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 Paradigms of
Clinical Social Work
Volume 3

Emphasis on Diversity
 Paradigms of
Clinical Social Work
Volume 3

Emphasis on Diversity

Rachelle A. Dorfman • Phil Meyer • Melinda L. Morgan

NEW YORK AND HOVE

Published in 2004 by
Brunner-Routledge
29 West 35th Street
New York, NY 10001
www.brunner-routledge.com

Published in Great Britain by

Brunner-Routledge
27 Church Road
Hove, East Sussex
BN3 2FA
www.brunner-routledge.co.uk

Copyright © 2004 by Taylor & Francis Books, Inc.

Brunner-Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the pub-
lishers.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, Volume 3

Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Social case work. 2. Social case work - United States.
I. Dorfman, Rachelle A. II. Title: Clinical social work.

HV43.P35 1988 361.3'2 88-2879

ISBN 0-415-94406-6 (hbk)
To Shawn Kaplan, who has an extraordinary ability to illuminate,
amuse, and surprise with his writing
R.A.D.

To my family, Kenneth Robins, Lily, and Ruben;

no man has been more blessed.
P.M.

To Samuel, for all your love and support.

M.L.M.
 CONTENTS

Foreword by Nancy Boyd Webb, DSW ix

Acknowledgments xi
About the Editors xiii
About the Contributors xv
Introduction xxi

Part I The Case

1. The Case 3
Rachelle Dorfman, PhD

Part II Paradigms of Clinical Social Work: Emphasis on Diversity

2. Diversity Perspectives for Social Work Practice 19

Joseph Anderson, PhD and Robin Wiggins-Carter, DPA
3. Jungian Thinking and Practice: Emphasis on an Adolescent’s 35
Search for Her Guatemalan Cultural Roots
Marga Speicher, PhD
4. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy With Children and Families: 59
Emphasis on a Russian Immigrant Family’s Entry Into
a New Society
Tammie Ronen, PhD
5. Behavioral Child Therapy: Emphasis on an African 83
American Family Living in a High-Risk Community
Joseph A. Himle, PhD; Daniel J. Fischer, MSW, and
Jordana R. Muroff, MSW

vii
viii Contents

6. Play Therapy Across the Life Span: 105

Emphasis on a Second-Generation, Middle-Class
Japanese American Family
Daniel S. Sweeney, PhD
7. Crisis Intervention and Diversity: Emphasis on a Mexican 125
Immigrant Family’s Acculturation Conflicts
Elaine P. Congress, DSW
8. Group Work: Emphasis on the Role of Gender 145
Charles Garvin, PhD
9. Constructual Marital Therapy: 167
Emphasis on a Chinese Immigrant Family
Marshall Jung, DSW
10. Integrative Family Therapy: 187
Emphasis on a Middle-Class African American
Family in Suburbia
Marlene F. Watson, PhD
11. Narrative Therapy and the Practice of Advocacy: 205
Emphasis on Affirming Difference When Working
With Diverse Clients
Kevin J. Fitzsimmons, MSW and Larry M. Zucker, MSW
12. Clinical Social Work and Psychopharmacology: 225
Emphasis on Indigenous Medicine in a Latino Community
Melinda L. Morgan, PhD and Ian A. Cook, M.D.
13. Spiritually Centered Therapy: 247
Emphasis on an African American Family
in a Changing Multicultural Community
Carolyn Jacobs, PhD

Part III: Epilogues

1 Year Later 263
10 Years Later 265
15 Years Later 275

Author Index 281

Subject Index 285
 FOREWORD

Nancy Boyd Webb, DSW

T
his book offers a fascinating and informative presentation of 11 differ-
ent models of clinical social work practice. The philosophy, rationale,
and special emphasis of each model come alive in the manner in which
each approach undertakes clinical work with the same family case. In this book,
we see different viewpoints about assessment and about the focus and the
process of treatment. Because there are multiple ways to understand and work
with any case, practitioners trained in one specific model may guide the case
according to their training and concepts about the appropriate nature of thera-
peutic work.
The use of the Shore family case as a major recurring theme in each chap-
ter demonstrates to the reader that there are many different ways to Rome.
Some approaches emphasize work with the marital dyad, others with the par-
ent–child relationship, and still others with the family as a unit, with all taking
their rationale from the principles of their models. One wonders which ap-
proach the family would have preferred, and to what extent these seemingly
substantive differences matter. All the models emphasize respect for the cli-
ents and an understanding of the reciprocal influence of persons and their
environments. After all, a systems perspective maintains that a change in any
one person will affect others in the family group, and the literature has con-
firmed that the practitioner’s own belief in the efficacy of his or her approach
is the essential factor that contributes to therapeutic change in clients.
Appropriate as a text in advanced clinical practice courses, this book com-
bines a three-pronged focus: (a) the 11 models of practice, (b) the in-depth case
discussions, and (c) an emphasis on diversity. The contributors follow a similar
chapter outline that includes a section about issues on diversity, as these are

ix
x Foreword

reflected in their helping perspective and with respect to specific aspects of the
case. Although the case involves a Caucasian family, the Shores, many authors
chose to hypothetically alter the ethnicity of the family in order to discuss the
situation had the family been Russian, African American, Japanese American,
Mexican American, or Chinese. This device allows, for example, a discussion
of the pressures of immigrant families that must simultaneously deal with ad-
aptation to a new sociocultural environment at the same time they are strug-
gling with personal and family problems. One author chose to discuss diversity
in terms of gender and role expectations in this Caucasian family.
Regardless of the model of practice, it is imperative that the therapist
thoughtfully examine his or her own cultural biases and beliefs about gender
role expectations, child rearing, and appropriate help-seeking behavior. These
culturally grounded beliefs inevitably pervade the therapeutic process and ap-
ply to the therapist, as well as to the client. It is ironic that many people from
non-European cultures consider it shameful to require assistance from a men-
tal health professional, and the practitioner who does not recognize or share
these beliefs may misread the client’s hesitation as “resistance.”
The social work profession is committed to helping people from increas-
ingly diverse backgrounds, and the growing literature provides guidance about
culturally competent practice (Fong, in press; Lum, 1999; Webb, 2001). This
book makes an important contribution to our understanding of applying con-
cepts about diversity in clinical work with families.

REFERENCES

Fong, R. (Ed.). (in press). Culturally competent practice with immigrant and refugee children and
families. New York: Guilford Press.
Lum, D. (1999). Culturally competent practice. A framework for growth and action. Pacific Grove,
CA: Sage.
Webb, N. B. (Ed.). (2001). Culturally diverse parent–child and family relationships. A guide for
social workers and other practitioners. New York: Columbia University Press.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am deeply grateful to my co-editors, who performed their editing tasks ex-

quisitely. In the process of editing this book, the three of us learned about each
other’s shortcomings and strengths—and are better friends and colleagues for
it. Thanks also to the many contributors who survived our constant deadlines
and changes. Emily Epstein-Loeb, an editor at Brunner-Routledge, deserves
special recognition. Her support for the “emphasis on diversity” was immedi-
ate and enthusiastic. The Shore family has been the centerpiece in all three
volumes of Paradigms of Clinical Social Work. I remain indebted to the family
members for allowing us a window into their lives. Finally, my heartfelt appre-
ciation goes to my husband, Jay. What can you say about a partner whose greatest
joy is seeing you happy?
R. A. D.

Many thanks to our students who, when we are humble enough to ask them,
tell us exactly what they need to succeed in the work we all do. Thanks to
Rocky for, once again, nudging me into the unknown and making sure I have
provisions for the journey—and to Melinda for holding hands along the way. I
am especially grateful to members of my family who put up with the smell of
midnight oil and the oft-times haggard sight of a sleep-deprived parent.
P. M.

My heartfelt thanks go to the authors who graciously contributed to the book,

without whom there would be no book. I would also like to thank the students
and the clients who have educated me and enriched my life. I thank my col-
leagues, who have lent me their guidance. Finally, I would like to express my
deepest appreciation for my children, who keep me centered and sane!
M.L.M.

xi
 ABOUT THE EDITORS

Rachelle A. Dorfman, PhD, is a Professor Emeritus of Social Welfare at the

UCLA Department of Social Welfare and a licensed clinical social worker. She
was a visiting professor at the University of Hong Kong and a 1998 recipient of
a Fulbright Scholar award to teach gerontology at the National Kaohsiung Nor-
mal University in Taiwan. She is the editor of Paradigms of Clinical Social Work
(Volumes 1 and 2), and author of Aging Into the 21st Century: The Exploration of
Aspirations and Values, and Clinical Social Work: Definition, Practice and Vision
and is widely published in professional journals. She received her MSW from
Bryn Mawr School of Social Work and her PhD from Temple University.

Phil Meyer, MSW, is a lecturer in the Department of Social Welfare at the

University of California, Los Angeles. He serves as a consultant and a supervi-
sor for SPECTRUM Community Services and Research at Charles R. Drew
University and the Maternal, Child, and Adolescent Clinic at the University of
Southern California, both programs that specialize in treating people living
with HIV/AIDS. He is the consumer liaison for the HIV/AIDS Treatment
Adherence, Health Outcomes, and Cost Study and has several articles in press
about the importance of consumer representation in multi-site HIV, mental
health, and substance abuse research. A parent, a poet, and a sometime opera
singer, he also maintains an active private practice in Los Angeles.

Melinda L. Morgan, PhD, is an assistant professor of psychiatry and biobehavior

sciences at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital at the David
Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA. She is also a licensed clinical social worker
and teaches in the Department of Social Welfare at the UCLA School of Public
Policy and Social Research. Dr. Morgan is the principle investigator for a re-
search project on estrogen augmentation in perimenopausal depression and a
co-investigator on the research team investigating placebo effects at UCLA.
She has been honored as an NCDEU New Investigator and received the
NARSAD Young Investigator Award to support her research on estrogen,

xiii
xiv About the Editors

women, and depression. She is a certified cognitive behavioral therapist with

the NIMH multi-site project on treatment-resistant depression. She has spo-
ken nationally and has published research on premenstrual dysphoric disor-
der, affective disorder in women over the life span, and brain function in
depression.
 ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS

Joseph Anderson, PhD, is a professor and a past director of the Division of

Social Work, California State University, Sacramento. He was the MSW pro-
gram director at Norfolk State University, a visiting professor at National Uni-
versity of Singapore, and the chair of the Department of Social Work,
Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania. He is a past member of the CWSE
Commission on Accreditation and a past chair of the CSWE Commission on
Educational Policy. He was in private practice in Pennsylvania and Virginia
and was the clinical director of the Youth Development Center in Loysville,
Pennsylvania. His publications include Diversity Perspectives for Social Work
Practice, Social Work With Groups, Social Work Methods and Processes, and nu-
merous journal articles and book chapters.

Nancy Boyd Webb, DSW, is a distinguished professor of social work and the
James R. Dumpson Chair in Child Welfare Studies at Fordham University Gradu-
ate School of Social Service, where she has been a faculty member since 1979.
Her works include Play Therapy With Children in Crisis: Individual, Family and
Group Treatment; Helping Bereaved Children: A Handbook for Practitioners; Social
Work Practice With Children; and Culturally Diverse Parent–Child and Family Re-
lationships. In addition, she has published widely in professional journals and
produced a video, Techniques of Play Therapy. She is the editor of a book series
for Guilford Press on the topic of social work practice with children. In 1985
she founded the post-master’s certificate program in child and adolescent
therapy at Fordham to meet the need for specialized training with children
and families. She consults with agencies and schools around issues of trauma
and bereavement and is a frequent keynote speaker at professional confer-
ences and meetings in the United States and abroad. Dr. Webb is a board-
certified diplomat in clinical social work and a registered play therapy supervisor
with the International Association for Play Therapy.

xv
xvi About the Contrubutors

Elaine P. Congress, DSW, is an associate dean and a professor at Fordham

University Graduate School of Social Service in New York City, where she also
has served as the director of the doctoral program. Dr. Congress has written
extensively in the areas of cultural diversity, social work ethics, social work
education, and crisis intervention, including 3 books and over 30 professional
journal articles and book chapters. Her book Multicultural Perspectives in Work-
ing With Families examines assessment, life cycle, and practice issues from a
cultural perspective. She developed the culturagram, a family assessment tool
for assessing and working with culturally diverse families, which was first fea-
tured in the November 1994 issue of Families in Society and revised in 2000 for
Advances in Social Work. Another book, Social Work Values and Ethics: Identify-
ing and Resolving Professional Dilemmas, presents the ETHIC model of decision
making for addressing ethical dilemmas in social work practice.

Ian A. Cook, MD, is associate professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sci-

ences at the Neuropsychiatric Institute and Hospital at the David Geffen School
of Medicine, UCLA. He is a co-investigator of the research team at UCLA in-
vestigating the effects of placebo. Dr. Cook is the founding director of the UCLA
NPI Academic Information Technology Core. He was honored as an NCDEU
New Investigator and received two NARSAD Young Investigator Awards to
support his research in depression and neurophysiology. He currently is the
recipient of a Career Development Award from the NIMH to study etiologic
factors leading to the side effects of psychoactive medications. He has spoken
internationally and has published peer-reviewed research on depression and
brain function. Dr. Cook is a board-certified psychiatrist, and he is also an
examiner for the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology.

Daniel J. Fischer, MSW, is a clinical assistant professor and an associate direc-

tor of the Pediatric OCD Program at the University of Michigan, Department
of Psychiatry, Child/Adolescent Division. He is also a social work manager and
a director of graduate education at the University of Michigan Health Systems
Department of Social Work and an adjunct lecturer at the University of Michi-
gan School of Social Work. He completed his MSW at the University of Michi-
gan in 1984. Mr. Fischer is an active clinician, teacher, and researcher in the
area of anxiety disorders and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

Kevin J. Fitzsimmons, MSW, is an adjunct professor in the Psychology De-

partment at Antioch University, Los Angeles, and a lecturer in the Graduate
Department of Social Work at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is
a member of the family therapy faculty at the Southern California Counseling
Center. He is currently training clinicians with the Los Angeles County De-
partment of Mental Health in the practices of postmodern psychotherapies.
After 20 years of community mental health agency service, he is now in private
practice in Los Angeles.
About the Contrubutors xvii

Charles Garvin, PhD, is Professor Emeritus of Social Work at the University of

Michigan School of Social Work. He is the author of Contemporary Group Work
and a coauthor of Interpersonal Practice in Social Work, Social Work in Contempo-
rary Society, and Generalist Practice in Social Work: A Task Centered Approach. He
is co-editor of The Handbook of Direct Practice in Social Work. He has written
many articles and book chapters on group work, clinical practice, treatment of
persons with serious mental illness, treatment of persons in correctional pro-
grams, and research in social work. He is a past chair of the Group for the
Advancement of Doctoral Education in Social Work (GADE) and the Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Social Work with Groups (AASWG).

Joseph A. Himle, PhD, is a clinical assistant professor and the director of edu-
cation, Ambulatory Psychiatry, at the University of Michigan, Department of
Psychiatry. He is also the associate director of the University of Michigan Anxi-
ety Disorders Program and an adjunct assistant professor at the University of
Michigan School of Social Work. He completed his doctorate in social work
and psychology at the University of Michigan in August of 1995. Dr. Himle is
an active clinician, a teacher, and a researcher in the area of anxiety disorders
and cognitive-behavioral therapies.

Carolyn Jacobs, PhD, is the dean and an Elizabeth Marting Treuhaft Professor
at Smith College School for Social Work. She has taught primarily within the
research and practice sequences of the Smith College School for Social Work.
Her areas of professional interest include religion and spirituality in social work
practice, social work research, and statistics. She has written and presented
extensively on the topic of spirituality in social work. She is the co-editor of
Ethnicity and Race: Critical Concepts in Social Work. She is a spiritual director
trained at the Shalem Institute for Spiritual Formation. Dr. Jacobs was also
elected as a distinguished practitioner in the National Academies of Practice in
Social Work in 2001.

Marshall Jung, DSW, is a Professor Emeritus of Social Work, California State

University, San Bernardino and a nationally recognized expert in marital and
family therapy. He has provided workshops for child welfare and mental health
organizations, social and family services agencies, residential treatment facili-
ties, and medical hospitals throughout the United States and in Canada and
Hong Kong. He has also presented at many state and national conferences,
including the NASW National Conference, the American Association of Mari-
tal and Family Therapists, and the National Association of Group Work An-
nual Conference. Dr. Jung has published in major professional journals,
including Social Work, Families in Contemporary Society, and Family Process. Dr.
Jung has coauthored one self-help book and authored two professional ones,
the last of which is titled Chinese American Family Therapy. He is the father of
two children and the grandfather of three. Dr. Jung currently lives with his
wife, Rosie, at his retreat and training center in Lake Arrowhead, California.
xviii About the Contrubutors

Jordana R. Muroff, MSW, is a doctoral candidate in the joint doctoral program

in social work and psychology at the University of Michigan. She completed
her MSW in 1999. She is also a clinical and research fellow at the University of
Michigan Department of Psychiatry, Child/Adolescent Outpatient Division,
and the Adult Anxiety Disorders Program.

Tammie Ronen, PhD, is a professor at the Bob Shapell School of Social Work,
Tel-Aviv University, Israel. She serves as the director of the Child Clinical Pro-
gram in Graduate Studies and the director of the Research Clinic for Aggres-
sive Children. Dr. Ronen is the author of many papers and books in the area of
child therapy and self-control training.

Marga Speicher, PhD, is a Jungian psychotherapist and psychoanalyst in pri-

vate practice in San Antonio, Texas. She serves as a senior training analyst in
the psychoanalytic training program of Inter-Regional Society of Jungian Ana-
lysts. She is a clinical associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry, Uni-
versity of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio. Dr. Speicher’s professional
interests include multitheoretical and multidisciplinary discussion and teach-
ing in psychotherapy, presentation of lectures and workshops on psychological
understanding to the general public, and psychological exploration of images
in the arts, especially literature and folklore. Her writing has appeared in the
Clinical Social Work Journal and other publications; her explorations of images
in folklore have appeared on audiotape.

Daniel S. Sweeney, PhD, is an associate professor and a clinical director in the

Graduate Department of Counseling at George Fox University in Portland,
Oregon. He is also the director of the Northwest Center for Play Therapy Stud-
ies at GFU and a registered play therapist-supervisor. He has presented at nu-
merous national and international conferences on the topics of play therapy,
filial therapy, and sandtray therapy. He has published articles and book chap-
ters on child counseling, play therapy issues, families and parenting, and is an
author or a coauthor of several books, including Play Therapy Interventions With
Children’s Problems, Counseling Children Through the World of Play, Sandtray
Therapy: A Practical Manual, and Handbook of Group Play Therapy. His books
have been translated into Russian, French, and Mandarin.

Marlene F. Watson, PhD, is an associate professor and the director of Gradu-

ate Programs in Couple and Family Therapy at Drexel University in Philadel-
phia. She is also a licensed marriage and family therapist. Dr. Watson is a chair
elect on the Commission on Accreditation for Marriage and Family Therapy
Education (COAMFTE) and on the editorial review board for the Journal of
Marital and Family Therapy. She lectures nationally on issues of race, ethnicity,
gender, and class. She devotes much of her professional energy to establishing
new and innovative therapies. For example, she partnered with the city of
About the Contrubutors xix

Philadelphia’s Coordinating Office for Drug and Alcohol Abuse Programs to

provide family therapy services to substance-dependent clients, both behind
prison walls and in the community. This work was recognized in the Utne Reader,
which named her as one of the 10 most innovative therapists in the nation.

Robin Wiggins-Carter, DPA, is the director of the Division of Social Work at

California State University, Sacramento, where she has been a faculty member
for 12 years. She teaches social work practice and diversity courses. She has
published in the area of social work with the African American family and has
particular interests in the Afrocentric paradigm, health-care social work, clini-
cal supervision, and gerontological social work. She recently co-edited (with
Joseph Anderson) Diversity Perspectives in Social Work Practice. She has also
contributed several chapters to other edited books. She received her DPA and
MPA from the University of Southern California.

Larry M. Zucker, MSW, is an adjunct professor in the Psychology Department

at Antioch University, Los Angeles. He is a member of the family therapy fac-
ulty at the Southern California Counseling Center. He is a consultant and a
supervisor for Clean Slate, Inc., a community-based gang-recovery and tattoo-
removal program in Los Angeles. He is also in private practice.
 INTRODUCTION

I
n two previous volumes of Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, I invited 32
clinicians and academics to present 25 therapeutic paradigms. All contribu-
tors elucidated specific concepts and treatment methods associated with
their models by drawing on examples from the in-depth case study of the Shore
family found in chapter 1. This simple device, warmly received by students
and social work educators, is used again in volume 3 of Paradigms of Clinical
Social Work: Emphasis on Diversity.
Chapter 2, “Diversity Perspectives for Social Work Practice,” launches the
book by summarizing the multiple approaches that have evolved within the
profession to provide principles and concepts for competence in diversity prac-
tice. Chapters 3 through 13 follow a framework similar to the one used in the
first two volumes, with the addition of a section called “Application to Diver-
sity,” which describes how each model may be applied to a diverse population.
The framework for these chapters is reproduced as follows:

• Introduction
• The Concept of the Person and the Human Experience (the underlying philo-
sophical position of the paradigm regarding its view of the person and the
human experience)
• Historical Perspective (overview of the origins and the development of the
paradigm)
• Key Theoretical Constructs (the explanation of problems, symptoms, and
disease and the theory of change identified with this approach)
• Assessment
• The Therapeutic Process (techniques and methods, course of treatment, and
therapist–client relationship)
• Application to Diversity (the application of the model to a Shore family that
is racially, culturally, or ethnically diverse, with a focus on how treatment
may need to be adapted to meet the family’s diversity status)
• Limitations of the Model (major problems and issues, failures, underdevel-
oped areas)

xxi
xxii Introduction

• Research
• Summary
• References

The “Application to Diversity” section arose out of the struggle of the edi-
tors (now we are three) to find a way to answer the question, “Are these models
relevant for diverse populations?” or, as our students put it, “How do I apply
this to the people I work with?” In this book, we present 11 ways that experi-
enced clinicians and educators have grappled with that question. However, the
11 different paradigms in this volume do not hold the definitive answer to the
question because at this moment there is no such thing. Rather, they are pre-
sented as examples of how clinicians must continually and thoughtfully strive
to “start where the client is”—including their client’s race, culture, ethnicity,
and sexual orientation. The reader is urged to think critically about these para-
digms and to develop his or her own approach to working with diversity.
Our efforts faced no shortage of stumbling blocks. First, it was impossible
to include all types of diversity in a single volume. Second, we recognized that
there are minor and major variations, even within the diverse groups that are
presented. For example, not all African Americans share the same socioeco-
nomic status and not all Hispanic groups share similar healing practices. We
took great pains to avoid furthering stereotypical characteristics, yet at the same
time acknowledged commonalities among specific groups.
We selected paradigms that are often associated with clinical social work,
that clinical social workers are interested in, and that support (each in its own
way) the person-in-situation principle that is at the core of social work prac-
tice. We stretched the meaning of a clinical social work paradigm to include
Chapter 12 on psychopharmacology, but we believe it is a stretch that will be
forgiven. Although social workers do not prescribe medications, social work
practitioners are increasingly employed in medical and psychiatric inpatient
and outpatient settings in which clients take psychopharmacological drugs in-
termittently, regularly, or on a one-time basis. Thus it behooves us to learn
about these substances and their role in clinical social work. Chapter 13 fo-
cuses on “Spiritually Centered Therapy,” a model that is less developed than
the other models and may be considered more of a metaparadigm than a well-
defined paradigm with specific techniques. Nevertheless, it is gaining popular-
ity, and clinical social workers are intrigued by its potential for helping clients
live a more balanced life. Finally, we realized that volumes 1 and 2 paid short
shrift to paradigms that focus on children. Therefore, we included three child-
oriented chapters, Chapter 4 on cognitive-behavioral therapy for children,
Chapter 5 on behavioral child therapy, and Chapter 6 on play therapy. We also
decided to emphasize couple and family work in Chapter 9 on constructual
marital therapy and Chapter 10 on integrative family therapy.
It is 15 years since we first met the Shore family—Nancy, Charley, Rena,
and Michael. They have come a long way since the original case study was
written. We have included follow-up reports on the family at 1 year, 10 years,
Introduction xxiii

and 15 years. These follow-ups, in the form of epilogues, provide real-life drama
to the text; they teach us about the limits and the strengths of social work
intervention, and together they remind us that (should we forget) we do not
have all the answers.

Rachelle A. Dorfman, PhD

 Part I

The Case

Dorfman-RT-4066-part-1.p65 1 12/19/03, 10:46 AM

Dorfman-RT-4066-part-1.p65 2 12/19/03, 10:46 AM
 1
The Case

Rachelle A. Dorfman, PhD

THE FAMILY

T
he problems of the Shore family are common ones. Among them are
unemployment, illness, and the worrisome behavior of the children. What
is uncommon is that the problems never get resolved. Although the fam-
ily members frequently seek help and are the recipients of various social ser-
vices, they never seem to function free from symptoms. Individually and
collectively, their lives are marked by crisis and emotional distress.
Nancy is 43; her husband, Charley, is 51. The children are Rena, 18, who
was adopted as a baby, and Michael, 12. Until recently, the entire family lived
in the two-unit duplex they own. Nancy, Charley, and Michael still live in the
second-floor apartment. Rena, who occupied the first-floor apartment by her-
self since she was 13, has moved out; she lives nearby and is “on her own.”
Charley has been chronically unemployed for 4 years; the family survives largely
on the disability checks Nancy has received every month for the last 10 years.
Nancy is a large woman. She calls herself “grossly obese” and makes fre-
quent apologies about her appearance. Her hair is graying and her figure is
decidedly matronly, but her flawless skin and the gap between her front teeth
give her a youthful quality. The only reservation she has about being inter-
viewed is that “After it’s done, I will probably run from social worker to social
worker trying to do everything suggested.”
For most of her 23-year marriage to Charley, “trying to get everything
fixed” has been her full-time job. She is at her best during family crises. “Then,”
she says, “I take control. I no longer dread the terrible things that might hap-
pen because they have already happened. It is the waiting for the crisis to

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 4 Paradigms of Clinical Social Work, Volume 3

occur that makes me worry.” Her anxiety often turns into panic. She becomes
nearly immobilized. Unable to leave the house, she chain-smokes and imag-
ines the worst of all possible outcomes. Anxiety attacks occur daily.
There is no shortage of crises. Recurring flare-ups of a back injury that
Nancy suffered as a young nurse incapacitate her without warning, confining
her to bed for weeks or months. The flare-ups are not the only crises. Three
times, doctors predicted that Michael, asthmatic since early infancy, would not
survive until morning. Twice Rena ran away from home and was missing for
several days.
The small apartment reverberates with the sounds of their crises. One
typical scenario began with an argument. Rena, then 16, lunged forward to hit
her mother. Charley, in frustration and fury, pulled Rena away from Nancy
and beat her, bruising her face badly. It was on that evening, 2 years ago, that
Nancy and Charley told Rena she would have to leave when she turned 18.
A new problem with a potential for crisis is emerging. The downstairs
apartment—which is now vacant—has never before been occupied by strang-
ers. (Before Rena, Nancy’s elderly grandparents lived there.) Because they need
the money, Nancy and Charley have decided to rent it to a young couple. Nancy
is anxious about being a landlord. She is trying to train Charley and Michael to
keep their voices down and their steps light. She wishes that her family lived
downstairs and the tenants lived upstairs and says, “I’d rather they walk on me
than we walk on them.” Again, she fears the crises that are certain to erupt.
Rena has been in her own apartment a few blocks away for 3 months.
Nancy worries about that, too. She feels that as an adopted child, Rena is espe-
cially sensitive to being “put out.” Nonetheless, she still argues with Rena about
her “laziness” and failure to finish anything, but there is less explosiveness
now that she is on her own.
Despite some relief in the tension at home since Rena left, Nancy is still
anxious and often depressed. She has gained 15 pounds, sleeps poorly, cannot
concentrate, and is forgetful. Most of the time, she stays inside. Outside, she
feels that people make disparaging remarks about her; only at home does she
feel safe. Her days are filled with baseball games on TV, soap operas, needle-
point, and worrying about what will happen next.
Charley is blond, tall, and broad-shouldered. It is not difficult to imagine
that he was once quite an appealing young man. When he was 27, his dreams
and schemes interested and excited Nancy. Occasionally, he still talks of out-
landish inventions and “get rich quick” schemes. The difference is that his wife
no longer believes in him or his dreams. To her, they are annoying at best and
embarrassing at worst.
Charley says, “All I ever wanted was to be somebody. I just want to be
known for something, to have someone walk by my house and say, ‘That’s Mr.
Shore’s house.’” He boasts about the time he went to California “to become a
movie star” and of all the rich and famous people he knew and still knows. He
speaks wistfully of “just missed” opportunities for stardom and of inventions
that no one took seriously. He likes being interviewed, saying, “It’s exciting.”

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 The Case 5

Nancy reminds him that the interview is for a clinical book, not a Broadway
play.
Five years ago, Charley performed on amateur night at a downtown com-
edy club. Nearly every Thursday night since then, he has performed for free in
front of a live audience, using the name Joe Penn. His pride is unbounded
when he is recognized in public as Joe Penn. Occasionally, someone will even
ask for his autograph.
His wife supports this activity because it makes him happy, but her per-
spective on his act is somewhat different from Charley’s. The show embar-
rasses her. She says that although it is true that the audience laughs, they laugh
at Charley, not at his jokes. “He is not funny,” she maintains. Charley’s defense
is that probably the wife of Nancy’s favorite comedian doesn’t think her hus-
band is funny, either.
Over the years, Charley has had scores of jobs. He was a salesman, a jani-
tor, a self-employed carpet cleaner. Even though he lost jobs regularly, until 4
years ago he never had a problem getting a new one. Several times in the last 3
months, Charley has mentioned suicide, always in response to a suggestion
that he, like Nancy, should get on disability because of his “condition.” Charley
says that he would rather die first. Although he seems serious about this state-
ment, he has no plan or means in mind.
The condition is the bipolar depression that was diagnosed 2 years ago at
the time of his first and only psychotic break and consequent 4-week hospital-
ization. “I always got depressed,” he recalls, “but that was different. That time
I really went off.” Remembering his grandiosity and manic behavior, he says,
“I guess you do those things when you are sick.” He is maintained on lithium.
A “firing” precipitated his break. He had completed an expensive cooking
course and was determined to prove he could “make it” in his first cooking job.
He says he hit the chef when he could no longer tolerate the man’s calling him
names. (His bosses have complained that Charley is too slow and talks too
much.)
Since his illness, he has had fewer grand ideas—he just wants a job he can
hold. When he does allow himself to dream, mostly he dreams the way he did
when he was a child, quietly and by himself. He likes to daydream while he
works, which affects his performance. He was fired from his last janitorial job
for forgetting to lock all the doors and for not cleaning thoroughly.
Presently, Charley attends a vocational rehabilitation program, where he
receives minimum wages for training in janitorial services—a job he says he
already knows how to do. The program’s goals are to develop the work skills
and interpersonal skills needed for employment and to place him successfully
in a job. Nancy is pessimistic about the outcome. She is angry because no one
will tell her the results of his psychological testing. She says that if she knew for
certain that Charley wasn’t capable of holding a job, perhaps she wouldn’t be
so angry with him.
About Nancy, Charley says, “She is the best wife in the world, the same as
my mother.” She even worries like his mother, he says, “but I don’t always like

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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 542 HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY. were had : The Rev.
John W. Shatzell, missionary in charge, took the chair, and liobert
Stewart was chosen secretary. The following persons were elected
wardens and vestrymen : Senior warden, Robert Stewart ; junior
warden, David Harris ; vestrymen, H. C. Parrott, J. W. Brockett,
Charles Wardner, Joshua Martin, George H. Clark, Albert Stansburj,
Robert H. Cutter, Albert Richardson, Josej)h Birge and S. W. Stone.
The church being duly organized, services were held every alternate
Sabbath, in Templar's hall. Subsequently a handsome church edifice
was erected on St. Charles street. A Roman Catholic church was
organized in the year 1867, by Father Latte. In the year 1868, a
stone edifice was erected, and dedicated in the fall of 1874, by
Father Cotter, of Winona. The first services of the Roman Catholic
church held in St. Charles were held at the residence of Patrick
Donohue, in the year 1361 or 1862. Patrick Donohue, Joseph
Wegeman and Father Latte were the first ones to organize the
church. SECRET SOCIETIES. On February 15, 1864, the Grand Lodge
of Minnesota granted a dispensation creating Rising Sun Lodge, U.
D., of A. F. and A. M., designating Robert Stewart, A¥.M. ; Benjamin
Birge, S.W. ; Geo. H. Clark, J.W. The charter members were Robert
Stewart, Ben]. Birge, Geo. H. Clark, Farnum Chickering, Joseph
Birge, Geo. H. Brown, Wm. Cravey, Lauren L. Chamberlain, John
Curtis and Charles Griswold. The first communication was held
February 25, 1864. The next year a charter was granted under the
name of Rising Sun Lodge, No. 49. Subsequently Orient Chapter, R.
A. M., was organized. At present there are, in the city of St. Charles,
organizations of Odd-Fellows, Knights of Honor, Royal Arcanum,
United Workmen, and temperance lodges, and also a grange of the
Patrons of Husbandry. The masonic fraternity in 1880 built a
handsome lodge-room, with a large banquet hall connected with the
lodge-room by folding doors, a commodious reception-room and
other necessary rooms. THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. St. Charles
responded nobly to the call of the country for its quota of troops to
sustain the Union in the war of the rebellion, and the names of those
boys in blue wiio, Cincinnatus like, left the plow in the furrow and
rallied in defense of the flag of their country, de 
 ST. CHARLES TOWNSHIP. 543 serve not only honorable
mention in the history of St. Charles, but a place in the heart of
every liberty-loving patriot. The following are the names of the
soldiers of the war of the rebellion of 1861, credited to the town of
St. Charles : Bertrand, Isaac C 7th regiment. Barton, Alison 7th "
Bartlett, Alfred 7th " Brewer, Charles 7th " Brown, Wm. G 9th Boyd,
Robt. H (Jth Clark, Malcolm 7th Carpenter, A. P 1st " Davidson, Thos
7th " Dawley, R. L 2d battery. Elsbury, Geo: H 7th regiment. Fuller,
Carter 2d battery. Fuller, Judson W 7th regiment. Fuller, Albert N 7th
Growt, Orrin 7th " Growt, A. W 7th Garver, Geo. S 2d battery.
Hartley, Thomas 7th regiment. Huddleston, Thos 1st battery. Hawley,
A. C 3d cavalry. Jenkins, Geo. 0 9th regiment. Lowden, S 2d battery.
Morton, Thos. S 9th Pickle, Alonzo N 1st Remore, Elijah 1st
regiment. Robinson, Martin 7th " Raymond, Lyman 9th " Richardson,
Geo 7th . " Smith, John C 2d Talbert, Thos. F 6th Thomas, Morgan
J.... 7th " Wilmot, Edwin D 7th "Wiltse, Abram 9th " King, James
Johnson, Joseph P. . . . 2d cavalry. Brewer, Ira C 2d " Smith, Calvin
2d Kimber, Wm. H 2d battery. Barklay, Wm. H 5th Iowa cav. Barklay,
Hugh 5th " " Eves, Charles E 7th regiment. Woodworth, John R. . .
7th " Barker, Henrv 7th regiment. Colder, Alex.." 7th " Coolidge,
David 7th " Bothrick. Andrew 7th " Stage, Henry 7th . " Otis,
Stephen 7th " Stone, liialmer H 7th Miller, John N 7th " Parks, Wm. I)
7th Butterlield, David J. . . 7th " Latimer, Peter D 7th " Reed, Orrin S
7th " Smith, Albert 7th Hewitt. Edward 7th " Hill, Chauncy 1 9th
Harvev, Joseph E 9th " Craig, John L 9th " Chamberlain, Joel D. . .
9th " Carrift; Geo. B 9th " Lawton, Michael W. . . 9th " Murray,
Warren 9th " Spencer, Anson 9th " Stout, Johnson A 9th "
Christianson, A 9th " Hall, Geo. W 7th Boyd, Robt. K 11th Downing,
John L 11th " Sweet, Hiram F 11th " Cook, Geo 11th " Ellis, Henry C
11th " Stewart, Charles C 1st infantry. Boyd, Isaac D 1st Bourdon,
Peter 1st " Denton, Marion G 1st " Harvey, Geo. K 1st " Sweet, Albert
4th " Zrachte, August 4th " Ketycback, Benj 4th " Johnson, Ben,
United States engineers. Griswold, Charles, 1st heavy artillery.
Morton, Richard, substitute. Many of the above-named persons were
residents of towns adjoining St. Charles, but were accredited to the
town of St. Charles in consequence of bounty received from the said
town, the town at one time paying as high as $300 bounty to fill its
quota of soldiers called for by the government. Besides the above, T.
D. Weeks and S. C. McElhaney, of St. Charles, enlisted in Col. Birge's
regiment of sharpshooters. This regiment was raised at Benton Bar 
 544 HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY. racks, near St. Louis,
Missouri, in the fall of 1861, under the patronage and special favor
of Gen. Fremont, who intended ^o make of it a model sharpshooting
regiment, and one that would represent the whole West. With this
view, recruiting officers were appointed in nearly all the Western
states, to recruit for Birge's sharpshooters. Two companies were
raised in Ohio, three in Illinois, one in Michigan, and three were
organized at the barracks from squads sent by recruiting officers
from Iowa, Minnesota and other Western states, thus forming a
regiment different from any other in this, that it represented every
state in the west. In the spring of 1864 it was contemplated to raise
a battalion, to be called the First Battalion of Minnesota Volunteers ;
but not succeeding at the time in raising the requisite number, the
following-named persons from St. Charles enlisted into the 8th Iowa
Cav., to wit, S. A. Johnson, G. H. Johnson, C. H. Taylor, Robert
Butcher, John C. Strain, John Bourdon and David James, who were
mustered into service at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, in May, 1864.
MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE. The names of those persons who
have been members of the legislature from St. Charles are as follows
: S. S. Beman, senator, session of 1857-8 ; Manly Grover,
representative, session of 1857-8 ; Ebenezer Warner, representative,
session of 1861 ; Thomas P. Dixon, of Saratoga, now a resident of
St. Charles, representative, session of 1864 ; Charles Griswold,
representative, session of 1865 ; H. W. Hill, representative, session
of 1868 ; S. Y. Hyde, representative, session of 1869 ; John M. Cool,
representative, session of 1870 ; John M. Cool and S. Y. Hyde,
representatives, session of 1871 ; S. S. Beman, senator, and ,John L.
Blair, representative, session of 1872 ; S. S. Beman, senator, session
of 1873 ; S. S. Beman, senator, session of 1874 ; H. W. Hill, senator,
session of 1875 ; H. W. Hill, senator, session of 1876; J. F. Remore,
senator, session of 1877 ; J. F. Remore, senator, and F. C. Robinson,
representative, session of 1878 ; II. W. Hill, senator, session of 1879.
The constitution of the state was amended' providing for biennial
sessions of the legislature. S. S. Beman, senator, session of 1881 ;
H. W. Hill, present representative for the session of 1883. St. Charles
Methodist Church. — This church was organized in 1857, the class
being formed by Rev. M. Klepper in St. Charles, consisting of twenty-
three members. The first quarterly meeting of
 ST. CHARLES TOWNSHIP. 545 which there is any record
was held September 19, 1857, when the following board of trustees
was elected : Joseph Drake, A. D. Porter, G. C. Sheeks, William
Hendee, N". E. Mason, Calvin Hitt and Samuel Latta. The first
Sabbath school was organized in 1858. The date is not recorded.
There were at this time forty-nine members. In April, 1858, B. B.
Crist was appointed to this circuit. In 1859 Rev. J. Cowden became
pastor. At this time the holding of the annual conference was
changed from spring to fall. In the fall of 1859 Rev. J. M. Gossard
became pastor, with C. G. Hayes as assistant. The estimating
committee's report for 1859-60 is as follows : Supplies to pastor,
groceries and household 1160.00 Quarterly claim . . 200.00 To Rev.
Mr. Haves 160.00 To Rev. Mr. Gossard 40.00 Total $560.00 The
above is a perfect copy of the report. The first quarterly meeting for
the years 1859-60 was held at St. Charles December 31. There was
nothing of importance occurred during the years 1860-61. At the
annual conference in the fall of 1861 the circuit was changed from
Whitewater to St. Charles, and Rev. Alfred Welch became pastor. In
the thii-d quarterly minutes we learn that there were seven schools,
with fifty officers and teachers, and eight hundred scholars. From
1862 to 1865 Charles Griswold was pastor. During the years 1863-4
lots were purchased and a parsonage built. In 1865 H. Webb was
pastor. During this year the church was built, at a cost of $3,000,
added to the cost of parsonage, $1,072.67, making a total of
$4072.67. In 1866 S. K Phelps was pastor ; in 1867, N. Tainter;
1868-9, Bartly Blain ; 1870-1-2, Henry G. Bilber ; 1873, William M.
Bowdish, who was pastor three years. J. M. Liscomb then took the
charge and retained it for three years ; 1879-80 G. W. Barnett was
pastor. He was succeeded by the present pastor. Rev. John Watson.
During the present incumbent's charge the church has been
thoroughly repaired and painted, at an expense of $266.25. The
church is free from debt, and has an insurance of $2,500, and the
parsonage $1,500, in the Continental Insurance Company.
Association of Christians Opposed to Secret Societies. — The first
anti-secret association organized in this state was effected at the
door of the Congregational church in St. Charles about June 1, 1872,
 546 HISTORY OF WFNONA COUNTY. the inside of the
building not being avaihible for a business meeting. The organization
was the result of two lectures delivered by Rev. Charles A.
Blanchard, of Wheaton, Illinois, and it was made auxiliary to the
national association, the objects of which, according to its articles of
constitution, are primarily to expose and oppose all the secret
associations of the age, inasmuch as they are regarded by the
members as hostile to the Christian religion and the existence of a
republican state. The new organization started with twenty-four
members, and in 1873 its' name was changed to the Winona County
Christian Association, and a new constitution adopted. The original
officers of the association were : Oren (.ravath, president ; E. S.
Harvey, vice-president; P. T. Thurber, secretary and treasurer. An
anti-masonic library is owned by the association, and meetings held
to discuss the questions involved in the controversy between this
society and those who oppose their views. The library is free to all.
The present officers are : -S. B. Patterson, president ; P. Huller, vice-
president ; L. S. Downing, treasurer ; W. H. Morrill, secretary and
librarian. December 12, 1878, a state association was formed at St.
Charles, and annual convocations are held from time to time in the
interest of its declared objects. PUBLIC SCHOOL. If the grade and
efficiency of the public schools in any community are to be accepted
as a true index of the general intelligence of such comnmnity, and
the value it places upon thorough instruction in such branches of
knowledge as may be included in a somewhat liberal curriculum,
then may St, Charles honestly congratulate herself upon the record
she has thus made. Nor is the ambitious little city on the western
confines of the county at all unmindful of the record she is thus
making for herself through the enlightened efforts of her educational
board, fully sustained, as they are, by the intelligent liberality of that
independent school district. This record extends over a period of
about sixteen years, during which time' discouragements of no
ordinary character have been met and overcome, and out of which
the public school of that city emerges with a reputation for
efficiency, tlioroughness and honesty of administration that
commands the hearty approbation of all qualified judgments. Prior to
1867 the St. Charles district was included in the general public
school system of the county, and was known as district No.
 ST. CHARLES TOWNSHIP. 547 60, being so borne on the
rolls of the county superintendent and included in his regular reports
to the state superintendent of instruction. By a special act of the
Minnesota legislature, passed February 6, 1867, this district, No. 60,
was created a chartered district, as such entitled to all the special
privileges accorded such districts under the laws of the state. The
district at this time included seven and one-half sections of land. By
special act of legislature, of March 4, 1868, section 31 ol St. Charles
township, Winona county, and one and one-half sections from
Olmstead county (formerly included in the independent school
district of Dover), were added to the territory included in the old
district No. 60, making the full complement of ten sections
comprised in the chartered school district of St. Charles as thus
constituted. The boundaries of this district remain unchanged since
that date. The same year that the chartered district was created,
1867, a commodious school building was erected, and preparations
were made for conducting schoolwork on a scale commensurate with
the needs of the district. The new school building occupied a full
block near the center of the corporation, one block east of the main
business street of the village. It was a substantial frame structure
with solid stone foundations, containing six spacious classrooms and
a general assembly-room, and cost when complete $16,000. Here
the school grew and prospered for nearly eleven years, when it was
destroyed by fire, August 31, 1878, the loss being about one-half
covered by insurance. The school board immediately met, called for
plans and specifications for a new school building, let the contract,
and in just ninety days from breaking ground for the foundations of
the new structure the keys were turned over to the board of
education, the structure complete at a cost of $11,475. To this
should be added $li,500 for furniture and furnaces. The new
structure deserves more than a passing notice, as it is one of unique
character, the plans for which were copyrighted by Langdon, of
Winona, in 1877, and designated by him the Centennial School
Building. The special features of this plan are, economy of
construction, isolation of classrooms, so that no noise or confusion in
one disturbs the others, three sides of each classroom fully exposed
to light and air, and a complete system of ventilation. The plan itself
is quite difficult of desci'iption, as it does not fall under any particular
order of architecture, but may be generally stated as consisting of an
irregular hexagonal center, from which extend four arms. The 32
 648 JIISTOKY OF WINONA COUNTY. passage-ways,
staircases, entrances to clothes-closets and classrooms are into and
from this center, four of the sides of which form the four unlighted
ends of the classrooms that open out of this central hall. By this
arrangement there will be as many sets of classrooms, fom' in each
set, as there are stories to the structure. These radiating classrooms
are all set diagonally to the cardinal points of the compass, so that
the windows of each classroom give free access to sunlight upon
three sides. The St. Charles school building is a two-story brick, solid
stone foundations and basement for furnaces. The solid walls of
stone in the basement carried to the first floor are continued in brick
to the ceilings of the second story, thus rendering the divisions
complete and greatly enhancing the safety of the structure should
fire break out in any part. A separate furnace supplies heat to each
wing of the building, and capacious ventilating flues insure a
constant current of pure air throughout the classrooms. No
assembly-room is provided for in this arrangement. The classrooms,
eiglit in number, six only of them occupied, are uniform 'in size, and
fully provided with all modern appliances for schoolwork. The
staircases leading from the second story to the main floor are amply
sufficient for all purposes. Of these there are two, each five feet
wide in the clear and arranged at opposite sides of a broad hall. The
approaches to the street from the main hall are also fully adequate
to the most rapidly necessitated exit. Besides the eight recitation-
rooms there are eight cloak-rooms, eight teachers' closets and ample
storage room for fuel below. The presiding genius of this pattern
temple of teaching is Prof. D. Steward, who is ably seconded by an
efficient corps of five teachers, supervising one grammar, one
intermediate and three primary departments. The first secretary of
the new school board, elected under the charter given in 1877, was
John Pickert, present postmaster of the city. Much of the efficiency
of the school is due to the untiring efforts of the clerk of the board,
E. Hill, Esq., who has held that position since 1873. The present
board of education is as follows : E. M. Gallup, chau'man ; E. Hill,
clerk ; Clias. Gerrish, treasurer ; H. C. Parrott, Dr. W. A. Chamberlin
and R. L. Dawley. As public money is paid only on the actual
enrollment, and not upon the numbers of scholars of school age in
the district, the number of legal school age within the district is not
known. The
 ST. CHAELES TOWNSHIP. 549 actual enrollment for 1882
was 403. While inspecting the premises and classrooms for the
purposes of this work, we were given a specimen of the school's
proficiency in combining numbers. A class of over twenty scholars,
averaging less than eleven years of age each, were called before the
blackboard and repeatedly added columns of figures, ranging from
fifteen to twenty-one figures in a column, aggregating from 90 to
127 as the sum total, as fast as the numbers could possibly be
written on the board by the teacher. Again and again, with the watch
in our hands, we timed the process, in from seven to fifteen
seconds. We were invited to say a word to the class, and in response
promised to put them in Winona county history. Wishing to avoid all
insidious distinctions, we make no mention of the particular class or
teacher, but thus redeem our promise. D. Steward, principal, is a
native of Vermont and a graduate of Dartmouth College, class of
1875. Since leaving college Mr. Steward has been actively engaged
in teaching, having adopted this as his life-work. Mr. Steward's first
engagement as principal of St. Charles schools was for the school
year 1880-1, at the expiration of which he took a trip through the
west, and returning, assumed charge for the school year 1882-3, at
an advance in salary of twentyfive per cent over first year's contract.
Mr. Steward is recognized as a thorough-going teacher, of broad,
comprehensive views, and thoroughly honest in his educational
work. Miss M. A. Buck, daughter of Hon. C. F. Buck, of Winona, has
charge of the grammar department ; Miss L. M. Glidden is teacher of
the intermediate; Miss Mary Clarkson, "A" primary ; Miss Helen F.
Lathrop, "B" primary; Miss M. A. Gates, daughter of M. H. Gates,
herself a native of St. Charles, and witii Miss Buck, a graduate of the
State Normal, is in charge of the "C" primary room. On February 25,
1864, Kising Sun Lodge was organized under dispensation of the
M.W. Grand Master of Free and Accepted Masons of the State of
Minnesota, and Robert Stewart, Benjamine Birge and George H.
Clark were designated as principal oflicers, and thus it continued to
labor until October 26, 1864, when a charter was granted by the
M.W. Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Minnesota: M.W.
A. T. C. Pierson, G.M.; RW. L. E. Thompson, D.G.M. ; RW. C. H.
Lindsley, G.S.W. ; RW. W. T. Rigby, G. J.W. ; George W. Prescott, G.
Sec, imder
 550 HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY. the name and style of
Rising Sun Lodge, No. 49, A. F. and A. M., with Robert Stewart, W.M.
; Benjamine Birge, S.W. ; George H. Clark, J.W. ; Nathan Novatus
Pike, Treas. ; Joshua Martin, Sec. ; Allen O. Adams, S.D. ; Charles M.
Lake, J.D. ; R. B. Bunce, Tyler. At the first annual election, held on
December 22, 1864, Samuel Young Hyde was elected W.M., and by
consecutive re-election held the office four years, presiding with rare
administrative prudence and marked distinction. December 17, 1869,
Nelson Hardy Swift was elected W.M. At the sixth annual election,
held December 16, 1869, Samuel Y. Hyde was again elected W.M.,
and at the annual election held December 15, 1870, was succeeded
by Charles Griswold, who, being subse(juently elected to the office
of M.W.G.M., was succeeded by the election of S. A. Johnson,
February 16, 1871, said election being held by virtue of a
dispensation granted by M.W.G.M. C. W. Nash. At the eighth annual
election held December, 21, 1871, Samuel Y. Hyde was again called
to preside, and by successive re-election was continued as W.M. until
December 28, 1875, having served eight of the eleven terms since
the charter organization of the lodge. December 16, 1875, Alfred P.
Stearns was elected W.M,, and reelected in the succeeding years,
1876-77. December 19, 1878, George H. Johnson was elected W.M. ,
and re-elected at the annual election held December 18, 1879,
Alfred P. Stearns was elected for a fourth term at the annual
election, December 16, 1880, and at the annual election of
December 15, 1881, was succeeded by E. Merrill Gallup, the present
incumbent. From its organization under the wise guidance and
guardian care of illustrious, worthy, administrative officers the lodge
has maintained a steady, healthy and prosperous growth,
aggregating since its organization a grand total of 194 members, of
which it yet retains upon the roll fully onehalf, notwithstanding the
depleting processes of death, demission, and the many and various
other causes and mutations inevitably incidental to progi-ess in all
human affairs. Inharmonies have sometimes lurked in its
deliberations to confront the sagacity of wisdom, strength and
beauty, and mar the loveliness and glory of friendship ; but mainly
all its activities and deliberations liave been characterized by a due
admixture of prudence, patience, fortitude, and that noble
forbearance which ultimately neutralizes every defection and
harmonizes all infelicities. Its charities have been many and
munificent ; seldom unworthily, and generally judiciously bestowed ;
so that while
 ST. CHAELES TOWNSHIP. 551 many suffering recipients
have experienced a sweet satisfaction and happy relief by the
gracious benefactions of its liberal almonry of the resources of many
years of prosperity up to the year 1880, its treasury was never
plethoric or groaning with idle accumulations. To relieve the
distressed is deemed not only as the highest and first duty of the
masonic brotherhood, but it is hailed as a privilege and honor by
every true craftsman. It is also the sacred privilege of every person
in affliction or in want, to apply for such needed help or relief as may
be in the power of a Mason to grant. Whenever such application for
relief in calamity, distress or affliction has been made to Kising Sun,
No. 49, whether by individual or community, it has always observed
and enforced the masonic rule of brotherly love, relief and truth, not
only in the interest of the craft, but in the interest of sweet charity
itself in manner and form, never questioning whether its beneficiary
objects be craftsman or profane. Thus has Rising Sun lived and
prospered in its charities, amassing no wealth, and scarcely ever
with a respectable fund in its treasury ; yet in April of the year 1880
it conceived and developed a scheme whereby in conjunction with
Orient Chapter, No. 19, R.A.M., a large and commodious second-
story hall, 54x80 feet, was erected and commodiously arranged into
audience and banquet halls, with rooms necessary and ample
thereto, together with a fair equipment of furniture and convenient
fixtures at present owned and occupied conjointly by both societies ;
and now, Anno Lucis 5883, Rising Sun Lodge, No. 49, is blessed with
peace and harmony of more than average unanimity, and with
comparatively brightening prospects for future growth and
usefulness, with foundations deeply laid in the solid experiences of
the past ; its standing is firm, compact and impregnable, its course
is onward to the motto "Excelsior." In the present organization the
officers are: E. Merrill Gallup, W.M.; Robert Mares, S.W. ; Clarence Y.
Ferguson, J.W.; James C. Woodard, Treas.; E. Geo. Hill, Sec; Robert
F. Wahler, S.D.; Malcolm Clark, J.D. ; Allen O. Adams, Chaplain; Geo.
H. Johnson, Marshal ; Henry N. Gage, S.S. ; Thomas Clarkson, J.S.;
William Davidson, Tyler. Orient Chapter^ No. 19^ R.A.M. — Early in
the year 1870, there being in St. Charles and vicinity several
members of the masonic order who had taken the royal-arch degree,
it was thought best to establish a chapter of the order, and
accordingly on February 22 of that year a petition for dispensation to
institute a chapter of Royal
 552 HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY. Arch Masons in the
city of St. Charles was presented to E. D. B. Porter, at tliat time M.
E.G. II. P. of the State of Minnesota. The petition was signed bv
Robert Stewart, John Bullen, S. Y. Hyde, Truman Morse, Charles
Greswold, T. T. Stevens, CliarlesH. Slocum, Robert B. Kellam, Alfred
P. Steams, Henry Talbot and Nelson H. Swift, and named companion
Robert Stewart as M.E.H.P., Samuel Y. Hyde, K., and John Bullen,
Scribe. The dispensation was duly granted, and on March 10, 1870,
the first regular convocation of the chapter was held. Companion
Robert Stewart, who, hj reason of age, zeal, ripe experience and
ability was styled the ' ' Father of Masonry in St. Charles," held the
office of M.E.H.P. by successive re-election until his death, which
occurred July 31, 1876, being then incumbent of the office. At the
next annual election, held December 14, 1876, companion John
Pickert was elected H.P., and by consecutive re-election has held the
office ever since, and under his efficient management and control
Orient Chapter has maintained a steady, strong and prosperous
growth, nearly doubling its membership during his administration of
its affairs, having now, January 1, 1883, the grand complement of
seventy members on its rolls. Its present officers are as follows:
John Pickert, H.P. ; Thomas P. Dixon, K. ; Edwin Hill, S. ; Samuel A.
Johnson, C.H. ; A. O. Adams, P.S. ; Harlow Brown, R.A.C.; James C.
Woodard, Treas.; E. George Hill, Sec; E. M. Gallup, M. 3d vail ; J. W.
Scott, M. 2d vail ; R. F. Wahler, M. 1st vail ; Allen Gerrish, Sen. St.
Charles Lodge., No. 6"^ I.O.O.F. — Located at St. Charles, was
instituted on the 28th day of May, 1878, under the direction of Past
Grand Master I. M. Westfall, acting as Deputy Grand Master. The
charter members were : Charles E. Kendall, John W. Zerwas, B.
Neuman, I. M. Westfall and H. E. Doty. The following officers were
installed by O. E. Lawson, acting G.M.: Charles Kendall, KG.; John W.
Zerwas, Y.G.; E. C. Johnson, Rec. Sec. ; B. Neuman, Treas. ; J. W.
Burns, Conductor ; A. W. Stebbins, R.S. to KG.; I. M. Westfall, L.S. to
KG.; Jacob Wachter, R.S. to Y.G. ; H. E. Doty, L.S. to Y.-G., and B.
Neuman. Warden. The lodge was represented in the Grand Lodge of
Minnesota in 1878 by L M. Westfall, in 1879 by B. Neuman, in 1880
by John W. Zerwas, in 1881 by A. W. Stebbins and in 1882 by John
W. Zerwas. <
 ST. CHARLES TOWNSHIP. 553 The officers for the last term
of 1882 are as follows : T. D. See field, N.G. ; George Miller, V.G. ;
Henry Maire, Rec. Sec; John Cook, Treas. ; E. D. Wilmot, Conductor ;
C. H. Tock, Warden ; Julius Bnssuitz, Guardian ; John W. Zerwas,
R.S. to theN.G. ; C. A. Smith, L.S. to the KG.; S. A. Keep, R.S. to the
V.G.; Jacob Wachter, L.S. to the Y.G.; C. Lane, R.S.S.; C. A. Demro,
L.S.S.; A. W. Stebbins, Chaplain and Henry Maire, P.G. The total
membership at present is thirty-three. The lodge is in a flourishing
condition financially, and its supply of furniture and lodge fixtures is
equal to any of its numbers in the state. Germania Lodge^ No. 22^
A. O. U. W. — Was organized at St. Charles nearly six years ago, its
charter bearing date August 10, 1877. The original membership was
sixteen ; about thirty members in all have been obligated and the
present membership is twenty. The decrease is entirely owing to
removals and suspensions, no deaths of members having occurred
since organization. Their meetings are held in Odd-Fellows' Hall, in
common with which organization they are joint owners of the hall
furniture and fixtures. The present ofiicers of Germania are: J. T.
Stewart, M.W. ; W. Hasselgrave, F. ; I. Bresler, O, ; F. Blankenburgh,
Rec. ; F. H. Allen, Fin." J. C. Woodard, Rec'r. ; Jeremiah Dickenson,
Guide; Ed. Pearson, I. W. ; Louis Schnell, O. W. CONCLUSION. Up to
the winter of 1863-4 there was no market in this place for wheat or
other farm products, save what was required by the people for home
consumption ; but at this time Charles Wardner came here from
Winona, built a store and grain warehouse attached, and put in a
large stock of general merchandise, and received farm products in
exchange fcr goods, or purchased the same for cash. The Winona &
St. Peter Railroad Company were laying the iron track between here
and Winona, and in the month of February, 1864, the road was
completed to this place, and the iron horse for the first time entered
the beautiful village of St. Charles. Warehouses, stores and other
buildings sprung up as if by magic. Two lumber yards were opened
here at that time, and all kinds of business began to prosper.
Previous to this time the nearest market for the people of this place
and vicinity, and for a long stretch of country west, was Winona, the
roads being lined daily with teams, mostly oxteams, laden with the
produce of the land, going to Winona to sell,
 554 HISTORY OF WINONA COUNTY. and in return purchase
such commodities as were necessary ior the family and for opening
up and improving the vast and fertile country tributary to Winona.
On February 28 the legislature passed an act to incorporate the city
of St. Charles. The proposition was submitted to the people at an
election held on March 1, 1870, and adopted. On March 8, 1870, an
election was held for the purj)ose of electing city officers. At this
election S. W. Stone, now of Aurora, Dakota Territory, was elected
the first mayor of the city of St. Charles, and thenceforth it became
a full-fledged city. The present city officers are as follows : C. W.
Seefield, mayor ; H. C. Parrott, W. K. Parr, C. N. Clark, S. C.
McElhaney, aldermen ; C. G. Bachelder, recorder ; J. C. Woodard,
treasurer ; Joseph Bockler, assessor ; E. G. Hill and E. M. Gallup,
justices of the peace ; A. H. Adams and G. T. Olds, constables ; Miles
Growt, city marshal ; O. Potter, street commissioner. At this time
(December, 1882) the city of St. Charles has a population of about
1,200. Her public schools are of the very best in the state, being of a
high standard, in which her citizens take a lively interest, employing
at all times the very best of teachers. The terms of school aggregate
nine months in each year. Six church edifices representing as numy
different denominations, viz., Roman Catholic, Episcopal, Baptist,
Methodist, German Evangelical and Congregational, are established
here, in which religious services are held in some or all every
Sabbath. As a commercial and manufacturing place it has superior
advantages, being surrounded with a rich agricultural district, the
surplus products of which are yearly on the increase. CHAPTER
XLYITI. KOT.l.ING STONE TOWNSHIP. Rolling Stone township, as
organized b}'^ the county commissioners, consists of parts of
townshi})S No. 107 and 108 north, of range No. 8 west, of Winona
county, Minnesota. The Mississippi river flowing along the northern
boundary in a southeasterly direction makes the town irregular in
form. It takes its name from the
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