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Women in the American Civil War

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Women in the American Civil War
VOLUME I

Lisa Tendrich Frank

Editor

Santa Barbara, California Denver, Colorado Oxford, England

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 Copyright © 2008 by ABC-CLIO, Inc.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior
permission in writing from the publisher.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Women in the American Civil War / Lisa Tendrich Frank, editor.
v. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-85109-600-8 (hard copy : alk. paper) — ISBN
978-1-85109-605-3 (ebook) 1. United States—History—Civil War,
1861–1865—Women—Encyclopedias. 2. United States—History—
Civil War, 1861–1865—Participation, Female—Encyclopedias.
3. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—Biography—
Encyclopedias. 4. United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865—
Social aspects—Encyclopedias. 5. Women—United States—
History—19th century—Encyclopedias. 6. Women—United
States—Biography—Encyclopedias. I. Frank, Lisa Tendrich.
E628.W655 2008
973.7082'03—dc22
2007025822

12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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 For Daniel

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 Contributors

Adgent, Nancy L. Bohanan, Robert D. Coles, David

Rockefeller Archive Center Jimmy Carter Library Longwood University

Allred, Randal Boswell, Angela Confer, W. Clarissa

Brigham Young University, Henderson State University California University of
Hawaii Pennsylvania
Broussard, Joyce L.
Anderson, Joe L. California State University, Coryell, Janet L.
University of West Georgia Northridge Western Michigan University

Antolini, Katharine Lane Cox, Karen L.

Brown, William H. University of North Carolina at
West Virginia University North Carolina Office of Charlotte
Archives and History
Bair, Barbara
Crist, Lynda L.
Library of Congress
Bruns, Gabrielle Rice University
Independent Scholar
Barber, E. Susan
Dunn, Kristina K.
College of Notre Dame of
Burin, Nikki Berg South Carolina Confederate
Maryland
University of Minnesota Relic Room and Military
Museum
Beilke, Jayne R.
Ball State University Campbell, Jacqueline Glass
University of Connecticut Eliassen, Meredith
San Francisco State University
Blake, Debra A.
North Carolina State Archives Carter, María Agui Engle, Nancy Driscol
Iguana Films Independent Scholar
Blalock, Kay J.
St. Louis Community College- Castagna, JoAnn E. Eye, Sara Marie
Meramec University of Iowa University South Carolina

Boccardi, Megan Cole, N. Scott Eylon, Dina Ripsman

University of Missouri, Columbia Longwood University University of Toronto

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Contributors

Foroughi, Andrea R. Jepsen, Thomas C. Minton, Amy

Union College Independent Scholar Marymount University

Frank, Andrew K. Kehoe, Karen A. Moody, Wesley

Florida State University Saint Vincent College Gordon College

Frank, Ed Kelsey, Sigrid Myers, Barton A.

University of Memphis Louisiana State University University of Georgia
Libaries
Gallman, J. Matthew Nester, Thomas
University of Florida Kinzey, Karen Texas A&M University
Arlington House
Gerard, Gene C. Neumann, Caryn E.
Tarrant County College Kuipers, Juliana Ohio Wesleyan University
Harvard University Archives
Gigantino, James Nguyen, Julia Huston
University of Georgia Lancaster, Jane Independent Scholar
Brown University
Nichols, Jennifer Jane
Graves, Donna Cooper
Lane, Yvette Florio Michigan State University
University of Tennessee at
Monmouth University
Martin
Nickeson, Dawn Ottevaere
Larson, Kate Clifford Michigan State University
Gross, Jennifer Lynn
Independent Scholar
Jacksonville State University
Nussel, Jill M.
Lause, Mark A. Indiana/Purdue University
Halloran, Fiona Deans
University of Cincinnati Fort Wayne
Eastern Kentucky University
Lewis, Elizabeth Wittenmyer Nytroe, Sarah K.
Hartsock, Ralph Independent Scholar Boston College
University of North Texas
Libraries Long, Alecia P. Oglesby, Catherine
Louisiana State University Valdosta State University
Haynes, Robert W.
Texas A&M International Marszalek, John F. Olsen, Christopher J.
University Mississippi State University Indiana State University

Hinton, Paula Katherine Martinez, Jaime Amanda Ott, Victoria E.

Tennessee Technological University of Virginia Birmingham-Southern College
University
Mays, Gwen Thomas Prushankin, Jeffrey S.
Holcomb, Julie North Carolina State Archives Pennsylvania State University
Navarro College Abingdon
McDevitt, Theresa R.
Hudson, Linda S. Indiana University of Quigley, Paul D. H.
East Texas Baptist University Pennsylvania Libraries University of Edinburgh

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 Contributors

Richard, Patricia Sheehan-Dean, Aaron Warner, Jay

Metropolitan State College University of North Florida Independent Scholar
of Denver
Sherman, Dawn M. Wayne, Tiffany K.
Ritter, Charles R. Independent Scholar Cabrillo College
College of Notre Dame
of Maryland Smith, Lisa M. Wells, Cheryl A.
University of Akron University of Wyoming
Roberts, Giselle
La Trobe University Stabler, Scott L. White, Jonathan W.
Grand Valley State University University of Maryland, College
Ross-Nazzal, Jennifer
Park
NASA Johnson Space Center
Streater, Kristen L.
Collin County Community Wilkerson, Jessie
Rouse, Kristen L.
College Pellissippi State Technical
Independent Scholar
Community College
Rubin, Anne Sarah Sullivan, Regina D.
University of Maryland, Independent Scholar Williams, David
Baltimore County Valdosta State University
Taylor, Robert A.
Sacher, John M. Florida Institute of Wongsrichanalai, Kanisorn
University of Central Florida Technology University of Virginia

Schoonmaker, Nancy Gray Todras, Ellen H. Wooton, Sarah

University of North Carolina Independent Scholar South Carolina Confederate
at Chapel Hill Relic Room & Museum
Tolley-Stokes, Rebecca
Schroeder, Adriana East Tennessee State University Wyatt-Brown, Bertram
University of Central Oklahoma Richard J. Milbauer Professor
van Zelm, Antoinette G. Emeritus, University of
Schurr, Nancy Tennessee Civil War National Florida and Visiting Scholar,
University of Tennessee, Heritage Area Center for Johns Hopkins University
Knoxville Historic Preservation
Middle Tennessee State Younger, Karen Fisher
Scroggins, Eloise E. University Pennsylvania State University
Indiana Historical Society
Vincent, Thomas
Selby, Kelly D. North Carolina Department of
Kent State University Archives and History

Shaffer, Donald R. Wamsley, E. Sue

University of Northern Colorado Kent State University-Salem

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www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868
 Contents

List of Entries xiii

Introduction xix
Chronology xxiii

VOLUME I
Contextual Essays 1
A–G 93

VOLUME II
H–Z 319
Primary Sources 603

Bibliography B-1
Index I-1
About the Editor

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 List of Entries

Contextual Essays Atlanta, Evacuation of (Special Field Orders,

Abolitionism and Northern Reformers Number 67)
African American Women B
Confederate Homefront Bacot, Ada W. (1832–1911)
Female Combatants Baker, Mrs. E. H. (n.d.–n.d.)
Female Spies Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss (1816–1894)
Military Invasion and Occupation Bannister, Christiana Babcock Carteaux (ca.
Northern Women 1820–1902)
Nurses Baptist Women
Politics Barton, Clara (1821–1912)
Religion Battle, Mary Frances “Fanny” [Fannie] (1842–1924)
Southern Women Beecher, Catharine (1800–1878)
Union Homefront Bickerdyke, Mary Ann Ball “Mother” (1817–1901)
Wartime Employment Blackwell, Elizabeth (1821–1910)
Wartime Literature Blair, Lorinda Ann [Annie Etheridge Hooks]
(ca. 1840–1913)
A Blalock, Malinda [Sam Blalock] (ca. 1840–1901)
Abernathy, Martha Stockard (1832–1878) Blockade Running
Aid Societies Border States
Alcott, Louisa May (1832–1888) Bowser, Mary Elizabeth (ca. 1839–n.d.)
Alexander, Charles Wesley [Wesley Bradshaw] Boyd, Belle (1844–1900)
(1837–1927) Bread Riots
Allegheny Arsenal, Explosion at (September 17, Breckenridge, Lucy Gilmer (1843–1865)
1862) Brevard, Keziah Goodwyn Hopkins (1803–1886)
Alleman, Matilda “Tillie” Pierce (1848–1914) Brown, Addie (1841–1870)
American Colonization Society Brown, Clara (1800–1885)
Andrews, Eliza Frances [Elzey Hay] (1840–1931) Brownell, Kady (1842–1915)
Andrews, Orianna Moon (1834–1883) Buck, Lucy Rebecca (1842–1918)
Anthony, Susan B. (1820–1906) Bucklin, Sophronia E. (n.d.–1902)
Antietam/Sharpsburg, Battle of (September 17, Bull Run/Manassas, First Battle of (July 21, 1861)
1862) Bull Run/Manassas, Second Battle of (August
Antislavery Societies 29–30, 1862)

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List of Entries

Burge, Dolly Sumner Lunt (1817–1891) Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth (1842–1932)

Butler, Benjamin F. (1818–1893) Dickinson, Emily (1830–1886)
C Disease
Camp Followers Divers, Bridget (ca. 1840–n.d.)
Carroll, Anna Ella (1815–1894) Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802–1887)
Cary, Mary Ann Shadd (1823–1893) Dodge, Mary Abigail [Gail Hamilton]
Catholic Women (1833–1896)
Cazneau, Jane McManus Storm [Cora Mont- Domesticity
gomery] (1807–1878) Douglass, Frederick (ca. 1818–1895)
Chamberlain, Frances Caroline “Fannie” Adams Draft Riots and Resistance
(1825–1905) E
Chancellorsville, Battle of (April 29–May 6, 1863) Edmonds, Amanda Virginia (1839–1921)
Chesnut, Mary Boykin (1823–1886) Edmonds, Sarah Emma [Franklin Thompson]
Chickamauga, Battle of (September 19–20, 1863) (1841–1898)
Child, Lydia Maria Francis (1802–1880) Edmondson, Belle (1840–1873)
Churches Edmondston, Catherine Ann Devereux
Civilian Life (1823–1875)
Clalin, Frances Louisa [Francis Clayton] Education, Northern
(n.d.–n.d.) Education, Southern
Clayton, Sarah “Sallie” Conley (1845–1922) Election of 1860
Clemson, Elizabeth Floride (1842–1871) Election of 1864
Columbia Bazaar (January 17–21, 1865) Elmore, Grace Brown (1839–1912)
Confederate Soldiers, Motives Emancipation League
Confederate Surrender (1865) Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863)
Confederate Sympathizers, Northern Enlistment
Congregationalist Women Eppes, Susan Branch Bradford (1846–1942)
Conscription Evans, Augusta Jane (1835–1909)
Contraband Relief Association Ewell, Elizabeth “Lizinka” McKay Campbell
Contrabands Brown (1820–1872)
Coppin, Fanny Jackson (1837–1913) F
Courtship and Marriage Factory Workers, Northern
Crosby, Frances Jane “Fanny” (1820–1915) Factory Workers, Southern
Cumming, Kate (ca. 1835–1909) Fairs and Bazaars
Cushman, Pauline [Harriet Wood] (1833–1893) Family Life, Confederate
Custer, Elizabeth “Libbie” Bacon (1842–1933) Family Life, Union
D Farm Work
Daly, Maria Lydig (1824–1894) Felton, Rebecca Ann Latimer (1835–1930)
Davis, Jefferson (1808–1889) Fiction Writers, Northern
Davis, Rebecca Harding (1831–1910) Fiction Writers, Southern
Davis, Varina Anne “Winnie” (1864–1898) Fifteenth Amendment
Davis, Varina Banks Howell (1826–1906) Flags, Regimental
Desertion Fogg, Isabella Morrison (1823–1873)
Destruction of Homes Food
Destruction of Personal Property Foraging, Effects on Women
Diaries and Journals Ford (Willard), Antonia (1838–1871)
Dickey, Sarah Ann (1838–1904) Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861)

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 List of Entries

Forten (Grimké), Charlotte L. (1837–1914) Hopley, Catherine Cooper (ca. 1832–n.d.)

Foster, Sarah Jane (1839–1868) Hospital Ships
Fourteenth Amendment Hospitals
Fox, Tryphena Blanche Holder (1834–1912) House (Fletcher), Ellen Renshaw (1843–1907)
Fredericksburg, Battle of (December 13, 1862) Howe, Julia Ward (1819–1910)
Free Blacks Hunter, David (1802–1886)
Freedmen’s Bureau I
Frémont, Jessie Benton (1824–1902) Immigrant Women
French, Mansfield (1810–1876) Impressment
Fundraising Imprisonment of Women
G J
Garrison, William Lloyd (1805–1879) Jackson, Mary Anna Morrison (1831–1915)
Gay, Mary Ann Harris (1829–1918) Jacobs, Harriet Ann [Linda Brent] (1813–1897)
Gettysburg, Battle of (July 1–3, 1863) Jewish Women
Gibbons, Abigail “Abby” Hopper (1801–1893) Johnson, Ann Battles (1815–1866)
Gilman, Caroline Howard (1794–1888) K
Girlhood and Adolescence Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs (ca. 1818–1907)
Gorgas, Amelia Gayle (1826–1913) Kelley, Abby (1811–1887)
Government Girls Kemble (Butler), Frances “Fanny” Anne
Grant, Julia Dent (1826–1902) (1809–1893)
Greenhow, Rose O’Neal (ca. 1814–1864) Knapp, Frederick Newman (1821–1889)
Griffing, Josephine Sophia White (1814–1872) L
Grimké (Weld), Angelina (1805–1879) Ladies’ Memorial Associations
Grimké, Sarah Moore (1792–1873) Larcom, Lucy (1824–1893)
Guerrilla Warfare LeConte, Emma Florence (1847–1932)
Gunboat Societies Lee, Elizabeth “Lizzie” Blair (1818–1906)
H Lee, Mary Anna Randolph Custis (1808–1873)
Habersham, Josephine Clay (1821–1893) Lee, Mary Greenhow (1819–1907)
Hague, Parthenia Antoinette Vardaman Lee, Robert Edward (1807–1870)
(1838–n.d.) Letter Writing
Hale, Sarah Josepha (1788–1879) Lewis, Edmonia (ca. 1843–ca. after 1909)
Hancock, Cornelia (1840–1926) Lincoln, Abraham (1809–1865)
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins (1825–1911) Lincoln, Mary Todd (1818–1882)
Hart, Nancy (ca. 1843–1902) Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1820–1905)
Haviland, Laura Smith (1808–1898) Long, Ellen Call (1825–1905)
Hawks, Esther Hill (1833–1906) Loyalty Oaths
Hayes, Lucy Ware Webb (1831–1889) M
Heyward, Pauline DeCaradeuc (1843–1914) Maury, Elizabeth “Betty” Herndon (1835–1903)
Hispanic Women May, Abigail Williams (1829–1888)
Hodgers, Jennie [Albert D. J. Cashier] (ca. McCord, Louisa Susana Cheves (1810–1879)
1843–1915) McDonald, Cornelia Peake (1822–1909)
Hoge, Jane Currie Blaikie (1811–1890) McEwen, Henrietta (Hetty) Montgomery
Holmes, Emma Edwards (1838–1910) Kennedy (1796–1881)
Homespun McGuire, Judith White Brockenbrough
Honor (1813–1897)McKay, Charlotte Elizabeth
Hopkins, Juliet Ann Opie (1818–1890) Johnson (1818–1894)

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Meriwether, Elizabeth Avery (1824–1916) Presbyterian Women

Methodist Women Prescott (Spofford), Harriet E. (1835–1921)
Mitchell, Maria (1818–1889) Primus, Rebecca (1836–1929)
Monuments Prostitution
Moon, Charlotte “Lottie” (1829–1895) Pryor, Sara Agnes Rice (1830–1912)
Moon, Virginia “Ginnie” (1844–1925) Putnam, Sarah “Sallie” Ann Brock
Morale (1831–1911)
Morgan, Sarah Ida Fowler (1842–1909) Q
Mosby’s Rangers Quaker Women
Mott, Lucretia Coffin (1793–1880) Quantrill, William Clarke (1837–1865)
Moulton, Louise Chandler (1835–1908) R
Mountain Charley [Elsa Jane Guerin aka Charles Rape
Hatfield] (n.d.–n.d.) Ratcliffe, Laura (1836–1923)
Mourning Ream, Vinnie (1847–1914)
Murfreesboro, Battle of (December 31, 1862– Reconstruction (1865–1877)
January 2, 1863) Refugees
Music, Northern Reid, Mary Martha (1812–1894)
Music, Southern Remond, Sarah Parker (1826–1894)
N Ricketts, Fanny (n.d.–1900)
National Women’s Loyal League [Women’s Ropes, Hannah (1809–1863)
National Loyal League] Roswell Women
Nationalism, Confederate Rural Women
Nationalism, United States S
Native American Women Safford [Stafford], Mary Jane (ca. 1831 or
Nonslaveholding Southerners 1834–1891)
O Schuyler, Louisa Lee (1837–1926)
Olmsted, Frederick Law (1822–1903) Secession
P Separate Spheres
Parsons, Emily Elizabeth (1824–1880) Sewing Bees
Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer (1804–1894) Shaw, Sarah Blake Sturgis (1835–1902)
Pember, Phoebe Yates Levy (1823–1913) Sheads, Carrie (n.d.–1884)
Peninsular Campaign (April–July 1862) Sheridan, Philip Henry (1831–1888)
Pensions, Confederate Widows Sheridan’s Shenandoah Valley Campaign (1864)
Pensions, Union Widows Sherman, Ellen Boyle Ewing (1824–1888)
Petersburg Campaign (June 1864–April 1865) Sherman Land (Special Field Orders,
Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart (Ward) [Mary Gray Number 15)
Phelps] (1844–1911) Sherman’s Campaign (1864–1865)
Phillips, Eugenia Levy (1820–1902) Sherman, William Tecumseh (1820–1891)
Pickens, Lucy Petway Holcombe (1832–1899) Shiloh, Battle of (April 6–7, 1862)
Pickett, LaSalle Corbell (ca. 1843–1931) Shortages
Plantation Life Slater, Sarah Antoinette (n.d.–n.d.)
Pleasant, Mary Ellen (1814–1904) Slave Families
Poets, Northern Slaveholding Women
Poets, Southern Smith, Caroline “Cassie” Selden (1837–1907)
Pond, Cornelia “Nela” Jones (1834–1902) Solomon, Clara (ca. 1845–1907)
Port Royal Southern Unionists

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Southworth, Emma Dorothy Eliza Nevitte United States Christian Commission

(1819–1899) United States Sanitary Commission
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (1815–1902) Urban Women, Northern
Stephens, Octavia “Tivie” Bryant (1841–1908) Urban Women, Southern
Stone, Cyrena Ann Bailey (1830–1868) Usher, Rebecca (1821–1919)
Stone, Lucy (1818–1893) V
Stone, Sarah Katherine “Kate” (1841–1907) Van Lew, Elizabeth (1818–1900)
Stowe, Harriet Elizabeth Beecher (1811–1896) Velazquez, Loreta Janeta [Harry T. Buford]
Summerlin, Mary (ca. 1837–n.d.) (1842–1897)
Surratt, Mary E. Jenkins (1823–1865) Victor, Metta Victoria Fuller (1831–1885)
Swisshelm, Jane Grey (1815–1884) Vivandières
T W
Taylor, Susie Baker King (1848–1912) Wakeman, Sarah Rosetta [Lyons Wakeman]
Teachers, Northern (1843–1864)
Teachers, Southern Walker, Mary Edwards (1832–1919)
Telegraph Operators [Telegraphers] Western Women
Thirteenth Amendment Widows, Confederate
Thomas, Ella Gertrude Clanton (1834–1907) Widows, Union
Tompkins, Sally Louisa (1833–1916) Wilderness, Battle of (May 5–7, 1864)
Towne, Laura Matilda (1825–1901) Willis, Sarah Payson [Fanny Fern] (1811–1872)
Treasury Girls Wittenmyer, Annie Turner (1827–1900)
Truth, Sojourner [Isabella Baumfree] (1797–1883) Woman Order (General Order No. 28)
Tubman, Harriet [Araminta Ross] (1822–1913) Women’s Central Association of Relief
Turchin, Nadine [Nedezhda] Lvova (1826–1904) Woolsey, Jane Stuart (1830–1891)
U Wormeley, Katharine Prescott (1830–1908)
Union Soldiers, Motives Wounded, Visits to
Unitarian Women Z
United Daughters of the Confederacy Zakrzewska, Maria [Marie Elizabeth] (1829–1902)

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www.abc-clio.com ABC-CLIO 1-800-368-6868
 Introduction

Until the past few decades, most scholars would of all classes and backgrounds found ways to involve
have agreed with Margaret Mitchell’s narrator, who themselves in the events shaping their lives.
asserted in Gone with the Wind, that war “is men’s Although this volume focuses on women in the
business, not ladies” (Mitchell, Gone with the Civil War period, it does not glorify them for the sake
Wind, 8). Indeed, until recently, only a few scholars of noticing them. Instead, the entries in this encyclo-
dared to treat women as central players in the pedia offer a nuanced view of how women survived,
American Civil War. Instead, the bulk of the schol- contributed to, undermined, and lived through the
arship on the war pushed women to the margins, Civil War. This approach contrasts sharply with that
discussing them only as a sidebar to the “important” of the literature about Civil War women appearing
work done by men on the battlefields and in the throughout the nation immediately after the war.
political arena. In most accounts, the women stayed These accounts typically elevated women, particu-
at home as unnamed civilians, while the men in larly elite white women, to a mythical status as self-
their worlds fought the battles that defined the out- sacrificing feminine patriots. To create this
come of the war. A few nurses were recognized for mythology, the accounts, written by both men and
their valor, but their wartime efforts remained over- women, emphasized women’s nurturing roles on the
shadowed by those of military men, such as William homefront, especially as nurses, seamstresses, and
Tecumseh Sherman, Ulysses S. Grant, Thomas fundraisers for their men on the battlefield. The
“Stonewall” Jackson, and Robert E. Lee, as well by women of these extensive volumes provided the nec-
those of politicians like Abraham Lincoln and Jef- essary support for politicians and soldiers, but they
ferson Davis. This book reflects the growing and rarely played any independent role in the conflict.
increasingly sophisticated literature on women dur- Instead, they willingly gave up their food, fancy
ing the American Civil War that demonstrates the clothes, comfort, homes, and loved ones in support
need to acknowledge women’s central roles in pur- of a cause that they believed in. They never stepped
suing the war and in determining its outcome. outside the boundaries of what was then considered
Rather than auxiliaries, women across all racial, proper womanhood, but rather performed their
class, ethnic, religious, and geographic lines were wartime tasks with the knowledge that they did them
an essential component of the action. Slave women for the men. Those who took on the extraordinary
and their white female owners shaped and were roles as soldiers and spies were often portrayed as
shaped by the war, as were female abolitionists, doing so in the name of the men they loved.
yeoman farmers, recent immigrants, widows, and The reality of women’s wartime experiences,
domestic laborers. Whether living in the North, however, was much more complicated than this self-
South, or West or in the countryside or city, women sacrificing feminine image suggests. As women

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Introduction

stepped outside their traditional roles as sweethearts, separated from the traditional alphabetical entries,
wives, mothers, sisters, and daughters, many willingly provide an overview of how various groups of
took on roles that, at the time, some classified as women experienced the era and how women in
unfeminine. Some white Southern women, for exam- general shared similar experiences. Specifically, the
ple, vehemently supported or opposed disunion, essays explore abolitionism and Northern reform-
engaged in political debates, attended secession con- ers, African American women, the Confederate
ventions, and otherwise eagerly participated in the homefront, female spies, female combatants, mili-
political sphere. Some Northern women similarly tary invasion and occupation, Northern women,
joined and helped form abolitionist organizations, nurses, politics, religion, Southern women, the
petitioned Congress to limit the expansion of slavery, Union homefront, wartime employment, and
and otherwise became political actors. Once the war wartime literature. Collectively, these essays pro-
began, Northern and Southern women took govern- vide an overview of the female experience during
ment jobs, served as spies and soldiers, wrote politi- the war. They offer a broad outline of the war expe-
cal and fictional accounts of events, took themselves rience that is augmented by the individual shorter
to the battlefield as frontline nurses, ran farms and entries throughout the rest of the volume.
plantations to varying degrees of success, worked as The bulk of the volume consists of more than
doctors, hid deserters and shirkers, protested con- three hundred entries that detail the experiences of
scription and wartime shortages, provided informa- women during the American Civil War without
tion and supplies to enemy soldiers in their midst, necessarily glorifying them, as was done in the post-
offered advice to husbands in military command, and war literature. They explore topics that traditionally
otherwise demonstrated that they made their own fall under the headings of military affairs, social life,
choices throughout the war. Enslaved African Amer- labor issues, politics, and culture. Some of the
ican women helped turn the war into a fight for entries are explicitly about women, often biograph-
emancipation, claiming safety behind Union lines, ical sketches of well-known and not so well-known
reuniting with family members, and otherwise pursu- participants and observers. Other entries explore
ing freedom. Free black women helped raise Union famous military and political events, like the Battle
regiments, nursed injured and sick soldiers as neces- of Gettysburg or the wartime elections, introducing
sary, and formed aid societies to help the soldiers and and emphasizing the traditionally neglected partic-
widows of their communities. Others remained leery ipation of women. Women’s roles in the recruit-
of stepping outside the boundaries of femininity and ment of soldiers, the protest of wartime policies,
instead remained on the sidelines as support staff to the care of wounded men, and the creation of sup-
the men of their families. Many women, regardless of plies for the men of both armies are highlighted. In
their stances, kept diaries of their experiences and addition, the volume details the cross-dressing
observations of the war and of the people involved. women who served as soldiers in the Confederate
Women of all backgrounds sent letters—filled with and Union armies, as well as the employment of
words of support, complaint, or requests—to their women in government and private-sector jobs. It
men at the front. In all cases, however, women could also contains details about emancipation, slave life,
not escape a war that had such wide reaching effects. and the enlistment of African American soldiers.
To best explore how women experienced and Even women’s homefront lives and roles are
affected the course of the Civil War, this title con- explored from various viewpoints. In short, this vol-
tains a mixture of types and lengths of entries. The ume details the contributions and experiences of
fourteen contextual essays at the beginning outline women across the social, ethnic, and racial spectra.
the general contours of the war, the different types Each of the alphabetical entries contains the
of women, the wartime issues, as well as the experi- basic components of an encyclopedia—details,
ences of women in particular. These extended dates, names, and the other essential facts for the
entries, appearing at the start of the volume and term—with special attention paid to how the topic

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 Introduction

relates to the experiences of women during the war. cence of a woman’s movement in the Northern
Biographical entries detail the milestones of the states. Even scholars of tourism demonstrate how
person’s entire life, but the bulk of their informa- the unprecedented movement around the nation
tion relates to the individual’s wartime experiences. by military troops helped to develop more of a
Similarly, entries on battles and other traditional nationwide tourism industry than had existed in
military topics contain the outline of maneuvers antebellum America; soldiers wanted to revisit and
and tactics, with special attention paid to the contri- bring their loved ones to the places they had fought,
butions of female spies, civilians, nurses, and sol- and widows and other family members wanted to
diers as well as to how women experienced or visit the places where their loved ones had lost their
reacted to the event. Each entry also contains cross lives. The Civil War did, in fact, alter the lives of all
references to allow users to flesh out the contours who lived through it. However, individual back-
of the wartime experience through a reading of grounds, as well as locations, wartime experiences,
related entries. Finally, all the entries contain a list and expectations, resulted in lingering effects that
of specialized books and articles that will allow each person felt differently.
readers to further explore the topics covered. Readers may also be surprised by the connections
The twenty-four primary sources included in the between the homefront and the warfront, between
volume offer a first-hand look at women’s war- civilians and soldiers, and between women and men
time experiences. They cover a wide array of that this encyclopedia illuminates. Although scholars
viewpoints and events, including the Richmond have often ignored women in their military treat-
bread riots, the capture of Union spy Pauline Cush- ments of the Civil War because they were not on the
man, the formation of United States Sanitary battlefield, women’s omnipresence on the home-
Commission–sanctioned aid societies, the life of a front shaped how officers directed their military
slave woman, the education of freed people by campaigns and determined what soldiers would eat
Northern women, and the evacuation of Atlanta. In and wear. Northern and Southern women’s often
addition, they offer a brief glance at some of the unpaid work as nurses, recruiters, fundraisers, seam-
contemporary popular literature, North and South. stresses, cooks, and laundresses provided essential
The disparate experiences outlined in these sources functions for the waging of war. By performing these
lend credence to the need for an encyclopedia that tasks, women fulfilled a need for labor and goods
examines women’s individual wartime experiences. that would have otherwise drawn men from their
Although these sources are all by or about women, positions on the battlefront. Consequently,
they each offer a specific viewpoint on the war, on women—whether they were rich or poor, black or
its effects, and on women’s involvement, demon- white, Native American or immigrant, Southern or
strating the impossibility of casting women’s Northern, rural or urban—helped determine the
wartime experiences in monolithic terms. outcome of the war and in turn were shaped by the
Exploring this volume, readers discover the cen- events around them.
trality of the Civil War to the lives of American In addition, for many women, the homefront
women and American society. Indeed, many schol- became the battlefront. Communities in the
ars paint the Civil War as a defining moment in the Shenandoah Valley, for example, constantly shifted
history of the United States. Military historians between Union and Confederate control, and the
stress its importance as the first modern war—a residents there found themselves dealing with sol-
statement about the tactics, technology, and inter- diers on a daily basis. They had to find a way to sur-
action of civilians. Social historians have uncovered vive, retain their loyalties, and support their own
the transformative nature of the war in a host of troops. Similarly, in occupied Southern cities such
areas. Many women’s historians argue that the as Vicksburg, Mississippi, women had to choose
wartime participation of Northern women in aboli- between loyalty oaths and possible starvation when
tionism, nursing, and aid societies led to the coales- occupying Union troops vowed not to do business

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Introduction

with Confederates. Some women chose to take loy- equally powerful. Some women, unable to handle
alty oaths while harboring Confederate allegiance, the business at home on their own, urged their hus-
and others found their fervor for the Southern bands to desert. Other women created underground
nation dampened by the realities of war and occu- groups of protest in their communities, such as the
pation. In New Orleans, Union officials dealt secret Unionist circle in Atlanta frequented by
directly with what they saw as Southern women’s Cyrena Stone. In more drastic instances, women
insolence. Fed up with the behavior of the city’s took to the streets to make their voices heard. In
women, General Benjamin Butler issued the cities across the South, for example, hundreds of
Woman Order to bring Confederate women under women participated in food riots in 1863, drawing
control and to force them to behave like ladies with attention to their needs in a time of shortage. That
the occupying troops. African American women, same year, many Northern women participated in
who expected the Union army to bring freedom draft riots throughout Northern cities.
from slavery and its horrors, often found them- In addition to the contextual essays and alphabetic
selves confronted with Northern racism. Much to entries, this volume also contains two additional
their surprise, these women faced rape as well as resources to help readers understand the experience
the loss or destruction of their property by those of women and the Civil War. At the start of the vol-
they thought would be their liberators. Northern ume, there is a chronology that integrates women’s
women, for their part, assumed themselves safe participation in the Civil War with the traditional
from invasion. However, some faced Confederate military and political events. At the end of the vol-
soldiers when the troops pushed northward, most ume, an extensive bibliography offers researchers a
notably into Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Like their way to begin their search for information on the top-
Southern counterparts, these women were forced ics covered and on the Civil War in general.
to find ways to protect themselves and their families Margaret Mitchell may have penned her famous
from enemy soldiers. and misleading words about the Civil War a couple
Even when they did not face enemy troops, of generations ago, but her message resonates to
women’s roles on the homefront remained essential this day. Hopefully, this encyclopedia helps illumi-
to the course of the Civil War. As many scholars and nate the falsehood of treating war as men’s work
participants have noted, women’s moral and mate- and of ignoring women in our interpretations and
rial support allowed men to leave home for military understandings of the Civil War. This volume, as
duty. Women’s objections to the course of the war or well as the growing literature on women and the war,
to the cause that their men supported often proved should make it clear that war is also women’s work.

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 Chronology

January 1831 June 1851

Abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison publishes the Washington-based abolitionist newspaper, The
first issue of The Liberator. National Era, begins publishing in serial form
Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Or,
December 1833 Life among the Lowly.
The American Anti-Slavery Society forms in
Philadelphia. March 1852
Uncle Tom’s Cabin; Or, Life among the Lowly is
July 1840 published in book form.
Abby Kelly is elected to the board of the American
Anti-Slavery Society. Subsequent debate over April 1853
the role of women in the abolitionist movement Harriet Tubman begins working on the Under-
results in some members forming the separate ground Railroad.
American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
William Lloyd Garrison remains with the Amer- May 1854
ican Anti-Slavery Society. Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

March 1857
July 1848
The Supreme Court makes its Dred Scott v.
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and other
Sanford ruling.
supporters of women’s rights hold a convention
at Seneca Falls, New York, and issue a Declara-
October 1859
tion of Sentiments.
Abolitionist John Brown leads a raid on the federal
September 1850 arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, hoping to
President Millard Fillmore signs a series of bills that initiate a slave rebellion.
deals with states’ rights and the extension of slavery
into the new territories of the United States that April 1860
becomes known as the Compromise of 1850. Anna Dickinson delivers “The Rights and Wrongs
of Women” at a Quaker meeting.
May 1851
Sojourner Truth delivers her “Ain’t I a Woman?” November 1860
speech at a women’s rights convention in Akron, Abraham Lincoln is elected president of the
Ohio. United States.

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December 1860 After speaking at a pro-Union rally, Sojourner

South Carolina secedes from the Union. Truth is arrested for breaking a state law that
prohibited African Americans from entering
January 1861 Indiana.
Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Mary Ann Bickerdyke begins her work at Union
Louisiana secede. hospitals.
Harriet Jacobs [Linda Brent] publishes Incidents Western counties in Virginia secede from the state
in the Life of a Slave Girl. and form West Virginia.

February 1861 July 1861

Texas secedes. Congress authorizes the enlistment of half a mil-
Seceded states hold convention in Montgomery, lion soldiers and passes the Crittenden Resolu-
Alabama, where they adopt a Confederate Con- tion, which declares that the United States was
stitution and elect Jefferson Davis president of waging war to reunify the nation rather than to
the Confederate States of America. eliminate or restrict slavery.
The Confederate and Union armies face each
March 1861 other for the first time at the Battle of Bull Run
Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated as president of (Manassas). During that battle, Anne Blair
the United States. Etheridge and other women witness their first
combat as frontline nurses.
April 1861
Rebecca Harding Davis publishes “Life in the Iron August 1861
Mills” in The Atlantic Monthly. Lincoln declares the Confederate states to be in a
Confederates fire on and capture Fort Sumter in state of insurrection.
South Carolina. Congress passes the first Confiscation Act.
Lincoln calls for troops to put down the insurrec- The United States Secret Service arrests and
tion, and he orders a naval blockade of Confed- imprisons Rose O’Neal Greenhow for spying on
erate seaports. Virginia secedes. Lincoln also behalf of the Confederacy.
orders all civilian employees within the execu- Anne Ella Carroll publishes Reply to the Speech of
tive branch to take a loyalty oath. Honorable John C. Breckinridge.
Riots erupt in Baltimore, Maryland.
New York City women form the Women’s Central September 1861
Association of Relief. Sally Louisa Tompkins becomes a commissioned
Dorothea Dix is appointed Superintendent of the Confederate officer in order to keep Robertson
United States Army Nurses. Hospital open in Richmond, Virginia.

May 1861 October 1861

Arkansas and North Carolina secede. Charlotte Forten goes to Port Royal, South Car-
Dorothea Dix organizes the first military hospitals olina, to work as a teacher for recently freed
in the United States. African Americans.

June 1861 November 1861

The Women’s Central Association of Relief is sanc- General Winfield Scott resigns his post as head of
tioned by Lincoln, and it becomes the United the United States Army. Lincoln appoints
States Sanitary Commission. George B. McClellan to replace him.

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The Young Men’s Christian Association establishes September 1862

the United States Christian Commission. Lee’s Army of Northern Virginia invades the
North. The deadliest day of fighting occurs
January 1862 when twenty-six thousand soldiers die at the
The Port Royal Experiment begins on the Union- Battle at Antietam in Maryland.
occupied Sea Islands in South Carolina. Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation.
February 1862 Laura M. Towne establishes a school for freedmen
Julia Ward Howe publishes “The Battle Hymn of and freedwomen on St. Helena Island, South
the Republic” in The Atlantic Monthly. Carolina.
An explosion at the Allegheny Arsenal kills sev-
March 1862 enty-eight workers, mostly young women.
The Confederate ironclad Merrimac and Union
ironclad Monitor fight to a draw. November 1862
The Peninsular Campaign begins. General Ambrose E. Burnside replaces McClellan
The United States Congress passes the Impress- as commander of the Union’s Army of the
ment Act. Potomac.

April 1862 December 1862

The Battle of Shiloh takes place. Confederates defeat Union forces at the Battle of
Congress abolishes slavery in the District of Fredericksburg.
Columbia. Louisa May Alcott begins work at Union Hospital
The Confederacy passes its first Conscription Act. in Washington, D.C.

May 1862 January 1863

Union General Benjamin Butler takes command Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation goes into effect.
of occupied New Orleans, Louisiana. He issues General Joseph Hooker replaces Ambrose Burn-
his General Order Number 28, the Woman side, and Union General Ulysses S. Grant takes
Order. control of the Army of the West.
Recruitment begins for the Fifty-fourth
June 1862 Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the
Virginian Robert E. Lee assumes command of the nation’s first African American unit.
Confederate army.
March 1863
July 1862 An explosion at an ordnance lab in Richmond,
Lee and McClellan face each other at the Seven Virginia, kills thirty-four women.
Days Battle. Women in Salisbury, North Carolina, riot in
General Henry Halleck takes control of the Union response to their shortage of salt and flour.
army. Mary Abigail Dodge [Gail Hamilton] publishes “A
Confederate spy Belle Boyd is imprisoned at the Call to My Country-Women” in The Atlantic
Old Capital Prison. Monthly.

August 1862 April 1863

Confederate soldiers defeat the Union army at the Women in Richmond, Virginia, engage in bread
Second Battle of Bull Run. riots to protest the wartime shortages.

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The Battle of Chancellorsville begins. October 1863

Confederate Mary Frances “Fanny” Battle is Lincoln calls for a national day of thanksgiving to
arrested for spying. be held in November.
The Union’s policy of conscription goes into Grant takes control of all operations in the
effect. Western theater.
The United States Sanitary Commission holds one
May 1863 of its most successful sanitary fairs in Chicago.
Lee defeats Hooker at Chancellorsville.
The National Women’s Loyal League meets for November 1863
the first time. Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the
Louisa May Alcott begins to publish in serial form dedication of a national cemetery.
her Hospital Sketches. Grant repels the Confederate siege at Chat-
Fanny Kemble publishes her Journal of a Resi- tanooga, Tennessee.
dence on a Georgian Plantation while in En-
gland; it is published in the United States that February 1864
July. Confederates win the Battle of Olustee in Florida.
Union spy Pauline Cushman is captured. The National Women’s Loyal League presents
Congress with a petition demanding the
June 1863 abolition of slavery.
Lee again invades the North, and General George Rebecca Lee becomes the first African American
G. Meade becomes the Union commander of woman to earn an M.D. degree.
the Army of the Potomac.
Residents of Vicksburg, Mississippi, evacuate to March 1864
nearby caves to avoid Union shelling. Grant takes control of all the armies of the United
Western Virginia separates from Virginia and re- States, and General William T. Sherman
enters the Union. assumes control of Union forces in the West.
Women protest for peace in High Point, North
July 1863 Carolina.
The Union army defeats Lee at the Battle of Get-
tysburg. April 1864
Union forces under Grant capture Vicksburg and The United States Sanitary Commission holds a
takes control of the Mississippi River. three-week fundraising fair in New York that
The Battle of Honey Springs takes place in Indian raises $1 million.
Territory. A bread riot erupts in Savannah, Georgia.
Draft riots in New York expose homefront frustra-
tions. Similar riots occur in Boston, Massachu- May 1864
setts, Holmes County, Ohio, and elsewhere Union troops under Grant’s command fight Con-
across the Union. federate forces led by Lee at the Battles of the
Wilderness and Spotsylvania.
August 1863 Sherman advances toward Atlanta and the Army of
Confederate William C. Quantrill and four hun- the Tennessee.
dred and fifty supporters raid Lawrence,
Kansas. June 1864
Confederates win the Battle of Cold Harbor.
September 1863 Grant begins a nine-month siege of Petersburg,
Confederates win the Battle of Chickamauga. Virginia.

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July 1864 a serial in the Christian Recorder, a weekly

Sherman forcefully evacuates female workers and newspaper run by the African Methodist Epis-
their families from the textile mill town of copal Church.
Roswell, Georgia.
March 1865
September 1864 Grant defeats Lee at the Battle of Petersburg.
Sherman captures Atlanta and issues Special Field Congress creates the Freedmen’s Bureau to help
Orders, Number 67, evacuating the city of all former slaves in their transition to freedom.
civilians. The order primarily affects the city’s Clara Barton establishes the Office of Correspon-
women and children. dence with Friends of the Missing Men of the
Frustrations lead to bread riots in Mobile, Ala- United States Army.
bama.
April 1865
October 1864 Confederate forces evacuate Richmond, Virginia.
Union General Philip H. Sheridan defeats General Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court-
Jubal Early’s Confederate troops in the Shenan- house, Virginia.
doah Valley. John Wilkes Booth assassinates President Lincoln
at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C.
November 1864 Andrew Johnson becomes president.
Lincoln defeats McClellan in the presidential race.
Sherman burns Atlanta and begins his March to May 1865
the Sea. General Oliver Otis Howard becomes head of the
Freedmen’s Bureau.
December 1864 Northerners celebrate the Union victory with
General George H. Thomas defeats the Army of a parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in
the Tennessee. Washington, D.C.
Sherman captures Savannah, Georgia.
July 1865
January 1865 Mary Surratt is hanged for her involvement in the
Freed slaves obtain control of the Sea Islands conspiracy to assassinate Lincoln.
between Jacksonville, Florida, and Charleston,
South Carolina, when Sherman issues Special November 1865
Field Order, Number 15. Sherman marches Mississippi passes the first black code.
through South Carolina, destroying much
of Charleston, Columbia, and the December 1865
surrounding areas. Congress ratifies the Thirteenth Amendment,
Before Sherman arrives, the women of Columbia abolishing slavery.
hold the Confederacy’s largest fundraising The Ku Klux Klan forms in Pulaski, Tennessee.
bazaar.
Freed slave and Union spy Mary Elizabeth Bowser March 1866
flees from Confederate President Jefferson Congress enacts the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Davis’s Richmond home.
May 1866
February 1865 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
African American Julia C. Collins begins publish- organize the Eleventh National Women’s Rights
ing “The Curse of Caste; or, The Slave Bride” as Convention in New York City.

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July 1866 April 1871

A race riot erupts in New Orleans. Congress passes the Civil Rights Act of 1871, also
known as the Ku Klux Klan Act.
July 1867
The Ladies’ Memorial Association unveils the first June 1872
monument to the Confederate dead in Cheraw, Congress abolishes the Freedmen’s Bureau.
South Carolina.
March 1875
July 1868 The United States Supreme Court, in Miner v.
The Fourteenth Amendment is ratified. It grants Happersett, concludes that citizenship does not
citizenship to all men born or naturalized in the guarantee suffrage.
United States. The amendment introduces the The Civil Rights Act of 1875 guarantees that
term “male” to the Constitution. African Americans receive equal treatment in
public facilities.
November 1868
Ulysses S. Grant is elected president.
November 1876
February 1869 Rutherford B. Hayes is elected president.
Congress passes the Fifteenth Amendment that
prevents states from denying voters the right to April 1877
voice on the basis of race, color, or previous Hayes orders the last federal troops to leave
condition. South Carolina, and Reconstruction comes
to a formal end.
May 1869
Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton May 1881
establish the National Woman Suffrage Former Civil War nurse Clara Barton forms the
Association. American Association of the Red Cross.

December 1869 September 1894

Wyoming passes the first women’s suffrage law in The United Daughters of the Confederacy is
the United States. formed.

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 Contextual Essays

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
When the last trump shall rend the skies ; Then burst the fetters of
the tomb, To wake in full, immortal bloom. 5 He sleeps in Jesus —
cease thy grief; Let this afford thee sweet relief- — That, freed from
death's triumphant reign, In heaven he will live again. Annie R.
Smith. 309
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I)EATK AND RESURRECTION Osborne. L M. Edwin Barnes.

tep 3 /Ts fcB~ 3^ HI & 3 m t* w T—£rt ■*• •&■ 1. Thus one by one
our loved ones go, From year to year, from snow to snow; | +. -0-
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springtime hard- ly bloom Ere win - ter plucks them for the tomb.
W^W3? * s £ £ 974, 923. 2 The sweetest songsters soonest fly, The
fondest hopes the soonest die, And harps but once to gladness
strung Are on the weeping-willows hung. 3 How much of grief, how
little joy, How little gold, how much alloy, How many doubts, how
many fears Ye bring us, O ye passing years ! 4 Though sorrow dims
our vision here, Faith points beyond this mortal sphere, Where tears
of anguish never flow, Where pain and death none ever know. 923 F.
E. Belden. OLiU 927, 926, 1 So fades the lovely, blooming flower.
Frail, smiling solace of an hour ; So soon our transient comforts fly,
And pleasure only blooms to die. 2 Is there no kind, no healing art,
To soothe the anguish of the heart ? Divine Redeemer, be thou nigh
; Thy comforts were not made to die. 3 Let gentle Patience smile on
pain, Till dying Hope revives again ; She wipes the tear from
Sorrow's eye, And Faith points upward to the sky. Anne Steele.
Retreat. L, M, J — g==3 u Thomas Hastings. -4— J33 5PgEE*E§3
i=SEj m. 1. I know that my Re- deem - er lives; He lives, and on the
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my flesh he gives, My dust lies numbered in i NffFP ^ t -»©T■(a^-p
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near, Shall see him in the latter day In all his majesty appear. 3 With
mine and not another's eyes The King in beauty I shall view ; I shall
from him receive the prize, The starry crown to victors due. 310
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924 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Rest. L. M. p William B.

Bradbury. ^^ =£ s :Tfe t 1. A -sleep in Je-sus! bless - ed sleep From
which none ev - er wake to weep; ^/""■g-ty »*f=f=P £ *=t
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431, 930. Asleep in Jesus ! 0 how sweet To be for such a slumber
meet ! With holy confidence to rest In hope of being ever blest. 3
Asleep in Jesus ! Peaceful rest, Whose waking is supremely blest ;
No fear, no woe, shall dim that hour That manifests the Saviour's
power. 4 Asleep in Jesus ! Soon to rise, When the last trump shall
rend the skies ; Then burst the fetters of the tomb, And wake in full,
immortal bloom. Margaret Mackay. 926 Protection. uJtD 927, 914. 1
The saints may rest within the tomb Awhile until the morning come ;
Then shall they rise to meet their God, And ever dwell in his abode.
Celestial dawn ! Triumphant hour ! How glorious that awakening
power Which bids the sleeping dust arise, And join the anthems of
the skies ! This weary life will soon be past, The lingering morn will
come at last, And gloomy mists will roll away Before that bright,
unfading day. L. M. Anon. H. Abbott. 2 ^ i^feJ ME^api -G-r ■&— 1.
How vain is all beneath the skies ! How tran - sient ev - ery earthly
bliss ! ■*-+-■*-■&sa -ps Effl :t: it feJE M wm h> -JgfrT £S m *— #
— * How slen-der all the fond-est ties +- €• £ £ £■ That bind us to "
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cloud, the morning dew, The withering grass, the fading flower, Of
earthly hopes are emblems true — The glory of a passing hour. But
though earth's fairest blossoms die, And all beneath the skies is vain,
311 There is a land whose confines lie Beyond the reach of care and
pain. Then let the hope of joys to come Dispel our cares, and chase
our fears : If God be ours, we're traveling home, Though passing
through a vale of tears. David E. Ford.
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DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Malvern. L, M. Lowell Mason.

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forget thy m glo - rious work, Thy promise, and thy • ■*- -F- -F- -F-*
power to save ? -»—- 1 — mH 4~ I — * 5: ££ JSt 074, 930. 2 In
those dark realms of night and gloom Shall peace and hope no more
arise ? No future morning light the tomb, Nor day-star gild the
darksome skies ? 3 Cease, cease, ye vain, desponding fears ! When
Christ, our Lord, from darkness sprang, Death, the last foe, was
captive led, And heaven with praise and wonder rang. 4 Faith sees
the bright eternal doors Unfold to make his children way ; They shall
be clothed with endless life, And shine in everlasting day. Timothy
Dwight. 929 Windham. 1. The liv- ing know that they mustdie, But
all the VLiO 924, 918, 1 As the sweet flower that scents the morn.
But withers in the rising day, Thus lovely was this infant's dawn,
Thus swiftly fled its life away. 2 It died ere its expanding soul Had
ever burned with wrong desires, Had ever spurned high Heaven's
control, Or ever quenched its sacred fires. 3 It died to sin, it died to
cares, But for a moment felt the rod : 0 mourner, such the Lord
declares, Such are the children of our God. John IV. Cunnington. Li
Mi Daniel Read. i 9 1. The liv- ing know that they mustdie, -» 0 G G-
c-9^■r&¥^ 1 all the dead -9 G— un —Gr - * con-scious lie ; r-0 # G
— t: s im±^Mt=^^^^m at Theirpowers of thought and sense are
gone, A - like un-know-ing and un-known. -# F ' H f927, 932. 2
Their hatred and their love are lost, Their envy buried in the dust ;
They have no share in all that 's done Beneath the circuit of the sun.
1 1i tz 3 Then what my thoughts design to do, My hands must
hasten to pursue ; Since no device, nor work is found, Nor faith, nor
hope, beneath the ground. Anon. J13
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930 DEATH AND RESURRECTION Barnes. L M. jp5j? U to F.

E. Belden. i a 3 P^ m= 2 -&-V 1. Gent- ly, dear Sav-iour, now we
bring The loved one death hascalled his own; £ gj^^ ^ £ t tab: I ^f
-«With all our griefs to thee we cling, For un-to thee our griefs are
known, £ 2 2. JT\ & S ^ W, 927. GQ1 ' * . ^ +1™,~T, ~„ ~ «/01
926, 932. §a BE '»24, 027, 2 Thy way is best ; and though we weep
We would not break this calm repose : Thou givest thy beloved
sleep, And thou hast willed these eyes should close, 3 Blest be the
grief that closer binds Our mourning hearts, 0 Lord, to thee Blest be
the faith, — in death that finds A hope of immortality ! 4 Thus dust
to dust, and earth to earth, And ashes cold we lay away To wait that
glad, immortal birth, — The promised resurrection day. F. E. Belden.
932 Federal Street. Though love may weep with breaking heart,
There comes, 0 Christ, a day of thine ! There is a morning star must
shine, And all those shadows shall depart. Though faith may droop
and tremble here, That day of light shall surely come ; His path will
lead him safely home ; When twilight breaks, the dawn is near.
Though hope seem now to hope in vain, And Death, seem king of all
below, There yet shall come the morning gloWj And wake our
slumbers once again. Anon. L. M. Henry Kemble Oliver. ±=t =£ f" 1.
Like shad-ows glid-ing o'er the plain, Or clouds that roll sue - ces -
sive on, § ir-2— P-&T n :t=t i i=3 4=4. e=fm #=h? st -GkMan's bus
- y gen er J i a - tions pass, And while we gaze, their forms are
gone. ^ H«-» -©-®-©£ p^ A=A N: £ £ 1 10 Father, in whose
mighty hand The boundless years and ages lie, Teach us thy boon of
life to prize, And use the moments as they fly. jfane Tavlor. 914, 926.
We live, we die : behold the sum Of good or ill on life's fair page ;
Alike in God's all-seeing eye, The infant's day, the patriarch's age.
3ia
 933 DEATH AND RESURRECTION, Naomi, C. M. Hans
George Naegeli. =t m^=m^g} 3i? a :J=d=* -<^r 1. How long shall
Death, the ty- rant, reign, And tri - umph o'er the just? m L*=E H 1
1 h m ^1 -1 P P m 1— H PR ! ! 1 «-: * * 1 h pt How long the blood
of mar-tyrs slain, Lie niing - led with the dust ? J*1 ^ ^ t: :p 1= t
724, 937, 2 When shall the tedious night be gone ? When will our
Lord appear ? Our fond desires would pray him down, Our love
embrace him here. 3 Let faith arise, and climb the hills, And from
afar descry How distant are his chariot wheels, And tell how fast
they fly. 4 We hear the voice"Ye dead, arise !" And lo ! the graves
obey ; And waking saints, with joyful eyes, Salute the expected day.
934 Isaac Watts. 647, 937, 1 Jesus made known the path of light,
Which righteous men shall tread ; He showed the way, the truth, the
life, In rising from the dead. 2 Then let these fleshly yearnings
cease, Let joy our hearts expand ; Death is to them a peaceful sleep
Who keep their Lord's command. 3 This sleeping dust ere long shall
rise, And these dead bones awake, When Christ in glory rends the
skies, And all the kingdoms shake. Anon. 935 943, 147. Why should
we tremble to convey The Christian to the tomb ? There once the
flesh of Jesus lay, And left a long perfume. 2 The graves of all his
saints he blest, And softened every bed ; Where should the dying
members rest, But with their dying Head ? 3 Thence he arose,
ascending high, And showed our feet the way : Up to the Lord we all
shall fly At the great rising day. 4 Then let the last loud trumpet
sound, And bid our kindred rise : Awake, ye nations under ground ;
Ye saints, ascend the skies. » Isaac Watts ydO 943, 179. 1 A lovely
infant sleeps in death ; — How beautiful and fair ! Yes, even now,
though void of breath, God's impress still is there. 2 And if thus fair
and lovely here, Beneath death's icy hand, 0 will it not be beauteous
there, 'Mid the immortal band ? 3 When Jesus bids it rise and live
With all the saints in light, A glorious body then he'll give,
Resplendent to the sight ! 4 Though nature weeps when lovely ties
So strongly bound are riven, Yet faith the Saviour's words applies, "
Of such the realms of heaven ! " Anon. 314
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937 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. China. C. M. Timothy

Swan. P 1F& m 5^ :q=r -2-5= -4 — »--g ■«1. Great God, 1 own thy
sen - tence just, And na - ture must de - cay ; -&-GljS. fcEE£f _<2_
gas :£-2=£ s ?' 4 i JrJ £ s& a ^p ^=^ ^ I yield my bod I to the
dust, To dwell with fel - low -clay. §S Ml # ** 933, 944. Yet faith
may triumph o'er the grave, And trample on the tombs ; My great
Redeemer ever lives, My God, my Saviour, comes. The mighty
conqueror shall appear, High on a royal seat ; And death, the last of
all our foes, Lie vanquished at his feet. Then shall I see thy lovely
face With strong, immortal eyes, And feast upon thy wondrous grace
With pleasure and surprise. Isaac Watts. UOO 041, 644. 1 Behold
the western evening light ! It melts in deepening gloom ; So calmly
Christians sink away, Descending to the tomb. 2 The winds breathe
low, the yellow leaf Scarce whispers from the tree ; So gently flows
the parting breath When good men cease to be. 3 How mildly on the
wandering cloud The sunset beam is cast 1 So sweet the memory
left behind When loved ones breathe their last. 4 And lo ! above the
dews of night The vesper star appears ; So faith lights up the
mourner's heart, Whose eyes are dim with tears. 5 Night falls, but
soon the morning light Its glories shall restore ; And thus the eyes
that sleep in death, Shall wake to close no more. William B. O.
Peabody. UOU 724, 647. 1 When the last trumpet's awful voice This
rending earth shall shake, When opening graves shall yield their
charge, And dust to life awake, — 2 Those bodies that corrupted fell,
Shall incorrupt arise, And mortal forms shall spring to life Immortal
in the skies. 3 Behold, what heavenly prophets sung Is now at last
fulfilled ; And Death yields up his ancient reign, And, vanquished,
quits the field. 4 Let Faith exalt her joyful voice, And now in triumph
sing : — 0 Grave, where is thy victory? And where, 0 Death, thy
sting ? William Cameron. y4U 779, 943. 1 Unconscious now in
peaceful sleep, From all her cares at rest, While friends around are
called to weep. She is divinely blessed. 2 Away from Satan's
tempting snare, Her faith 's no longer tried : In Jesus she is sleeping
there ; For in bright hope she died. 3tt> Ation*
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941 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Laurel Hill. C. M.

Unknown. i fej a— ^r fc B « 3 ^ :§=3fc *-.2r 1. Dear as thouwert,
and just-ly dear, .*. ^ ^ fZ jfL. Jp. -&— gtWe would not weep for
thee ; §ft -*s— m =4=± -&£-&~<3~ One thoughtshall check the
starting tear : From, sor - row * * * ^ f . Q thou art free. M =t £ -P
1 h933, 147. 2 And thus shall faith's consoling power The tears of
love restrain : 0, who that saw thy parting hour Could wish thee
hack again ? 3 Angels shall guard thy sleeping dust, And, as thy
Saviour rose, The grave again shall yield her trust, And end thy deep
repose. 4 Thy Lord, before to glory gone, Shall bid thee come away ;
And calm and bright shall break the dawn Of heaven's eternal day.
Dale. 943 LlLLlE. i ^3 J4^i m 179, 581. 1 How slender is life's silver
cord I How soon 't is broken here ! Each moment brings a parting
word, And many a falling tear. 2 And though these years, to mortals
given, Are filled with grief and pain, There is a hope, — the hope of
heaven, Where loved ones meet again. 3 0 glorious morning !
quickly come, And wake this slumbering clay ; Touch these pale lips,
so cold and dumb, With thine immortal ray. F. E. Belden. Ci IVIi F. E.
Belden. S rT: #-*r^: i 1. Hear what the voice from heaven proclaims
For all Jl n d r the 4-1 pi - ous dead: 9fe2 I* u *E s *-*Sweet •^—4r
the sav ,u - " r ~ • * * <* of their names, And soft their sleep - ing
bed. et r2 a^-^-l5' I £ w £E£ -ap 179, 581, 2 They die in Jesus and
are blessed ; How calm their slumbers are I From suffering and from
sin released, And safe from every snare. 316 3 Freed from this world
of toil and strife, They 're sleeping in the Lord ; Freed from the ills of
mortal life, They wait a rich reward. Isaac Watts
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944 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Spohr. C. M. Spohr. i •J-4

1 J J — # -Sq 1-Sh -Qr £ 4r ~r 1. When down-ward to the darksome
tomb I thought -ful turn my eyes, X>£ sua: -p±: -©4=F j^ «t -sst—
» -£r -& -W-&ffl*5a Frail na - ture trem - bles ^ 4a. *- +J5L+. £ at
the gloom, H9 — #isAnd anx - ious fears a - rise. ;fc=^ 49±:
-©933, 047. 2 Why shrinks my soul ? In death's embrace Once Jesus
captive slept ; And angels, hovering o'er the place, His lowly pillow
kept. 3 Thus shall they guard my sleeping dust, And as the Saviour
rose, The grave again shall yield her trust, And end my deep repose.
945 4 My Lord, before to glory gone, Shall bid me come away, And
calm and bright shall break the dawn Of heaven's eternal day. 5
Then let my faith each fear dispel, And gild with light the grave ; To
him my loftiest praises swell, Who died from death to save. Ray
Palmer. Peaceful Rest. P, M. unknown. S§ it g I m ' — a — m — 9 I
#^» # s ^^^ a t -©-*TT •&■ -9-m 1. There is an hour of peace-f ul
rest, To mourning wanderers given ; There is a joy for £=f^F *=* ^
He ^EE±*^ tr-^H-»-!—»■ i * I If U V* £=£ ^— 3=3 fi 3=r souls
distressed, A balm for ev - ery wounded breast, 'Tis found a - lone in
heaven. *=* £ 2 There is a home for weary souls By sin and sorrow
driven, When tossed on life's tempestuous shoals. Where storms
arise and ocean rolls, And all is drear but heaven. 3 ThereFaith lifts
up her tearless eye, The heart no longer riven, And views the
tempest passing by, i # 317 The evening shadows quickly fly, And all
serene in heaven. There fragrant flowers immortal bloom, And joys
supreme are given ; There rays divine disperse the gloom ; Beyond
the dark and narrow tomb, Appears the dawn of heaven. Anon.
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DEATH AND RESURRECTION. 946 i m i=t -zt Shawmut. S.

Arr. by Lowell Mason. * 1. Rest for the T» toil - ing hand, Rest for
the ■&■ -6>- „ & ■*■ -0m anx - ious brow, Jp. & £L m W:f=4= t —
r =T=P I *=*= ::^: *=£ la - bor now. g Rest for the wea - ry, way-
worn feet, Rest from all * :t: 1 — r ^^ 236, 453. 2 Rest for the
fevered brain, Rest for the throbbing eye ; Thro' these parched lips
of thine no more Shall pass the moan or sigh. 3 Soon shall the
trump of God Give out the welcome sound That shakes thy silent
chamber walls, And breaks the turf-sealed ground. 4 Ye dwellers in
the dust. Awake ! come forth and sing ; Sharp has your frost of
winter been, But bright shall be your spring. 5 'T was sown in
weakness here, 'T will then be raised in power ; That which was
sown an earthly seed, Shall rise a heavenly flower 947 Horatius
Bonar, 89, 949. 1 We know, by faith we know, If this vile house of
clay, This tabernacle, sink below, In ruinous decay — 2 We have a
house above, Not made with mortal hands ; And firm as our
Redeemer's love That heavenly fabric stands. 3 Full of immortal
hope, We urge the restless strife, And hasten to be swallowed up Of
everlasting life. 318 r — t 4 Lord, let us put on thee In perfect
holiness, And rise prepared thy face to see — Thy bright, unclouded
face. 5 Thy grace with glory crown, Who hast the earnest given ;
And then triumphantly come down, And take us up to heaven.
Charles Wesley. 948 89, 732. 1 0, for the death of those Who
slumber in the Lord ! 0, be like theirs my last repose, Like theirs my
last reward ! 2 Their bodies in the ground In silent hope may lie, Till
the last trumpet's joyful sound Shall call them to the sky. 3 Then
ransomed they will soar On wings of faith and love. To meet the
Saviour they adore, And reign with him above. 4 With us their
names shall live Through the remaining years, Embalmed with all
.our hearts can give; Our praises and our tears. 5 0, for the death of
those Who slumber in the Lord ! 0, be like theirs my last repose, Like
theirs my last reward ! James Montgomery.
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949 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. SlLVERTON. S. M, Edwin

Barnlw. 3=* m ^ i 0! blest §« they that mourn, Their com - fort will
J ft . ft- f- -p *■ -/""J be; t . ° r . r . r . f M i ^ ist i 5 oft have borne,
With none to com - fort me Jrg ^ ^ ^ For sor - rows deep i=t zb
bzzbi I =t= fm * 5fc-t: £ 80, 940. 2 I 've stood beside trie grave, I
weep with those that weep ; . For I have felt death's chilling wave,
And crossed its waters deep. 3 I have the keys of death, To me they
have been given ; 950 I '11 call again the fleeting breath, When
portals dark are riven. How blessed here to mourn, And there be
comforted When Christ shall call again his own, And bring them from
the dead ! Gorton. S. M. F. E. Belden. L. Von Beethoven. i 3=2 *=r
1. And must this bod - y die? This well-wrought frame de - cay ? fet
-fS-iUS i & i £e* feg *^F^ -&-*And must these act - ive limbs of
mine Lie mold - ering in the clay ? Pfe 1 ^ ■*- W-*- m #-*-TH n-\
r*5 T= 946, 89. 2 Christ, my Redeemer, lives, And ever from the
skies Looks down, and watches all my dust Till he shall bid it rise. 3
Arrayed in glorious grace Shall these vile bodies shine, 31S And
every form and every face Look heavenly and divine ? 4 0 Lord,
accept the praise Of these our humble songs, Till tunes of nobler
sound we raise With our immortal tongues. Zsaai' Watts.
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951 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Thought. S. M, J. B.

Herbert. i —t =^r -<»— #H: 1*=^ X -* 3r 1. How peace - ful ~»
the grave! Where, life's vain tu - mult past, m Ss— i I -t . a . part!
"©-J5— 73 How it cheers the droop -ing heart, When from friends
we're called to su -& 1 Pg -&-, »4F=£ -P-®:p: -««^-(5-r — *-+
Meet again where endless joy We shall taste without alloy ; Meet
where songs shall ne'er grow old, Sweetly tuned to harps of gold.
Meet again, — how passing sweet, Friends long lost again to meet !
Careworn souls, by tempests driven, 0, how sweet to meet in
heaven ! L S. Hall. 320
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954 M m A I3=^=3t DEATH AND RESURRECTION Go to

Thy Rest. 6s&8s. — j— : Unknown. ^ q=p ■ghg^=3t 1. Go to thy
rest in peace, And soft be thy re - pose ; Thy toils are o'er, ^m
=fc=*= ± — t fey^ =p i± ! J 1 J *h s =£ « 5* ;H?=? -
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accurate

DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Gethsemane. 7s, 6l Richard

Redhead. f I , 1 1 J J J Jl^ t* =F l^T* -»-!-**=* ^T-T IT* 7* r *—
*S3 ■#■•#■ -0- w i j i 1. Earth to earth ami dost to dust, Lord, we
own the sen-tencejust; Head and tongue, and hand and heart, £ E
m f fT r rv 33? i *=p All in guilt have borne their ]>art; Jtighteona is
the com - mon doom, — All mnst moulder in the tomb. mmm^ $ t=
$ ^=t= n Like the seed in spring-time sown, Like the leaves in
autumn strown, Low these goodly frames shall lie, All our pomp and
glory die ; Soon the spoiler seeks his prey, Soon he bears us all
away. Yet the seed, upraised, again Clothes with green the smiling
plain ; Onward as the seasons move, 957 Leaves and blossoms deck
the grove ; And shall we forgotten lie, Lost forever when we die ? I
te J J=± 4 Lord, from nature's gloomy night Turn we to the gospel's
light ; Thou didst triumph o'er the grave, Thou wilt all thy people
save ; Ransomed by thy blood they rise, Mounting victors to the
skies. Anon. Requiem. P, M. f.e.beldEN. to S 3 W 3 spt 3= ^~^r ^2
T&1. Friend after friend departs: Whohathnotlostafriend?Thereisno
un - ion here I S^^ H ! ■— n 1 i ■ + of hearts § -& S m &£ m tt i B
1 ±=* Stt ^ t^r -er <'o. :PBm-0JQ&— 0•# — a-1-© — #■ » '-O .
Thatfindsnotherean end: "Were this frail world ouronlyrest, Living or
dying,none were blest. SS! v ■f- ■». -0- -0- 0 -I , i-. — 1 WH•&>
-0t± t.d±t. •**. m w E£ -t-*-It1 There is a world above, Where
parting is unknown : A whole eternity of love Formed for the good
alone : 0 Saviour, hasten to appear 1 Translate us to that happy
sphere. James Montgomery. Beyond the flight of time, Beyond this
vale of death, There surely is some blessed clime Where life is not a
breath, Nor life's affection transient fire Whose sparks fly upward to
expire. 322
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DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Ella, 8s & 4s. F. E. Belden. 1

£ ^ ¥ =t & p -f -« ' H-=— I =1. She hath passed death's chill - ing
bil - low, And gone to rest; -*-# 3E §£= -tSrj-Mua Je - i ^ slum - ber
blest! k sus smoothed her dy - ing pil - low, — O i ^ J. + *L * -s-s±:
^ 2 From the bitter cup that's given, We should not shrink ; Since
the mandate is from heaven, That bids us drink. 3 Sleep, dear sister,
kind and tender, To friendship true, While with feeling hearts we
render This tribute due. 959 k Fern Dell. When the morn of glory,
breaking, Shall light the tomb, Beautiful will be thy waking In
fadeless bloom ; Where no wintry winds are blowing, — No burial
train ; Crowned with gems celestial, glowing, We'll meet again.
Annie R. Smith. OS & /Si Isaac B. Woodbury. s m 'ts=g i 2-2 =r =* t
rst =*=!=£ 1. Je-sus, while our hearts are bleed -ing, O'er the spoils
that death has won, -* , — _£2 a * *— £2 (g , .-ft *
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960 I DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Mount Vernon. 8s & 7s,

Lowell Mason. 1 *=£ 1. Sis - ter, thou wast mild and love - ly, — m
m m m • ■+ -9- -fr-0Gen - tie as the sum - mer breeze ; Ihfczt It S
£=* -i — r 3r I: =t i — s~ Pleas -ant as the air of evening When it
floats a - mong the trees 1 t £ 762, 958. 2 Peaceful be thy silent
slumber, Peaceful in the grave so low ; Thou no more wilt join our
number, Thou no more our songs shalt know. 3 Dearest sister, thou
hast left us ! Here thy loss we deeply feel ; But 't is God that hath
bereft us, He can all our sorrows heal. 4 Yet again we hope to meet
thee, When this mortal life is fled ; Then, in heaven, with joy to
greet thee, Where no farewell tear is shed. S. F. Smith. 962 Sleep.
961 r 762, 958, 1 Sister, thou art sweetly sleeping, Free from pain,
and toil, and care ; Dearest sister, how we miss thee ! Miss thee in
the house of prayer. 2 Thou wilt sleep, but not forever ; Jesus died,
and rose again ; Soon he '11 come in clouds of glory, — Thou wilt
rise with him to reign. 3 Sister, then we hope to meet thee ; Then
we '11 take thee by the hand ; Then we'll twine our arms around
thee, In that bright and happy land. Mrs. Small. 8S & 7S. Geo. E.
Lee. I a ag^gs 1 ± i=tr=*=±=f=* Sr —• m 1 1— 1. See the leaves
a- round us fall-ing, Dry and withered to the ground; -*H?#£■ §Hi
#=£ m^ -&m& :t i-^r-r m ^S -K4 i =p %=*■ 3 * Thus to
thoughtless mor - tals call-ing, In a sad and sol - emn sound : — ^ £
§S3 £ m£ 2 " Youth on length of days presuming, Who the paths of
pleasure tread, View us, late in beauty blooming, Numbered now
among the dead. 3 " Yearly in our course appearing, Messengers of
shortest stay, Thus we preach in mortal hearing, — Ye, like us, shall
pass away. " Home. 824
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963 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Resurrection. 8s & 7s. d.

*ES S. C. Hancock. -i 1 \& =t "5 ^1 =-f 3: 3: -&j2_ «h -g^" *—r -0
— 0i -&1. "We may sleep, but not forever, There will be a glorious
dawn ; We shall meet to part, no, never, n • 0 , f- 0 0 h*-r-<2 __«l
m^ • li 'J n% >_k— ^=p: Si JSL £=t rnrr i? -©rs: B3 -H 1 — * —
#■ 3^* «-? JBJSZg ■O . 0 On the res-urrection morn. From the
deepest caves of o - cean, From the desert and the plain, ^S r^n
q=i Refrain A — 1 ±i s && 1: ■g— ^— £ =£ =f « iSt-T From the
valley and the mountain, Countless throngs shall rise again. We may
sleep,but not forever, £ t- ± SL „'m m + £•£ £ ^^ £ ~ ~ • • -&*-*■
+—*-t^i§fea BE 1 — I-s — I 1 0ffTr m m q=f o . #-St-rjS_ -&-x-&-T-
*—jt ■G■Jt -77 There will be a glorious dawn; We shall meet to
part,no,nev-er, On the res-urrection morn ^_ -0- -0- -0- •#• ■#-. I f
f U0 , * . f i ,1^" » t" e ,
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965 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Repose. 6s & 5s. d.

Edwin Barnes. tes m =p B fc£ trrtrn m .■ — j«?* ■«3H5 3#-#_£2_ -
*=!•-#l-O-JC **■. *^Tr 1. Dust, receive thy kindred ! Earth take
now thine own ! To thee this trust is ren - dered ; 0 p -B -0-G0-0-
0•m. is sown. | itel ■I — H ^^ H B2pt -»-#-•tts fWf iSh ± ±z *: i fe
*=t §& Guard the pre -cions treasure, Ev - er-faith- ful tomb! Keep it
all un- rifled, Till the Mas - ter come. S" — 0-r-0-JS0 — ? — i-l- r? ■<
^ — #„ #- , g .-» . 0U0 * m^ I *-*£ B£ Time's dark tide of sorrow
Breaks above thy head ; And feet of restless millions Shall o'er thy
chambers tread ; Earthquakes, whirlwinds, tempests, Tear the
quivering ground ; Voices, trumpets, thunders, Fill the air around !
WlLLCOTT. — i/- — f— 3 But these sounds of terror Pierce not thy
low tomb, Nor break the happy slumbers Of death's dark, silent
home. Couch of tranquil slumber For the weary brow ; Best of faint
and toiling, Take this loved one now. Horatitis Bonar. U ■ H . m ■ L.
Marshall. P ft* apppga te 3 n: S L«S»- 1 ■4-4 -&-\l what flour is life?
'tis like ish - es its lit a flower That bios tie hour, "With all -*— 0soms
and its beau — d is gone ty on if m igijM3 83 -W— -K -^g^ i=t ±=*
i ft* I 1^ *=£: =^44— Jrcr -<©Death comes, and, like a win - try
day, I I I K s mm q: It cuts the love-ly flower a -way. -b 0 -,r JXjjjj/V
■* ^9 & B= Lord, what is life ? If spent with thee, In humble praise
and prayer, How long or short our life may be We feel no anxious
care ; Though life depart, our joys shall last When life and all its joys
are past. Jane Taylor. 0, what is life ? ' Tis like the bow That glistens
in the sky : We love to see its colors glow, But while we look, they
die : Life fails as soon : to-day 'tis here : To-morrow it may
disappear. 326
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967 •^ ■■#■ ■•• -#• DEATH AND RESURRECTION. HOPE.

C. H. M. 4Unknown. ■\ -I .1 fr -N— tr =1= M ^=P t -i-i-TT.
i=t=4=&i=4 is*. — 1. Dark is the Lour when death prevails, And tri-
umphs o'er the just, — 1 pain-ful void with -in the breast, mt EEE -
&T:t -*— t=t ^=5=F 4= t t— trl7 *r ■r3 back to dnst; Indsol-emn is
the pall, the bier, That bears them from oar pres-encehere. mz 2=£
£=£ ■#-¥£ t rv* V— V£ *:*=£ 5= w . f 1-17 *-=£ 2 But there 's a
bright, a glorious hope, That scatters death's dark gloom ; It cheers
the saddened spirits up, It gilds the Christian's tomb ; It brings the
resurrection near, When those we love shall re-appear. 3 Then
mourn we not as those whose hopes With fleeting life depart ; For
we have heard a voice from heaven To every stricken heart : " Blest
are the dead, forever blest, Who from henceforth in Jesus rest." 4
With kind regard the Lord beholds His saints when called to die, And
precious in his holy sight Their sacred dust shall lie Till all these
storms of life are o'er, And they shall rise to die no more. 5 A few
more days, and we shall meet The loved whose toil is o'er, And plant
with joy our bounding feet On Canaan's radiant shore, Where, free
from all earth's cares and fears, We '11 part no more through
endless years. [Tune, Beloved, No. 134.] lis & 8s. U. Smith. 968 1 If
I in thy likeness, 0 Lord, may awake, And shine, a pure image of
thee, Then I shall be satisfied, when I can break The fetters of
death, and be free. 2 I know this stained tablet must first be washed
white, To let thy bright features be drawn ; I know I must suffer the
darkness of night, To welcome the coming of dawn. 3 0, 1 shall be
satisfied when I can cast The shadow of nature all by, When this
dreary world from my vision is passed, To live in an unclouded day. 4
I feel the blest morning begins to draw near, When time's dreary
fancy shall fade ; O, then in thy likeness may I but appear, In glory
and beauty arrayed ! 5 When on thine own image in me thou hast
smiled, Within thy blest mansion, and when The arms of my Father
encircle his child, 0 I shall be satisfied then ! Anon. 327
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969 DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Gone to the Grave. 9s. M

*=£ D. S. Hakes. N fc^ m$ *=* -*v £ 2=2 ^^F^^^^f^ -•-Zt Ss 1.
Friend and companion, dear to each heart; Tears naught a -vail us,
now wemustpart. g: -# 0-7— h »-rr-* <".'' * — ^ r » — fe»-^— * '
^-rte* ^-!— # — &• - — 3. — ! — i 1 1 A* »-i — mH#-jnn -©-\r-y-
$r m^iy^ a m 5# 30P?§ i *T f^T* ? Death's hand has plucked thee,
pil-lowed thy head, Low- ly and life-less, fad - ed and dead. « ^-^ £
£ A j^ i -m n ^ * -»— 2 Now bending o'er thee, sadly we weep ;
While o'er our gladness lone shadows creep. Dark, chilling shadows,
bringing a gloom. Telling of dear ones gone to the tomb. 3 Guarding
thy slumbers, cypress shall wave. Mournful and silent, over thy
grave. Angels their vigils watchful shall keep, Waiting thy blissful
waking from sleep. 970 Sweet be Thy Rest. P. Ah, we must leave
thee, silent in death ; Fond hopes have vanished — flown with thy
breath. Joy turns to sadness, life seems but pain ; 0, shall we ever
meet thee again ? Yes, we shall meet thee on heaven's shore.
Where death and partings come nevermore : There, will our Saviour
dry every tear ; Sorrowful mourner, be of good cheer. F. E. Belden,
D. S. Hakes. & x m 3&I 3: «jg1. Sweet be thy rest, And peace- falthy
sleeping; 'J +-4L t—tt^ od's way is best, Thoa art in his keep - ing. 0
blessed J.JvJ.W.fo m§as &4*-f— f wr W*sgm£ ^rst 3 3=2 \—'r-M-0
sleep Where ills ne'er molest thee ! Why should we \ f- *i .i. ?? n&z
For heav- en hath Messed thee: Sweet be thy rest. - -JTi laS AW 2
Thy work is done, Thy sowing and reaping ; Thy crown is won, And
hushed is thy weeping. From tears and woes, From earth's midnight
dreary, Thine is repose Where none ever weary: Sweet be thy rest.
f" Sweet be thy rest ; No more we may greet thee 'Till with the blest
In heaven we meet thee. 0 union sweet That death cannot sever !
There we shall meet, Where sad tears fall never : Sweet be thy rest.
F. E. Belden. 828
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971 p^^ DEATH AND RESURRECTION. Scotland. 12s & lis.

John Clarke. " — i 1 1^=3t T3t Ei^p m 1. Thou art gone to the
grave, but we will not de-ploret sor-rowand dark-nessen• • ^& tVr
vr? p -U mm *v! ^ J:LQJ3^|H r— rbe - for pgl com -pass the tomb:
The Say-iour has passed through its por- tals be - fore thee, The j-«
* a J . * « m— J \—rA-M * J-^-0 =F=r-rj — hP S^a t - — D * 4 — B
lamp of his love is thy guide through the gloom, s v s ^=3W i #T-
^r-^ i n *-+ The lamp of his lore is thy guide through the gloom. ? ?
3E* H] ^ :Mi=f= t=p 2 Thou art gone to the grave ; we no 2 longer
behold thee, Nor tread the rough path of the world by thy side ; The
wide arms of mercy were spread to infold thee, And sinners may
hope, since the Sinless hath died. 3 Thou art gone to the grave, but
'twere wrong to deplore thee, When Grod was thy ransom, thy
guardian, and guide ; He gave thee, he took thee, and soon he'll
restore thee, Where death hath no sting, since the Saviour hath
died. Reginald Heber. V I U [Tune, Eventide, No. 1121.1 10s. 1 Thus
in the quiet joy of kindly trust, We bid each parting saint a brief
farewell; Weeping, yet smiling, we commit their dust To the safe
keeping of the silent cell. 329 Softly within that peaceful resting-
place We lay their wearied limbs, and bid the clay Press lightly on
them till the night be past, And the far east give note of coming day
. The day of re-appearing ! how it speeds ! He who is true and
faithful speaks the word: Then shall we ever be with those we love
Then shall we be forever with the Lord. The shout is heard, the
Archangel's voice goes forth ; The trumpet sounds, the dead awake
and sing ; The living put on glory ; one glad band, They hasten up
to meet their coming King. Short death and darkness ! Endless life
and light : Short climbing ; endless shining in yon sphere, Where all
is incorruptible and pure ; — The joy without the pain, the smile
without the tear. Horatius Bonar.
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973 REWARD OF SAINTS. Anvern. L M. Lowell Mason. ten

:«£ ^^a^^^s i r V 1± -0 •f *=* *5 — -A — 0 ■ 1 • '-^ — «l■7 - -7
^ - - • • - ^ y [t [t 1. The time is near when Zi-on's sons, With
rapturous joy shall sing the song Fore -told by S7\ • f" SE * f» ^iNfc
§*5 "»-!g . g -»— -U U UV-U— U-V— V=FS ftp" J. 3 J s\mr
lr=^==J=t^*-^^g|7TT3 * « -:rrf^ 1 seers— anointed ones i We
have a cit - y great and strong, We have a cit-y great and strong.
■0- -0- -0- J- h „ ■•- „ ■#■ ■#- Jj 1 1 1 1- 0 \0 0 — 0-rt S 1— W +
— F=F— -»— -• h f \ f \ — ■*~r -9-~ % t We ^ -»-s— » U U U TTT
223, 624, 736. 2 Open, ye gates ! The glorious King Approaches with
a holy throng ; Open, ye gates ! Saints, angels, sing On golden
harps the victor's song ! 3 0 righteous nation ! enter in, That kept
the law of truth below, Enter the place, all free from sin, Where life's
pure waters gently flow. 4 Within these walls shall they remain, Who
trusted, mighty Lord ! in thee : Death, their last enemy, is slain ;
They have a right to life's fair tree. R. F. Cottrell. 974 19, 64, 336. 1
Lo ! round the throne, a glorious band, The saints in countless
myriads stand ; Of every tongue redeemed to God, Arrayed in
garments washed in blood. 2 Through tribulation great they came ;
They bore the cross, despised the shame ; But now from all their
labors rest In God's eternal glory blest. 3 They see the Saviour face
to face ; They sing the triumph of his grace ; And day and night,
with ceaseless praise, To him their loud hosannas raise. 4 O may we
tread the sacred road That holy saints and martyrs trod, Wage to the
end the glorious strife, And win, like them, a crown of life ! Mary L.
Duncan. v~v 975 1 875, 801, 023. Thy kingdom come. Thus day by
day We lift our hands to God and pray ; But who has ever duly
weighed The meaning of the words he said ? 2 Thy kingdom come.
O day of joy, When praise shall every tongue employ ; When hate
and strife and war shall cease, And man with man shall be at peace.
3 Jesus shall reign on Zion's hill, And all the earth with glory fill ; His
word shall Paradise restore, And sin and death afflict no more. 4
God's holy will shall then be done By all who live beneath the sun ;
For saints shall then as angels be, All changed to immortality. Anon.
97b 638, 932, 104. 1 Great God, whose universal sway All heaven
reveres, all worlds obey, Now make the Saviour's glory known ;
Extend his power, exalt his throne. 2 Thy scepter well becomes his
hands ; Angels submit to his commands ; His justice shall protect
the poor, And pride and rage prevail no more. 3 With power he
vindicates the just, And treads the oppressor in the dust ; His
righteous government shall last Till days, and years, and time be
past. Anon. 830
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REWARD OF SAINTS Andre. L M. Unknown. 1. We've no a -

biding cit - y here; Sad truth, were this to be our home ; But let this
thought our Wk k =•=* to=f: zt— f± * ■ te# :t i £pHJ. m i J 1
3=3= t-5 — «-S-i -*-s*-i — «4 4* spir-its cheer, We seek a cit - y yet
to come, We seek a cit - y yet to come. ■ J. J. K ,.»»-. Pt ££ M imM i
4^ fe* P£ i 2/2, 307, S47. 2 We Ve no abiding city here, We seek a
city out of sight ; Zion its name, — the Lord is there, — It shines
with everlasting light. 3 O sweet abode of peace and love, Where
pilgrims, freed from toil, are blest ! Had I the pinions of a dove, I 'd
fly to thee, and be at rest. 4 But hush, my soul ! nor dare repine ;
The time my God appoints is best : While here, to do his will be
mine, And his to fix my time of rest. Thomas Kelly. 97o 816, 301,
336. 1 There is a land mine eye hath seen In visions of enraptured
thought, So bright, that all which spreads between Is with its radiant
glories fraught, — 2 A land upon whose blissful shore There rests no
shadow, falls no stain ; There those who meet shall part no more,
And those long parted meet gain. 3 Its skies are not like earthly
skies, With varying hues of shade and light ; It hath no need of suns
to rise To dissipate the gloom of night ; 4 There sweeps no
desolating wind Across that calm, serene abode ; The wanderer
there a home may find Within the paradise of God Gurden Robins.
875, 624, 932. 381 979 1 When God descends with men to dwell,
And all creation wakes anew, What tongue can half the wonders tell
? What eye the dazzling glory view ? 2 Zion, the desolate, again
Shall see her lands with roses bloom, And Carmel's mount and
Sharon's plain Shall yield their spices and perfume ; 3 Celestial
streams shall gently flow, The wilderness shall joyful be, Lilies on
parched grounds shall grow, And gladness spring on every tree ; 4
The weak be strong, the fearful bold, The deaf shall hear, the dumb
shall sing, The lame shall walk, the blind behold, And joy through all
the earth shall ring; 5 The high and low shall meet in love, All pride
shall die, and meekness reign, — When Christ descends from worlds
above To dwell with men on earth again. Ballou. UO\) 801, 186, 914.
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