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Post-Tensioned Concrete
Principles and Practice
Post-Tensioned Concrete
Principles and Practice
Third Edition

K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred

 Copyright © 2016 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted by any means—whether auditory, graphic,
mechanical, or electronic—without written permission of both publisher and author, except in the case of brief excerpts used
in critical articles and reviews. Unauthorized reproduction of any part of this work is illegal and is punishable by law.

ISBN: 978-1-4834-4699-8 (sc)

ISBN: 978-1-4834-4700-1 (e)

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Lulu Publishing Services rev. date: 06/14/2016

 Table of Contents

Preface ....................................................................................................................................................... vi

1) History of Post-Tensioned Concrete in United States Building Construction ...................................1

2) Design Philosophy, Equivalent Loads & Concrete Stresses on Determinate Systems ....................23

3) Review of Moment Distribution .......................................................................................................51

4) Concrete Stresses in Indeterminate Systems ....................................................................................61

5) Flexural Design.................................................................................................................................77

6) Shear Design .....................................................................................................................................99

7) Two-Span Beam Design Example ..................................................................................................149

8) One-Way Slab Design Examples ...................................................................................................177

9) Two-Way Slab Design Examples ...................................................................................................201

10) Two-Way Podium Slab Design Example .......................................................................................249

11) Mat Foundation Design Example ...................................................................................................277

12) Seismic Diaphragm Design Example .............................................................................................299

13) Design & Detailing for Mitigation of Restraint to Shortening Cracking .......................................327

14) Construction Issues and Structural Observations ...........................................................................351

15) Slabs-on-Ground .............................................................................................................................393

16) External Post-Tensioning ...............................................................................................................421

17) About the Authors ..........................................................................................................................439

 Preface

Writing this book has been a labor of love and it actually began back in the mid-1990s, though I didn’t
realize it at the time. Much of the early chapters were written when I was teaching Prestressed Concrete
Design at California Polytechnic State University at Pomona. I was a young man at the time, but I was
lucky enough to have access to some of the greatest post-tensioned concrete engineers in the world.
Over the years Bryan and I have learned the art of designing and detailing post-tensioned concrete from
men such as my father, Ross Ellena, Ed Workman, Merrill Walstad, Florian Barth and Chris Deetz. We
both owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to all these men for sharing their wisdom. I also want to
acknowledge Trailer Martin, C.K. Allen, Bob Englekirk and Jim Cagley who were friends of my father
before I even knew I wanted to be a structural engineer and offered opportunities and served as role
models for me throughout my developing career.

Like most structural engineers in the post-tensioned concrete industry, Bryan and I were waiting for my
father to write this book. But when it became clear that he wasn’t going to, we decided to step up and
take on the challenge. The book is a combination of history, academic notes intended for use at the
university level, design examples straight from actual jobs that Bryan and I have designed and practical
applications and detailing intended for the practicing engineer. Chapter 1 describes the history of post-
tensioned concrete in the United States as only my father can tell it. Chapters 2 through 8 are currently
the notes that I use to teach Design of Prestressed Concrete Structures at UCLA. Chapters 9 through 13
are practical design examples in which we attempt to address many of the decisions faced by practicing
engineers on typical projects including proper computer analysis and modeling techniques. Chapters 13
and 14 contain the true art of detailing and observing the construction of post-tensioned concrete. This
knowledge was obtained over many years of working on our own projects and from listening and
learning from the men who were the pioneers of post-tensioned concrete. Chapter 15 is a thorough
discussion of the slab on grade industry, which represents more sales of post-tensioning tendons than all
other post-tensioning applications combined. And finally, Chapter 16 discusses arguably the most fun
and challenging application of post-tensioning – external post-tensioning.

I want to acknowledge and thank my 2012 UCLA CEE 143 students for helping me iron out the class
notes, and in particular Mr. Ryan Nakamoto and Mr. Christopher Smith for their reviews of the design
example chapters.

K. Dirk Bondy
This book reflects what Dirk and I do on a daily basis as structural engineers who specialize in post-
tensioned buildings. When my children ask me what I do for a living, I will give them this book and say
“This should explain it.” We tried to cover every detail from the beginning theory of balanced loads to
what to look for during the final structural observation. Over the years, we have engineered small
residential foundations to large hotels and everything in between. If it’s in a building and post-tensioned,
we have designed it, seen it constructed and tried to describe how to do it in the following chapters. As
Dirk wrote, we have both been extremely fortunate to be mentored by literally some of the best post-
tensioning engineers in the world. This book was written by them as much as us and will hopefully help
other engineers learn the art of post-tensioning.

Bryan Allred
 1
History of Post-Tensioned Concrete in
United States Building Construction
by Ken Bondy

Post-Tensioning – What’s That?

It was the fall of 1963. I was 23 years old. I had completed the course work for my Master of Science
degree in Civil Engineering at UCLA, and I was almost finished with my thesis. I was barely surviving
on my meager teaching assistant salary. All things considered, it was time to…get a job.

I was living at the time in the San Fernando Valley, north of the UCLA campus, where I grew up. I
hoped that my first professional job could be in that area. So out came the Yellow Pages. I sent a brief
résumé to all of the structural engineering firms in the Valley, and I got about ten responses. I had
interviews at all of those ten firms, and soon had offers from five of them. All of the firms were offering
about the same salaries and benefits, so I had little objectively with which to make a decision. But there
was something unique and unusually appealing about one of the firms. I felt a good connection with the
engineering supervisor who interviewed me. His name was Ray Itaya, and the firm’s name was T.Y. Lin
& Associates. Ray offered me a job and I accepted.

My very first introduction to prestressed concrete came in one of my graduate structural analysis courses
at UCLA. The introduction lasted about fifteen minutes, and consisted of calculating some flexural
stresses at midspan in a simple-span beam. I had no idea prestressed concrete was about to become my
life’s work. It’s funny; many of the crossroads in our lives are passed without realizing their importance,
without sensing that the path we choose will change everything to follow. Seemingly inconsequential
decisions and events make profound changes, and yet often we do not realize their significance at the
time. When I accepted the job at T.Y. Lin & Associates in 1963 I did not know that I would be
introduced to post-tensioned concrete by the pioneering U.S. firm in that new field. I did not know I
would learn the fundamentals of prestressed concrete design from T.Y. Lin himself, who was becoming
the most respected individual in the history of prestressed concrete in this country. I did not know that
the decision to go to work for this firm would change my life forever.

My career as a specialist in the design and construction of post-tensioned concrete buildings spanned
almost the entire history of their use in the United States. I missed a few years when tendons were
predominantly used in lift-slab construction, but I did get involved in several lift-slab projects and I got
to know many of the people in the lift-slab industry.

I was moved and flattered when my son Dirk, who is also a specialist in post-tensioned concrete (bad
genes?) and an outstanding structural engineer, asked that I write the first chapter of this book. In the
following pages I will address the major landmarks which molded the present U.S. post-tensioned
concrete building industry.
2 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

Thanks to Lift Slabs!

The U.S. building post-tensioning industry owes its existence to lift-slab construction. The first lift-slab
buildings were built in this country in the mid-1950s using non-prestressed slabs. Problems were
encountered during lifting in these early slabs because of their weight, and large deflections developed
after construction due to flexural creep. Post-tensioning was being widely used in European bridges at
that time, and the first post-tensioned bridges had been built in the United States and were functioning
well. Post-tensioning offered a potential solution to the problem of weight and deflection in lifted slabs
in buildings. The problem was that all of the existing post-tensioning systems available were in Europe,
and most of those systems were heavy bonded multi-strand systems not suitable for slab construction.
One of the European systems, however, held some promise for use unbonded in thin slabs. That was the
BBRV or “button-headed” tendon system. This system consisted of parallel-lay ¼” diameter high-
strength (240 ksi) wires which passed through a steel bearing plate and an externally threaded stressing
washer, with “buttons” cold-formed by impact on the ends of the wires. The buttons were anchored
against the outside face of the stressing washer, which attached to a hydraulic ram that elongated the
wires and applied the stress. The prestress force was held by steel shims inserted between the stressing
washer and the bearing plate.

Button-Headed (BBRV) Anchorage

To address the problems of weight and deflection, each of the early lift-slab companies went to Europe
and returned with a license to fabricate and use an unbonded BBRV tendon system. Some “independent”
companies (not involved in lift-slab construction) also obtained BBRV licenses and began to engage in
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 3

the general marketing of post-tensioned buildings; those included Prescon, Ryerson, American Stress-
Wire, and a few others.

Post-tensioning slabs in lift-slab buildings reduced their weight by about 30 percent, making lifting
easier, and solved the deflection problems. For a short time the lift-slab industry thrived and many
quality lift-slab buildings were built. However, while solving some problems, the button-headed tendon
system created others. First, since both dead-end and stressing-end anchorages were attached in the
factory, button-headed tendons had to be fabricated to a precise length between slab edge forms, with
very little tolerance. If the as-delivered tendon length was shorter or longer than the length between edge
forms, either the tendon had to be replaced with another one of the correct “exact” length, or the edge
forms had to be moved.

Next, button-headed tendons required some type of stressing pocket at their stressing-end to cover the
shims and stressing washer which protruded out from the bearing plate. Some contractors used a
continuous edge strip to cover the anchorages; others preferred a “saw-tooth” arrangement with a pocket
at each anchorage. But in both cases a second concrete pour was required to fill the pockets or the
continuous edge strip.

Finally, button-headed tendons required bulky and expensive couplers when intermediate stressing was
required. The coupler was usually provided in the form of a large high-strength steel stud, externally
threaded, that screwed into an internally threaded hole in the stressing washer. Tendon friction in wire
tendons at that time limited stressing lengths to about 80 feet from one end, and twice that, or about 160
feet, from two ends. Any building longer than 160 feet in either direction therefore required an
intermediate construction joint, intermediate tendon stressing, and expensive couplers. Most buildings
required such a joint.

The First Strand Post-Tensioning System

The first strand post-tensioning system used in the U.S. was developed in the early 1960s by Edward K.
Rice, the president of T. Y. Lin & Associates. The T. Y. Lin firm did consulting work for many precast
concrete plants, and of course they all used seven-wire strand for prestressing steel, anchored at the
bulkheads with various types of wedge anchors. T. Y. Lin & Associates had begun designing buildings
with some post-tensioned members, and Ed was keenly aware of the construction problems with the
button-headed tendons on those projects. Through his familiarity with the use of strand in
precast/prestressed concrete members, he also recognized that the use of a strand system with wedge
anchorages would solve all of the problems inherent in the button-headed system. Responsive to all of
this, Ed designed and patented the first wedge anchorage for use with seven-wire strand in post-
tensioned applications. He formed a separate company to market the strand system. That company was
called Atlas Prestressing Corp. Ed sold Atlas to Harold D. Long, a young engineer working for T. Y. Lin
& Associates at the time, and Hal became its first chief executive. Atlas was based in Van Nuys,
California. Through my design work at T. Y. Lin & Associates I became enthralled with post-tensioned
concrete as a structural system, and familiar with Atlas as a company. I joined Atlas in 1965, after about
three years with T. Y. Lin & Associates.

Atlas, under Hal Long’s leadership, introduced the strand post-tensioning system to the U.S.
construction market in 1962. Although competition with the button-headed tendon firms was fierce,
Atlas met with much success because the strand system eliminated all of the construction problems
inherent in the BBRV tendons. The strand system did not require exact length; the strand could be cut a
few feet longer than the finished slab length, and the excess strand was simply trimmed off after
stressing. The strand anchorages did not require formed stressing pockets or edge strips. A small two-
4 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

piece round rubber “grommet,” positioned between the anchorage and the finished edge form, recessed
the anchorage a few inches back inside the slab from the edge. When the grommet was removed after
concrete placement, it formed a round hole into which the jack nosepiece was placed when the strand
was stressed. A portion of the grommet also filled up the space inside the anchorage, preventing ingress
of cement paste from the back of the anchorage during concrete placement. After stressing and cutting
off the excess strand just inside the finished face of the concrete, the small hole was simply filled with
grout and finished flush with the slab edge. Stressing at intermediate construction joints was easy; the
strand was cut to the full length of the slab and an intermediate anchorage was simply slid onto the
strand and stressed at the intermediate construction joint using open-throated stressing jacks. The
remaining length of tendon was then rolled out into the next pour.

That is not to say that the first strand system was completely problem-free. The first strand-wedge
anchorage consisted of a coil of high-strength wire with a tapered shape to receive the wedges. There
was no bearing plate used with this anchorage; the small steel plate shown was used only to attach the
anchorage to the forms with nails passing through the nail-holes. The prestressing force was transferred
to the concrete not by bearing but by the direct tensile resistance of the concrete to the lateral forces
generated by the wedges on the inside surface of the coil. This required significant concrete tensile
strength in the anchorage zone.

Coil Anchorage

Many concrete breakouts occurred when coil anchorages were stressed. These breakouts were
particularly prevalent in lightweight concrete, which was widely used in California in the 1960s. Often,
in the early Atlas years, a few of us would gather together in the office after work and discuss the events
of the day. Occasionally our field superintendent, Tom Anderson, would stop by, and he would
invariably be bruised and bloodied from repairing the current day’s coil anchorage breakouts. Referring
to the coil anchorages, Tom started saying that the “…damn things should be chained together…” That
caught on, and eventually became the theme for an award that was given to the Atlas Employee of the
Year at our annual Christmas party. Here is the Thomas E. Anderson Award in all its glory:
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 5

The Thomas E. Anderson Award

It became obvious to Hal Long that the coil anchorage had to be replaced with a bearing-type anchorage.
Dick Martter, an extremely talented mechanical engineer and one of the first Atlas employees, stepped
up to the plate and, with help from Hal, developed the first ductile iron casting. It went into service for
the first time in 1965, the year I joined Atlas. The use of ductile iron, a casting material with ductile
properties, permitted a bearing plate surface to be combined with the “barrel” ring containing the tapered
hole housing the wedges in a single casting piece. The development of the ductile iron casting was a
huge event in the history of post-tensioned building construction, and ductile iron castings similar to the
original design by Martter continue to be used as the industry standard today.

The Battle Between Strand Systems and Button-Headed Wire Systems

Contractors quickly recognized the advantages of the strand system, and with a philosophy of good
service and dissemination of structural design information to practicing structural engineers, Atlas grew
6 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

rapidly. However, competition from the established button-headed tendon firms was vicious. It was
Atlas versus everybody else, and after a fierce five- to six-year struggle, Atlas eventually won the battle
of the marketplace by the late 1960s, and all of the surviving button-headed tendon firms switched to
strand systems. Button-headed tendons became extinct in the U.S. construction industry, and virtually all
post-tensioning in building construction has been with strand tendons with wedge anchorages since
1970. In a ten-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s Atlas grew from the smallest to the
largest of the U.S. post-tensioning firms with division offices throughout the country and an operation in
Western Europe based in Amsterdam.

What Happened to Lift Slabs?

The concept of lift-slab buildings was a good one. It eliminated concrete forming, a major component of
concrete building cost, and had many other inherent advantages. The cost of the specialized equipment
could be amortized over many buildings. However, the lift-slab companies, in my opinion, made a fatal
marketing mistake which forever affected their penetration into the construction market. They combined
the cost of the lifting with the cost of the tendons into one bid price which was provided to the general
contractors on each new building project. This meant that independent post-tensioning companies could
not bid on lifted projects. The lifting companies would not expose the tendon price, and therefore a
tendon bid submitted by an independent post-tensioning company was meaningless because there was
nothing with which to compare it. This had short-term advantages for the lifting companies; it allowed
them to shield their tendon prices from competition from other tendon firms. But the practice had
serious long-term consequences for the lifting industry, and eventually resulted in the downfall of what
could have been a major construction industry.

Since independent tendon companies were excluded from bidding on lift-slab projects, our company, Atlas
Prestressing Corp., decided to form alliances with the emerging flying form industry and provide a bid to
the generals for a completely cast-in-place building. Joint promotion between Atlas, flying form
companies, and progressive concrete contractors allowed direct competition with lifted buildings. The use
of cast-in-place post-tensioned buildings using large-panel flying form systems was highly competitive
with lifted buildings (particularly with their inflated tendon prices), and by the late 1960s cast-in-place
buildings became preferred to lifted buildings, and lift-slab construction largely faded into obscurity.

I believe that if the lift-slab companies had encouraged competition from independent tendon
companies, instead of trying to exclude them, lift-slab construction, with all its inherent advantages,
would be a significant factor in today’s medium-rise building market.

Landmarks in Post-Tensioned Buildings

Looking back over my long career as a specialist in post-tensioned concrete, I would cite the following
as the most significant developments affecting the growth and use of post-tensioned concrete in U.S.
building construction:

The introduction of the strand/wedge system to replace the button-headed tendon system

The development of the ductile iron casting for single-strand unbonded tendons

The introduction of the “load-balancing” method for the design and analysis of post-tensioned
concrete members

The introduction of the “banded” tendon system for two-way post-tensioned slab systems
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 7

The formation of the Post-Tensioning Institute

The use of computers in the design of post-tensioned buildings

The first two landmark events, the introduction of the strand system and the development of the ductile
iron casting, have been discussed above. Following is a brief discussion of the others.

Load Balancing and Teaching Engineers How to Design

Perhaps the most important single event in the history of post-tensioned concrete building construction
was the introduction of a simplified method for the design and analysis of complex, indeterminate post-
tensioned concrete members called “load balancing.” This was done in a paper written by T. Y. Lin
himself, published in 1963 in an ACI Journal paper. It involved mentally removing the tendon from the
concrete member, and replacing it with all of the forces that tendon exerts on the concrete. T. Y. didn’t
invent the load balancing method, but he did more than any other individual to explain it and
disseminate information about its use. The concept was brilliant, easy to understand, and greatly reduced
the mathematical drudgery involved in other design and analysis methods. It made the design of post-
tensioned concrete members as easy for the practicing engineer as the design of non-prestressed concrete
members. This design simplicity encouraged structural engineers to select post-tensioned concrete as the
preferred framing method.

Even though information was available about load balancing and simplified design methods for post-
tensioned structures, engineers were not quick to pick it up, and the growth of post-tensioning lagged in
the early to middle 1960s. Almost all the design work was being done by T.Y. Lin & Associates and a
handful of other firms. Atlas Prestressing Corp. was the first firm to recognize that the growth of the
post-tensioning industry was dependent on disseminating effective design techniques to practicing
structural engineers. The structural engineer was the primary decision-maker on the use of post-
tensioning, and if he or she was not familiar with P/T design, the building was unlikely to be post-
tensioned. Atlas, primarily through its president Hal Long, knew that the best way to increase sales of
post-tensioning was to teach engineers how to design it.

Thus, for a ten-year period starting in the mid-1960s, on behalf of Atlas I presented more than one
hundred one-day design seminars to invited groups of practicing structural engineers. They were held in
most major U.S. cities and in Western Europe and Japan. They were free of charge to the attendees and
we provided them lunch and cocktails at the end of the day. We would walk the audience through a
detailed, state-of-the-art design of several typical post-tensioned concrete framing schemes, one a two-
way slab in a residential building, and one a post-tensioned parking structure. At the seminars I would
make it known that Atlas was willing to provide free in-house design assistance for these engineers to
help them with their designs.

We would start getting calls from attendees within weeks of the seminars (“I’ve got a job here where
post-tensioning might work, can you come in and take a look at it??”) In their seven U.S. division
offices, Atlas developed a staff of more than 100 licensed engineers to handle this design assistance
work, and the other design services we were providing (mostly on design/build projects). It was not
unusual for Atlas to register a sale of post-tensioning tendons within one year of, and directly as a result
of, the design seminars. Occasionally that happened in as little as six months. The seminars were wildly
successful and were the primary reason that Atlas grew, in less than ten years, from the smallest to the
largest post-tensioning firm in North America.
8 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

Banded Tendons
Two-way post-tensioned slabs have been a popular type of framing in concrete building construction.
When this type of framing started to be commonly used, tendons in two-way slabs were installed in each
of two orthogonal directions with some located in the “column strip,” an imaginary area centered on the
column lines and extending one-quarter of the bay width on either side of the column. The remaining
tendons were installed in the “middle strip,” the area located between the column strips. Since the
tendons were “draped” in a curved vertical profile (generally parabolic), high at the column lines and
low at midspans, each individual tendon would typically have some perpendicular tendons above it, and
some below it, as shown in the figure below. This tendon arrangement was generically known as a
“basket-weave” system.

Basket-Weave Tendon Profiles

In order to install such a system of woven tendons, the tendon detailer had to locate and identify the
single tendon which was below all other perpendicular tendons. That tendon, or group of tendons, was
identified on the placing drawings as tendon sequence #1. Next the detailer found the tendon in the other
direction which was below all other perpendicular tendons, with the exception, of course, of tendon
sequence #1. That tendon, or group of tendons, was identified as tendon sequence #2. All tendons in the
slab were identified in this manner with a sequence number. Each tendon had to be installed with the
precise sequence number, or a bird’s nest of tendons would result and the tendons could not be chaired
at the proper heights. Often slabs would have 30 to 40 sequence numbers. An example of a sequenced
“basket-weave” two-way slab (in this case a foundation mat) is shown below:
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 9

Two-Way Foundation Mat with Basket-Weave System

In 1968, the most famous post-tensioned building in history was built. Its primary fame was not because
it was post-tensioned, but because of what eventually happened in it. It was the Watergate Apartments in
Washington, D. C. Yes, the very same one you are thinking of. Watergate is also famous for another
reason; it was the first building ever built using a two-way post-tensioned slab with a new and
innovative tendon distribution, which came to be known as the “banded” tendon distribution.

The Watergate
10 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

In the architectural design of the Watergate building, the floor plan was curved and columns were
located randomly in areas which substantially hid them, including walls, duct spaces, closets, etc. The
resulting column layout did not line up in either direction. No column was spaced any farther than about
22 feet from any other column; however, the concepts of gridlines, column strips, and middle strips were
meaningless. The structural designers of the slabs (a joint effort of T. Y. Lin & Associates and Atlas
Prestressing Corp.) were perplexed because, using conventional two-way slab techniques, there was no
obvious path for slab loads to columns. Someone in the team suggested connecting columns in one axis
of the building with imaginary straight lines between individual columns, and thinking of those lines as
a series of beams, or hard points. A “band” of tendons could be run along that line connecting columns
in one direction, then in the other direction tendons could be spaced uniformly over bands. With this
concept, the load path became obvious, and the forces and profiles for both the band tendons and the
uniform tendons could be easily calculated.

This tendon layout, with all of the post-tensioning tendons in one direction located in a narrow band
over columns, and tendons distributed uniformly with no regard for imaginary column strips and middle
strips, had never been done before. However, the Watergate design team saw no alternative and the
design and construction proceeded with the unique tendon layout. The performance of the slabs
appeared to be good, and the tendon installer reported a significant savings in tendon placing costs when
compared to the conventional “basket-weave” system. The primary labor savings resulted from the
elimination of tendon sequencing. In this new banded layout, all of the band tendons were placed first,
and then all of the uniform tendons. Ironworkers did not have to place individual series of tendons,
alternating in each direction, according to a complex sequence.

Typical Banded Tendon Layout

 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 11

Since the Watergate Apartment building, built almost forty years ago, the banded tendon layout has
become the standard method for placing tendons in two-way post-tensioned slabs. The adequacy of the
banded tendon layout has been confirmed by the functional performance of hundreds of millions of
square feet in service, and numerous laboratory tests, starting with a landmark testing program at the
University of Texas at Austin in the early 1970s, supervised by the legendary professor and researcher
Dr. Ned H. Burns.

Four-Panel Test at University of Texas

Formation of the Post-Tensioning Institute

Engineers, contractors, and material fabricators in the post-tensioning industry recognized early that they
needed an industry organization to represent their interests and to disseminate design and construction
information relative to this specialized field. From the late 1960s through the mid 1970s the post-
tensioning industry was represented as a group within the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), now the
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute. However, as the industry grew, it became apparent that a separate
organization, dedicated solely to post-tensioned concrete design and construction, was needed.

Pursuant to this, the Post-Tensioning Institute (PTI) was formed as an independent organization in 1976.
Now thirty years old, PTI provides all those with an interest in post-tensioned concrete a single unified
voice and source of design and construction information. Since its founding, PTI has been guided by
three extremely talented Executive Directors: Cliff Freyermuth, Gerry McGuire, and its current
Executive Director, Ted Neff.

PTI has matured and grown as the industry has grown. PTI now publishes a Journal with informative
articles about post-tensioning design and construction issues, and holds well-attended annual
engineering conferences. In many cases, PTI documents and committee reports establish the standard of
12 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

care for design and construction of post-tensioned concrete structures. PTI is now recognized
internationally as the premiere source of information about post-tensioned structures worldwide.

Computers
No discussion of the history of post-tensioning in U.S. buildings would be complete without addressing
how it was influenced by computers.

When I graduated from UCLA in 1963, and started my first engineering job with T. Y. Lin and
Associates, my primary mathematical tool was a slide rule.

Slide Rule

My slide rule could multiply and divide, but it didn’t know where the decimal point was. I had to figure
that out myself. Now, 50 years later, I can do a dynamic analysis of a 40-story building, with all the
decimal points in the right place, on a flight between San Francisco and Los Angeles, on a laptop
computer about the size of a book…..while sipping a glass of Shiraz. Just kidding about the Shiraz; I
would never do that.

Just in one lifetime the changes in computing power have been astonishing. From slide rules to personal
computers the size of a notebook (with more power than the original mainframe computers that took up
an entire air-conditioned large room), the improvements in computing power are breathtaking!

Let’s take a look at my personal journey through this whirlwind of technology.

The Dawn of the Computer Age

My first contact with machine-assisted design came in 1966, when I was employed by Atlas Prestressing
Corp., and I was introduced to the Olivetti Programma 101.

The Olivetti was like a giant hand calculator. It was 19” wide, 24” deep, 7.5” tall, weighed 78 pounds,
and, for the first time, showed the potential for machine-assisted calculations. It sold in 1966 for about
$3,500. It could add, subtract, divide, multiply, and calculate a square root. It could record and execute a
limited number of program steps on plastic magnetic cards, and the output data was printed on a roll of
calculator paper, like an old “adding machine.” There was no programming language; communication
with the Olivetti was in machine language (enter a number into the X-register, arrow up into the Y-
register, divide Y by X, store the answer in register ZZ).
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 13

Olivetti Programma 101 (1966)

We would trim and tape the output to preprinted 8.5x11 calculation sheets with predetermined locations
for the input and output data. For a short time in the late 1960s scissors became a primary structural
design tool. When I was with Atlas I presented a series of one-day seminars on the design of post-
tensioned concrete to groups of practicing structural engineers throughout the country and in a few
foreign countries. At these seminars we provided the attendees with a design workbook whose cover is
shown below:

Seminar Workbook Cover

14 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

One of the design examples I presented was for a post-tensioned beam, such as might be used in a cast-
in-place parking structure. First, I went through the hand calculations for the beam, part of which shows
the design for nominal strength:

Hand Calculations for Beam Strength Design

Next, I presented a sheet which showed the way we were actually doing this type of design at Atlas, a
preprinted sheet with input and output labels in prearranged locations. We had a series of recorded
“programs” on magnetic cards. For beam design we had four small programs: one which calculated
beam loads from input geometry and data, one which calculated section properties, one which
determined the prestressing force and flexural concrete stresses, and finally, one which calculated the
required amount of non-prestressed reinforcement.

We would take the output strips of calculator paper for each of the four parts of the design, trim them
with structural scissors, and tape them onto the preprinted calculation sheets in the proper locations. I
had the audacity to call this sheet a “Computer Example!” And I guess, in kind of a primitive way, it
was.
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 15

“Computer Example”

The Wang Era

The next landmark in the evolution of computer-aided design came with the introduction of the Wang
700 series of “super calculators.” The Wangs still used machine language, but they had much more
capacity than the Olivetti with many more registers and much more storage. Program steps were
recorded on audio cassette tapes, and output could be printed on large sheets with an IBM Selectric
typewriter. The Wang 700 machine is shown in the two figures below, the second showing it with
peripheral equipment (typewriter, auxiliary tape reader) attached:
16 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

Wang 700 “Super Calculator”

Wang 700 With Peripheral Equipment Attached

With the Wang 700 series machines we could write a crude analysis program in a series of independent
routines, each small enough to fit into the machine’s storage capacity. When one routine was completed,
we would print the input and output, then delete as much of the data as we could to make room in
storage for the next routine. The answers, and some of the input from one routine, were used in the next.
It was tedious, but it was better than anything else that existed at the time, and it was certainly better
than doing the calculations by hand.

The Wang programs were based on analysis, not design. It simply did not have enough capacity to
perform a true design involving loops, decisions, and iteration to a final design. We would input a first
guess at geometry, force and profile, perform an analysis on the given configuration (calculate stresses
and reinforcement), and if we were not happy with the results we would change something and start
over, iterating manually to a final acceptable design. Moments and shears were calculated with 2-cycle
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 17

moment distribution, done either by hand or with a programmed routine on the Wang. The capacity of
the Wang did not permit the use of matrix techniques.

The First Personal Computer

Wang revolutionized the engineering world by introducing, in 1973, the first real personal computer, the
Wang 2200. It had its own programming language, a BASIC interpreter, and could perform loops and
mathematical decisions. It had a mighty 4 KB of random access memory (RAM); thus, it required some
tedious programming. As with its predecessor the 700, with the 2200 we would input some data, do
some calculations, print the answers with a Selectric typewriter, delete unnecessary data, input some
more data, do some more calcs…..and so on until we got an acceptable design.

Wang 2200

Program code on the 2200 was recorded (read only) on standard audio cassette tapes, and the output
printed on 8.5x11 sheets with the Selectric typewriter. For the first time, output could be printed in a
tabular format with rows and columns. The Wang 2200 created some great programmers – if you could
program this thing in BASIC with 4 KB of RAM you could program anything!

The IBM Personal Computer

The world changed forever in 1981 when IBM introduced the first IBM Personal Computer (the “PC”).
It had two floppy disk drives, each permitting both reading from and writing to the disk. Flexible
printing with virtually unlimited formatting could be done on a dot matrix printer. A large monitor made
input/output operation much easier. The first PC had 64 KB of RAM (luxurious, who could want more
than that?) and a dazzling processor speed of 4.77 MHz. There was no hard drive. It came with a
sophisticated “GW-BASIC” (nicknamed “gee-whiz”) language developed by Microsoft, which also
developed the disk operating system (DOS) which controlled access, storage, and all internal operations.
18 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

The First IBM Personal Computer (1981)

In 1983, two years after the introduction of the first personal computer, IBM introduced the greatly
improved IBM XT. It was the first computer to have a built-in hard drive (a huge 10 MB). Along with
the hard drive, the XT had two floppy disk drives. RAM was doubled to 128 KB, and the processor
speed remained at 4.77 MHz.

IBM XT (1983)
 K. Dirk Bondy & Bryan Allred 19

The XT allowed vast improvements in programming. For the first time matrix methods became feasible,
and with the increased RAM we could do true design programming with decisions and iterations to a
final design. Much more sophisticated routines were possible, such as the one we developed for
punching shear in two-way slabs. Finally we didn’t have to spend most of our programming time
juggling and printing data.

The first version of our widely used post-tensioning design program PTData was developed on the IBM
PC and finalized for use on the XT. PTData was first made available to the engineering community in
1983 and eventually sold over 500 licenses. It was recently converted to Windows 64-bit and
VisualBasic.net by my son’s firm Seneca Software Solutions, Inc., which maintains and markets the
program now.

Windows
Perhaps the most significant landmark in computer history came in 1985 with the introduction of
Windows by Microsoft. Windows quickly replaced DOS as the prevalent PC operating system.
Microsoft also developed an improved BASIC programming language which it called Visual Basic.
third party programmers now had access to all the beautiful Windows interfaces and I/O routines.
Windows was originally a 16-bit system, but changed to 32-bit in 1994 requiring a major conversion for
16-bit programs. In 2009, Windows changed again to a 64-bit system and introduced VisualBasic.net, an
advanced BASIC programming language.

With the advent of Windows came huge improvements in memory, processor speed, and disk storage.
RAM has increased from 64 KB on the first PC to a typical 4 GB now, an increase of more than 60,000
times. Processor speed has increased from 4.77 MHz to 1.4 GHz, an increase of about 3,000, and now
with 1+ terabyte hard drives easily available and inexpensive, disk storage has increased about 100,000
times since the first 10 MB hard drive on the XT.

Post-Tensioning Design Programs

In the early 1970s the market for post-tensioning in buildings was rapidly growing. One major reason
for this growth was the dissemination by Atlas of design information to practicing structural engineering
firms through seminars and design assistance to those firms. More engineers were learning how to
design post-tensioned buildings and, as a result, more post-tensioned buildings were being built. To
handle this volume of engineering work, Atlas grew and maintained a large staff of licensed engineers
(more than 100) in their various offices throughout the country.

With the availability of a true personal computer (the Wang 2200), and having for the first time the
capacity to run a real post-tensioned design program, Atlas decided that it was time to develop one. The
conversion of our Wang-based machine language routines to a comprehensive design program written in
BASIC looked like a major undertaking. Through PTI committee work I had become friends with
Merrill Walstad, the chief structural engineer for the VSL Corporation, a competitor active in post-
tensioned concrete building work. Atlas and VSL made the decision to develop the program jointly, with
Atlas providing most of the programming work (we had full-time programmers on staff) and VSL
providing funding and support. Surprisingly, this unlikely relationship worked, and in a period of about
six months the program was functional and both Atlas and VSL began to use it in-house for their design
services.

Both Atlas and VSL made the decision NOT to market the program commercially, but rather to limit its
use to in-house proprietary design services. However, Merrill left VSL and I left Atlas at about the same
20 Post-Tensioned Concrete - Principles and Practice

time in 1976 to start our own firms, Merrill a structural design firm (Walstad Engineering, Inc.) and me,
with my partner Chris Deetz, a construction firm and a structural design firm, both specializing in post-
tensioned concrete buildings (Seneca Construction Systems, Inc. and Seneca Structural Design, Inc.)
Merrill and I continued the relationship we had developed at Atlas and VSL and worked together on
several projects. We of course had the source code for the Wang 2200 program we developed at
Atlas/VSL, and we recreated the program and used it for our own design work for about five years. In
the early 1980s, when the first IBM PC was introduced, Merrill and I decided it was time to develop a
state-of-the-art post-tensioning design program which would run on the PC and which we would make
available to the general engineering public. To accomplish this, we formed a corporation called
Structural Data, Inc. (SDI) and made the decision to call the new program “PTData.”

Along with Merrill and me, an original SDI partner was Nick Watry, a close friend of both of ours, who
was running a growing structural design firm in the San Francisco Bay Area (Watry Design Group) and
who had an interest in the development of the program. As work on the program progressed, Nick’s
interest in SDI faded and we bought him out. I think Nick decided it was in his best interest to keep his
post-tensioning expertise in-house and not make it available, through the program, to potential
competitors. The buyout was amicable and Nick has remained a great friend and colleague throughout
the years.

PTData was completed and first offered for sale in 1983. The original version was written in GW-Basic
based on the DOS operating system. Merrill developed the original I/O routines and I did all the other
technical programming. The program was converted to 16-bit Windows in 1985 and then to the 32-bit
version in 1994. Merrill ran all other aspects of SDI business, sales, accounting, etc., and we jointly
handled the technical support. It was an extremely successful venture and we eventually sold about 500
licenses.

PTData was the first commercially available computer program sold for use in the licensee’s office.
However a program called POSTEN was previously available (since 1971) but it was “rented,” i.e. the
customer filled out data forms, submitted them to the POSTEN office, which ran the program on a
mainframe and returned the output to the customer. As powerful personal computers became available,
the concept of a “rented” program became less appealing to structural firms, and the use of POSTEN
decreased dramatically. In 1991 a licensed version of POSTEN was made available, but by that time it
was too late to compete with the other established programs which could be run in-house on the
licensee’s computers.

A few years after PTData began to be sold, another competitive program called “ADAPT” was
developed and marketed. From that time to the present day, a period of almost 30 years now, PTData
and ADAPT have dominated the market for post-tensioned concrete design software. The last several
years have also seen new software developers entering the market, mostly with very complex, three-
dimensional finite element analysis programs.

In his design classes at UCLA my son Dirk effectively integrates PTData computer calculations with
hand calculations, and the combination results in a very powerful learning tool for students, who today
are highly computer literate. Examples of the use of the computer as a learning tool can be found in the
design examples in this book, starting with Chapter 7.

In the late 2000s Windows converted to a 64-bit system and Microsoft introduced a new version of its
BASIC programming language, VisualBasic.net. Our 32-bit Windows version of PTData would not run
in the 64-bit environment, and faced with another major conversion and lured by retirement, Merrill and
I decided to end our long run and hand our interests in the program over to Dirk’s structural engineering
Other documents randomly have
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274 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1267.

WILLIAM ANDREW, b. 10-22-1834, in. 11-221855, at Curwensville,
Pa., to (1295) Ellen S., dau. of Samuel and Hannah (Shivery) Moore.
Ellen S. d. 5-19-1873, interred in F. B. G., at Grampian Hills, Pa.
William A. is a merchant, and resides in Centre County, Pa. P. O.,
Phillipsburg, Pa. 1268. HANNAH JANE, b. 8-2-1837, m. to Abraham
C. Moore. (For descendants see No. 1241.) 1269. ELIZA ANN, b. 1-
14-1840, m. 2-19-1857, at Pennville, Pa. , to William G. Derrick,
brother of her brother David's wife. William G. b. 6-16-1832, in
Cambria Co., Pa. Settled in Clearfield Co., but in 1866 removed to
Iron Co., Mo., but in a few years returned to their old home, where
they resided until Eliza A.'s decease. 1270. SARAH ELLEN, b. 3-8-
1842, m. 4-24-1861, to (1304) David W., son of David and Ellen
(Moore) Shivery. David W. settled on a farm in Patten Twp., Centre
Co., Pa., but in 1868 removed to Ferguson Twp., same county, where
he now resides. P. O., State College, Centre Co., Pa. 1271. RACHEL
ELVINA, b. 4-15-1844, m. 1-2-1866, at Pennville, Pa., by Esquire
James B. Clark, to George W., son of William and Maria (London)
McDonald. George W. b. 3-28-1843. He is a lumberman, and his P.
O. is Grampian, Clearfield Co., Pa. Children of ISAAC and (273)
DINAH (MOORE) ENGLAND. (All born in Half Moon Valley, Centre
Co., Pa.) 1272. LYDIA M., b. 11-22-1810, m. 4-16-1828, at her
father's residence in Stormstown, by Esquire Jacob Way, to Abram,
son of Michael and Elizabeth (Elder) Brown. Lydiad. 10-9-1868, near
Kylertown, Pa. Abram d. 8-311874. 1273. ISAAC MOORE, b. 9-24-
1812, m. 6-23-1835, in Bellefonte, Pa., by Rev. Samuel Linn, to Mary,
dau. of
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FIFTH GENERATION. 275 Isaac and Hannah (Lamborn)

Hicks. Mary b. 1-22-1815, in Walker Twp. , Centre Co., Pa. Isaac M.
learned cabinet-making, but his health requiring a more active
occupation he went to farming. He afterwards located at Altoona,
Pa., and was a blacksmith in the employ of the Penna. R. R. Co. He
d. 2-25-1873. Mary is also deceased. 1274. SARAH, b. 7-15-1814, m.
9-27-1835, in Half Moon Valley, to Robert, son of Michael and
Elizabeth (Elder) Brown. Robert b. 1-20-1807, in Bald Eagle Valley,
Centre Co., Pa., where he settled, but afterward moved to Morris
Twp., Clearfield Co., Pa., where he was engaged in farming. Sarah is
deceased. 1275. ELIZABETH, b. 2-8-1817, m. 6-10-1841, to George
L. Miller. After his death, she m. 2nd time, 10-11-1850, to John E.,
son of Nehemiah and Elizabeth (Matthews) Hockenberry. John E. b.
3-22-1830. Resides on a farm in Clearfield Co. Elizabeth is deceased.
No children. 1276. SAMUEL, b. 11-20-1820, d. 12-16-1820. 1277.
STEPHEN WILSON, b. 5-16-1822, d. 6-9-1845, unm. 1278.
MARGARETTA, b. 8-26-1824, m. 3-5-1848, at the residence of
George L,. Miller, Kylertown, Pa., to John, son of Jeremiah Davis, of
Fishing Creek, Columbia Co., Pa. John b. 3-5-1819, settled in Morris
Twp., Clearfield Co., Pa., where he was engaged in farming and
lumbering. In the spring of 1870, he removed to Missouri. He d.
922-1895. Margaretta's P. O., Umpire, Wright Co., Mo. 1279.
SUSANNA, b. 12-17-1826, m. 1-25-1846, in Morris Twp., Clearfield
Co., Pa., by Esquire Samuel C. Thompson, to Thomas, son of
Thomas and Elizabeth (McKee) Brown. Thomas b. 1-26-1823, in Bald
Eagle Valley, Pa.
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2;6 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. Settled in

Clearfield Co., Pa. In the spring of 1853, removed to Illinois, and is
engaged in farming. P. O., McConnells' Grove, Stephenson Co., 111.
1280. WILLIAM T., b. 10-14-1829, d. 4-3-1840. Children of JACOB
and (274) AMY (MOORE) WAY. (All born in Half Moon Valley, Centre
Co., Pa.) 1281. MARY, b. 1-30-1811, m. 4-22-1830, to Jefferson B.
Way. Mary d. 1-7-1835. Jefferson B. was a blacksmith, and d. 5-4-
1880, near Port Matilda, Centre Co., Pa. 1282. ISAAC, b. 8-16-1812,
m. 6-19-1833, at her father's residence, in Centre Co., Pa., to
Catharine, dau. of William and Elizabeth (Rumberger) Rider. Isaac
resided on a farm near Stormstown, Pa. He d. 9-14-1886. 1283.
BENJAMIN, b. 5-10-1814, m. 1-2-1838, to Eve Rider, sister of his
brother Isaac's wife. Benjamin was a carpenter; d. 1-22-1843. Eve is
now (1897) living. P.O., Birmingham, Pa. 1284. LYDIA, b. 2-23-1816,
d. in infancy. 1285. ELINOR, b. 10-8-1818, m. 2- -1842, to William
Payne, who was b. 6-7-1820. Elinor d. 5-29-1852, interred in F. B.
G., at Half Moon, Pa. William enlisted in the Union Army during the
late war, in which service he died. 1286. JOHN, b. 1-9-1821, m. 3-7-
1843, to Elizabeth, dau. of John and Nancy (Richards) Grain.
Elizabeth b. 5-16-1825, in Venango Co., Pa. John resided all his life
on a farm in Half Moon Twp., Centre Co., Pa., and d. 2-15-1859.
Elizabeth's P. O., Filmore, Centre Co., Pa. 1287. SARAH A., b. 12-17-
1823, m. 5-27-1841, by Esquire Thomas Barlow, to John E. Rider,
brother of Isaac
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FIFTH GENERATION. 277 and Benjamin's wives. Sarah A. d.

8-18-1851. John E. resides on a farm in Centre Co. P. O., Half Moon,
Pa. 1288. JACOB B., b. 4-9-1826, d. 10-31-1832. 1289. JOSEPH
MILES, b. 8-26-1829, m. 7-18-1858, to Martha, dau. of William and
Elizabeth (Rider) Lytle. Martha b. 2-24-1838, near Sunbury, Pa.
Joseph M. lived in his native Twp. until 1868, when he removed to
Phillipsburg, Centre Co., Pa. He is a farmer. P. O., Phillipsburg, Pa.
Children of (275) SAMUEL and HANNAH (SHIVERY) MOORE. (All
born in Half Moon, Centre Co., Pa.) 1290. ANDREW SHIVERY, b. 8-
29-1819, m. 4-14-1840, in Half Moon, by Friends' Ceremony, to
Mary, dau. of Andrew and Hannah (Clark) Cleaver. Mary b. 4-11-
1822, in Bedford Co., Pa. Andrew S. lived a few years in Centre Co.,
removed to Clearfield Co., and then to Clarion Co.; finally returning
to Lumber City, Pa., where he d. 11-12-1874. Mary is (1878) living.
P. O., Lumber City, Clearfield Co., Pa. 1291. LYDIA, b. 10-11-1821,
m. by Esquire Jacob Way, to Daniel, son of James McKinney. Daniel
b. 4-22-1820, was a furnace-man, lived in different portions of
Centre, Clarion and Clearfield Counties. He d. 11-5-1876. Lydia is
(1878) living. P. O., Tyrone, Blair Co., Pa. 1292. SARAH, b. 12-27-
1823, m. 8-8-1844, in Half Moon Twp., to Benjamin F., son of Robert
and Diana Moore. Benjamin F. b. 10-23-1817. They settled in Half
Moon Twp., but in 1849 removed to Clearfield Co., Pa., where they
resided on a farm. Sarah d. 6-22-1863. Interred in Grampian Hills F.
B. G. Benjamin F. is also deceased. 1293. ISAAC, b. 4-11-1828, d. 7-
20-1830. Interred in F. B. G., at Centre.
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278 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1294.

RACHEL, b. 11-26-1830, d. 1-40-1842. Interred in F. B. G., at Centre,
Pa. 1295. ELLEN S., b. 12-6-1834, m. to William A. Moore. (For
descendants see No. 1267.) 1296. DINAH, b. 8-7-1836, d. 2-7-1843.
Interred in F. B. G., at Grampian Hills, Clearfield Co., Pa. Children of
SAMUEL and (276) SARAH (MOORE) MCDOWELL. (All born in Half
Moon, Centre Co., Pa.) 1297. ISAAC, b. 11-18-1817, m. 11-16-1843,
in Blair Co., Pa., to Mary A., dau. of Abraham and Mary Fetters. Mary
A. b. 9-21-1822, in Huntingdon Co., Pa. Isaac settled in Logan Twp.,
Blair Co., Pa. In the spring of 1866 removed to Polk Twp., Case Co.,
Md., where he resided until the spring of 1876, when he removed to
Scott Co., Iowa, where he now resides on a farm. P. O., Davenport,
Scott Co., la. 1298. ELIZA, died in infancy. 1299. JOHN, died in
infancy. 1300. LYDIA, b. 7-22-1822, m. 4-8-1841, to Stephen, son of
Nathan and Temperance (Kelly) Gorsuch. Stephen b. 9-22-1808. He
is a carpenter. They reside at Huntingdon, Pa. Children of DAVID and
(277) ELLEN (MOORE) SHIVERY. (All born in Half Moon Valley,
Centre Co., Pa.) 1301. ANDREW JACKSON, b. 9-20-1828, m. 1-29-
1856, at Warrior's Mark, Huntingdon Co., Pa., to Jane, dau. of
Thomas and Hannah (Downing) Wilson. Jane b. 2-101828, in Half
Moon. Andrew J. settled on a farm near Bellefonte, Pa., where he
resided until his death.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 279 1302. LYDIA MOORE, b. 7-5-

1831, m. 2-3-1859, in Bellefonte, Pa., to George, son of John and
Mary (Gray) Mattern. George b. 12-11-1832, at Buffalo Run, Centre
Co., Pa. He is a farmer. P. O., Buffalo Run, Pa. 1303. SARAH ELLEN,
b. 12-27-1834, m. 12-16-1857, to William S., son of Isaac and
Catharine (Mattern) Gray. William S. b. 2-16-1833, in Half Moon
Twp., d. in 1867. He was a farmer, and resided all his life in his
native township. Sarah E. is (1878) living. P. O., Bellefonte, Pa. 1304.
DAVID WAY, b. 3-26-1838, m. to Sarah E. Moore. (For descendants
see No. 1270.) Child of (278) ISAAC W. and ANN (HICKS) MOORE.
1305. ELIZA McD., b. 5-21-1834, in. 3-16-1854, to Robert W., son of
Robert and Mary Huston, of Bald Eagle Valley, Centre Co., Pa. Robert
W. b. 6-16-1831, in Adams Co., Pa., and resides on a farm in
Missouri. P. O., Gibbs, Adair Co., Mo. Children of ROBERT and (279)
HANNAH (MOORE) WAY. (All born in Half Moon Twp., Centre Co.,
Pa.) 1306. THOMAS MOORE, b. 4-21-1826, m. 2-14-1849, at the
residence of her father, to Margaret, dau. of Thomas and Hannah
(Downing) Wilson. Margaret b. 6-17-1826, in Half Moon. Thomas M.
resided for many years on the farm his grandfather first bought
when he went to Centre Co. He had a flour-mill, and has also been
engaged in lumbering. Removed a few years ago to Clearfield Co.
The author acknowledges his obligations for assistance rendered and
courtesies extended. P. O., Grampian, Clearfield Co., Pa. 1307. JANE,
b. 11-27-1828, in. to Isaac E. Brown. (For descendants, see No.
5142.) 1308. CALEB C., b. 2-3-1832, m. 2-18-1859, to Sarah R., dau.
of Thomas and Hannah Wilson. Caleb C. was a
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28o ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. farmer, and

resided iu Half Moon Valley, Centre Co., Pa., where he d. 10-6-1876,
and was interred in F. B. G., at Centre, Pa. He was a prominent and
active member of the Society of Friends. Sarah R. 's P. O.,
Stormstown, Pa. Child of (281) ELISHA and ANN F. (BISHOP)
FENTON. 1309. SARAH FENNIMORE, b. 1824, m- to Abraham
Spencer. (For descendants, see No. 1234.) Children of JOHN M. and
(286) MARY (FENTON) TAYLOR. 1310. BENJAMIN F., b. 4-6-1828, m.
to Mary A. Fenton. (For descendants, see No. .) 1311. JONATHAN A.,
b. 12-10-1829, m. 11-24-1859, at Kingston, Iowa, to Mary D. Cox.
Jonathan A. was a farmer. He d. 1-28-1896. Mary D.'s P. O.,
Cumberland, la. 1312. REBECCA E., b. 1-6-1832, m. 1-12-1871, to
Henry N. Reinke, at Davenport, Iowa. Henry N. is a farmer.
Residence, Davenport, la. 1313. ELISHA F., b. 5-18-1834, in. 3-4-
1856, at Le Claire, Iowa, to Delia J. Scott. Elisha F. was a salesman
in a lumber-yard. He d. 9-15-1880. Delia J.'s P. O., Davenport, la.
1314. MARY A., b. 11-6-1837, m. 3-5-1856, in Linn Co., Iowa, to Eli
Mabie. Mary A. d. 3- -1859, near Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 1315. JOHN F.,
b. 9-23-1840, d. 10-4-1844, in Armstrong Co., Pa. 1316. GEORGE R.,
b. 3-6-1843, d. 2- -1860. 1317. JAMES W., b. 3-15-1846, d. 9-3-
1847, in Venango Co., Pa.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 28i 1318. MARGARET E., b. 8-27-

1848, m. 2-11-1877, at Cass Centre, Iowa, to Howard A., son of
Yardley and Francis (Hughs) Carver. Howard A. b. 12-5-1848. He is a
farmer. P. O., Cumberland, Iowa. 1319. HANNAH M., b. 8-6-1852, m.
9-12-1873, at Cedar Bluffs, Iowa, to Daniel Maurer. Daniel is an
engineer. Residence, Davenport, Iowa. Children of (287) GEORGE W.
and ANN (HENRY) FENTON. 1320. RACHEL E., b. 3-16-1845, d. 3-
16-1845. 1821. VIRETTA M., b. 8-15-1847, m. to Abram Spencer.
(For descendants, see No. 1234.) 1322. VARONA B., b. 5-17-1849.
Unm. 1323. JOHN H,, b. 7-10-1850, m. 5-8-1877, to Louisa Hall.
John H. resides in Indiana. P. O., Bridgeport, Marion Co., Ind. No
children. 1324. Lucius J., b. 7-15-1854, m. 5-3-1876, to Nora
Eggleson. P. O., Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio. 1325. JULIA A., b. 9-22-
1856, d. 3-15-1874. 1326. MARY E. C., b. 10-8-1858. Unm. 1327.
CORA A., b. 1-30-1866. Child of JAMES and (289) ELLEN (MOORE)
WARD. 1328. JAMES M., born in 1845, in Bellefonte, Pa. He was a
conductor on a freight train on the Penna. and Erie R. R., on which
road he was killed by a collision near West Port, Clinton Co., Pa.
Uiiin.
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282 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. Children of

FRANKLIN B. and (290) ELIZA (MOORE) SMITH. (All born in
Bellefonte, Pa.) 1329. WILLIAM BARBER, b. 5-25-1825, m. 8-25-
1852, in Washington, D. C., to Virginia Rosene Fowler. She d. 1-26-
1856, in Philadelphia, Pa., aged 36 years. William B. was educated at
Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa. Read law with Messrs. Curtin and
Blanchard, at Bellefonte, Pa. After being admitted to the bar, he
joined an engineer corps of the P. C. R. R., and remained for 3 years.
In 1849, he was appointed a clerk in the First Auditor's Department
of the Treasury at Washington, D. C. He resigned in 1852, and went
to Philadelphia, and became a member of the firm of Harris, Hale &
Co., druggists. He went to California in 1864, was appointed
assistant auditor in the custom house at San Francisco, Cal. In 1865
went to Idaho Ter., and was afterwards appointed clerk of the U. S.
and Territorial Courts of said territory. Returned to San Francisco in
1868, was appointed Clerk of County Court in 1870, and in 1876,
Clerk of the District Court, i5th Judicial district of California; a
position he now holds. P. O., San Francisco, Cal. No children. 1330.
ELLEN, b. , d. in infancy. 1331. LUCIEN, b. , d. in infancy. Child of
ALEXANDER and (290) ELIZA (MOORE-SMITH) ENNIS. 1332. JOHN
EMORY, b. 7-20-1836, in Williamsburg, Blair Co., Pa., in. 6-30-1862,
in Alton, 111., to Marie L., dan. of Reuben H. and Priscilla A.
(Warren) Winchell. Marie L. b. 3-9-1845, in Herkimer Co., N. Y. John
E. went to Iowa in 1853, an(^ 'ls now extensively engaged in the
nursery business. P. O., Clinton, Clinton Co., Pa.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 283 Children of (291) WILLIAM B. and

CATHARINE D. (TURNER) MOORE. 1333. HENRIETTA D., b. 4-13-
1845, m. in 1868, to William McCandless. William is a cooper.
Residence, Dayton, Ohio. 1334. MARY E., b. 12-4-1847, unm.
Residence, Baltimore, Md. 1335. BLANCHE E., b. 4-12-1849, m. 12-
5-1865, in Dayton, Ohio, to John W., son of Otho and Mary (Centers)
Davidson. John W. is a pumpmaker. P. O., Bellbrook, Greene Co.,
Ohio. 1336. FLORENCE B., b. 8-30-1851, m. 1-8-1867, to Silas
Shoemaker. Silas was a farmer, d. 11-7-1875. Florence B.'s P. O.,
Bellbrook, Greene Co., O. 1337. EMMA P., b. 1-8-1854, m. 4-4-1872,
to John L. Elcock. John L. is a teacher. P. O. , Dayton, Ohio. Children
of ISAIAH and (292) ELIZABETH (MOORE) QUINBY. (The two eldest
born in Centre Co., Pa., the rest in Clinton Co., O.) 1338. SARAH
ANN, b. , d. in infancy. 1339. AARON BALDWIN, b. 10-25-1824, m.
4- -1846, in Clinton Co., O., to Ann Thomas. In 1848 removed to
Iowa, where he resided on a farm near Hawleysville, Page Co., Iowa.
He d. 10- -1893, in Wisconsin. No children. 1340. JOSEPHINE
ELMIRA, b. 1-4-1827. Began teaching at sixteen; afterward
completed her education at Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., and
became a successful teacher in that institution; and was m. 3-
-1858, to Rufus Washburn, and d. 7-23-1859, at Lebanon, O.
Interred in F. B. G., at Ly tie's Creek, Clinton Co., O.
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284 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1341.

THOMAS MOORE, b. 11-10-1828, m. 6-10-1852, to Eliza Cramer, of
Clermont Co., O. He learned millwrighting and carpentering, also
taught for some years, and finally settled on a farm. P. O., Edenton,
Clermont Co., O. 1342. MIRIAM ELIZA, b. 9-14-1830, was educated
at Earlham College, Richmond, Ind., and taught in Ohio and Iowa;
m. to Peter Beaver, of Page Co., la. Peter d. and she m. 2d time to
Thomas Wasson. They are now living on a farm. P. O., Hepburn,
Page Co., la. 1343. EZRA ALLEN, b. 4-27-1832, m. 9-5-1888, to
Elizabeth A. King. He is a carpenter by trade, owns a fine farm in
Iowa. P. O., New Market, Iowa. 1344. MERCY ANN, b. 2-27-1835, m.
in 1867, to George Gillett. They settled on a farm near Bedford,
Taylor Co., la., where she d. 8-12-1873. Interred in Bedford
Cemetery. 1345. ISAIAH WILLIAM, b. 5-5-1837, m. 1-12-1862, in
Woodville, Warren Co., O., to Hannah, dau. of James and Hannah
(David) Scott, of Warren Co., O. Isaiah learned the trade of
carpenter, but having early displayed a desire for learning, he lost no
time in storing his mind with useful information, and by dint of effort
became a successful teacher. He afterward took up the study of law,
and was admitted to practice by the Clinton Co. Bar. He is now
located in Wilmington, and has an extensive practice. In 1875 he
was elected to the Ohio General Assembly, and having acceptably
served his constituents, he was re-elected in 1877. He is an active
worker in politics, and an ardent Republican. P. O., Wilmington,
Clinton Co., O. 1346. ELIJAH, b. 8-12-1839, d. 8-23-1839. Interred in
F. B. G., at Ly tie's Creek, O. 1347. HANNAH SOPHIA, b. 8-30-1841,
began teaching at the age of 16, and has successfully taught almost
con 
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FIFTH GENERATION. 285 stantly until now (1897), except

while a student at the National Normal School, Lebanon, O., from
which institution she graduated very creditably in August, 1868. P.
O., Bedford, Mo. 1348. JESSE CRAWFORD, b. 12-5-1843. He
enlisted, 8-22-1862, in the ygth O. V. Regt, was with Sherman in his
famous "March to the Sea." Mustered out in 1865; went to Iowa,
and was m. 12-3-1868, to Isabella Barr, of Page Co., la. She d. 4-9-
1877. He m. 2d time, 12-311878, to Anna B. Boyd, of Albany, Mo.
Now lives on his farm. P. O., Albany, Mo. 1349. HARRIS, b. 2- -1861,
m. , to Beatrice Penterbaugh. P. O., S. Omaha, Nebraska. Children of
(293) THOMAS and SARAH (RICHARDS) MOORE. (All b. in Centre
Co., Pa., except the youngest, b. in . Clinton Co., O.) 1350. LYDIA A.,
b. 2-3-1832. Received a very liberal education, and spent most of
her unmarried life in teaching. Was m. 6-21-1863, in Pilot Grove, Lee
Co., la., by Rev. Jonathan Lee (Baptist), to Isaac N., son of Isaac and
Elizabeth (Lears) May. They were among the early settlers of Lee
Co., but in 1878 they removed to a farm in Clark Co., Mo., where
they now reside. P. O., Fairmount, Clark Co., Mo. No children, but
adopted a little boy from the Quincy, 111., Children's Home, viz.,
John Houston May. 1351. DAVID RICHARDS, b. 3-9-1833, m. 11-25-
1857, at Pilot Grove, la., to Annie, dau. of Jacob and Sarah
(Hollingsworth) Hampton. Annie b. 9-17-1837, near Richmond, Ind.
David R. taught school in his early life, but settled on a farm in Lee
Co., la., but a few years ago bought a farm in Mo., where he now
lives. P. O., Wyaconda, Clarke Co., Mo.
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286 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1352.

MILTON YOUNG, b. 3-6-1835, m. 3-8-1860, at Pilot Grove, la., by
Rev. Jonathan Lee (Baptist), to Lydia Ellen, dau. of Jonathan and
Susanna Cook, of Henry Co., la. Milton Y. learned blacksmithing,
afterward went to teaching; finally, went to farming in Iowa, where
he now resides. P. O., Clear Lake, Cerro Gordo Co., la. 1353. SAMUEL
SPENCER, b. 5-27-1837, m. 11-30-1870, at Charleston, W. Va., by
Rev. E. W. Ryan (Methodist E.), to Rachel C., dau. of Charles and
Nancy (Slack) Bryant. Rachel C. b. 4-10-1846, in Charleston, W. Va.
Samuel S. learned printing in O. , worked at his trade in N. Y. City
and elsewhere. In 1863 went to Charleston. He was one of the
founders of the "West Virginia Journal," established in 1864. In 1869
he retired from the firm, and now carries on the book, job printing
and stationery business. P. O., Charleston, Kanawha Co., W. Va.
1354. EDWARD THOMAS, b. 4-5-1839, m. 1-1-1866, near Swan
Creek, Gallia Co., O., to Martha F., dau. of Anselem T. and Hannah
(Trowbridge) Blacke. Martha F. b. 6-2-1846, in Gallia Co., O. Edward
T. went to Cincinnati, O., in 1853, to learn the printing business,
after completing which he taught school a few years. In 1860 he
entered Kenyon College, Gambier, O., but in July of the same year,
feeling that his country needed his services, enlisted in the i2th Ohio
Inf'y Regt. and spent three years in the service, mostly in W. Va. In
Oct., 1864, he and his brother S. S. Moore, Esq., established the "
West Va. Journal," a Republican weekly paper, he doing the editorial
work. In 1866 he was elected Supt. of Schools for Kanawha Co., and
had 76 school-houses built during his term. He also read law, and in
1874 was ad mitted to practice at the Kanawha Co. Bar. He is now a
practicing attorney. P. O. , Gallipolis, O. 1355. SARAH ELIZABETH, b.
3-31-1841. She was for a number of years a teacher in Iowa. She
graduated from the Normal department of the State University of la.
In
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FIFTH GENERATION. 287 1866 went to Cincinnati, O. , and

obtained a good position in one of the schools of that city. In 1868
m. to Emanuel Neal. Residence, 2510 Hemlock St., Cincinnati, O.
1356. ELLA MARIA, b. 12-3-1843, m. 11-21-1861, by Rev. G. C.
Beaman (Congregational), to John H., son of Edward and Abby
(Anthony) Sisson. John H. b. 2-141839, in South Portsmouth, R. I.
He settled on a farm in L/ee Co., la., but in 1866, removed to a farm
in Missouri, where they now resided for some years, then removed
to Colorado. P. O., Eckley, Col. 1357. WILLIAM LEWIS, b. 7-29-1849,
m. 6-4-1873, at Charlestown, W. Va., to Laura, dau. of William R.
and Susan (Truslow) Dudley. Laura b. 3-9-1856, at Wytheville,
Wythe Co., Va. William L. is a printer. P. O., Harriman, Tenn. Children
of (294) ALLEN and MARY (WAY) MOORE. (All b. in Half Moon Valley,
Centre Co., Pa.) 1358. CALEB WAY, b. 4-12-1826, m. to Eliza
Spencer. (For descendants, see No. 1228.) 1359. EZRA ALLEN, b. 11-
27-1826, m. 6- -1851, in Clearfield Co., Pa., to Mary, dau. of William
Wriglesworth. Mary b. 4-24-1824, in Clearfield Co., Pa., d. 7-11-
1868. Ezra A. m. 2d time, in Eaton Co., Mich., to Polly Chance. Ezra
A. is a farmer; resided for many years in Clearfield Co., Pa. ;
removed to Michigan, where he has resided since, except a few
years in Ohio. P. O., Potterville, Eaton Co., Mich. 1360. THOMAS J., b.
, m. , to Sarah Norris, of Clearfield Co., Pa. She d., Thomas J. m. 2d
time, Jennie Gray, of Indiana Co., Pa. Thomas J. is a farmer. P. O.,
Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. 1361. DAVID, b. , d. in 1856. Unm.
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288 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1362.

ELIJAH W., b. 8-31-1832, m. 10-5-1854, in Curwensville, Pa., to
Caroline A., dau. of John and Isabella (Kinter) Jamison. Caroline A.
b. 6-11-1834, in South Mahoning, Indiana Co., Pa. Elisha learned
wagon-making; settled in Indiana Co., Pa. He enlisted 1-8-1862, in
Co. D., i35th Pa. Vols. Mustered out with his regiment, May, 1863. In
June, 1863, was appointed a messenger in the Paymaster's Dept,
Washington, D. C. , a position he still holds. He resides in Va. P. O.,
Manassas, Prince William Co., Va. 1363. SARAH JANE, b. 12-25-
1834, m. 12-29-1855, in Lumber City, Pa., to Isaac I., son of Ephraim
and Sarah (Flegel) Lamborn. Isaac I. is a plasterer, resided in
Stormstowu, Centre Co., Pa. Sarah J. is deceased. 1364. ROBERT, b.
in 1838, d. in 1839. Children of (349) JOHN and (295) ANNA
(MOORE) MOORE. 1365. RAINES, b. 12-9-1825, d. 7-10-1827. 1366.
SARAH H., b. 11-30-1828, m. 12-3-1854, to Joseph Evans. Joseph is
a farmer. P. O., Stark, Neosho Co., Kansas. 1367. MARTHA A., b. 12-
31-1830, m. 9-12-1851, to William Pressnell. Martha d. 8-21-1868,
at Kentland, Newton Co., Ind. William is a farmer. P. O., Mt. Pleasant,
Henry Co., Iowa. 1368. THOMAS C., b. 2-17-1833, m. 8-20-1855, to
Sarah A. Pressnell. Sarah A. d. 7- -1868. Thomas C. m. 2d time, 4-7-
1869, to Mary Keman. He is a farmer. Thomas C. was in the Union
Army from 1861 to 1865. Was with Sherman in his famous "march to
the sea." P. O., Kentland, Newton Co., Ind. 136y. ELIZABETH, b. 6-5-
1835, m. 4-29-1858, to C. Augustus Wood. Elizabeth d. 11-30-1865.
Augustus is a carpenter. P. O., Kentland, Ind.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 289 1370. REBECCA J., b. 3-1-1838,

m. 8-10-1859, to John Gull. John was a carpenter. He d. 2-15-1890.
Rebecca's P. O., Hunter's, Stevens Co., Washington. 1371. MARY M.,
b. 11-10-1840, m. 1-29-1873, to Simeon Gillette. They reside on a
farm. P. O., Ranb, Benton Co., Ind. 1372. JOHN W., b. 11-18-1842, d.
3-29-1863, in the Union Army; was a member of Co. E., 99th Regt.,
Ind. Vol. 1373. NANCY E., b. 7-6-1845, m. 4-19-1868, to John C.
Myers, who is a carpenter. Nancy E. d. 6-10-1888. Jno. C.'s P. O.,
Kentlaud, Newton Co., Ind. Children of (297) ELIJAH and ELIZABETH
(HUFF) MOORE. (All born in the city of Lafayette, Ind.) 1374.
SAMUEL THOMAS, b. 12-6-1837, unm. He was a merchant, d. 3-4-
1882. 1375. PHILANDER WEBB, b. 4-19-1840, m. 6-2-1867, in
Sidney, Fremont Co., la., to Elizabeth W. Allen. P. O., Fort Leaven
worth, Kansas. 1376. WILLIAM EDWIN, b. 4-23-1842, d. 8-7-1844.
Interred in Greenbush Cemetery, Lafayette, Ind. 1377. MERCY
ELIZABETH, b. 2-11-1846. Unm. Resides in Lafayette, Ind. Children
of ISRAEL and (299) REBECCA (ALLEN) DE HAAS. (The seven eldest
born in Half Moon Valley; the four younger, in Clarion Co., Pa.) 1378.
CHARLES JACKSON, b. 10-8-1825. No further information obtained.
19
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290 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1379.

DAVID WASHINGTON, b. 6-4-1827, m. 11-4-1852, to Eliza J., dau. of
Seth and Nancy (Forcey) Maine. Eliza J. b. 7-29-1835, in Clearfield
Co., Pa. David W.'s P. O., Benezet, Elk Co., Pa. 1380. THEODORE, b.
1-31-1829, d. 4-14-1829. Interred in F. B. G., at Centre, Pa. 1381.
ANDREW JACKSON, b. 3-2-1830, m. 10-29-1857, in Carlinsville, 111.,
to Charlotte M., dau. of James and Charlotte (Banks) Benedict, a
native of Oneida Co., N. Y. He settled in Carlinsville, but soon after
removed to Nauvoo, 111. He served in the Union army about two
years, when he was honorably discharged. P. O., Prairie City,
McDonough Co., 111. 1382. LYDIA ANN, b. 7-10-1832, m. 7-4-1858,
to Joshua, son of Peter and Annie (Graham) Graffius. P. O.,
Grahamton, Clearfield Co., Pa. 1383. MARY, b. 8-24-1834, d. 10-31-
1835. Interred in F. B. G. , at Centre, Pa. 138-i. ISAAC MILTON, b. 8-
24-1836, m. in the State of Ohio. He served in the Union army
during the late Civil War, since which time nothing has been heard of
him. 1385. JACOB HARRISON, b. 6-27-1838, m. 4-15-1865, to
Elizabeth, dau. of Abraham and Catharine (Kyler) Graham, of
Clearfield Co., Pa. Elizabeth b. 5-26-1843. Jacob H. served three
years in 5th Regt. Pa. Reserves, was in sixteen battles, was severely
wounded and taken prisoner. P. O., Lick Run Mills, Clearfield Co., Pa.
1386. WILLIAM ALEXANDER, b. 4-7-1841, m. . When last heard
from he was residing in Wisconsin. 1387. JAMES BUCHANAN, b. 7-
10-1843. Resides in Cleveland, Ohio.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 291 1383. JOHN WESLEY, b. 12-14-

1845, m. 8-10-1871, at Brockwayville, Jefferson Co., Pa., to Anne,
dan. of Powell and Sarah Williams. Annie b. 4-27-1850, in L/aporte,
Sullivan Co., Pa. John W. enlisted 8-17-1862, in Co. E., i49th Regt.
Pa. Vols., and served honorably during all the campaign trials of that
regiment, and was honorably mustered out of service July 7, 1865.
John W. is a carpenter, and resides in Clearfield Co., Pa. P. O., Du
Bois, Pa. Child of CALEB and (300) LYDIA (ALLEN) WAY. 1389.
ALLEN, b. 6-3-1832, in Half Moon Valley, Pa., m. 7-26-1866, in
Indiana Co., Pa., to Mary C., dau. of Jacob and Polly (Cochran)
Harmaii. Allen is a farmer. P. O., Home, Indiana Co., Pa. Children of
(303) THOMAS and ALICE (HICKS) ALLEN. (Two eldest b. in Half
Moon, three younger in Clarion, Pa.) 1390. ISAAC H., b. 12-12-1838,
m. 5-16-1877, at Clarion, Pa., to Margaret A., dau. of Hugh St. C.
and L/ydia H. (Iddings) West. Margaret A. b. 11-13-1853, in
Unaville, Centre Co., Pa. Isaac H. is a merchant. P. O., Clarion,
Penna. No children. 1391. SARAH A., b. 9-9-1843, m. 8-18-1881, to
William F., son of John and Judith (Wesner) Smith, of St. Petersburg,
Pa. P. O., Clarion, Pa. No children. 1392. MARGARET ELIZABETH, b.
1-4-1848, m. 2-61873, to Joseph H. Sampsell. Joseph H. is a farmer.
P. O., Clarion, Clarion Co., Pa. 1393. CAROLINE B., b. 7-5-1851, in.
Gourley. P. O., Clarion, Pa. 1394. THOMAS LANE, b. 7-23-1856. Unm.
P. O., Wellsville, Ohio.
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292 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. Children of

HENRY and (304) ELIZABETH (ALLEN) IDDINGS. (All b. in Union
Twp., Centre Co., Pa., except Margaret J. in Winnebago Co., 111.
1395. MARTHA, b. 5-16-1849, d. 11-18-1858. Interred in F. B. G., at
Bald Eagle, Centre Co., Pa. 1396. JOSEPH WARNER, b. 9-28-1851,
m. 1-26-1876, at Stormstown, Pa., to Mary Alice Biddle. Joseph W. is
a farmer. P. O., Bellwood, Pa. 1397. MARY ELINOR, b. 4-5-1853, m.
12-26-1876, at her parents' residence, to Edward W. Root, who is a
farmer. P. O., Bellwood, Pa. 1398. MARGARET JANE, b. 11-14-1854,
m. 10-19-1875, to Benner W. Rumberger, who is a farmer. P. O.,
Hublersburg, Pa. 1399. HENRY ALLEN, b. 8-10-1861, d. 6-5-1865.
Interred in F. B. G., at Bald Eagle, Pa. Children of WESTLY and (305)
ELINOR (ALLEN) JOHN. (Two eldest b. in Centre Co., Pa., others in
Winnebago Co., 111.) 1400. THOMAS W., b. 10-13-1848, m. 4-18-
1872, to Mary Porter, of Rockford, Ills. She d. 5-28-1878. Thomas W.
m. 2d time, 12-20-1879, to Ella E. Chaniberlin. She was b. 8-28-
1854. Thomas W. is a painter. P. O., Onawa, Iowa. 1401. MARY E., b.
11-25-1850. Unm. She is a teacher. P. O., Woodward, Iowa. 1402.
JUDITH E., b. 9-24-1853, m. 7-31-1872, to William A. Kerr. He is a
merchant. Judith E. d. 12-231883. William A.'s P. O., Ridott,
Stephenson Co., Ills. 1403. ADELBERT A., b. 1-14-1856, m. 4-14-
1880, to Ella Hanson, a native of Denmark. Adelbert is a min 
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FIFTH GENERATION. ister of the Gospel, uyth Day

Adventists." Resides at 94 E. Washington St., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Children of (307) ANDREW and LEAH (WILLSON) MOORE. (All b. in
Bayhain, Co. Elgin, Ontario, Canada.) 1404. WILLSON, b. 5-24-1834,
m. 5-11-1876, in Kansas City, Mo., to Clara, dau. of Lyman and
Nancy (Tucker) Cook. Clara b. 5-14-1842, in Chautauqna Co., N. Y.
Willson is a farmer, and resides in Mo. P. O., Warrensburg, Johnson
Co., Mo. No children. 1405. EDWARD, b. 8-31-1837, d. 9-7-1837.
1406. WHITSON EDWARD, b. 11-20-1838, m. 12-291861, in
Bayham, Co. Elgin, Ontario, to Catharine, dau. of Duncan and
Margaret (Drummond) Stewart. Catharine b. 1-2-1834, in Perthshire,
Scotland. Whitson E. is a farmer, resides in Co. Elgin, Ont. P. O.,
Frome, Ont, Canada. 1407. BENJAMIN CANBY, b. 4-16-1841. Unm. P.
O., Coulee City, Washington. Children of (307) ANDREW and JANE
(VEITCH) MOORE. (All born in County Bayham, Elgin, Ont., Canada.)
1408. WILLIAM, b. 10-7-1843, m. 11-6-1863, to Adaline, dau. of
Ebenezer Ostrander. William is a merchant, and postmaster. P. O.,
Corinth, Co. Elgin, E. R., Ont., Canada. 1409. CHARLES MELVIN, b.
11-9-1850, m. 10-17-1876, to Mary E., dau. of Peter and Salina
(Thurston) Johnson. Mary E., b. 12-27-1852. Charles is a
lumberman. P. O., Evart, Oceola Co., Mich. 1410. ALLEN, b. 10-21-
1853, d. 6-7-1857. 1411. SARAH ELIZABETH, b. 9-14-1858. Unm.
P.O., Corinth, Co. Elgin, E. R., Ont, Canada.
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294 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. Children of

(308) BENJAMIN C. and SARAH A. (WILLSON) MOORE. 1412. PHEBE
A., b. 9-18-1842, m. 12-17-1867, to William W., son of Joseph and
Caroline M. (Breading) Trevor. William is a manufacturer of
machinery. Residence, 165 Pine St., Lockport, N. Y. 1413. LIBBY, b.
3-4-1845. Unm. Residence, Lockport, N. Y. 1414. EMMA K., b. 4-19-
1848, m. 1875, to Charles R. Penfield. Residence, Lockport, N. Y. No
children. Children of WILLIAM and (309) ELIZABETH T. (MOORE)
FITCH. 1415. NATHAN T., b. . Residence, Wilmington, Del. 1416.
JAMES EDWIN, b. . Residence, Washington, D. C. 1417. SARAH, b. .
1418. JOHN R., b. . Residence, San Francisco, Cal. 1419. EMILY, b. .
1420. WILLIAM C., b. . Residence, 390 Prospect Ave., Buffalo, N. Y.
1421. MARY K., b. . Children of (310) WHITSON C. and ANN
(WILLSON) MOORE. (All b. inTwp. Pelham, County Welland, Ont,
Canada.) 1422. EMILY ANN, b. 8-27-1844. 1423. WORTLEY, b. 6-22-
1846. 1424. SARAH JEANNETTA, b. 9-17-1848.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 395 1425. GEORGE P., b. 5-14-1850,

m. 1-18-1882, to Anna E., dau. of Frederick and Hannah Dochstater,
of Pel ham. 1426. ELIZABETH, b. 2-13-1852, d. 9-14-1853. Interred
in F. B. G., at Co. Pelham, Out, Can. 1427. EDWIN F., b. 8-12-1854.
1428. MARY ANNABELLA, b. 8-2-1857. Children of (311) NATHANIEL
E. and ANN M. (BEACH) MOORE. 1429. ROLLIN BEACH, b. 7-19-
1852, in Lockport, N.Y., m. 3-2-1887, to Evelyn Nyon. Residence, 149
Ontario St., Lockport, N. Y. 1430. CALVIN PHELPS, b. 5-11-1858, in
Twp. Thorold, Co. Welland, Out, Can., d. 9-13-1885. Unm. Children
of (313) JOSEPH and ELIZABETH (PEARSON) MCMILLAN. 1431.
JOEL, b. 4-14-1822, in York Co., Pa., m. 8-101848, in Cadiz, O., to
Sarah M., dau. of Luther M. and Pleasant (Hoge) Norris. Sarah b. 6-
19-1822, in Belmont Co., O. Joel was engaged in the book and
stationery business in Salem, Columbiana Co., O., d. 8- -1877. Sarah
M.'s P. O., Salem, Ohio. 1432. RUTH ANN, b. 9-8-1827, near Cadiz,
O., m. 222-1846, at Damascus, Columbiana Co., O., to Thomas
Moore, son of Joseph E. and Anna (Briggs) Bently. Thomas M. b. 11-
12-1822, in Montgomery Co., Md. They resided at different times in
O., Wis. and La. Thomas M. d. in New Orleans, La., 9-18-1867, of
yellow fever. He was a gallant soldier in the 4th Wisconsin Regt.
during the late Civil War, and entered New Orleans under Gen. B. F.
Butler. Ruth Ann's P. O., Green Hill, Ohio.
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296 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. Children of

(314) JACOB and SARAH (VALE) MCMILLAN. 1433. MAHLON, b. 7-
19-1824, in Warrington, York Co., Pa., d. 11-9-1840. Interred in F. B.
G. , Short Creek, near Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson Co., O. 1434. ELI, b.
10-29-1827, in Warrington, York Co., Pa., m. 9-27-1865, near St.
Clairsville, O. , to Sarah Adaline Stillwell, by Rev. James Thoburn, of
the M. E. Church. Eli was a farmer. He is deceased. 1435. SARAH
ANN, b. 9-21-1830, in Warrington, York Co., Pa. Unm. P. O., Pleasant
Grove, Belmont Co., O. 1436. RUTH ELIZABETH, b. 12-31-1833, in
Warrington, York Co., Pa. Unm. P. O., Pleasant Grove, Ohio. 1437.
JACOB, b. 10-31-1838, in Belmont Co., O., d. 10- -1888. Unm. He
resided at Pleasant Grove, Ohio. 1438. IRA VALE, b. 5-13-1842, in
Belmont Co., O., m. 3-9-1868, in Savannah, Mo., by Rev. L. M.
Stryker, to Rose Virginia Howarter. Rose Virginia d. 3-14-1872, in her
22d year. Interred in Marysville Cemetery, Nodaway Co., Mo. Ira V.
m. 2d time 1-22-1874, in St. Joseph, Mo., to Mattie List Hosmer. Ira
V. after graduating from the public schools took a full course at
college at Hayesville, Ohio. He read law and in 1866 located at
Marysville, Mo., where he soon built up a lucrative practice. He has
held many positions of honor in his adopted home. He is prominent
in Masonic circles. He is now (1897) Grand Commander of the Grand
Commandery of Missouri. P. O., Marysville, Mo. Children of JOSEPH
and (315) MARIA (McMiLLAN) GARRETTSON. (All born in York Co.,
Pa.) 1439. MARY A., b. 9-11-1817, in York Co., Pa., m. 12-20-1838,
to Uriah Buell. Uriah b. 8-2-1815, d. 11-201869. Mary A. d. 4-1-
1866.
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FIFTH GENERATION. 297 1440. RUTH G., b. 1-13-1820, d.

7-29-1822. 1441. REBECCA P., b. 5-8-1823, m. 5-3-1841, to Daniel
R. Pettit, who was b. 2-19-1818, d. 6-26-1876, at his residence in
Garfield, Mahoning Co., O. Rebecca d. u39-1877. Both interred in F.
B. G., at Damascus, O. 1442. MARIA M., b. 4-27-1827, m. 1-17-
1850, in Salem, O., to Erastus A., son of Enoch and Priscilla (Avery)
Lamb, of Circleville, O. Erastus A. b. 1-31-1820, in New London,
Conn. He was by trade a cooper, but was for many years in the boot
and shoe business in Salem, O. Erastus A. d. 4-11-1897. He was one
of the best known residents of Salem. He was kind, honest and
industrious. He was a Christian and a member of the Methodist
Episcopal Church. Maria M.'s P. O., Salem, O. 1443. RUTH ANNA, b.
4-18-1830, in York Co., Pa., m. 7-15-1852, in Salem, O., to John P.,
son of George and Mary (Kisner) Lee, of New Lisbon, O. John P. was
a painter and paper-hanger; d. 7-2-1891. Ruth Anna's P. O., Salem,
O. Children of (316) MAHLON and RACHEL (RICHARDS) McMlLLAN.
1444. WILLIAM MOORE, b. 7-12-1826, in Cecil Co., Md., m. 9-25-
1857, to Nancy, dau. of William and Margaret (Carney) Worthington.
Nancy b. 11-13-1837, in Coshocton Co., O. William M. was a farmer,
and resided near Mt. Pleasant, Jefferson Co., O. He d. 6-15-1893.
1445. RUTH HANNAH, b. 2-26-1830, in Lane. Co., Pa., m. 12-31-
1850, by Friends' ceremony, at her mother's residence, to Jeremiah
Walker, who is a farmer. P. O. , Emerson, Jefferson Co., Ohio. 1446.
THOMAS RICHARDS, b. 10-22-1832, in Cecil Co., Md., m. 3-2-1859,
at Mt. Pleasant, O., to Julia A., dau. of George I. and Sarah (Griffith)
Evans. Julia A. b. 10-2 
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298 ANDREW MOORE AND HIS DESCENDANTS. 1837, in

Jefferson Co., O. Thomas R. is a wagon-maker. P. O., Emerson,
Jefferson Co., O. . SARAH ANN. b. 10-12-1837, in Ohio, m. 3-51857,
to Steward W., son of Thomas J. and Margaret (White) Furbey.
Steward b. 8-26-1836, in Harrison Co., O. He was a blacksmith, and
resided in New Trenton, Jefferson Co., O., where he d. 11-29-1874.
Sarah A.'s P. O., Emerson, Jefferson Co., O. Children of JACOB and
(317) ANNA (MOORE) REYNOLDS. 1448. WILLIAM MOORE, b. 8-27-
1814. He learned the trade of carpenter; in early manhood received
an injury; entered into the mercantile business at Harrisville, Cecil
Co., Md., where he resided until his death. He was greatly beloved
by all who knew him. Unm. 1449. MERCY ANN, b. 5-29-1816, m. 3-
11-1841, to Isaac, son of Thomas and Orpha (Stubbs) Richards, at
Oxford, Pa., by Rev. J. Miller Dickey. Isaac was a farmer, and resided
in Cecil Co., Md., d. 4-19-1864. Interred in F. B. G., at West
Nottingham, Md. Mercy A. resided at Colora, Cecil Co., Md., d. 2-5-
1885. 1450. ESTHER TAYLOR, b. 5-29-1819, d. 10-20-1824. 1451.
JACOB H., b. 8-16-1821, m. 9-7-1848, to Mary Jane, dau. of Joseph
Pyle. Jacob H. was a machinist and car-builder, and lived in
Wilmington, Del., where he d. 7-23-1893. Mary J. resides in
Wilmington, Del. 1452. ADRIANNA, b. 8-14-1823, m. to Alexander H.
Kirk. (See No. 2120.) 1453. BENJAMIN CUTLER, b. 9-17-1825, m. 1-
21-1851, by Friends' Ceremony, before Mayor Gilpin, of Philadelphia,
to (1527) Elizabeth, dau. of Haines and Phebe Reynolds. Benjamin
C. learned the machinist trade, and was
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