(A) Pteridosperms

2.2 GYMNOSPERMS (B) Rhyniophytes

(C) Lycopods
1. Which of the following is a characteristic
(D) Sphenopsids
feature of gymnosperms?
(A) Presence of flowers 5. Which order of gymnosperms is
(B) Double fertilization characterized by the presence of motile
(C) Naked ovules sperms?
(D) Presence of true fruits (A) Coniferales
(B) Gnetales
2. According to Sporne (1974), the
(C) Cycadales
Gymnosperms are classified into which
(D) Both (A) and (B)
major divisions?
(A) Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, 6. Given a cross-section of a gymnosperm
Anthophyta stem showing a large pith, broad medullary
(B) Cycadopsida, Coniferopsida, rays, and loosely arranged vascular
Gnetopsida bundles, this anatomical feature is typical
(C) Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, of:
Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta (A) Pinus
(D) Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, (B) Cycas
Angiospermae (C) Ephedra
(D) Ginkgo
3. Match Column I with Column II regarding
gymnosperm characteristics: 7. Coralloid roots, which house nitrogen-fixing
Column I Column II (Description) cyanobacteria, are a distinctive feature of:
(Characteristic) (A) Coniferales
a. Manoxylic wood (i) Compact wood with
(B) Ginkgoales
abundant xylem (C) Cycadales
(D) Gnetales
b. Pycnoxylic wood (ii) Loose wood with
abundant parenchyma
8. The endosperm in gymnosperms is formed:
c. Resin canals (iii) Secretory ducts (A) After fertilization and is diploid
found in conifers (B) Before fertilization and is haploid
d. Transfusion tissue (iv) Specialized tissue in
(C) After fertilization and is triploid
conifer leaves (D) Before fertilization and is diploid

Options: 9. Which of the following gymnosperms is a

(A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv) source of the anti-cancer drug Taxol?
(B) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(iv) (A) Pinus roxburghii
(C) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(iii) (B) Cedrus deodara
(D) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iv), d-(iii) (C) Taxus baccata
(D) Cycas revoluta
4. The fossil group considered to be the
ancestors of gymnosperms are: 10. The phenomenon of circinate vernation,

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 commonly seen in ferns, is also observed in (C) Formation of pollen tube
the young leaves of: (D) All of the above
(A) Ginkgo
(B) Pinus 15. The wood of Pinus is described as:
(C) Cycas (A) Manoxylic and monoxylic
(D) Gnetum (B) Pycnoxylic and polyxylic
(C) Manoxylic and polyxylic
11. The presence of true vessels in the xylem is (D) Pycnoxylic and monoxylic
a unique characteristic among
gymnosperms, found in the order: 16. Which of the following statements is true
(A) Coniferales regarding the origin of gymnosperms?
(B) Ginkgoales (A) They originated from angiosperms.
(C) Cycadales (B) They evolved from ancient ferns.
(D) Gnetales (C) They are believed to have originated
from progymnosperms.
12. Match Column I with Column II regarding (D) They are a direct descendant of algae.
economic importance:
17. The leaves of Ginkgo biloba are
Column I Column II (Economic
(Gymnosperm) Product/Use) distinctively:
(A) Needle-like
a. Pinus (i) Ephedrine (B) Pinnately compound
b. Taxus (ii) Timber, resin (C) Fan-shaped
(D) Scale-like
c. Ephedra (iii) Ornamental
18. In the life cycle of Pinus, the pollen grain
d. Cycas (iv) Taxol
represents:
(A) Male sporophyte
Options:
(B) Male gametophyte
(A) a-(ii), b-(iv), c-(i), d-(iii)
(C) Female gametophyte
(B) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv)
(D) Female sporophyte
(C) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(i)
(D) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(ii) 19. Which of the following gymnosperm orders
is characterized by a single living species,
13. The largest ovule in the plant kingdom is
often referred to as a "living fossil"?
found in:
(A) Cycadales
(A) Pinus
(B) Coniferales
(B) Gnetum
(C) Ginkgoales
(C) Cycas
(D) Gnetales
(D) Ginkgo
20. The primary function of the nucellus in a
14. Which evolutionary trend in gymnosperms
gymnosperm ovule is:
led to greater independence from water for
(A) To produce the embryo
fertilization?
(B) To provide nourishment to the
(A) Development of sporophyte dominance
developing embryo sac
(B) Reduction of the gametophyte
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 (C) To form the seed coat (A) Gnetum
(D) To develop into the endosperm (B) Cycas
(C) Pinus
21. Which of the following is an example of a (D) Welwitschia
dioecious gymnosperm?
(A) Pinus (most species) 27. Which of the following is a distinguishing
(B) Cycas anatomical feature of Gnetum leaves
(C) Cedrus compared to other gymnosperms?
(D) Abies (A) Presence of transfusion tissue
(B) Reticulate venation
22. The term "naked seeds" in gymnosperms (C) Absence of stomata
refers to the absence of: (D) Sunken stomata
(A) Ovary wall
(B) Pericarp 28. In Sporne's classification, the class
(C) Both (A) and (B) Cycadopsida includes which orders?
(D) Seed coat (A) Cycadales, Ginkgoales
(B) Cycadales, Cycadeoidales
23. Which of the following statements about (C) Cycadales, Gnetales
the reproduction in Gnetales is (D) Cycadales, Coniferales
INCORRECT?
(A) They show compound strobili. 29. The most primitive living gymnosperms are
(B) They exhibit a form of double considered to be in the order:
fertilization. (A) Coniferales
(C) Their pollen grains are winged. (B) Gnetales
(D) They have non-motile sperms. (C) Cycadales
(D) Ginkgoales
24. The presence of a well-developed tap root
system is a general characteristic of: 30. The evolutionary development of the ovule
(A) Bryophytes in gymnosperms provided protection to the:
(B) Pteridophytes (A) Microspore
(C) Gymnosperms (B) Megaspore
(D) Angiosperms (C) Pollen grain
(D) Antheridium
25. The economic importance of Juniperus
species primarily lies in: 31. Match Column I with Column II regarding
(A) Timber production reproductive features:
(B) Source of edible seeds Column I (Feature) Column II (Order)
(C) Production of gin flavoring
(D) Medicinal uses for respiratory ailments a. Compound male (i) Cycadales
strobilus
26. Given a diagram showing a gymnosperm b. Motile multiflagellate (ii) Coniferales
stem with distinct annual rings and a sperms
prominent central pith, this structure is
c. Winged pollen grains (iii) Gnetales
characteristic of:

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 d. Simple male cone (iv) Ginkgoales, water-conducting elements
Cycadales (C) Heterosporous life cycle
(D) Dominant sporophytic generation
Options:
(A) a-(ii), b-(iv), c-(i), d-(iii) 37. The wood of Cycas is described as:
(B) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv) (A) Pycnoxylic and compact
(C) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(ii), d-(iv) (B) Manoxylic and loose
(D) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(ii), d-(i) (C) Both pycnoxylic and manoxylic
(D) Neither pycnoxylic nor manoxylic
32. Which of the following is a characteristic of
the archegonium in gymnosperms? 38. The evolutionary significance of
(A) It contains multiple eggs. progymnosperms lies in their possession
(B) It is a multicellular female of:
gametangium. (A) True flowers
(C) It is absent in all gymnosperms. (B) Secondary xylem like gymnosperms and
(D) It develops into the sporophyte directly. spore reproduction like ferns
(C) Naked seeds and true fruits
33. The presence of a prominent "leaf gap" in (D) Double fertilization
the stem anatomy is characteristic of:
(A) Pinus 39. In Ginkgo biloba, the male and female
(B) Cycas reproductive structures are found on:
(C) Ephedra (A) The same plant (monoecious)
(D) Gnetum (B) Different plants (dioecious)
(C) The same branch but different parts
34. The primary commercial use of Pinus (D) Alternating generations
species is for:
(A) Edible seeds 40. Which of the following anatomical features
(B) Resins and timber is common to both Cycadales and
(C) Medicinal compounds Ginkgoales?
(D) Ornamental purposes only (A) Presence of vessels
(B) Motile sperms
35. The term "siphonogamy" refers to (C) Pycnoxylic wood
fertilization involving: (D) Needle-like leaves
(A) Motile sperms swimming in water
(B) Non-motile sperms carried by a pollen 41. The economic product "turpentine oil" is
tube primarily obtained from:
(C) Direct contact between gametangia (A) Cedrus
(D) Fusion of vegetative cells (B) Abies
(C) Pinus
36. Which of the following is NOT a general (D) Larix
characteristic of gymnosperms?
(A) Presence of sieve tubes with 42. Given a microscopic image showing resin
companion cells canals surrounded by epithelial cells in the
(B) Presence of tracheids as the main stem, this feature is characteristic of:

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 (A) Cycadales (C) It is a common ornamental plant.
(B) Ginkgoales (D) It belongs to the order Cycadales.
(C) Coniferales
(D) Gnetales 47. The primary conducting tissue for water in
most gymnosperms is:
43. In the classification of Sporne (1974), the (A) Vessels
order Gnetales belongs to the class: (B) Sieve tubes
(A) Cycadopsida (C) Tracheids
(B) Coniferopsida (D) Companion cells
(C) Gnetopsida
(D) Anthophyta 48. The evolutionary origin of seeds is linked to
the retention of:
44. The main reason for gymnosperms being (A) Microspores within the
less diverse than angiosperms is: microsporangium
(A) Lack of vascular tissue (B) Megaspores within the
(B) Dependence on water for fertilization megasporangium
(C) Absence of flowers and fruits (C) Pollen grains within the anther
(D) Primitive root system (D) Spores within the sporangium

45. Match Column I with Column II regarding a 49. Which of the following gymnosperms is
specific anatomical feature: known for its edible seeds, often called
Column I (Feature) Column II "pine nuts"?
(Description/Significance) (A) Pinus gerardiana
(B) Abies balsamea
a. Sunken stomata (i) Characteristic of
tracheids (C) Picea abies
(D) Larix decidua
b. Transfusion tissue (ii) Common in vessel-
less xylem 50. The pollen chamber in a gymnosperm ovule
c. Simple pit (iii) Water transport in is a space where:
leaves (A) The embryo develops
(B) Pollen grains germinate
d. Bordered pit (iv) Adaptation to
mesophytic conditions (C) The nucellus is formed
(D) The archegonia are located
Options:
51. Given a fossil impression showing large,
(A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv)
pinnately compound leaves and a stout,
(B) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(i)
unbranched stem, this fossil likely belongs
(C) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(iii)
to an extinct member of:
(D) a-(iv), b-(ii), c-(i), d-(iii)
(A) Coniferales
46. Which of the following statements about (B) Cycadales
Welwitschia is correct? (C) Ginkgoales
(A) It has fan-shaped leaves. (D) Gnetales
(B) It produces only two persistent, strap-
52. The presence of dwarf shoots (spur shoots)
shaped leaves throughout its life.
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 bearing leaves is a characteristic feature of: to form:
(A) Cycas (A) A compact male cone
(B) Pinus (B) Loose strobili
(C) Gnetum (C) A compound cone
(D) Ephedra (D) An independent structure, not forming a
cone
53. Which of the following is a major economic
product derived from Cedrus deodara? 58. Which of the following gymnosperm orders
(A) Resin is considered to be the most advanced due
(B) Timber to its angiosperm-like features?
(C) Medicinal oil (A) Cycadales
(D) Paper pulp (B) Ginkgoales
(C) Coniferales
54. The term "gymnosperm" literally means: (D) Gnetales
(A) Covered seed
(B) Naked seed 59. The main reason for the widespread
(C) Flowering plant distribution of conifers is their adaptation
(D) Cone-bearing plant to:
(A) Tropical rainforests
55. Match Column I with Column II regarding (B) Aquatic environments
the type of wood: (C) Cold and dry climates
Column I (Wood Type) Column II (Example) (D) Hot deserts

a. Manoxylic (i) Pinus 60. Which part of the gymnosperm ovule

b. Pycnoxylic (ii) Cycas develops into the seed coat?
(A) Nucellus
c. Vessels present (iii) Gnetum (B) Integuments
d. Homoxylous (iv) Most gymnosperms (C) Archegonium
(D) Embryo sac
Options:
61. Given a plant with large, pinnate, fern-like
(A) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(i)
leaves and a stout, unbranched stem, it
(B) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv)
most likely belongs to:
(C) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iv), d-(iii)
(A) Coniferales
(D) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(iv)
(B) Gnetales
56. The evolutionary advancement of (C) Cycadales
gymnosperms over pteridophytes is (D) Ginkgoales
primarily due to:
62. The economic importance of Ephedra
(A) Presence of roots, stems, and leaves
species is primarily due to the presence of:
(B) Development of seeds
(A) Resins
(C) Homosporous nature
(B) Alkaloids like ephedrine
(D) Absence of secondary growth
(C) Edible seeds
57. In Cycas, the microsporophylls are arranged (D) Essential oils
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63. In Sporne's classification (1974), the class (B) Male and female cones are on the same
Coniferopsida includes: plant
(A) Coniferales and Taxales (C) The plant produces only male cones
(B) Coniferales and Gnetales (D) The plant produces only female cones
(C) Coniferales and Cycadales
(D) Coniferales and Cordaitales 68. The secondary xylem of Cycas is
characterized by:
64. The evolutionary transition from spore (A) Presence of vessels
dispersal to seed dispersal is significant (B) Abundant xylem parenchyma and broad
because it: medullary rays
(A) Increased dependence on water (C) Compact wood with narrow medullary
(B) Provided better protection and rays
nourishment to the embryo (D) Absence of annual rings
(C) Limited geographical distribution
(D) Reduced the size of the sporophyte 69. The earliest known seed plants are
generally grouped under:
65. Match Column I with Column II regarding (A) Pteridophytes
the type of fertilization: (B) Progymnosperms
Column I (Fertilization Type) Column II (Order) (C) Seed ferns (Pteridosperms)
(D) Angiosperms
a. Zoidogamy (i) Gnetales
70. The economic product "varnish" is obtained
b. Siphonogamy (ii) Coniferales
from the resin of:
c. Incomplete double (iii) Cycadales (A) Abies
fertilization (B) Larix
(C) Pinus
Options: (D) Juniperus
(A) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(i)
(B) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii) 71. Which of the following orders is
(C) a-(iii), b-(i), c-(ii) characterized by having both simple and
(D) a-(ii), b-(iii), c-(i) compound strobili?
(A) Cycadales
66. Which of the following is an anatomical (B) Ginkgoales
feature that helps gymnosperms survive in (C) Coniferales
xerophytic conditions? (D) Gnetales
(A) Broad leaves
(B) Sunken stomata 72. Given a microscopic view of a gymnosperm
(C) Absence of cuticle leaf showing a thick cuticle, sunken
(D) Presence of vessels stomata, and transfusion tissue, this is
most likely a leaf of:
67. The term "monoecious" in gymnosperms (A) Cycas
indicates that: (B) Ginkgo
(A) Male and female cones are on different (C) Pinus
plants (D) Gnetum
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73. The suspensor in a gymnosperm embryo is (A) Cycas circinalis
responsible for: (B) Pinus sylvestris
(A) Absorbing nutrients from the nucellus (C) Ginkgo biloba
(B) Pushing the embryo into the nutritive (D) Taxus baccata
tissue
(C) Forming the cotyledons 79. The primary function of the winged pollen
(D) Developing into the radicle grains in Pinus is:
(A) To aid in water dispersal
74. The classification system of Sporne (1974) (B) To provide nourishment to the pollen
for gymnosperms is primarily based on: tube
(A) Floral characteristics (C) To facilitate wind dispersal
(B) Morphological and anatomical features (D) To attract insects for pollination
(C) Molecular data
(D) Reproductive strategies only 80. Match Column I with Column II regarding
specific reproductive structures:
75. Which of the following is a common Column I Column II
ornamental gymnosperm grown in (Structure) (Description/Associated
gardens? Order)

(A) Welwitschia mirabilis a. Microsporophyll (i) Female gametangium in

(B) Cycas revoluta gymnosperms
(C) Ephedra gerardiana
b. Ovuliferous scale (ii) Part of female cone of
(D) Gnetum gnemon conifers

76. The term "polyembryony" in gymnosperms c. Archegonium (iii) Conveys male gametes
refers to: to ovule

(A) The development of multiple pollen d. Pollen tube (iv) Leaf-like structure
grains from one microspore mother cell bearing microsporangia
(B) The formation of multiple embryos
within a single ovule Options:
(C) The production of many seeds from one (A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iii), d-(iv)
fruit (B) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(iv)
(D) The presence of multiple cotyledons in (C) a-(i), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(iv)
a single embryo (D) a-(iv), b-(ii), c-(i), d-(iii)

77. The evolutionary trend of reduction of the 81. Which of the following is a characteristic
gametophyte generation is most evident in: anatomical feature of Ephedra stems?
(A) Bryophytes (A) Large pith and broad medullary rays
(B) Pteridophytes (B) Presence of vessels and jointed stems
(C) Gymnosperms (C) Manoxylic wood
(D) Algae (D) Absence of resin canals

78. Which of the following gymnosperms has 82. The term "living fossil" is applied to Ginkgo
fan-shaped, deciduous leaves and produces biloba because:
a fleshy, foul-smelling seed coat? (A) It is the only surviving species of its
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 order with ancient lineage. (A) Presence vs. absence of pollen tube
(B) It has a very short life span. (B) Motile vs. non-motile sperms
(C) It is found only in fossilized form. (C) Single vs. double fertilization
(D) It is an endangered species. (D) External vs. internal fertilization

83. The economic importance of Abies (fir) 88. The economic importance of Juniperus
species is primarily for: communis includes its use in:
(A) Edible seeds (A) Timber for construction
(B) Christmas trees and pulpwood (B) Flavoring for alcoholic beverages
(C) Medicinal extracts (C) Production of paper
(D) Resins (D) Source of rubber

84. In the comparative study of gymnosperms, 89. Which of the following is a general
the most primitive type of pollen tube is characteristic of the female cone of
found in: conifers?
(A) Coniferales (e.g., Pinus) (A) It is typically small and herbaceous.
(B) Gnetales (e.g., Gnetum) (B) It consists of spirally arranged
(C) Cycadales (e.g., Cycas) megasporophylls.
(D) All gymnosperms have equally (C) It is composed of ovuliferous scales
advanced pollen tubes. and bract scales.
(D) It produces motile ovules.
85. Which of the following statements about
the origin of gymnosperms is INCORRECT? 90. In Sporne's classification (1974), the class
(A) They diversified significantly during the Gnetopsida includes which orders?
Mesozoic era. (A) Gnetales and Ephedrales
(B) Their origin is linked to the evolution of (B) Gnetales, Ephedrales, and
heterospory. Welwitschiales
(C) They are believed to have evolved from (C) Gnetales and Welwitschiales
a common ancestor with angiosperms. (D) Gnetales, Ephedrales, and Cycadales
(D) The development of the seed was a key
evolutionary innovation. 91. The presence of a "collar" of stem tissue at
the base of the ovule is a characteristic
86. Given a cross-section of a gymnosperm feature of:
root showing a diarch to polyarch stele with (A) Pinus
xylem and phloem arranged radially, this (B) Cycas
structure is typical of: (C) Gnetum
(A) Pinus root (D) Ginkgo
(B) Cycas root
(C) Gnetum root 92. The evolutionary success of gymnosperms
(D) All gymnosperm roots is partly attributed to their ability to:
(A) Produce true fruits for seed dispersal
87. The main difference in the fertilization (B) Form symbiotic relationships with fungi
process between Cycadales/Ginkgoales (C) Adapt to drier terrestrial environments
and Coniferales/Gnetales is: (D) Develop flowers for efficient pollination
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93. Match Column I with Column II regarding a (B) Ornamental trees and timber
specific plant part and its function/feature: (C) Medicinal products
Column I (Part) Column II (D) Resins
(Function/Feature)
98. The term "heterosporous" in gymnosperms
a. Megasporophyll (i) Bears microsporangia refers to the production of:
b. Microsporangium (ii) Produces megaspores
(A) Two types of spores: microspores and
megaspores
c. Nucellus (iii) Female gametangium (B) Spores of the same size
d. Archegonium (iv) Nutritive tissue in ovule
(C) Spores that germinate into male and
female gametophytes
Options: (D) Both (A) and (C)
(A) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iv), d-(iii)
99. The evolutionary development of the pollen
(B) a-(ii), b-(i), c-(iii), d-(iv)
tube allowed gymnosperms to overcome
(C) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(i), d-(iv)
the need for:
(D) a-(iv), b-(iii), c-(ii), d-(i)
(A) Photosynthesis
94. Which of the following gymnosperms is (B) Water for sperm transport
known for its large, unbranched stem and (C) Sunlight for growth
the production of "sago"? (D) Soil for anchorage
(A) Pinus
100. Which of the following is a common
(B) Cycas
characteristic shared by Cycadales and
(C) Ginkgo
Ginkgoales?
(D) Ephedra
(A) Presence of vessels in xylem
95. The absence of vessels in xylem is a (B) Compound strobili
primitive feature found in most (C) Motile male gametes
gymnosperms, except for: (D) Pycnoxylic wood
(A) Coniferales
(B) Cycadales
(C) Ginkgoales
(D) Gnetales

96. Given a plant with needle-like leaves

arranged in fascicles (dwarf shoots), this
plant is most likely a member of:
(A) Cycadales
(B) Ginkgoales
(C) Coniferales
(D) Gnetales

97. The economic importance of Araucaria

species is primarily for:
(A) Edible seeds
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