the fear of national decline after the loss of the Franco-Prussian war
of 1870–71 amid low birth rates and possible “degeneration,” and fore-
bodings about national identity because of immigration and mixing of
ethnic groups.1 The emerging human sciences in mid-nineteenth-century
France held high stakes in this controversy – the educability of individuals

1 Nye, Crime, Madness, and Politics; on immigration see Noiriel, Immigration, antisémit-
isme, et racisme.
Other documents randomly have
different content
The Moderator's voice was growing thinner.
"Luckily," he was saying, "stellar travel was accomplished at this
time. We exported several thousand of the creatures to another star
system and destroyed the rest.
"The environment on the planet where we transplanted our colony
of humanoids was ideal for our purpose—harsh and savage. Several
species of bipeds with rudimentary intelligence already inhabited the
planet, but our own culture speedily wiped them out and were
happily warring among themselves...."
A suspicion began to grow in Saxon's mind. He blurted, "On what
planet did you introduce this culture?"
The Moderator paused, stared Saxon coolly in the eye.
"Earth!" he said.

Saxon and Ileth looked at each other incredulously, unable to

comprehend the significance of the Moderator's answer.
"Earth?" repeated Saxon. "I don't understand."
The Moderator wrinkled his brow, and said, "I don't know how to put
it any more clearly. We transplanted our biological sports to Earth.
The two sub-human races which our humanoids exterminated were
the Cro-Magnards and the Neanderthalers."
Saxon's brain reeled. "Do you mean that man as we know him,
homo sapiens, originated in your laboratories as—an experiment?"
He heard Ileth laugh hysterically.
"Precisely," replied the Moderator. "And I might add that the
experiment has proven successful. During the last thousand years
they have supplied us with hundreds of discoveries and
developments. The real nature of the space-time continuum, for
example.
"The creatures are inordinately clever at the physical sciences—as
was to be expected from an emotionally unstable, rationalizing
mammal under the pressure of such an antagonistic environment.
Our own laboratories have become, for all practical purposes,
unnecessary!"
Ileth was staring at the Moderator with wide horrified eyes. "I," she
gasped. "I am a humanoid? I don't live but a moment? I'm prolific
and savage and—and clever like a monkey? Why, you shriveled up
old bag of bones, that's the most stupid pack of lies I've ever
heard!"
The Moderator regarded her compassionately. "You haven't changed
because I've told you the truth. Your life expectation is no shorter.
It's a matter of relativity. To us our ten thousand years seems no
longer than your three score and ten does to you."
"Ten thousand years?" exploded Saxon. The sum was so staggering
that it was only a figure to him. "Then—" he began, but the
Moderator answered before he could speak.
"No. I was not born when the experiment with the humanoids
began. They were developed some twenty-five thousand years ago."
Ileth began to laugh crazily, unable to stop. In a moment she would
be hysterical. Saxon shook her roughly. "Stop it!"
"I—I—I can't," she giggled. "Either he's mad or I am." Her words
ended in a flood of tears.
Saxon put his arm around the girl, turned back to the Moderator. "It
was done with hard radiations?"
"Yes. In the resultant mutants their metabolism had been
accelerated beyond our wildest expectation. Their life cycle geared
to their metabolism passed through its different phases like—like ..."
again he fished in Saxon's mind for a simile. "Like a meteor. By
artificially slowing down their metabolism they returned to their
normal life span.
"You've been very curious about the replica of New York II which
you saw when you landed."
Saxon nodded, trying to conceal a thought which had begun to take
shape in the back of his mind.
"It's just that. A replica of a city built during the Atomic Age by the
humanoids. Their constant implacable wars are so savage that we've
found it necessary to duplicate their work here, if we hope to
preserve any of it for study."
Saxon narrowed his eyes, asked, "You spoke of the menace of
having such savage neighbors. Just how serious was such a threat?"

The Moderator smiled and glanced at his constituents. Saxon

strained to grasp the thoughts flowing between them, but failed
utterly.
"Admirable!" the Moderator commented suddenly. "Your reactions,
my son, are leading us to hope we may turn in the most optimistic
report."
Saxon stared at him as if he were crazy. Ileth's tears had subsided to
a sniffle.
"Now for your question," said the Moderator and coughed again.
"The menace was real, not imaginary. We had created a monster
that would be either a marvelous scientific instrument, or—the
means of our destruction.
"Remember, my son, time is relative. These creatures lived, fought,
loved, begat children, carried on scientific research and died, all in
seventy short years. They existed at fever intensity. Their
metabolism burns them up.
"Our lives are adjusted to a span of ten thousand years. We have a
total population of little over a million. We are neither a war-like
people, nor a highly-industrialized people.
"In one of their generations the humanoids accomplish almost as
much as we do in one of ours. Think, my son, they perform in
seventy years what it takes us ten thousand to do.
"If it ever came to hostilities between us we'd be doomed,
overwhelmed almost before we realized what was happening."
Saxon listened in astonishment. The thought in the back of his mind
kept trying to push to the fore, but he repressed it, afraid that the
Aliens might see it.
"Their amazing fecundity," the Moderator was saying, "their short life
spans, their ingenuity and ferocity made them a very real menace
even isolated outside our stellar system. Fortunately, we also
foresaw the inevitable crisis and prepared for it."
"Crisis?" Saxon echoed.
"The time when the humanoids would reach our scientific level and
surpass us," said the Moderator in a grim voice. "That time has
arrived!"

IX

Somewhere a bell began to ring shrilly. Saxon saw an expression of

annoyance pass across the Moderator's wrinkled visage. He pressed
a button set in the table top. The bell stopped ringing. A voice began
to speak in an alien tongue directly behind Saxon. The burly nuclear
physicist spun around in surprise.
He was looking into the control room of a small private space yacht!
The deception was so realistic that Saxon gasped before he noticed
the three beams of light converging from lenses in the wall, focusing
at a point directly behind him to form the solid appearing image. A
three-dimensional televisor complete with sound!
Then all speculation was driven from his mind as he recognized the
figure who was speaking.
Mustapha IX, Supreme Autocrat of the Terran Empire!
The image of Mustapha sat stiffly in an acceleration chair before the
control panel of the space yacht. His voice, rattling away in the
strange language, was high, tense, frightened.
Saxon, unable to understand, looked over his shoulder at the seven
old men. They were all on their feet, staring in disbelief at the three
dimensional image. The Moderator's hands began to tremble. He sat
down as if his knees had turned to water.
The voice rattled on and on.
At last Mustapha IX quit talking. The Moderator pressed the button.
The image dissolved.
A stunned silence followed, as one by one the old men sank back to
their seats. Saxon, devoured with curiosity, asked, "What was it?"
The Moderator gave him a level glance. "That was the man you
know as Mustapha IX, Supreme Autocrat of the Terran Empire. He
was reporting from his private yacht which has just emerged from
the time field and is decelerating. It'll be a week before he lands on
Vark."
"Mustapha IX?" Saxon burst out. "Here on Vark? But that's
impossible. What's he doing—"
"There's been civil war," the Moderator interrupted savagely.
"General Atomic has overthrown Government. General Atomic is the
Terran Government now!"
"But I don't see ..." protested Saxon.
"Bah! I spoke of controls. Naturally our first necessity has been to
control the humanoid's government. The Supreme Autocrats have all
been Varkans, our governors, which we sent to Earth!
"Now Mustapha IX has had to flee for his life. Most of our agents on
Earth have been murdered. Only a handful escaped with him!"
The Moderator pressed another button, began to speak rapidly,
tonelessly in the alien language into a microphone. The thoughts of
the seven old men were flashing back and forth like streaks of light
behind their mental barrier. The crisis, Saxon realized, had arrived
with a vengeance!
Suddenly the guard came running through the door in answer to a
summons by the Moderator. For the first time Saxon intercepted a
thought as the Moderator directed the guard to take the prisoners
away.
"Send the girl to Zara," he commanded the guard. "Confine the man
here until we can check results!"
"Come along," said the guard in a tight voice to Saxon and Ileth. He
took hold of Ileth's arm. The girl shrank away from him, frightened
by the swift and ominous change which had come over their captors.
Saxon's eyes went bleak. The guard jerked back as he caught a
glimpse of Saxon's intentions, but he wasn't quick enough.
Saxon's balled fist caught him on his left cheek bone, sent him
sprawling to the checkered pavement. Saxon was on him like a wolf.
Wrenching the cylinder from the stunned guard's belt, he backed off
swinging the unfamiliar weapon in a menacing arc.
 He backed off, swinging the unfamiliar weapon.

He saw the withered faces of the Elders blanch. They pressed stiffly
against the back of their chairs, jaws sagging. The guard scrambled
to his feet. He shook his head groggily but made no move to attack
Saxon.
Triumph welled up inside Jon Saxon. He said, "The shoe's on the
other foot. I don't know how this damned thing works, but there's a
button. Unless you start answering my questions straight we'll see
what happens if I press it."
He paused. The seven old men glared at him but said nothing.
"How did General Atomic discover your agents? Why didn't their
invisibility protect them?"
The Moderator moistened his lips. "The humanoids devised a
machine that detects us. An adaption of the thought projector, which
enabled them to detect our telepathic potential. Once they could
isolate our thought waves, they were able to trace them to their
source by a process similar to locating the source of a radio beam."
Saxon narrowed his eyes, recalling the thought projector which the
radiation branch of Government's Bureau of Research had been
experimenting with. So that's how General Atomic had uncovered
the Aliens.
"General Atomic," the Moderator was saying, "suspected the
existence of mutants, telepaths, ever since an agent of theirs by the
name of Emil turned in a report on you!"
Saxon started.
The Moderator's first fright was over, he realized. The old man was
regarding him with a faint smile.
Saxon glanced behind him in alarm; but there was nothing there. He
clenched his fist until the knuckles whitened. "What other methods
did you use to keep the humanoids in check?"
There was a subtle change in the voice of the Moderator when he
answered. It was ringing, hard. "As I said, we foresaw this crisis. To
discourage stellar travel we planted a pathologic fear of deep space
in the humanoid subconscious.
"Certain of their discoveries we have suppressed. Notably, the space-
time stellar drive. The Little Death, as you call it, has been
discovered three separate times in the past thousand years."
"What?"
"Yes. Are you surprised? Once by an unknown scientist, once by a
physicist, Dr. Walter, and lastly by Dr. Villainowski."
Although Saxon still held the alien weapon, he had the
uncomfortable sensation that a trap had been sprung and the
Moderator was only waiting for it to close on him.
With a suffocating tenseness, he asked, "What am I?"
"You," said the Moderator, "are a test experiment!"
"What?"
"A test experiment. On your psychological reactions will depend the
ultimate fate of the humanoids!"
"A test experiment," he repeated dazedly. "What do you mean?"
"Simply this. For some time we've realized that steps must be taken
to curb the rapaciousness of the humanoids."
"But me...."
The Moderator held up his hand.
"I'm coming to you. If the ruthless savagery of the humanoids was
instinctive, part of their heredity, there was little that could be done
except destroy them.
"But if, on the other hand, their natures resulted from the pressure
of their environment, we might be able to modify that environment
and salvage our experiment."
"But what the hell am I? What did you mean when you said I was a
test experiment?"
The Moderator seemed to have forgotten the existence of Saxon's
weapon. He tugged at his lower lip with thumb and forefinger. "You
are not a humanoid. You are one of us, a Varkan. We placed you as
a baby on Earth to be raised as a humanoid."
"I was eleven," protested Saxon.
"A mere baby still, with psychological plasticity." The Moderator
waved the objection aside. "If your disposition hardened into
humanoid characteristics, then we would be safe in assuming that
the humanoids, too, were a product of their environment.
"Of course, there were factors we couldn't control. The natural
unfolding of your sixth and seventh senses in early childhood—"
Saxon burst out, "But I was twenty-seven when I developed a sixth
sense and thirty-one—"
"My son, that's quite true. But you're only in your adolescence now."
"At thirty-eight," said Saxon in disbelief, "I'm an adolescent?"
The Moderator nodded. "And precocious at that!"
Ileth giggled again nervously.

Saxon gave a short laugh. He had a feeling that he had been stuffed
too full of information. He couldn't digest it. In spite of the
suspicions he had entertained concerning his birth, he was unable to
really believe that he was an Alien!
He glanced suddenly at Ileth. The girl had shrunk away from him as
if he were a leper. Her hazel-green eyes were horrified. All at once,
she began to cry.
Saxon tried to pat her shoulder, but she wrenched away. The action
drove a needle of pain into his heart. He realized in a numbed
fashion how fond he had grown of the girl.
"Fond, hell!" he thought savagely, "I'm in love with her."
"My son," came the hated voice of the Moderator, "she is not for
you."
"What do you mean?" Saxon shouted.
The Moderator regarded him a moment, his eyes veiled. Then, "The
psychologist is ready to give you his report. As a true human, you
have the right to hear it."
A shriveled, wrinkled man at the end of the table began to address
Saxon in a dry voice.
"I've been probing your reactions as the truth was revealed to you.
You can understand the importance of an accurate judgment, when
you know that the fate of our experiment rests on the manner in
which you conformed to a humanoid environment."
"Experiment be damned!" Saxon flung out "What about me?"
The psychologist permitted himself a vague smile. "Your reactions
have been typically humanoid.
"You have been bewildered, frightened, angry.
"You tried to think first of some way by which you could destroy us.
Failing that, you cast about in your mind for some compromise which
would cause us to hold our hand until we could be either conquered
or wiped out—preferably wiped out. These are typically humanoid
reactions to a dangerous foe.
"Under the circumstances we can preserve our experiment if we can
modify the humanoids' environment."
Saxon felt relief. Whatever the Aliens planned, they weren't going to
destroy mankind.
The psychologist having delivered his report, the Moderator
resumed, "It is unfortunate in a way for you, my son, that the test
has been so favorable to the humanoids.
"They live and die so fast that in a few generations we can correct
their savage dispositions.
"But you have solidified in the humanoid mould. You will have to
undergo a dangerous operation. Our psychologist must induce
infantile retrogression in you. When you have been reduced
mentally, to the age of eleven, then your re-education can begin.
"I'll be perfectly frank. You have about one chance in ten of retaining
your sanity. The danger lies in that retrogression once activated in
your brain cells. It cannot always be halted."
Saxon's laugh was a croak. "You forget I've still the weapon."
The Moderator said, "It's time that this nonsense stopped. We've
allowed you to retain the cylinder in order to observe your reactions.
Look around you!"
Saxon spun around.
Materializing like gray wraiths, a dozen figures were taking
substance behind him. They were all armed with shining cylinders.
"Drop it!" commanded the Moderator.
Saxon's weapon clanged against the pavement.

Ileth suppressed a scream, swayed, half fainting. Saxon caught her

before she fell. The girl recovered, flung her arms about his neck.
"You can't do it!" she stormed at the Elders. "You can't. I love him. I
don't care what he is, I love him, I tell you!"
"Take them away!" the Moderator said imperiously.
The wraiths had grown solid. They began to close in.
Saxon's spine stiffened. He said, "Wait a moment!" in a breathless
voice. "Have you overlooked the five sets of plans for Villainowski's
stellar drive? The ones that were stolen from Government's Research
Building?"
The Moderator's face went gray. For the second time Saxon
intercepted a thought flowing between the seven old men.
A fear thought! Pure funk!
Saxon's heart leaped like an arrow as the realization burst on him
that the seven old men were terrified of the humanoids. They were
so badly frightened that for a moment their guard had relaxed and
the fear thought had escaped past their mental barriers.
If only there was a way to exploit their fear. He felt hope surging
back through his veins.
"Already," he shouted, "General Atomic must be manufacturing the
ships. And you can't stop it. The secret of stellar travel is loose
among the humanoids!"
"We know of the loss of the plans. General Atomic is laying the keels
of thousands of the new-type ships. But that doesn't affect your fate
in the least."
"Doesn't it?" said Saxon harshly. "I'm the only Varkan who can
compete with the humanoids. I'm the only one who's been
conditioned to the speed of their reflexes."
"You're a dangerous anti-social!" the Moderator snapped. "Your
auto-reactions approach the humanoid level because you're still a
child with a child's adaptiveness. When you mature you'll appreciate
the difference. We wouldn't dare use you even if you could do
anything. If worst comes to worst we can destroy our experiment!"
Saxon laughed at him. "And how many generations of humanoids
would have passed away before you could wipe out a culture that's
spread to all the planets of its solar system? Why, they'll be
swarming over Vark from pole to pole before you can prepare to
repel them."
The Moderator winced, tried to interrupt, but Saxon was inexorable.
"You might have been able to destroy them while you had them
isolated in their own Solar System. But they're free now. Free to
expand through the Galaxy!"
Saxon paused. The idea sprouting some time ago had begun to bear
fruit. He pushed it resolutely out of his mind lest they intercept it.
The Moderator asked with narrowed eyes, "You have an idea,
haven't you?"
Saxon could feel the Aliens probing at his thoughts like a scalpel
laying bare his skull.
"Two times two is four. Three times two is six," he thought hastily
and realized the seven old men were on the verge of apoplexy.
There was a tense moment of silence as their wills clashed. Then the
Moderator asked, "What's your price?"
"Freedom for myself and the crew. Hands-off policy for the
humanoids."
The silence deepened.
Again Saxon became aware of those flickering baffling thoughts as
the seven old men conferred behind their mental shields.
At last, grudgingly, the Moderator spoke, "That depends on your
success."
Saxon didn't relax. He had won only if he had guessed the right
answer to a question that had been obsessing him. If he was right,
he would need no guarantee to hold the Aliens to their promise.
"You said that when the metabolism of the humanoids was slowed
they returned to their normal life span. Does that mean that you can
actually lengthen their lives to equal yours?"
The Moderator looked puzzled, nodded. "A comparatively simple
operation, but...."
"But nothing!" Saxon almost shouted. "If their life span is the same
as yours, then they'll be on the same time scale. Their fecundity is
the direct result of their shortened life cycle. They'll no longer
constitute a menace!"
Hope blazed temporarily in the Moderator's eyes, then went out.
When he spoke next his voice was cold, dead.
"But that takes time. Before we could effect the change several
generations of humanoids would have lived and died. We'd be
conquered!"
Saxon laughed outright. "Of course, you people couldn't effect the
change quick enough, but other humanoids could. You have Ileth
here. She's a General Atomic agent. You have the crew and some of
the best brains on Earth isolated on Zara. They could do it!"
The Moderator drew in his breath sharply. "But would they be willing
to cooperate?"
"What a question!" roared Saxon. "Would mankind be willing to
increase their life span ten thousand years? They'll jump at it!"

Zara was a diminutive green little world, held in thrall by the third
planet of Alpha Centauri A. A miniature heaven of soft breezes and
crystal streams and gravity so slight that Saxon felt buoyant as a
bubble.
He said in rare good humor, "So there it is. The Varkans can't slow
the metabolic rate of billions of humanoids by force or by themselves
in time."
He was surrounded by the members of the expedition, to whom he
had just explained the proposal of the Aliens to extend mankind's
normal life span to an unthinkable age.
With his arm around Ileth's slim waist, he had watched suspicion
give way to hope and hope to wild enthusiasm. Only Villainowski
appeared disgruntled.
"It's more than I can stomach," growled the Chief, "to think of
perpetuating General Atomic in power practically forever."
Saxon leaned close, said in a lowered voice, "You don't believe that if
the people have ten thousand years to contemplate the iniquity of
General Atomic, they'll continue to be duped. It'll be the death blow
to all the big corporations."
He straightened, returning his arm to Ileth's waist. "There's no
reason for you to return to Earth with the rest of them, Villainowski.
There's a lot to see here, a lot to learn. Ileth and I are going to
spend...."
He frowned, called, "Hey, Mercedes. You're the anthropologist. What
was that barbaric custom practiced by newly-married couples during
the pre-Atom age?"
"The honeymoon." Mercedes chuckled, turned to the faintly pink
Ileth, pinched her cheek. "Don't look so frightened, child. The first
ten thousand years are the hardest."

[Transcriber's Note: Original text had two section VII. Second one
renumbered to VIII.]
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