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Between
Two Evils
This page intentionally left blank
 Between
Two Evils
The World War II Memoir
of a Girl in Occupied Warsaw
and a Nazi Labor Camp

LUCYNA B. RADLO

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers

Jefferson, North Carolina, and London
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGUING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Radlo, Lucyna B., ¡931–
Between two evils : the World War II memoir of a girl in
occupied Warsaw and a Nazi labor camp / Lucyna B. Radlo.
p. cm.
Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-7864-4032-0
softcover : 50# alkaline paper

1. Radlo, Lucyna B., 1931– —Childhood and youth.

2. Girls—Poland—Biography. 3. World War, 1939–1945—
Personal narratives, Polish. 4. Poland—History—Occupation,
1939–1945—Biography. 5. World War, 1939–1945—Poland—
Warsaw. 6. Concentration camps—Poland. 7. World War,
1939–1945—Refugees. 8. Brest (Belarus)—Biography.
9. Polish Americans—Biography. 10. Immigrants—United
States—Biography. I. Title.
D811.5.R23 2009
940.53'161—dc22 2008044268
[B]

British Library cataloguing data are available

©2009 Lucyna B. Radlo. All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
or recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publisher.

Cover photograph: Lucyna Radlo’s first communion portrait after

the ceremony at St. Alexander Church on Three Crosses Square,
Warsaw, 7 June ¡94¡

Manufactured in the United States of America

McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers

Box 611, Jefferson, North Carolina 28640
www.mcfarlandpub.com
 In writing my life story there were many bitter and tragic
moments that simply had to be told, no matter how
painful, but one of the enjoyable aspects of writing this
memoir was the reliving of good times spent with my fam-
ily and many friends. A great many individuals, to whom I
am exceedingly grateful, inspired me to write these
reflections and recollections, but most of all I wish to
express my appreciation to my dearest ones: my beautiful
and courageous mother, my never-to-be-forgotten late
father, my caring and so very patient husband, and my
loving children, who through all these years were willing
to listen to the bits and pieces of the story of my life.
This page intentionally left blank
 Table of Contents

Preface 1

1. War: Choosing Between Two Evils 3

2. Flashbacks 7
Life at Krasnyy Dvor 10
1914 –1918 13
Vyazma 14
Return to Brest 16
Life in Brest, 1921 18
1931 –1936 30
Brest, 1936 –1939 36
Brest, 1939, on the Eve of World War II 50
3. Occupied Warsaw 52
4. Coping with Daily Life 66
5. Father Dies in Auschwitz 75
6. My Father, Feliks Stanislaw Kucharski 88
7. Handel (Black Marketing) 94
8. Warsaw Uprising, August 1, 1944 104
9. Forced Labor Camp 111
10. Kleine Maria Zell, Austria 120
11. Flight from the Soviets 123
12. Via Oxcart to Regensburg 133
13. Back to School 137
14. Obshchina 140

vii
viii Table of Contents

15. “Save Me, Tante Luzie!” 143

16. Live Fish and Dead Bones 150
17. “Quanta la Gusta” 156
18. A Girl’s Best Friend 164
19. America Bound! 175
20. Nazareth 182
21. Little Russia, New Jersey 185
22. Work in the City 193
23. 1528 Second Avenue, New York City 198
24. Getting to Know the Radlos 206
25. Elizabeth Kucharska, My Mother 227
26. Married Life Begins 240

Appendix: Who’s Who in the Extended Romenko-

Kovenko Family 253
Index 255
 Preface

Several different factors contributed to my writing this account of my

childhood in Poland. I had always felt compelled to tell my story—the story
of a war-torn childhood, a family displaced, forced labor, and the worst, the
death of my beloved father in Auschwitz. When it came up in conversation
with friends, or even with casual acquaintances, my story always surprised. This
was mostly due, I think, to the contrast the traumatic war years had with the
comfortable, cosmopolitan adult life I was now living. Americans, especially
those who hadn’t seen the war firsthand, had a hard time reconciling my care-
free present with stories of running from the Soviets, hiding from Nazis, driv-
ing through battle-worn countries by ox-cart, or dealing on the black market.
At times I myself had trouble believing my own memories. Returning to War-
saw some 40 years after the end of the war only added to the strange sense of
unreality, for the city, nearly destroyed by the Nazis, had been entirely rebuilt
by the Soviets and only a few memorable places remained.
Writing was a way of unburdening my soul as well as confirming my past.
But there was another factor. My daughter gave me genealogical software and
encouraged me to construct my family tree. After the Iron Curtain fell, I was
able to retrieve genealogical information about my Russian and Polish rela-
tives. But seeing the family tree with only the minimal facts—names, dates,
perhaps a photo or two pertaining to each relative—left me dissatisfied. I
wanted to fill them out. I’m fortunate to have been blessed with a very vivid
visual memory, especially for minute, mundane details. If I experienced it, I
remember it. But what of those I never knew? Coincidentally, at this time, my
mother, 92 years old at the time, moved to live near me in California. I began
to use our daily visits to collect all the missing information she could remem-
ber. From notes jotted on odd pieces of paper, I began to construct a family
story encompassing my own.
This is the story of average people beset by the ravaging forces of polit-
ical history. I was eight years old in 1939 when Nazi Germany invaded Poland
and the Soviet Union occupied Brest, my mother’s hometown. My immedi-
ate family had escaped the Soviets by exchanging homes with a family in

1
2 Preface

Warsaw, but this saving arrangement resulted in my father’s arrest on charges

of “aiding a Jew.” I grew up in an atmosphere of uncertainty and fear, even as
my resourceful relatives and neighbors attempted to find ways of living life as
if normal. Again and again, however, there was disruption and loss. Recount-
ing this odyssey, I was amazed at the resilience of my family and the very
human ability to recover, even cheerfully, from misfortune.
 1
War: Choosing
Between Two Evils

In a small way I first became a victim of World War II before it even

started: in the spring of 1939 the inhabitants of the Polish city of Brzesc,
including my parents, were so preoccupied with anxieties about and prepara-
tions for an impending war with Germany no one noticed that the sixteenth
of May was my eighth birthday. A state of panic was beginning to develop in
the city, with families stocking up on food and first-aid supplies, gathering
family documents and photographs, clearing their basements for eventual use
as bomb shelters, and digging foxholes in the open areas next to their dwellings.
The city authorities also ordered proper bomb shelters to be built and the pub-
lic was told to be on the alert for air raids. The military were more apparent
than usual and civilian men were being drafted. My uncle, Misha Shlykov,
who was in the reserve, had to leave for training with his reserve unit, where
he became chief of food procurement. Zhorzh Vakul’chik, husband of Mother’s
sister Olga, was drafted into the army, but my father, who had invalid status
because of wounds sustained in World War I, was excused from the draft, as
was my uncle Nikolay Padukow, because he had only a part of one lung left
after having had tuberculosis.
On the 1st of September 1939, at 4:45 A.M., Nazi Germany attacked
Poland on land, at sea, and from the air. Brzesc (formerly, as well as after the
war, known as Brest), an important railroad junction, was bombed from the
air that same day, as were other cities in Poland. Sirens screamed loud and
long. First we heard the bombs exploding and then we began hearing antiair-
craft artillery firing nonstop. And there was some rifle fire, presumably firing
at low-flying aircraft, but only now and then. Mother and I were the very first
to run outside to the previously dug shelter (foxhole) that was more like an
open grave site, except longer and just as deep, if not deeper. We jumped into
it and pressed our bodies against its walls. The bombardment was so fright-
ening and the rush to safety so hectic that Father, who was running behind
us, was knocked down in the corridor of our apartment building. Neighbors,

3
4 Between Two Evils

seeing him lying flat on the floor, quickly lay down beside him, thinking that
was precisely the thing to do. Father shouted to them to get up and run for
shelter. The chaos was such that no one knew what to do. Soon things became
quiet; the bombing had been precise and quick. Mother and I tried to get out
of our foxhole, but climbing out was impossible. Finally, Father came to our
rescue. We later learned that one of the first bombs that fell on Brest fell on
our “100,000 zloty house,” a small commercial building that my parents had
bought with lottery winnings, after I had helped select the winning numbers.
The location of the building was to blame, it being right next to the railroad
station, a prime target. Padukow’s hotel, which was almost next door, did not
sustain any damage. Fortunately, our property was empty of occupants, since
they had all managed to find shelter away from the building. No one was killed
or injured, but there was just a pile of rubble left. After the war, when we had
resettled in the U.S., we made enquiries of the Belarussian government con-
cerning restitution of the site where the building had stood at ulitsa Stetske-
vicha 4 in Brest and received the reply that the property had been nationalized
by Soviet authorities in 1940 and that we now had no valid claim of owner-
ship.
Now that the war was in full progress, the Nazis began taking one town
after another. On September 26, 1939, Nazi-occupied Poland was renamed the
General Government (Generalna Gubernia) of Occupied Poland, which became
an administrative area not incorporated into Greater Germany, with Ober-
gruppenfuhrer Hans Frank as General Governor. Quite a few of my parents’
military friends perished in action in the early days of the war. On the very
first day of the bombing in Brest, Father’s friend, Major Zygmunt Rosinski,
a battalion commander, while in a bunker, took off his helmet because of the
very hot and humid weather and a piece of shrapnel hit his head, killing him
instantly. His widow, “Dusia,” née Tloczko, who was one of Mother’s closest
friends, and her daughter Krystyna later relocated to Warsaw. To survive,
Dusia with two other friends opened a little eatery, whereas Krystyna was
arrested and killed by the Germans. Dusia’s mother, Janina Tloczko, or her
sister, I don’t recall which, had been a geography teacher at the Gimnazjum
im. Traugutta in Brest.
The hospitals were quickly filled with wounded officers, soldiers, and
civilians. Shlykov, serving at the rear of the fighting forces, was relatively safe
and sound, and he was well fed, since much of the food for the front came
through his command. However, his stay with his unit was cut short due to
the fact that his wife Sonya could not cope alone with the huge responsibility
of running their meat products business. She obtained permission for Misha
to return home to continue to run their business so as to help assure a supply
of meat for the civilian population. Poland was now being attacked from two
sides: the Germans were taking over the western parts, while the Bolsheviks
were approaching Brest from the East. My grandfather urged my parents, as
 1. War 5

a precaution, to leave the city and go into hiding on the outskirts of town. A
Jewish acquaintance brought his wagon and took us to a nearby village, where
the Padukows had a dacha. The horse-driven carriage, with us on it, crossed
through the river, since the bridges had been bombed out and this was the
only way to get to some areas. We stayed with the Padukows long enough to
regain our composure and try to decide what to do next. At one point we felt
it would be fairly safe for us to return to our apartment, if only for a short
time. Upon arrival, my parents discovered that in our absence our housekeeper
together with her boyfriend, who was a policeman, had robbed us of many
things of substantial value. She was ordered by my parents to bring everything
back or they would take court action against her. Actually, there probably was
very little, if anything, that could have been done to make her bring the stolen
goods back. But she became frightened and brought back what she and her
friend had taken. Shortly after our return, Mr. Fuksman, our Jewish landlord,
told us that he was concerned about the safety of his brother, who was living
in German-occupied Warsaw. (Abram Fuksman, who lived at Hoza 19 in War-
saw, was co-owner of the Kresy Export Association of Agricultural Products.)
Fuksman felt that in choosing whether to be under the Nazis or the approach-
ing Russians, of the two evils, the Bolsheviks were considered to be less omi-
nous for Jews than were the Nazis. Therefore, he suggested that we exchange
apartments with his brother. We would leave our furniture in the apartment
in Brest for his brother, and in like manner the brother would leave his War-
saw apartment fully furnished for us to move into. We, that is, my parents,
were faced with the task of making a similar choice between two evils. Father
was a native-born Pole and Roman Catholic, but Mother was a Russian
brought up in the Orthodox Russian faith and all relatives on her side were
White (i.e., anti–Soviet) Russians, most of whom were wary of remaining in
Brest for fear of being subjected to arrests and persecutions, fears that, as it
turned out, were well founded. My parents agonized for some time as to what
decision to make, but finally decided to agree to Fuksman’s offer and to move
to Warsaw. We later had many occasions to doubt the wisdom of our choice,
in view of what happened to Mother and myself and, in particular, to Father.
We immediately began looking for some way to travel to Warsaw. Nor-
mal means of transportation were not available because of the war, and we did
not have an automobile at our disposal. We learned that Father’s friend, Roman
Rajpold, a well-known former cavalry officer who was the owner of a grain
mill and a bakery, fearing for his own life, also wanted to leave Brest for the
area west of the Bug River, which was occupied by Germans. Roman’s wife
decided to stay behind with their son, to watch over their enterprises. Hav-
ing a wagon and horses, Roman suggested we join him for the journey west.
And so, once more we were packed onto a wagon and started moving toward
Warsaw. At the border, on the middle of the bridge between Brest and the
Polish town of Terespol, we were met by my grandfather (Mother’s father),
6 Between Two Evils

who came with Mother’s sister Olga and her son Yuriy (“Yura”) to say good-
bye. My parents offered to take Yura with us, and Olga at first agreed, but
when the time came to part she changed her mind. She was pregnant with
her second son Michael, and not knowing her husband’s whereabouts, she
could not let Yura go. And so we parted from her and my grandfather. It was
very painful for me to see this brave, strong man cry. I never saw him again.
Nazi troops occupied Brest on September 15, 1939, and two days later
the Germans agreed to pull back to the border separating Brest from occu-
pied Poland, in accordance with the secret Ribbentrop-Molotov agreement
between Germany and the Soviet Union, and a few days later Soviet troops
occupied Brest.
 2
Flashbacks

When we set out on our journey (our escape, really) from Brest (Brzesc)
to Warsaw, I was only eight years old and barely understood what was hap-
pening, but I nevertheless felt strong and confused emotions, mostly of fear,
sadness, and loss. I was shattered by the not clearly understood need to part,
perhaps forever, with the many remarkable individuals I had learned to know
and love on my mother’s side of our extended family, who had remained in
Brest, and my father’s stepfather, who remained in Lodz and was the only
member of the extended family remaining on my father’s side. He died shortly
after the war began. Many of the members of this extended family, as it turned
out, played key roles in Mother’s and my subsequent journey through the hell
of World War II. (To help you understand the relationships of the many per-
sons, I have attached an appendix listing their names and connections to each
other.) In addition to my own recollections, I gathered much of the historical
data on these people and places mostly from my mother and her two sisters,
Aniuta and Sonya.
My great grandfather, Anton Romenko-Kovenko, together with his wife
Tatyana and their four children, sometime in the 1880s came from Wielun’ to
manage a huge estate on the outskirts of Brest. Several years later, the own-
ers decided to sell the property and offered it to Anton. Having a substantial
amount of savings, Anton bought the property, which included houses, land,
cattle, and farming equipment. Wielun’s Bank was used to make the sale and
transfer of the estate, which later became known as (in Russian) Krasnyy Dvor
(Czerwony Dwor in Polish), which in English can be translated as Red Manor
or Red Court. This area just outside Brest should not be confused with the
town near Kaunas in Lithuania known as Raudonvaris, which translates to
Czerwony Dwor in Polish. The confusion is chiefly due to the fact that the
location in Raudonvaris was the site of a palatial estate that had been inher-
ited in the early 19th century by a member of the Polish nobility, Count
Benedykt Henryk Tyszkiewicz. During World War I the Tyszkiewicz estate
was occupied by German forces and later in the war captured and demolished
by troops of the Lithuanian army. In a fine display of parental generosity, once

7
8 Between Two Evils

his children became of age, Anton gave portions of his estate to each of his
sons. His daughter Sophia Antonovna Romenko-Kovenko got no part of Kras-
nyy Dvor but received a four-family house in the city of Brest, where she took
up residence with her husband Jan and their three children, Mariya, Anton,
and Yelena.
Anton’s son, my grandfather, eventually (in about 1936), like his father,
gave to his children when they reached maturity portions of the inheritance
he had received. His daughter, Anna Nikitichna Padukow, kept the land she
received and together with her husband, Nikolay Nikiforovich Padukow, built
a house on the land and planted a vast orchard. Mariya Nikitichna Romenko-
Kovenko divided land she had received from her father together with a small
portion of land at Wielun’ she had
received from her mother, Anas-
tasiya Semenovna Janchuk Ro-
menko-Kovenko, between her
two daughters Nina Ivanovna
Boguta Babich and Lidiya Iva-
novna Boguta Prolisko. Mother,
Yelizaveta Nikitichna Romenko-
Kovenko (Kucharska, after she
married), sold her share, receiv-
ing a down payment from the
buyer, but because of World War
II the bulk of the purchase price
was never paid off. Pyotr Nikitich
Romenko-Kovenko died before
the division of the estate, as did
Yelena Nikitichna Romenko-
Kovenko Deviatnikova. Sofiya
Nikitichna Romenko-Kovenko
Shlykov retained her share, as did
Olga Nikitichna Romenko-
Kovenko Vakul’chik. The original
homestead (usad’ba) consisting of
a house and an unknown number
of hectares of land, including
barns and other structures, Nikita
kept for himself, intending to
turn the estate over later to his
son Sergey. Bricks from a local
That’s me, 5 years old, on the shoulder of my brick plant were used to form the
uncle, Mikhail Shlykov, at his dacha on the surface of the long road leading
Muchawiec River, summer 1936. to the house. The sides of the
 2. Flashbacks 9

Seated, left to right, Nikita Romenko (my maternal grandfather), Arkady Padukow
(cousin), Nikifor Padukow (Arkady’s grandfather); standing, Nikolay Padukow and
Anna Padukow (Arkady’s father and mother). About 1915.
10 Between Two Evils

road were lined with very tall, stately poplar trees. During World War II Nikita
was forced to abandon the estate when it was taken over by the Soviet gov-
ernment, issuing Nikita a token “reimbursement” of 10,000 rubles. As a result
of this action, Sergey was deprived of his future inheritance. Anton’s other son,
Nikolay, eventually gave the portion of Anton’s estate he had received to one
of his sons, Luka Nikolayevich Romenko-Kovenko, who later graduated from
the Moscow Institute and became a forester. To his daughters Sofiya, Anna,
and Yevgeniya, Nikolay gave houses, and his second son Vasiliy received the
financing of higher education in Moscow. Anton‘s third son, Prokop
Antonovich Romenko-Kovenko, sold his part of Anton’s gift of land under
loan agreements ( pod weksle), as he needed to buy machinery and equipment
for a newly opened business, but as he was often away from the property build-
ing roads (among them the main Warsaw-Moscow road), someone stole the
loan documents and he never received the money he was owed. Prokop sus-
pected, of all people, his good friend Nazarewicz. Prokop later moved to
Wielun’, where he bought property and where his wife also inherited some
property from her parents. Until the time Prokop left for Wielun’, all three
brothers lived within a stone’s throw of each other.

Life at Krasnyy Dvor

After my grandfather Nikita Romenko-Kovenko, who was born in
Wielun’ on March 12, 1869, received from his father Anton, in about 1892, a
portion of Krasnyy Dvor, he married Anastasiya Semenovna Yanchuk, born in
1873, who came to Brest after receiving an inheritance in Wielun’, a small town
about 12 kilometers from Brest. Nikita and Anastasiya set up house in their
newly acquired section of Krasnyy Dvor. The setting of their property was
breathtaking. There were two rivers, Muchawiec and Bug, running through
it. The forests, mostly coniferous trees, sheltering hoards of wonderful mush-
rooms and wild berries, wide stretches of unbroken, lavish groves, and vast
meadows of fragrant grasses, would have been heaven for any landscape painter.
Unfortunately, none of the Romenkos displayed any talent for painting. In
addition to the ample, beautiful fields, the area also encompassed a marshland
with coral and cranberries. It is no wonder the area, which was known as Pole-
sie (Marsh), was often referred to in Polish poetry and song as Czar Polesia
(the Enchantment of Polesie).
Anastasiya bore Nikita nine children: Anna, who was born February 13,
1893, Sergey, who was born September 13, 1893, Mariya, born in 1894, Fiokla
(died in infancy), Pyotr, born in 1900, Sofiya, born August 18, 1902, Yelena,
born in 1904, Yelizaveta, born November 30, 1906, and Olga, born June 24,
1910. Most siblings got along quite well with each other, although Mariya and
Anna had their ups and downs, Anna, apparently, being mostly at fault. Sergey,
 2. Flashbacks 11

just a few months younger than Anna, was a favorite storyteller for the younger
children. He often made toys for them and the youngsters simply adored their
older brother. Nevertheless, harmony was not always 100 percent. The sib-
lings liked to pick on and tease each other. Yelizaveta, often telling tales on
her sisters, got the nickname lyska yabida (tattle-tale). On the other hand, they
did not need much to be happy. All in all, the Romenko children had endless
opportunities for imagination and entertainment. During the snow season,
there was lots of sledding and sleigh riding, as well as skating on the frozen
Muchawiec River, and ice fishing. In the spring there were many activities on
the estate in which the children liked to participate. Come summer and fall,
swimming was the most popular. During harvest time they “helped” eagerly,
while playing in the hay. In general, there was lots of fun, even without hav-
ing many toys. The children were very inventive and never bored.
The Romenko clan was a happy one. Life was prosperous and peaceful,
until Anastasiya contracted typhoid fever and died in 1910 in the prime of her
life at age 36, leaving Nikita with eight children, the youngest child being only
a few months old. Anastasiya was buried in the Brestskoye Trishinskoye Klad-
bishche (Brest cemetery). Sofiya and Yelena contracted typhoid fever as well,
but miraculously did not succumb to it. The loss of his wife really changed
the life of Nikita. He was heartbroken and almost suicidal. He knew many
lady friends, including one in particular who happened to be the widow of a
general, who were anxious to marry the handsome and well-to-do widower.
Not being able to cope with all the small children while at the same time run-
ning the estate, out of necessity rather than love, he chose in about 1911 to
marry a widow, whom he met at a friend’s house in a nearby town, where she
worked as a private nurse in a local hospital. It was an arranged marriage.
Within that same year there were three weddings in the Romenko family:
Nikita’s, and those of his two daughters, Anna and Mariya. Ustin’ya Danilovna
was 52, Nikita 42. He chose her thinking primarily of the welfare of his young
children. He felt they might get better care from an older stepmother. Ustin’ya
had a twenty-five-year-old son, who upon hearing that his mother was plan-
ning to remarry, told her he would disown her if she did. After her marriage
to Nikita, her son came only once for a visit and nobody ever saw him again.
Ustin’ya filled more the role of a housekeeper at the busy household rather
than that of stepmother. She wore black clothing, long skirts almost sweep-
ing the floors, and a head covering. Having worked at the hospital, she had
learned some home remedies, like using leeches (pijawki) for high blood pres-
sure, drinking different herbs for this or that, and cupping people’s chests or
backs with cupping glass (vacuum cups) (stawiac banki) as a cold remedy. Her
health was failing and soon severe arthritis set in, crippling her back and leav-
ing her with her body bent over. Although she was devoted to Nikita and was
good to the children, the younger children feared her, not because of her behav-
ior but mostly because of her looks, since she resembled a witch. I recall that
12 Between Two Evils

often, after accomplishing her seemingly endless tasks around the house, she
would stretch out her crippled body on a large benchlike surface behind the
huge tile stove. She said that the warmth would help her bones to get straight.
Very often she would take a catnap there, after which, she felt refreshed and
all set to continue her chores. Once, when there was no one in the house to
fetch some well water, Ustin’ya decided to get a pail of water herself. The chil-
dren were playing nearby and heard a frantic voice coming out of the deep
well. When they looked, they saw Ustin’ya hanging onto the pail, trying not
to fall in any farther. One of the children ran for help to the fields where some
estate hands were working. It is not clear to me how they managed to get
Ustin’ya out. Despite being scratched all over, bruised, and wet, she was oth-
erwise not harmed, except that she was still trembling, thinking that she could
have drowned. In her very crippled, weak body there was a strong and very
hard-working woman. Only later on, when grown up, did the children give
their stepmother, whom they called “Machekha,” lots of overdue credit for her
hard work.
Yelizaveta, my mother, called Liza by everyone, being of frail health, had
a certain way with her father. Despite being a very fair person, he could not
help showing favoritism toward his second youngest daughter. When still quite
young, she was quite anemic, and at the suggestion of the family doctor Nikita
made sure that his daughter would get milk almost straight from the cow.
Yelizaveta would not touch any milk unless it came from a cow that had been
milked by her father. Poor Nikita often would get up at night, go to the barn,
milk a cow, and bring it still warm to his daughter. When Yelizaveta was
bedridden for a longer period of time, he allowed her to keep a tamed fox that
the workers had caught for her to play with. The fox was always tied down in
the attic for the night, but unfortunately one morning he was found strangled
on his chain. Another incident took place involving Yelizaveta’s pet pony. The
pony one day was horsing around in the vegetable garden. He must have lain
down on his back and kept rolling himself back and forth, from side to side,
ending up in the furrows of the vegetable patch. This sort of rolling is a horse’s
favorite way of scratching its back. The furrows being quite deep, he soon
became trapped and could not get to his feet. Fortunately, while struggling,
he was noticed by the workers. They came to his rescue by tying him with
ropes and pulling him out of his entrapment and onto his feet. He galloped
away, happy to be out of his predicament.
Next to Krasnyy Dvor, there was an estate, which Nikita was leasing from
a Hrabianka, a Polish noble woman. Nikita used to spend a goodly amount of
time at this estate, very often taking his favorite daughter Yelizaveta with him.
He thought that the location of this estate was better than that of Krasnyy
Dvor, which was located near the river, and thus too damp for his frail daugh-
ter. (This Polish woman was a widow who, according to rumors, had been a
lover of the Czar Alexander the First, and bore him an illegitimate son. This
 2. Flashbacks 13

son had been an ardent horseback rider. At the entry to their estate there was
a huge stone, which bore the inscription that the son, riding his horse, had
been thrown off the horse onto this stone, which killed him.)
In 1911, the year Nikita remarried, the first Romenko-Kovenko sibling
married. After Anna’s marriage to Nikita Nikolayevich Padukow, the newly-
weds lived in Biala Podlaska, where Nikolay held a teacher’s position. They
took Anna’s sisters, Lena and Sofia, to live with them, in order for the two
girls to attend the local school. The arrangement did not last long, as Niko-
lay, being a strict disciplinarian, seemed too harsh for the two young girls. They
pleaded to be returned to their father. Their wish was granted, and since their
older siblings attended school in Brest, the very young ones had a ball grow-
ing up on the estate, playing with the children of workers or with children from
nearby Zakiy, Pugachovo, and Kamienitsa Zhirovetska. Later they formed
friendships with the children of people stationed at the Brest Poligon, an army
training center, which had family quarters and a clubhouse.

1914 –1918
In the years from 1914 to 1918, during World War I, heavy fighting took
place on Belorussian soil. One day in June or July of 1915, during the busy
harvest time, while Nikita Antonovich Romenko-Kovenko was supervising his
workers in the fields and his children were at home, a Tsarist officer on a horse
showed up at the house, looking for the owner of the Krasnyy Dvor estate. He
came to deliver a notice of imminent evacuation, stipulating that by the next
day the Romenko family and all other nearby occupants were to leave the
region, as the enemy was advancing into their territory. Nikita, on reading the
notice, immediately gave an order to his many workers to submerge all farm
equipment in the River Muchawiec, which flowed through the property. They
also dug a huge hole in the ground to bury belongings that could not be taken
along. For the cattle that Nikita had to leave behind, the authorities paid him
3,000 rubles in gold, which was hidden in the false bottom of a jug, guarded
at all times and carried by hand by different members of the family through-
out the long journey out of the area. They were, however, permitted to take
horses, one cow, some pigs, and some chickens. Finally, when the wagons were
loaded with their belongings and the family was ready to leave, the estate was
set on fire, so that there would be nothing left for the approaching Germans.
Their aim was to march east, so as to arrive in Moscow in order to join the
older son Sergey, who, together with his cousin Vasiliy (son of Nikolay
Romenko-Kovenko), was studying architecture at the university. Their itin-
erary was soon altered. At Kobryn they had to abandon practically everything,
and with only what they could carry they boarded a cattle train, ending up
riding in and on top of the engine car. The escaping Romenko family con-
14 Between Two Evils

sisted of Nikita, his second wife (Machekha), Sonya, Yelizaveta, Pyotr, Lena,
Olga, and Anyuta with her son Arkadiy. Anyuta’s husband, Nikolay Padukow,
a teacher by profession, was in the army and serving at the front, stationed in
Dvinsk. The oldest sibling Mariya, married to Ivan Boguta, stayed behind in
Brest with her husband and their daughter Nina. The older son Sergey, men-
tioned above, was still in Moscow. As the train continued east it was stop and
go for most of the trip. The railroad was jammed, the roads were crowded with
fleeing people, and with cattle everywhere, it was a very chaotic situation.
During one of the many stops, at the Minsk station, Lena got off the train to
fetch some water for tea. The station was crowded with trains, civilians, sol-
diers, officers and railroad personnel. The queues for water were many and
very long. While Lena was still waiting to fill her container, the train, one of
many at the station, got the signal to depart and it slowly began leaving the
station. Lena ran toward the train, trying to jump back onto it. An officer
standing nearby, wanting to save her from a fall, grabbed her and pulled her
back down onto the platform. Since there was no way of getting in touch with
the train that had just departed, the officer took Lena to an orphanage and
left some money with her. She must have been 10 or 11 years old. (She was the
shortest of the six sisters and the only brunette.) The family, unaware of the
fact that Lena had been left behind, noticed her absence later down the line.
Instead of continuing their journey to Moscow as planned, the family got off
at the next stop, in Vyazma, in order to search for the missing Lena.

Vyazma
After leaving the train during their evacuation from Krasnyy Dvor, the
Romenko family stayed in a little village near Vyazma, in a hut without floors
or indoor plumbing, but at least there was a cooking facility and they had a
roof over their heads. Nikita promptly bought a cow in order to have milk and
butter for the children. A short time later, to try to improve their living con-
ditions, Nikita moved his clan to an industrial area in the Vyazma outskirts,
near a hospital, jail, and factories. The owners of one of the factories, the
Lutovs, let the Romenkos use their house basement as their new quarters.
They settled into this basement, which they felt was an improvement over the
cold and damp hut in the village. After all, they were now near a town and
civilization, and Nikita could focus on the search for his missing daughter. The
new arrangement, however, did not last long. The basement, after prolonged
rains, flooded badly, and the family was forced to leave. This time the
Shchukins, owners of the liteynyy zavod (a steel foundry) who lived two houses
down from the Lutovs, allowed the Romenko family to move into their house,
giving them two rooms. Anyuta, Arkadiy, and Yelizaveta occupied a small
room, in which there already lived a 100-year-old woman. She was a relative
 2. Flashbacks 15

of the landlord. The old woman was filthy and infested with lice. Sonya and
Anyuta bathed her in a portable tub and applied kerosene to her hair to get
rid of the lice. Eventually, the old woman was moved into the kitchen, where
she slept on the landing behind a tile stove. The rest of the family occupied
the other room.
During this time, while in Vyazma, Nikita used some of his gold coins
to buy another cow, and then he rented from the Ivanovs a store nearby and
opened a grocery outlet. The store was started primarily to provide the large
family with a livelihood, and also to have a supply of fresh vegetables, dairy
products and meat. Apparently, all the siblings, except Sergey who was still
in Moscow in the army after graduating as an architect, and Mariya back in
Brest, had a tough time adjusting to their new lifestyle. Everyone had to pitch
in. Soon, Nikolay Padukow was given leave from his army unit at the front
and was able to join his wife and Arkady in Vyazma. He, Anyuta and Arkady
were given one-room quarters at the Shchukin’s factory. Their daughter Taisya
was born there, but shortly thereafter died of smallpox. She was buried in the
Vyazma cemetery. Shortly after he had arrived, Nikolay left the family once
more. This time his mission was to visit various orphanages in search of Lena.
Finally, back in Minsk, he was able to locate her. Upon meeting with her, con-
trary to everyone’s worries about this poor, abandoned child, it turned out that
Lena was having a good time with the many orphans and had had no time to
miss her siblings. Nevertheless, when she saw her Uncle Kolya (who actually
was Lena’s brother-in-law), she wanted to leave with him immediately. Since
it was already late in the evening, he promised to come back for her the next
day, with a new dress and coat to bring her back home in. Next day, however,
when the time came to say good-bye to all her friends at the orphanage and
especially to the woman in charge whom she had become so fond of, Lena
began crying bitterly, not wanting to leave her new extended family behind.
Eventually, after a very dramatic departure scene, Kolya and Lena left for
Vyazma, where, after the long eight or nine months of separation, she was
reunited with her father and the other siblings. For a while she seemed to be
overjoyed to be home, but once things got back to normal, she begged to return
to the orphanage saying, “I want to go home.” On many occasions she showed
a preference for her friends rather than her siblings. She also missed the
orphanage supervisor, who most likely had become a mother figure for her.
The Romenkos ended up living at Vyazma for three years. At times it was a
difficult arrangement for everyone, but at least they were housed and had an
income from the store. The children attended school, helped with house chores,
had plenty of milk, butter and other fresh produce, and they had each other’s
company.
Kolya soon had to go back to his unit in Dvinsk, but eventually returned
again to join Anyuta and their son Arkady. Shortly after their return to Dvinsk,
their son Georgiy was born. Once again there were four of them.
16 Between Two Evils

While in Vyazma, a well-to-do childless couple, friends of Nikita, became

very fond of Yelizaveta, whom they called “Lizochka.” They showered her
with gifts, took her places, and on many occasions she was allowed to spend
nights and days at their house. They virtually adopted her. At one point the
couple got Nikita’s permission to allow Liza to accompany them on a trip.
Liza soon found herself on a train bound for Moscow. But shortly into the
journey, she got cold feet, became hysterical and demanded to be taken back
home. An officer, a friend of the couple, agreed to return with Liza back to
Vyazma. For some reason, Liza felt she was being abducted and became fright-
ened.
It was in Vyazma that Liza contracted a mysterious ailment. Her pretty
face was covered with ugly dark brown-black warts. She was taken to differ-
ent specialists and they could not find a remedy for it, presumably not know-
ing what caused the warts. She was seen by different healers. One told her
father to tie strings on as many sticks as the number of warts she had and then
at a certain time of a special night to throw these sticks over a fence. The belief
was that a spirit would take the warts away. There were over a hundred sticks,
one for each wart. Unfortunately, this hocus-pocus failed, as did all other reme-
dies. Then one day Nikita was visited by a fel’dsher (doctor’s aide), who gave
him a simple ointment to apply to the warts. After just a few applications, the
warts dried out and, as mysteriously as they had appeared, they one day dis-
appeared, leaving Liza’s pretty face with a peachy, flawless complexion for years
to come.

Return to Brest
In March 1918, under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the independent state
of Belorussia was established under German occupation, so the Romenko fam-
ily decided to return to Brest. Once again the family, together with its
menagerie, boarded a cattle train, heading west. During their return trip they
witnessed many atrocities committed by the Bolsheviks. One day, when the
family was attending a church service, some Red Army soldiers rounded up
the parishioners, stole all the church icons and destroyed the altars and virtu-
ally all the interior of the church. They tied the priest to a military wagon and
dragged him away. There were massive robberies, rapes, and killings. Then,
just before the Romenko family reached the newly formed German/Bolshe-
vik border, the Russians took their cows and other animals before allowing
them to continue on to Brest. When they came to the other side of the bor-
der, the Germans ordered that all the evacuees get off the train in order to put
everyone in quarantine. But, thanks to Nikita’s intervention and a hefty bribe,
they were permitted to remain on the train and to continue on to Brest. Upon
their arrival in their deserted and almost completely destroyed hometown, not
 2. Flashbacks 17

sure what to do next, Nikita turned to his sister for assistance. “Lyolya”
Lapchinska, who had arrived in Brest shortly before them, graciously offered
to share her house with the many newly arrived family members. While Nikita
and Petya (a nickname for Pyotr Romenko-Kovenko) would go back and forth
to Krasnyy Dvor, at times living there for lengthy periods trying to restore the
estate, the children were getting used to living in town at their aunt’s house
and going to school. All the surrounding villages had sustained terrible dev-
astation. Most of the properties were either destroyed or burned down. At
Krasnyy Dvor, the many things that had been buried could not be found. They
had apparently been discovered and stolen, either by locals or by the Germans.
The submerged farming equipment, however, was still at the bottom of the
river. The main mansion, originally built of stone, stood roofless, and tall trees
were growing inside it. All the other buildings, structures, and barns had been
burned by the Russians when they gave the order to evacuate.
Finally, almost three months later, when the house had been reasonably
restored, Nikita, his wife, and Petya returned to Krasnyy Dvor permanently,
while the other members of the family moved to Brest once more. This time
Nikita had rented from a pharmacist a large house that gave much promise.
After a renovation, the basement was transformed into a kolbasno-masterskaya
(meat products mini-factory). The ground floor facing the street became the
retail store and the floor above that was turned into ample family quarters. It
was back to communal living, with everyone having a job to perform. The older
kids, who attended school, when at home had to look after their younger sib-
lings as well as do house chores. Kolya Padukow supervised the store, the oper-
ation of which was organized and financed by Nikita. Sonya provided assistance
during the day and attended evening courses at night. Kolya, a strict taskmas-
ter, took everything in his hands and even Nikita, who had provided the means
for the store, equipment, and inventory, etc., had very little to say. The store
crew was an unhappy bunch.
At this point it had become clear that Sergey, despite his father’s pleas,
had decided to remain permanently in Moscow and become a professional
army officer.
Nikita once again settled into maintaining his estate, rebuilding, replant-
ing orchards, sowing many fields, and harvesting new crops. His dream was
to bring his family eventually back to where they belonged. His wife, crippled
by severe arthritis, was busy keeping house. But just when things seemed to
be getting back to normal, Nikita’s family was struck with three tragedies.
One day when Liza was babysitting, rocking to sleep Padukow’s little son
Georgiy, who was sick, the infant died in her arms. Then in January 1919, when
the Bolsheviks took Brest and the proclamation of the Belorussian Soviet
Socialist Republic was being announced, Petya, who had just finished high
school and was eager to continue his education, was ordered by the Bolshe-
vik authorities into forced labor, lifting heavy items and transporting them on
18 Between Two Evils

horse-drawn wagons. To add to the harsh living conditions, no housing or

food was provided. He sometimes ate raw vegetables taken straight from the
fields along the way. He contracted dysentery and, unable to work, was allowed
to go home. While Liza was at his bedside, he died. Both little Georgiy and
Petya were buried next to Anastasiya at the Bretskoye Trishinskoye Kladbishche
(cemetery). During the same period, Nikita’s brother Nikolay Antonovich was
stricken with blood poisoning, which started in his leg. Doctors, trying to save
his life, amputated his leg, but he could not be saved and soon died. Ironi-
cally, some years later, when Nikita himself had an advanced case of blood
poisoning in his arm, the doctors likewise wanted to amputate his arm, but
Nikita preferred to take the risk and did not agree to the amputation. In his
case, he guessed well; the poisoning was stopped and his arm was saved. Some
years after, when Yelizaveta (my mother) had a ruptured appendix, she was
taken to the army hospital, where she was operated on by Lt. Col. Leonard
Szmurlo, M.D. In this case, the surgery went well, and the patient was sent
home. But soon after, Liza had a great craving for something salty and spicy.
She found a barrel full of salted herrings, one of her favorite snacks, and
couldn’t resist eating more than one, skin, head, and all. She became violently
sick and had to be rushed back to the hospital with a ruptured incision. Because
of this the recuperation time was much longer. Dr. Szmurlo was one of sev-
eral department heads at the Garrison Hospital, which in 1919 had 400 beds,
and which in 1921 became Regional Hospital No. IX.
Another relative of Nikita’s, his nephew Luka Romenko, with his daugh-
ter Nina (who later became the wife of the Reverend Lukashuk), returned by
horse-drawn carriage to Brest. Before he started his trek back home, he hid
his gold coins in the wheels of the wagon. Luka’s wife and a second daughter
Katya followed them later. While in Russia, they made their living by mak-
ing candy. Upon their return to Brest, they continued making handmade candy,
which they called krowki (little cows).

Life in Brest, 1921

On March 18, 1921, still another change took place in the status of Brest,
when the Treaty of Riga gave Poland the western sections of Belorussian ter-
ritory. New borders were put into effect. Brest became a Polish city. The
Romenko family was divided. Sergey Romenko remained in what became the
USSR, as did most of the extended Shlykov and Padukow families. However,
Anna and Nikolay Padukow (married in 1911), with their sons Arkady and
Sergey, were now living in the city of Brest. So were Mariya and Ivan Boguta
(married in 1911) with their children Nina, Lydia and Leonid, and Sofiya
(Sonya) and Mikhail (Misha) Shlykov (married January 25, 1922) and their
infant son Igor. Lena, Yelizaveta (my mother), and Olga were living in Brest
 2. Flashbacks 19

at Krasnyy Dvor with their father Nikita and stepmother Ustin’ya. Pyotr died
in 1920 and was buried next to his mother.
At this time, Lena, because of her beautiful contralto voice, was urged
by a music conservatory professor (in Minsk?) to be permitted by her father
to enter the conservatory (free of charge) in order to train her voice, so that
she could become an opera singer. Her father, although aware of his daugh-
ter’s potential, nevertheless wouldn’t give the permission. Perhaps the agony
he went through when Lena was lost and away for eight months reminded
him of what it would be like without her once more.
In Brest, Nikita helped the Padukows (Anna and Nikolay) establish a
grocery store and also financed the purchase of a prime location, a city block
parcel with a small structure that included three or four stores that were rented.
On this parcel the Padukows eventually built a hotel, premises for stores, and
their own residence. Padukow had become ill and, following the family doc-
tor’s advice, they built a little wooden house behind the hotel in order to be
in a healthier environment than they were in the brick building. When that
failed to help, Dr. Korol suggested to Kolya that he spend some time in the
mountains in Zakopane. When that also didn’t help, Dr. Korol insisted that
the family should go to Italy for the winter season. Kolya had a serious case
of tuberculosis. Anyuta, Kolya, and their young son Sergey left for San Remo,
with Kolya being carried onto the train on stretchers. A month or so later
Yelizaveta followed them, in order to take care of Sergey, since Anyuta was
busy helping Kolya to recuperate. Kolya recovered, but the TB left him with
only a very small part of one lung functioning. Yet when he came back to
Brest, he was well enough to run his hotel, build a dacha and plant a huge
orchard around it. The only evidence of his bout with TB was that he walked
lopsided, which was quite noticeable. Dr. Pawel Korol, in addition to being
the doctor for our whole family, was also a close family friend. A Russian and
a resident of Brest, he was chief of the private Polesie Clinic of Medical Spe-
cialists (Poleska Lecznica Lekarzy Specjalistow), as well as president of the local
branch of the Russian Good Deeds Society (Rosyjskie Towarzystwo Dobro-
czynnosci). In the 1920s for a few years he was also a deputy in the parliament.
In January of 1937, a cavalry officer, Captain Sadowski, who was madly in love
with Dr. Korol’s beautiful wife, shot her and then committed suicide on the
porch of the Korol’s handsome villa. This tragedy was followed by many more
that befell the Korol family, which in many ways was typical of what was hap-
pening to the families of many whom we knew. When Brest was occupied by
the Soviets in September 1939, Dr. Korol, as a major in the Polish Army
Reserves, was almost immediately arrested and later presumed killed by the
Soviets in Katyn, as were so many other Polish officers. His sister was sent to
Kazakhstan, where she died of starvation. His sons, Mikolaj and Igor, escaped
from the Bolsheviks to Poland, but in 1946 Mikolaj was arrested by the Soviet
authorities and deported to Siberia, where he spent about six years in one of
20 Between Two Evils

the many gulags. When he returned home, his health was totally ruined and
he soon died. Igor, who followed in his father’s footsteps and became a doc-
tor, specializing in pulmonary diseases and radiology, was living in Czesto-
chowa, Poland, when in 1949 he was arrested by the U.B. (Communist Poland’s
Security Service) and deported to the Soviet Union. In Moscow, at the
Lublyanka Prison, he was accused of anti–Soviet activities during World War
II and after nine months of harsh interrogations, received a death sentence,
which later was commuted to 25 years’ hard labor in a gulag near Irkutsk,
Siberia. While serving his sentence at the isolated and heavily guarded gulag,
he attributed his skill as a doctor, which was often needed by the guards, for
saving his life. In 1957 Igor was released from the gulag, “rehabilitated,” and
returned to Poland. His first wife Janina (Sosnowska), after five years of wait-
ing for his return and not knowing his whereabouts, decided to start a new
life without him. In 1960 Igor married Nelly, daughter of Prince Leszczyn-
ski-Trojekarow, whose estate “Ruda” was about 35 kilometers from Brest.
Members of Nelly’s family met fates similar to those of Igor’s family. Her
mother died tragically during the Warsaw Uprising and her brother Mira
(Miroslaw) in 1948 was sentenced in the Soviet Union to 25 years in a gulag.
He was eventually released, returned to Poland and died in late 1990. In 1996,
Igor and Nelly went to visit their hometown of Brest. They found Dr. Pawel
Korol’s villa on ul. Zygmuntowska in pretty good shape and now serving as a
preschool. They couldn’t locate any familiar prewar faces. They found the
Ruda estate completely in ruins, which made a devastating impression on
them, although they were met rather warmly by its neighbors.
In 1998, I was able to locate Dr. Korol’s son Igor, who lived together with
his second wife Nelly in Warsaw. He informed me about the fate of various
mutual friends from Brest times. Unfortunately, most of them perished dur-
ing World War II, or have died since. He remembered my many relatives as
well as Mother. Soon my letters were not answered and through a mutual
friend, I recently found out that Dr. Igor Korol had died, leaving Nelly in
despair. In her declining years, she was left to spend the rest of her life in soli-
tude.
Sonya and Mikhail Shlykov, being newly married, very young, and with
no profession, also needed financial support. Nikita bought them a store and
a place to produce meat products. The wedliniarnia (meat production estab-
lishment) was run by Sonya and Mikhail almost across the street from the
Padukow’s grocery store. There were six children in the Shlykov family: Ivan
(Iwan in Polish), Mikhail (“Misha,” Michal in Polish), Vera (Wiera), Lidya
(Lydia in English, Lidja in Polish), Vladimir (Wlodzimierz) and Yevgeniya
(“Zhenya”). Vladimir Shlykov, who had stayed with his parents in Moscow,
tried to join his two older brothers in Brest. But, being a Russian, he had a
hard time getting into a Polish University, so with his brothers’ help he had
left for Yugoslavia, where he was able to get his higher education. When he
 2. Flashbacks 21

My aunt, Sonya Romenko (later Shlykov), in Brest, 1920.

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Nos. 032-035. Photogravure. Space between words 12j^ mm. 1935
I'rff. 14^scl4. OliO A7 Ip carmine & gray 4 4 Ohl A8 Ip carmine &
gray 4 4 Regular Issue of 1 933 Overprinted like Nos. 01 0 to 01 5 in
Black. Overprint reading downward. Space between words 21mm.
Photogravure. 1936 Perf. 14. ]0U^ A15 Ish deep blue Si gray brown
\OUS A16 Ish deep blue & i gray brown |Oii A17 2sh6p red brown &
j blue green 1.25 OU5 A 18 2sh6p red brown & blue green 1.25
Regular Issue of 1935 Overprinted in Black Reading down like Nos.
040, 041, ! Space between words 12}^ mmPhotogravure. Hyphen
between Suid-Afrika. 1987 Wmkd. j Multiple Springbok's Head.
1,201; Pelf. 14y.,.c14. \ Ol,iJ A5 Vzp green & black 4 4 047 A6 ]4p
green & black 4 1 50 50 Regular Issue of 1936 Overprinted like Nos.
042 to 045 in Black. Overprint reading downward. Space between
words 21 mm. 1987 Perf. 14. OUS A27 l^d dark green & K"1<1 6
049 A28 l!^d dark green & gold 6 Regular Issue of 1937,
Overprinted in Black, reading down like Nos. 046, 047. Space
between words 12 mm. Hyphen between Suid-Afrika. 1938 Peif.
14KijrJ4. OoO A9 6p red orange & blue green 24 24 051 AlO Op red
orange & blue green 24 24 Regular Issue of 1937. Overprinted in
Black reading down like Nos. 050, 051. Space between words llj^ to
13 mm. Hyphen between Suid-Afrika. 193H Peij. 14'^.rl4. Oo2 A5
l^p green & black 2 2 0,53 J\.6 J^p green A black 2 2 This space
may be used for tipping in possible listings of new issues from
Scott's Monthly Journal UPPKR SKNKUAL AND NIGER. AF. (ap'ir a^n
*.c6l' 4 arjtr) The former name ol F ' "^ ■n InUnd French eo west
Africa. iScr Sri.^c>.r,iM<. niger="" ini="" ckktimusl="" rlaik.=""
nd="" general="" louis="" paldhrrbc="" al="" kt="" i="" w="" h=""
jr.="" n.="" kuijenr="" bnluy="" .="" i.07="" n="" ni="" k="" d=""
prrf.="" ic="" t="" brown="" x="" m="" graf="" uu="" green=""
r="" carmine="" violet="" a8="" aoc="" bhir.="" htnitk="" ao=""
u="" blur="" pinkitk="" ijft="" violcl="" brown.="" ytuatv="" ii=""
titnrt="" flo="" an="" it="" xtio-kn.grttnitk="" ft="" in="" soc=""
deep="" lu="" blue="" trangf="" i.ou="" ifas="" iff="" black=""
i.w="" ijo=""> a.00 HOD n M 5(r carmine, i/raw «.no a.00 Cams!
With Rid* A4
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.04%
accurate

1386 UPPER SENEGAL AND NIGER— UPPER SILESIA I9H

/vi/-. i:f..j-i4. 18 A4 \c brn« 11 viiilet «$ violet 2 2 19 ii 2c eray &
hrown vio let 2 2 to ti 4c black &■ blue 3 3 tt 14 5c yellow preen &
blue ijreen 3 3 gs il lOc red oraiiRe & rose 4 4 ss it 2l)c brown violet
& black 5(t :>o 54 " 25c ultramarine 4 6 10c red brown 30 15c dark
blue 40 20c yellow 45 50c violet 60 60c huff 85 Xir pinkish 1.75 oc
green 10c rose 15c gray 20c brown 30c blue 50c black 60c orange
Ifr violet 5 5 15 20 25 30 40 50 6 30 40 45 60 85 1.75 5 5 15 20 25
30 40 50 UPPER SILESIA. E. (Qp'er sMe'slii-d ; -shd) The territorj'
which prior to the World War was part of Germany. A plebiscite held
under the terms ot tiie Treaty of Versailles failed to determine the
status of the country, the voting resulting about equally in favor of
Germany and Poland. Accordingly the League of Nations divided the
territory between Germany and Poland, to be governed by a mixed
commission until 1936. Poland's section comprises the southeastern
part of the territory. 1(K1 1'IENNIB IV o. Type V 2.(KI Pf. V 2.C ■-1.1
10.1111 4.011 5.1111 0.00 6.011 sn.oo e(I) 20.1 15 16 17 18 19 S3
Perf. 33^x14. A2 21^pfgray " 3pf red brown " 5pf green " lOpf dull
red " 15pf violet " 20pf blue " 25pf dark brown " 30pf orange " 40pf
olive green Dove With Olive Branch Flying Over Silesian Terrain A3
Perf. 14x1 3^. U A3 50pf gray 2 25 " 60pf blue 3 S6 " 75pf deep
green 4 27 " 80pf red brown 4 SS " Im claret 2 S9 " 2m dark brown
3 30 " 3m violet 4 5m orange 10 31 ' 1921 Stamps of 1920
Overprinted in Black or Red Plebiscite 20 mars 192t. 32 A2 lOpf dull
red 10 33 " 15pf violet 10 34 " 20pf blue 10 a. Inverted overprint S5
" 25pf dark brown (R) 25 36 " 30pf orange 15 37 " 40pf olive green
(R) 20 Overprinted Plibiscife 20 mars 1921. A3 50pf gray (R) 20 "
60pf blue 30 " 75pf deep green 30 a. Inverted overprint " 80pf red
brown 40 Im claret 60 38 39 UO hi Wi Stamps of 1920 in New Colors
and Surcharged i,T A3 4m on OOpf olive green 10 46 " 10m on 7.5pf
red 18 47 " 20m on 80pf orange 35 10 M
The text on this page is estimated to be only 16.82%
accurate

UPPER SILESIA UPPER VOLTA OCCUPATION STAMPS, tsued

under Polish Occupation, (21 Polish Eagle and Factories OSl Unniiikd.
Ituperf. lOf red 20f purple 80f orange 40f dark yreen 50f yellow
green 60f deep blue Im red brown OSl OFFICIAL STAMPS. 920
German Stamps of 1906-20 Handstamped in Blue or Red Wiiikd.
Lo/.enures. (125) Pivf. 14, 14's. On Stamps of 1906-19. Blue
Handstamp, n A16 2pf uruy 2.()0 2.00 IS A22 2pf gray i.ixj 2.00 »« "
2^pf «>"«}■ l.oo 1.00 »i A16 3pf brown l.(X) l.oo >5 " 5pf green
.5(1 .50 1(5 A2-> 7}.^pf orange 1.00 1.00 >7 A16 lOpf carmine
rose .50 .50 >8 A22 lopf dark violet 1.00 1.00 >9 A16 20pf blue
violet 1.00 1.00 no *• 25pf orange it black, yello-.v 4.00 4.00 m "
30pf orange \ black, hufr .50 50 m A22 3.5pf red brown 1.00 1.00 m
A 16 40pf lake & black 1.00 1.00 nu a oOpf violet li' black bu£' 1.00
1.00 m u 60pf magenta 1.00 1.00 )16 " 75pf green & black 1.(10
l.fK) W7 " 80pf lake & black. rose :s.oo 3.00 ns A17 Im carmine rose
2.00 2.00 ?19 A21 2m gray bine Red Handstamp. 3.00 3.00 y^o A
16 .5pf green 2.a) 2.00 ni A22 15pf dark violet 2.00 2.00 on A16
20pf blue violet 2.00 2.00 ■)23 40pf lake & black 2.00 2.00 ?2U u
75pf green & black 2.00 (1.00 On National Assembly Stamps of
1919-2U. Blue Handstamp, 955 027 028 A23 A24 A25 0Z9 A24 lOpf
carmine rose lopf chocolate & blue 25pf green & red 30pf red violet
& red Red Handstamp, 15pf chocolate & blue 2.00 5.00 1.50 1.50 2.
(X) 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 On Semi-Postal Stamp* of lOig. Blue
Handilamp, •> Id ■> (10 --- ...w iv'|M-r-.piJi r.*rni OSl A22 15pf-
r^^5pf dark violet C. G. H. S 14. Official Stamps of Prussia, 1920,
Overprinted 1920 />,.,./■ OSi (J2 Spfgrcei. C'-tt O-A lOpf carmine
03h 04 1.5pf violet brown OS.'i (J5 20pf deep ultramarine OSC 06
30pf orange, tuf OS7 07 50pf violet, iuffOSH 08 Im red, buff 1920-
21 3 :i •i 2 2 3 SO 3 3 2 2 2 H SO Same Overprint on Official Stamps
of Germany 1920-21. 039 01 opf green 3 01,0 02 lOpf carmine 2 Okl
03 15pf violet brown 2 OW 04 20pf deep ultramarine 2 OUS ()5 30pf
orange, huff 2 OUk 06 40pf carmine rose 2 Ohrj 07 .50pf violet, buff'
2 01,0 ()\i (iOpf red brown 2 OU7 OS \mre& buff 2 OIS 09 1.25m
dark blue,>'W/o7./ 2 (9A.9 OlO 2m dark blue SO Or>0 oil 5m
brown, yello'n' 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15 4 1922 Wnikrt. Network.
(126) or,} OlO 2m dark blue 4 4 Thi.s ,>\>.r|irii)t is fuiln,! tM,lh
liorixi,iital and vertical. rt.-:iI •Iniihte. ont Inverted. 1)87 IJPPKR
VOLTA. AP. Brt » 5 S 8 M 2.V ...i e* blue ao ai 9 *• Hlk olive brown it
brown (R) 40 Kl 10 " 3fic carmine ro«c * violet 10 II) 11 " 40t: Kray
\ carmine ro»e H ^ It •• 45l- blue & brown 1 R) H K IS " .Vk- black \
Kreen flO ao lU '."jc uranice i brown 10 111 w *• Ifr brown Ja brown
violet 15 IS J« " 2fr green 4 blue 35 35 r " .5fr violet & bl • ' (R) V,
922 IS A4 .V: olive brown A il.irL t.r,>wn i t l'.< UV r„ A \u III to " 4V
'en S s tl :«k-'i ^. .. .-.e 15 15 •* .W- ultramarine* blue 40 40 I9j
Type Of 1920 nf\ — on Surcharged '-'^ "'-' •1 A 4 tik' "U 7.V \ loin,
/imittA » • 1922 Surcharged 0,0 1 =1 0,0 1 in Various Color* •4 A4
0.01c on 15c ch.»-"laie *.,...-, II. 10 10 " 0.08c on '
The text on this page is estimated to be only 25.47%
accurate

1388 UPPER VOLTA URUGUAY tl»'-'-"> Stamps of 1920

Surcharged with New Values and Bars. to A4 tt5c on liic blue &
brown SO " ?^c. on 75c orange & brown l])*Ji'f*2li Type of 1920
Issue :it A4 8 10 3 8 10 10c cliirct it tilue .« " 30c violet A brown red
5 SS " fiOc reil oranRc & blue 8 nil " G(lc oriuijjf red 10 5 8 10 1»2«
Type of 1920 Issue Surcharged with New Value and Bars in Red. Sfl
A4 1.2.5fr on Ifr deep blue & lieht blue 12 12 1927 Type of 1920
Issue Surcharged with New Values and Bars. 30 A4 '.K)c on 7.5c
brown red & salmon pink 10 10 37 " 1.50fr on Ifr deep blue i
ultriunarine 1.5 1.5 SS " 3fr on Sfrdull red i brown orange 5(1 50 S9
" lOfr on 5fr olive sjreen & lilac rose l.tR) 1.00 liO " 20fr on 5fr
orange brown & violet 2.00 2.00 1927-28 Type of 1920 Issue. 1.1 A4
30c dull green & blue green 45 " 6.5c bistre & pale blue w r i Mh ^ 'i
M 9m§ 1 E nr Hk ~^^ B u m '^-!^SsR ij] 'Msm mm mam Hausa
Woman A6 Hausa Chief A5 1928 US A5 Ic indigo & green 2 ii " 2c
brown & lilac 2 1,5 " 4c black & yellow 2 U6 " 5c indigo & gray blue
2 47 " 10c indigo & pink 3 4S " 1.5c brown & blue 3 49 " 20c brown
& green 6 50 A6 2oc brown & yellow 6 51 " 30c deep green & green
7 52 " 40c black & pink 8 53 " 4,5c brown & blue 9 5lt " 50c black &
green 9 55 " ft5c indigo & blue 10 56 " 75c black & lilac 12 57 " 90c
brown red & lilac 20 2 2 2 2 3 3 6 6 7 8 9 9 10 12 20 Hausa Warrior
A7 I'erf. 14x13^. S8 A7 Ifr brown & green 20 20 59 " l.lOfr indigo &
lilac 40 40 60 " 1.50fr ultramarine & grayish 21 21 61 2fr black &
blue 30 30 6S " 3fr brown & yellow 45 45 63 " 5fr brown & lilac 70
70 6U lOfr black & green l.;i5 1.35 65 " 20fr black & pink 2.25 2.00
Colonial Exposition issue. ll)«l Types of Cameroons, 1931. Per/. ISfJi.
Name of Country In Black. H7 r,!) AX tOc drop green .•\9 ,50c violet
.•\10 90c red orange All l.,50fr dull blue 20 20 50 60 20 20 50 (JO
POSTAGE DUE STAMPS. Postage Due Stamps of Upper Senegal and
Niger, 1914, Overprinted in Black or Red 1920 Uuwmkd. ,HAUTE-
VOLTA JS A JO J' JS 1927 D2 Pt-rj. 14x13^. 5c green 10c rose 1.5c
grav 2()c bro'wn (R) 30c blue 50c black (R) 60c orange Ifr violet 2 2
3 3 5 ■■) 6 6 8 8 12 12 15 15 20 20 J9 JIO Type of 1914 Issue
Surcharged D2 2fr on Ifr lilac rose " ofr on Ifr orange brown 2' 30 45
1928 30 45 Jll D3 5c green 8 2 yi2 " 10c rose 2 2 J13 " 15c dark gray
4 4 Jll. " 20c dark brown 5 5 J15 " 30c dark blue 6 6 J16 " 50c black
8 8 Jll " 60c orange 10 10 J18 " Ifr dull violet 15 15 J19 " 2fr lilac
rose 30 30 jm " 3fr orange brown 46 45 URUGUAY, S. A. (u'rdo-Kwa
: db'rob.gwi') A Republic in South America, 1 ing between Brazil and
Argent!: and bordering on the Atlant Ocean. Was formerly a part of
tl Spanish Viceroyalty of Rio de Plata and subsequently a provin of
Brazil. Independence was d clared in 1825, and was formal
recognized by the Treaty of Mont video, signed August 27, 1828. Are
72,000 square miles. Capital, tevideo. 100 CENTAVOS=l REAL. 100
CENTESIMOS=l PESO. 1000 MILESIMOS = l PESO. Mo 1856 1 i S '
1857 Al "El Sol de Mayo" Al Ala Lithographed. Uutviiikil. Tttiperf. 60c
blue 250.00 a. 60c Jeep lilue 400.00 80c green 80.00 a. 80c deep
»reeii IM.OO Ir vermilion 75.00 a. \t carmine vermilioD 100.00 S/'
Ala 60c blue c, 60c p..ile blue d, 6i)c dark bine 1000.00 1350.00
1500.00 85 8 A2 4 A2 120c blue 150.(X) 1.50 a. liiic deep blue
US.OO 160 b. IWc greenish blue 200.00 175 e. TiHe b^che pair
a.WO.OV 5 U 180c green 35.00 60 a. 180c deep green 60.00 8.S 6.
Thick paper 75.00 o. Tete b^che pair 3500.00 d,, 180c dull vermilion
(error) 6 240c dull vermilion 20.(X) 125 a. ■.'40c deep vermilion
2.5.00 6. 240c brown red 50.00 c. Thick paper 60.00 Thin Numerals.
6()c lilac CT, tjnc iitny lilac H()c yellow Of, SHc or;iiige lOOc brown
lake Ct, 10(\' hrown rose 15.00 12. 20.00 l.-. 50.00 20. .W.OO 20
20.00 20. 20.00 20
The text on this page is estimated to be only 17.70%
accurate

URUGUAY 3 A3 12l)c blue 20.00 10.00 a, l-.;iii slate blue

35.00 -H^ on 1 " 180c green 5.(X) in.QO a, 18lV deep green 6.00 10
00 " 240c vermilion 25.00 25.00 n, WOc deep vermilion S5.00 -26.00
6. Halt used as ISOc on cover 100,00 e. Thick p.iper 75.00 360 Thick
Numerals. 'S A4 60c dull lilac «. 6l>c ifray lilac b, 60c hroWn lilac o.
60c red lilac U " 80c yellow €t, Si'c orang;e 16 " 100c rose a, HX^c
L-ariiiine h. Thick paper 16 " 120c blue a, 12(Il- deep blue 6, Half
used aa 60c on cover 17 " 180c yellow green Ct, 180c deep g^reen
6.00 4.00 30.00 10. 00 8.00 4,W 9.00 4.00 12.00 12.00 25.00 l-.'.OO
20.00 12.00 20.00 U'.OO 15.00 30.00 10.00 5.00 15.00 6.00 40.00
50.00 45.00 90.00 90.00 Coat of Arms <864 A5 A6 18 A5 6c rose
4.00 a, 6c deep rose 4.00 6, 6c carmine 10.00 19 " 6c pale red 10.00
a, 6c red 12.00 " 6c salmon 40.00 a. Laid paper 21 " 8c bright green
5.00 a. Sc deep erecn 6.00 6. T^te beche pair 250.00 3S " 10c
yellow 8.00 a. 10c ochre 10.00 33 " 12c blue 4.00 a. I2c dark blue
12.00 b. 12c light blue 4.00 o. 13c sLite blue 12.00 c2. Diagonal half
used as 6c ou cover 4.00 4.00 12.50 10.00 12.00 5.00 6.00 8.00
10.00 4.00 8.00 4.00 8.00 Noa. 20 and 20a were never placed in
use. 1866 |«A A6 36 36 5c on 12c blue 6.00 30.00 a, 5c on I2c slate
blue 15.00 6. Inverted surcharge 35.00 c. Double surcharge 17.50 d.
Triple surcharge 35.00 e. Pair, one without surcharge /. Surcharged
"10" instead of "5" 125, lOc on 8c bright green 6. a, lOc on 80 dull
green 5. b, Tete beche pair 75, c, Double surcharge 20. 15c on 10c
ochre 6. a, 15c on 10c yellow 6. bt Inverted surcharge 35, - ■ ■ • 20
37 38 O, Double surcharge d. Surcharged "5" instead of "15" e.
Surcharged '"10" insteaii of 'M5" '. f. Surcharged "20" 1 20c on 6c
rose a. 20c on 6c carmine b. Inverted surcharge C. Dotible surcharge
d,, .Surcharged "10" instead of "20" 1 €. Pair, one without surcharge
20c on 6c pale red reprints or proof impressions were made from
this plate. 1866-67 Perf. 8% to 13^. SU A7 Ic black 2.00 S5 A8 5c
blue 1.50 a. .'« dark blue 1.50 6, Numeral with white Hag «.00 o.
"ENTECIMOS" «.00 d. "Cr.NTEClMO" H.OO "CENTECIMOS" with
small ".S" ».00 /, Pelure paper 5.00 S6 A8a 10c green tl, lOc vellow
itrecn 6. "CI^NIEClMiiS' e, "r'nf "CKNTEriMOS" oinllled I0.'>' d.
"CENTRCIMOS" e. Diagonal half atA •■ -■< on cover /. Pelure paper
37 A8b 15c orange yellow a. 1-V yellow 6. Pelure paper S8 A8c 20c
rose ct. 20c brown Tom b. Imperf. vertically o. DlagonalhalfuMil a«
lOc on cover d. Pelure paper 15.00 e. Thick paper LM 1.50 I. so '
10.00 lO.OO 2.60 2.M 10.00 3.50 3.50 65 <5 (.uo J. 00 1.00 J.00
ISO 50 50 4.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 100 1.60 1.40 All AU 1877-79
HnulrH^ H. S'J 40 Ul U W Engraved. A9 Ic red brown AID 5c Rreen
•.Thick fmf All 10c vermilion a. Dt^aaalkall ' ate bittre . DtacoMlUII »
HM 40 ao u I HM 10 50cbl»cle a.00 |.» Ux A12 Ipblue mm *, on Tlia
Hm priBllu sf tb« I pM<. .="" coat="" of="" arma="" bballar=""
wttb="" tbeae="" aumpa="" v..="" .m="" aarf="" all="" werv=""
ofiwrad="" b="" t="" is="" k="" bnn="" in="" a="" ralabr=""
oluruaa="" aa4="" olhera="" may="" ailat="" bat.="" at="" r=""
imt="" caa="" mmtf="" imr="" aldervtl="" aa="" llthocraphed.=""
roulettrd="" u="" a9="" ic="" brown="" imparf.="" taftlnllt=""
t.m="" imp="" ll="" i.m="" e="" llorliafital="" pair.="" imfiarf.=""
it="" joaquin="" suarei="" pt-rf.="" w="" a13="" blue="" a.="" i=""
c="" t5="" devices="" from="" ams="" au="" al4a="" so=""
wmovpm="" im="" b.="">ff. U7 AUa L'c roar «0 «0 •. Impaff. Th»w
«tamp«*«*ap ft«-"S»r» (f^t^ | |« tt$m»*t^ Int • ■■••I. th !•:■ ■ '•
■.-" I 'r Ali Alt
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.42%
accurate

1390 URUGUAY General Jos6 Artigas A18 General Maximo

Santos AIT Herf. t'i, Itijeta^, 12x13. US Al;") Ic Kreen 40 a. Illipi^rf.
4.00 6. Imperf. vorliciilly 6.00 W A 16 2c ret) 60 a. Iiiiperf. 9.50 6.
linpurf. vertically HO A 17 5c blue a. liiiperf. 6. IrnptTf. vertifftlly 51
1.00 1.76 S.OO fl, Iiiil'terf. horizont^y 4.00 d. Horizontal pair, imperf.
Itelween A18 KIc brown 1.00 a. Mali tisfii a.s oc on covi-r h. Im|HTf.
3.00 30 60 75 1.00 10.00 A 19 A 20 Black Overprint or Surcharge.
1883 52 A 19 1884 5S A20 Moiiletted S. 5c green 70 «, Inverted
overprint 7.50 b» Double overprint c. Overprinted horizontally d.
"Provisorio" omitted 5.00 e. "1883" omitted 6.00 Ic on lOc vermilion
8 a. Small figure "1" 2.00 b. Inverted surcharge 2.50 c. Double
surcharge 6.00 50 7.60 55.00 6.00 5.00 8 2.00 2.0U 6.00 SU A21
A21 I'erf. 13. 2c rose 50 75 a. Inverted overprint 15,00 15.00 b.
Double overprint 15.00 c. IiTiperf. 20.00 A22 1884 Thick 55 A22 A23
Paper. 5c ultramarine a, Imperf. 1.00 1.50 Thin Paper. 56 A23 5c
blue 40 a-. Imperf. 5.00 b* Imperf. horizont'y 4,00 c Horizontal pair,
imperf. between 6.00 (l, Vertit-;il pair, imperf. between 75 4.00 40
A24 A24a 1884-80 57 A24 A24b Rouletted 8. Engraved. Ic gray 5S
59 60 60b 61 A24a A24b a. U- tif^ht gray Ic olive green 2c vermilion
5c slate blue «. Imperf. horizont'y 5c slate blue, bltte 1.00 5c violet
12 30 35 35 25 60 10 15 12 25 6S A25 7c dark brown 63 A26 10c
olive brown 6h A27 20c red violet 6.5 A28 25c gray violet SI 1.00 75
35 15 1.00 50 1.25 1.00 A29 A30 1887 Rouletted 9. Lithographed.
66 A29 10c red lilac 1.00 a, lOc gray lilac 1.00 Z>, Imperf, horizont'y
7,00 1888 67 A24 67a A24a 68 A24b 69 70 71 72 A25 A30 A27 A28
Rottletted 8. Engraved. Ic green 2c rose 5c light blue a. Imperf.
horizontally 7c orange 10c violet 20c bistre brown 25c vermilion 12
12 25 10.00 75 50 1.00 1.25 1.00 1.00 6 6 6 60 20 60 75 1889 A31
75 A31 5c violet 25 a. Inverted overprint 3.50 |», inverted "A' for "V"
iu"l'rovisorio" 2.50 o* Same as "b" inverted lO.OO Numeral of Value
A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 'Justice" A88 Hermes A39 1880-90 A40 Perf.
12% to 15. 7k A32 75 A33 76 A34 77 A35 78 A36 79 A37 80 A38 81
A39 S2 A40 Ic green 10 a. Ic deep green 4 6. Imperf. 10.00 c.
Iinperf. horizont' y 6.00 2c rose 12 5c deep blue 30 a,
Imperf.horizont y6.00 6. Horizontal pair. imperf. between 7.60 o.
Vertical pair. imperf. between 7c bistre brown 40 10c blue green 40
a. Printed on both sides 20.00 20c orange 85 25c red brown 1.25
50c light blue 2,50 Ip lilac 3.00
The text on this page is estimated to be only 15.65%
accurate

URUGUAY A41 A43 A44 1891-92 Overprinted or Surcharged

in Red or Black. Kotiletted 8. 8$ A41 20 1.60 M A43 Ic green (K) 20
a. Inverted overprint 7.60 6, Doutjle overprint 12.00 C, Double
overprint, one inverted 5.00 .i.OO c2. Double overprint, both
inverted e. "PREVISORIO" 5c violet (R) a. "1391" b. Double overprint
O. Inverted overprint 2.50 C?* Double overprint one inverted 6.00
€* Double overprint, both inverted 10.00 10.00 4.00 4.00 10 10 3.00
3.00 3.50 1892 Perf. 12% to 15, 85 A43 Icon 20c orange (B) 25 a,
Imperf. vertically h. Inverted siirch.irge 4.00 d. Vertical jmir, imperf.
between 8S A44 5c on 7c bistre brown (R) 20 a. Inverted surcharge
1.50 &. Double surcharge, one inverted 6.00 C. Double surcharge
6.00 d. Vertical surcharge '20.00 25 4.110 15 e. "1S82" 20.00 /.
"1891" 25.00 OF. "1692" ft. "1992" 25.00 25.00 i. "7892" 10.00 J,
"Centasimos" 20.00 fc. "Centeeimos" 20.00 I. "PREVISORIO" 2.60
m. Same as "1" inverted S.50 A45 A46 Arms 1892 A47 87 A45 Ic
green a. Vertical pair, imperf. between 2.00 6. Horizontal pair,
Imperf. between 3.00 88 A46 2c rose 10 a. Vertical pair, imperf.
between 4.00 6. Horizontal pair, imperf. between 6.00 89 A47 5c
blue 15 Ct, Vertical pair, imperf. between l.oO 90 A48 10c orange 60
rt. Double impression 1)91 "Liberty" 1894 A49 Arm* Aft) 91 A32 Ic
dull blue a. Verllial pair, IniMrf. Ik'Iwmd 6. Horlmntal pair, laip«rf.
Ulwi^n ; red brown 92 A33 2c 93 A»J oc 9', A35 7c 95 A36 10c 96
AS! 20c 97 A38 25c 98 A39 olic 99 A40 Ip 100 A49 2p 101 A.50 .3p
rose o. Iloriiuntal pair, Imperf. IxlwMn b. Vertical pair, liMl>erf.
Iiftwaan green orange a. Vertical pair, itnperf. hetWMD brown
vermilion lilac light blue carmine dtill violet 10 16 ao 2.00 1.00 2.(10
2.(K) 3.00 3.50 ((.00 6.00 10 4 2.(11) 1.2.') 2.(11 3.0(1 3..5(l (1,(10
am Soils Theater A. 52 Locomotive A53 iiMn,'>iniin(B Bull's Head
A51 25 Sailing Ship A.V) Liberty ' A57 Coat of Arm* A5!l |Hi».A51
lot. til.', U>r, in: 108 109 no III Hi All Cathedral In Montrvldao A«l
I'rrf. in to IS. tc biiirr 6 «. V*rtk«l ^f, \n\fmli. WI»«M> h. llorlMaUl
f^», 2r . IS a. lui^tf h.. fxull; 7c deep ^t^m \S3k |(lc brown 75 A.'iO
aic Kreen H black l.fiO A57 SSc reU,r : too t.JO A50 Ip omngr brown
A black t.on xtn AOO 2p riolec * green 10.011 |o O) A61 3p tannine
A blue lO.m law Taliwa of ikia laiw atlM im^HmrmU Wal «W; nnl
luiM.1 In that fnrm. Prealdent Joaq An2 A>. ^4 iriin-tikTTTnT^
Statue of rrclenl SulrM AtM IS90 I'rrf. /y», tn l.%. //.t AA2 Ic brown
violet* black 10 • III. AB3 V r ' 1» ;;.': A64 lOc lake * black •> •>
PrMhUal Ma»t AM
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.52%
accurate

1392 URUGUAY \ti7 1897 Red Overprint. llfi A65 Ic brown

violet & black 8 a. Invf rie.l overprint 5.00 6. I'air, one without
overprint o. Horirontiil pair, iniperf, In'lwecn 6 s.oo 117 A66 5c pale
blue A black a. Inverteii overprint b. Pair, one without overprint 25
6.00 15.00 15 6.00 118 A67 lOc lake & black a. Inverted overprint b,
Doul>le overprint 40 10.00 10.00 25 10.00 Allegorj' of Electricity A68
1897 119 A51 Ic slate blue 6 a. Printed on both 6, Verlical pair,
imperf. between ■idea ISO A52 2c claret 8 ISl A53 5c green a.
Horizontal pair, imperf. between 6, Iniperf. \erlical c. Terticiil pair,
imperf. between 15 y Hi A54 7c orange 65 ISS A68 10c red 1.00 lU
A56 20c claret & black 1.00 1S5 A57 25c pink & blue a. Horizontal
pair, imperf. between 1.00 1S6 A58 50c green & brown 1.50 m A59
Ip yellow brown & blue 3.00 128 A60 2p bistre & carmine 3.00 129
A61 3p lilac & carmine 3.. 50 50 20 40 40 75 2.00 75 75 All values of
this issue exist imperforate but they were not issued in that form.
1897 Regular Issues Overprinted in Red or Blue 130 A51 Ic slate
blue (R) 40 40 a. Inverted overprint 3.50 .3.60 151 A52 2c claret (Bl)
75 75 a. Inverted overprint 2.00 2.00 152 A53 5c green (Bl) 75 75
A53 5c steel blue a., 5c blue 6, Horizontal pair, imperf. between lUe
A68 10c red lilac 12 20 25 5.00 40 20 1900 1U7 A70 1U8 7i9 A35
A37 5m orange a. Horizontal pair, imperf. between b. Vertical pair,
imperf. between 7c carmine 20c light blue a. 20c greenish blue 1.50
60 75 1.50 10 10 A71 Black Surcharge. 150 A71 5c on 10c lake,
black & red 25 20 Girl's Head A Shepherdess A 73 A74 1900
Engraved. I'erf. 14 to 10. 151 A72 Ic yellow green 5 U. Horizontal
pair, iniperf. between 6. Verlii-nl )uilr, imperf. between 152 A73 5c
dull blue a, 5c greenish blue b. Vertical pair, Imperf. between 15^
A74 lOc gray violet 35 35 25 Eros and Cornucopia A 75 1901 15U
A75 Basket of Fruit A76 155 156 157 158 A76 A38 A39 A40 2c
vermilion a. 2c brownish red 7c brown orange 25c bistre brown 50c
carmine Ip deep green a-. Imperf. 6 12 25 1.00 2.00 3.00 7.00
SIBKL JL J!M General Artigas A 78 Cattle A79 A80 A 82 Numeral A83
Justice ' A84
The text on this page is estimated to be only 13.24%
accurate

A78 A 79 A80 A81 A82 A83 A&4 Lithographed. Pet-f. IIHom

orange 10 2 cr. 5m yellow -jo V} Ic green 8 2 a, Imperf. 6. Horizoutal
pair, hnperf, between 2c deep orange 10 2 a. '^c orange red 10 4 h»
Imperf. 5c deep blue 30 2 a, 5c d.irk blue 50 10 6. 5c p.'lle blue 75
10 c- Vertical pair, imperf. between e. Imperf. lOc dark violet 35 5 a*
Horizontal pair, imperf. between 20c gray green 75 20 2oc olive
bistre 1.00 15 •verprinted a*- . ^ m. . agonally in F 3 Z 1904 nine or
Black ^ . A79 Ic green (C) 30 30 A80 2c deep orange (B) 35 35 Cf.
Double overprint 3.50 3.50 A81 5c dark blue (C) 40 40 mmemorating
tbe termination of the Civil of \Wi. A85 Ki A85 5c dark blue 30 a.
Imperf. 5.00 »6-07 A86 5c deep blue 20 " 7c orange brown 40 " 50c
rose 1.50 Independence Commemoration Issue. 3 6 30 08 Cruiser
"Montevideo" A 87 Mo i( letted 13. A87 Ic carmine & dark green 40
a. Center inverted 250.00 h, Imperf. vertically " 2c green & dark
green 40 a. Center inverted JSO.OO h. Horizontal pair, imperf.
between " 5c orange & dark green 40 a. Center inverted 250.00
39ued to jguay, V View of Port of Montevideo A88 URUGUAY 190H
Wmk.1. U. o.ii. IMHrnnn,! Ptrf. Hi^. m A88 2c light brown 4 black
.4), ^, I7S " 5c rose red & black 40 V log of the Port of Miolirldto.
AofortM IwT 8 Stannps of r>^ t.x ■ 1900-05 Cent^s.mos
Surcharged IM7) lUUO Provisorio L'uniiikd. Perf. 14 to l«. m A74 8c
on 10c dull violet 15 a. "Conle.^itnos" so IHO A38 23c on Z'k bistre
brown ."W) I'JIO ISl A73 .5c slate green a. .^i- Prussian triTi :«i 2U
30 30 40 commemorate the independence of •hich was declared
August 25, IS'iS. A Centaur A.Sit laio >Vnikd. R. 0. in Diaiiiond. 1
187 ) Perf. 11'.,. 18t A89 2c carmine red 10 6 18S " 5c deep blue 10
10 Commemorative of the ceutenarv of LiberalloD Day, August 25,
1810. Stamps of 1900-06 Surcharged: 5 IMlLESlMOS '—1910 — a
Centesimos CtNTESIMOS -1910- —1910 — 6 -.Uc«l of CrofrM* ^vl
I«; A90 ISS IS!) {»! lUI VJi V.>'. I'.'!, 19.', Perf im ft /J A91 II • I at
ummrinr 7tt lib im Ip KAflcl Po«f«l (lonirci* l«*u« X « 4 It u
Symbolical of tht Po«u lUIl .\Vi Mnikil. K. U. In IMamoad. •IN?) I'rrf.
III,. l:iC AlBJ .'ic roir rarmine A IJ lA CoainMinorftttMg ti-' AM«rtc**
r^A«J ''oaffMB, at MoatovMj*o, J. *^" aiSlTigS No. 155 f.
Surcharged in ^ Red or CENTKSlSiOS Dark Blue 18U-19U I till
lanrnkU. Hrrf. H In in 197 A 711 2c ." til 4U J.' H\» Tjp. I. i-uw Typ«
II. .'(aiAll ■«««*«*• ftWvi Pr,r. II',. 199 AUO Sm d'Mtk. too t'li toU
lOS 6. 1... i-rvl. Km m*srnt«
The text on this page is estimated to be only 20.61%
accurate

1394 URUGUAY too to: ion ihi 191li AOO Ayi 8c ultniin.triiic
20 H 20c brown 50 3 «, V('c clioi-olnte IK> 14 ^k dark blue 1.00 20
5(.lc oriiiigc 1.59 20 Ip vermilion 2.50 W Stamps of 1912-15
Overprinted CENTENARIO DE LAS ISSTRUCCIONES DEL ANO XIII
•Jll ASK) 2c brown orange 10 10 Hi " 4c yellow 15 10 *;.■>■ •■ 5c
blue 15 15 Coiiiint;uior:aiiig tbi' ccutenary of the Hufiios Aires
Con(rre&s ol" 181S. Constitution Commemoration Issue. Allegory.
Liberty Extending Peace to the Country PJIS A!« aiU Aa^ 2c green &
red 15 15 zir, '• 5c buff & blue ;>0 20 Peace Commemoration Issue.
imT^~' . OKI. ^6r Design from Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor
A94 Per/: 14^. 2c carmine & brown 4c orange & brown 5c blue &
brown " Sc orange brown & indigo " 20c olive bistre & black " 23c
green &i black 191« I'ir A94 10 15 15 20 .50 75 Harbor of
Montevideo A95 1919-20 Perf. 11%. Lithographed. i'25 A95 5m
violet & black SS6 " Ic green & black 227 " 2c red & black 2Sii " 4c
orange & black S29 " 5c ultramarine & bl.ick SiO " Sc gray blue &
light brown Srni - 20c brown >S: black SSi ■■ 23c green & brown
i'-5;i' " 50c broNvn A; blue ?•■?/, ■• Ip dull red & blue Jose Enrique
Rodo A96 19-_Mt Jferf. J4^.j. Engraved. "^,W> .■\% 2c c.irmine i
black 2SiJ " 4c orange iV blue *■'),' " 5c blue i\: brown iKHueil ill
fumiiieniorntion ot" Jose Enrimi** Fiodu. 10 10 15 15 20 20 1921
SSS A 97 239 UO 2lt" reif. 11%. Lithographed. 5m lilac Ic light green
2c terra cotta 4c orange 5c ultramarine o 10 40 Padre Damaso A.
Larrafiaga 1921 A98 24S A'J8 .">c slate 30 30 C'ouuiieiu.irative of
the K^Oth ftnuiversary of Daiii.aso A. Larr;ifta^ii, f^rit-st and writer.
Type of 1921 Issue. 5m gray black 8 2 Ic violet 20 3 2c red 25 3 3c
blue green 30 6 .5c chocolate 25 3 12c ultramarine 1.00 15 36c olive
green 2.50 l.l-KJ 1922 2UU A97 2i.> 2i7 " 2h'J •■ J.-' ; 1922-23
Wiiikd. KEPI BLK'A 0. I)KI, LIU (JLAY. (188) J oh A97 5m gray black
12 3 25.5 " Ic violet 15 3 a. Ic red violet 26 \'l 256 " 2c pale red liO 3
257 " 2c deep rose 25 3 250 " be yellow brown 40 3 260 " 8c salmon
pink 60 50 Artigas Commemorarlon Issue. 5 2 5 2 8 2 20 3 20 2 19i
50 6 1.00 25 1..50 50 '■iOh 2.00 75 266 4.00 1.25 26>; Equestrian
Statue of Artigas A99 i Cnwmkd. P&rf. 14. Engraved. A99 2c carmine
.t sepia 20 '' 5c violet & sepia 20 12c blue & sepia 20 20 20 20 1923
261 26S 2611 27U 211 27* 27^' 27A 216 Lithographed. Size:
18x22^^ mm. Hiiikil. 4'H
The text on this page is estimated to be only 14.16%
accurate

! AlOd loc light violet :i5 , " 20c brown 50 ; " 36c salmon
1.00 5 " 50c greenish gra\ 1.,tO r " ipbuff ■ 3.00 ? " 2p dull violet
5.00 'he stamps of this series may be 'iiatincuished m those of 1923
by the size, imprint and waterrl<. v="" a.oo="" landing="" of=""
the="" under="" leadership="" juan="" antonio="" lavalleja=""
a103="" wiiikd.="" dkl="" uruguay.="" perf.="" salmon="" pink=""
black="" lilac="" blue="" ssued="" tocomrneniorate=""
ceiiten.iry="" lauj="" thirty-three="" founders="" urut="" public.=""
a="" s="" h="" issued="" to="" legislature="" building="" a104=""
uimiiikd.="" violet="" innieiiiorate="" dedication="" rase=""
parliament.="" general="" fructuoso="" rivera="" a105=""
avinkd.="" epublk="" del="" uruguay="" i="" petf.="" light=""
red="" eommemorate="" centenary="" lltle="" rincon.=""
sarandi="" commemorative="" issue.="" battk="" a106="" liy=""
green="" .5c="" dull="" deep="" l="" type="" i.sue.="" second=""
re-engraving.="" size:="" mm.="" imprenta="" nacional="" tl.=""
foot.="" .50.="" sn="" gray="" ic="" an="" :="" .v="" design=""
differs="" in="" .="" .n="" tha="">4 l«,„e». The,u. „.„„,. „, read.ly
identified by the In.prlnl and ,;il,V" l»2f> 2c hriijht rose •5c gray
t;rcen 5c dull blue 12c slate blue 3 3 3 4 2 6 fruni AlOO Type of 1923
Issue. Third Re-eneraving. Size: 17H:'x2l'l^mm. "IMP. NACIONAL" at
foot. I'rrj. 111.^. 5ni gray 6 2 Ic light violet 40 4 2c red 20 2 3c gray
green 30 5 ■5c light blue 3.5 :( Sc pink 35 \-> ■56c rosy buff 8.5 :j.-
| These stamj.s may be dlslinu-uished fro,,, pr».-.diag stamps of llie
sa,„e design by the l,nprlnl. Philatelic Exhibition Issue. 317 318 319
SSO SSI Si'H 3?^ I.OO 1.00 5.00 :..0(1 1.00 1.00 :..,>,, .^.(V, 1.00
I.OO .■..wi .^IKI Post Office at Montevideo 192; Aior Souvenir
Sheets. Unnnikd. I)nj)orf'. 550 A107 2c green a. Sheet of four 551 "
5c dull red (I, Sheet of four SSS " 8c dark blue a. Sheet of ff.ur Nos.
.S.'iO to '.I'.i'J were printed in si,iall sheets of four starnps each and
sold at the I'lillatelic Exhibition held in Montevi 30 4 (ill 15 192S
Stamp of 1924 Surcharged in Red Inauguracifin Fcrrocarril SAN
CARLOS a ROCHA 14/1/928 5 cts. 5 Unwnikfl. Pfif. ll'i2c on 12c slate
blur 5c on 12c slate blur 10c on 12o slate blur 15c on 12 Equestrian
Statue of Artigat Alio .Wf Alio 2p I'ruvsl.tn blur .V . b.v.-,,l.ur Itiq -im
.■UUI ' 3[i ilrrj, : .%. A , . «i.n) 6.00 Symbolical of the Victory ol (he
Football Team IU2N Alll Printed In Sheets often. .«4 Alll 2. ' ' I'l l& I-'
.*;.'. - 5. IS »•• .W. - H. ...; :."r » to r.auiKXnorallf* «» Ik* fHyiBfto
«•««•< l*H
The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.91%
accurate

1396 URUGUA.Y 1928 567 An2 S6S S69 Souvenir Sheets. I

nip erf. 40 40 1.50 1.50 40 40 1..'.0 1.50 40 40 l.r.o L.-iO 2c red rt.
.'^heel of four 5c yellow green a-t Sheet of four 8c deep blue (I,
Sheet of four Kos. 367, 36S and 3t>9 were issued in .stieet.s vt four
stamps each and sold to the pu)>lic at the post office. Issued iu
commemoration of the dedication of the mouument to General
Ganeon. 1929 Type of 1928 Issue. Size : 22x29^ mm. JPerf. 12i^.
A109 2p dark ^reen 3.00 3p d.-irk blue 4.50 4p violet 6.00 " 5p
carmine brown 7.50 7.50 370 S71 S7S S7,? 3.00 4.50 6.00 Black
River Bridge -Alls A114 Allegory, "Peace" View of Montevideo A115
A116 REPUBLICAO, DEL'UBUGUAY I 'Liberty" and Flag of Uruguay
A117 Liberty" with Torch and Caduceus A118 nnriTir:'
rriiLULiaiircEiiiiiaiE] Signing the Constitution A Hit Seascape A 120
Ancient View of Montevideo Harbor A121 'Liberty" and Coat of Arms
A122 ITrwtI i«epubucao.dbl t^SzcH llgjO) URUGUAY li^jglj Modern
View of Montevideo Harbor A 12:3 Statue of Artigas A 124 1930 37h
A113 J^erf. I'^y^, 12. 5m gray black Ic dark brown 2c brown rose
3c yellow green 5c dark blue 8c dull red 10c dark violet 15c blue
green 20c indigo 24c red brown 50c orange red Ip black 2p blue
violet 387 " 3p dark red 3SS " 4p red orange SS9 " 5p lilac Issued in
commemoration of the national independence and the proniu
constitution. 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 333 38h 386 386
A114 A115 A116 A117 A118 A119 A120 A121 Ar22 A123 A124 8 3 3
3 4 3 6 6 10 4 15 15 20 15 30 30 40 40 50 50 1.00 1.00 2.00 1.25
3.00 3.00 4..50 4..50 H.OO 6.00 7.50 7.50 cenlenarv of Igatioii of
the Souvenir Sheets. 1931 Type of 1856 Issue. Values in Centesimos.
■Wnikd. Greek Border and REPUBLKJA 0. DEL UUUCiUAl in Alternate
Curved Lines. (223 Itnperf. 2c gray blue 390 391 S9S Al
The text on this page is estimated to be only 17.87%
accurate

URUGUAY 9»2 Semi-Postal Stamp of 1930 Surcharged tV^

'la Perf. :/». {9 SPl ll^(c)+ll^(c) on 2c-j-2c deep green 6 6 »82 Type
of 1928 Issue. Lithographed. Inscribed "Imprenta Nacional" below
design. Size: 16xl9j^ mm. Perf. 11. Wo A109 15m black 10 2
Lavalleja A12(i perf. my^. n A126 15m brown lake 5 Flatf of the
Race Issue. Flag with Three Crosses and Silhouette of South America
983 A127 Pe»-/. 11. A127 .3c blue green " .5c rose " 7c light blue 8c
dull red " 12c deep blue " 17c violet 30c red brown " 34c yellow "
36c orange " .50c olive gray " Ip bistre Issued in oominemoration of
the Flajj of the Race" and of the 441st anniversary the sailing of
Christopher Columbus from Palos, fpain, on his tirst voyage to
America. Third National Assembly Issue. 'S8 SO pi 3S 5 5 10 6 10 3
12 13 18 13 25 30 30 ;« 36 36 50 50 75 60 1.50 1.50 raisin {J o t
the ^|gg^ Sower 983 A 128 Pert. 11%' SS A 128 \3I, " iSd " 36 \S7
3c blue green 5c dull violet 7c light blue 8c deep red 13c ultramarine
Commemorative of the Constituent Lsfleiubly. 10 14 16 24 5 5 5 16
30 National Juan ZorriUa dt S«i, Mnrtin W' A129 7c slate « g Pan-
Amerioan Conference I«u.. 4A2 kUS 'VpwnviortliliiiJf' Albatross Flying
over Map of the Americas A 130 Printed in sheets of six. Perf. llt^. 3c
green, black & brown 15 a. .Sheet of six 1.50 7c turciiioise blue,
brown & black 25 a. Sheet of six v. An 12c dark blue, gray &
vermilion 50 Ct. Sheet of six .i.OO 17c vermilion. UUO A 130 Ukl I
Kray WA W5 & violet a. Sheet of six 20c yellow, blue & green a.
Sheet of six 36c red, black & yellow a. She'et of six 65 s.tto 75 7.S0
1.00 11.00 General Rivera 1934 A131 Perf. r^%. UU6 A131 3c green
&QiD;PiE;Q10:iU:DiU.EU'A« .1^4 Stars Representing the Three
Republics 1934 A 132 Ferf. I'-i'-i. 1.1.7 A132 3c yellow green & green
1.1.8 " 7c orange red & red 1,1,0 " 12c ultramarine & blue 10 15 25
1,51 1,52 U53 l,r>!. A182 Perf. 11%. 17c brown & rose 20c yellow &
gray 36c dark violet * blue green .50c black & blue Ip dark carmine
& violet 30 35 00 15 25 M tt5 I.OO 30 30 35 HO 1.75 1.7ft 1397
tlthocraph«4. In*crlb«d • Barrciro * Ramoa 1 A " below At* , Trpe of
\91>AM A 108 flOebrowebUck a) "Uruguay" and Urattl" Holding
Scales of "Juatlcc" A 1 .11 \\M\» l',',f. It. urn A133 5m brown a, Wn
l|(kl kr«wa W» - 1.5m black 10 5 6 W9 " 3c Krecn a. V iigkl rran ItOti
** 7** or tn;;^ S 10 5 ft W/ " I-.' fine » ») l>6i " :iv ,rown l.» ISV
Imiw.I In rixiiiiwinitralRni •( Um tWI W diiDt \'Rr(w of Hrull, rna*^
1935-3(1 Type of 1928. Lithographed Inscribed "Imprenta Naclon
belo^v design. Vrrf. n, 1^1^. Slie: 16x2<> mm. 1,63 Aim .5m lighl
brown &a 4«ff 4C7 \c pair violet 5c bluish green 2Uc fawn ."iOc
brown black t 5 10 16 40 4«.s 4«.'/ 470 Site: ^l^x^8^ mm. .\1(HI I
p brown 80 3p blue I m 3p grajr black i.V> f t 3 10 1ft 00 l.« <.40
florencio="" .="" at.="" a1="" green="" ft="" i="" brown="" s=""
blue="" la="" imu="" in="" cotiiti="">»io..f*iUHi of Ik* *alk*«.
ftwaall '«.tnc)»»i. Issued in coinuiemorallon of the Kl"t V..f ••( the
Third Republic. 1087 4?4 Ai:i'> MIlMlU'
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