ARDUINO

ZERO TO HERO
FAST TRACK YOUR LEARNING
(New Edition)

ARSATH NATHEEM S
Copyright © 2021-2022 by ARSATH NATHEEM S
All rights Reserved.
Imprint: Independently published
Author Name: Arsath Natheem S

2022 Edition

This Arduino Project book is geared towards given that exact and reliable
data in respects to the subject and issue covered. The publication is marketed
with the concept that the publisher is not necessary to render or else, any
qualified services.
In no way is it valid to reproduce, duplicate, or spread any part of this book in
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All rights reserved.
Respective authors own all rights not held by the publisher. The attributes
that are used are without any consent, and the book of the trademark is
without permission or backing by the brand owner. All trademarks and
brands within this book are for descriptive purposes only and are the owned
by the owners themselves, not associated with this textbook.

WHY I WROTE THIS BOOK

When we think about the word ‘Education’, we often think of the formal
schooling that happens in primary, secondary and high schools and colleges.
Although, this is not the only way of education, tacit and practical knowledge
is something that we often can’t learn by reading books; it is achieved by
addressing real world problems and practice, it relates to experience,
intuition, ideals, creative thinking, emotions, values, skills and attitudes.
Arduino Education makes the next generation of STEAM programs and tacit
knowledge that empower schoolchildren on their creative learning journey
through secondary school, high school, and university and help them succeed.

Arduino has been used in thousands of unique projects and various

development applications. The Arduino software is simple-to-use application
for beginners, and now flexible enough for advanced users, teachers and
scholars and use it to build cost efficient scientific devices, to demonstrate
chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and
robotics, Project based learning will lead to cooperating education and create
a deeper impact on the student. It also builds the understanding part more
enjoyable as students are able to understand more while learning it in a
group. Consequently, let us focus on a plethora of simple projects related to
Interesting Arduino sensors that will enhance student’s innovative mindset.
The Arduino project works at all times and makes improvements to the
existing system, and for that reason, Ultimately, students can develop a
forward-thinking practical mindset and way of thinking.

“Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I

learn” -- Benjamin Franklin
WHY YOU SHOULD READ THIS BOOK

This Arduino Project book will help you learn all about making projects with
Arduino, and beneficial for novice to expert level students, and research
scholars. This handbook is written for those who is enthusiastic in innovative
projects with the help of open source tools and technique, and it is a huge
collection of ideas to do some creative projects, to create something new to
society, This book consists of six chapters starting from Arduino basics,
electronic components, Arduino boards and their sensors, to getting started
with Arduino programming, then you can practice 33 step by step projects by
doing, and the book ends with more than 100 fascinating project-ideas and
finally Troubleshooting Arduino. I believe this Arduino handbook will be
helpful for students and research scholars for their mini projects. Also
includes operative basics in case of open-source electronics, for college,
school students and hobbyists to learn Arduino from the basic to expert level
through practical schematic diagrams. I hope this would be a wonderful
project guide for science fair projects and their new innovative works.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ARDUINO: EVERYONE NEED TO KNOW
Introduction
Microcontroller
Development Board
What is the Arduino?
Why Was Arduino Developed?
What can Arduino be used to Teach?
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINOS
Why use Arduino UNO?
GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO
Installing Arduino IDE with Arduino Uno R3 board
Arduino Libraries
How to add library files
Hello World of Arduino (Blink an LED):
Basic Arduino C functions:
Uploading the Sketches
Arduino Q & A Section
Summary

CHAPTER 2:
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Resistors
 Capacitors
Inductors
Transformer
Diode
Light emitting diode (LED)
Variable resistor (Potentiometer)
Transistors
Integrated circuit (IC)
IC Terminology: Op-amp
H-bridge
Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
WHAT ARE SOME GOOD COMPONENTS TO START WITH?
LED (Light Emitting Diode)
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
DC Motor
Servo Motor
Stepper Motor
LIST OF ARDUINO SENSORS AND MODULES
Ultrasonic Sensor Module
IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module
IR Infrared Fire/Flame Detection sensor
Soil Hygrometer Detection or Soil Moisture Sensor
Humidity and Rain Detection Sensor
Microphone Sensor or Sound Sensor
Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor
Photoresistor Sensor (LDR)
Digital Thermal Sensor - Humidity Sensor
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
 Rotary Encoder Module
SW-420 Motion Sensor or Vibration Sensor
Passive Buzzer Module
Speed Sensor Module LM393
Relay Module
HC- SR501 Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor (PIR)
Accelerometer Module
Arduino Joystick Module
Piezo buzzer Sensor
Water Flow Sensor
Arduino Color Sensor
Optical Fingerprint Sensor
Heart Rate or Pulse Sensor
Capacitive Touch Sensor
Arduino Bluetooth Module HC-05 or HC-06
Arduino GPS Module (NEO-6M)
RFID
Turbidity Sensor
Load cell Module
PH Sensor Module
Pressure Sensor or Force Sensitive Resister (FSR)
Flex Sensor
CHAPTER 3
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING
Structure of an Arduino Code:
Bare minimum code
Arduino Data Types
Analog to Digital Conversion
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING BASICS
Structure
setup()
loop()
functions
{} Curly braces
; Semicolon
/*...*/ block comments
// line comments
Variables
Variable scope
byte
int
long
float
Arrays
Arithmetic
Compound Assignments
Comparison Operators
Logical operators
Constants
True/false
High/low
Input/output
if
if... else
for
while
 do... while
pinMode(pin, mode)
digitalRead(pin)
digitalWrite(pin, value)
analogRead(pin)
analogWrite(pin, value)
delay(ms)
millis()
min(x, y)
max(x, y)
randomSeed(seed)
random(max)
random(min, max)
Serial.begin(rate)
Serial.printin(data)
Digital output
Digital input
High current output
PWM output
Variable resistor input
Servo output
Using Libraries
Summary
CHAPTER 4
ARDUINO PROJECTS LEARN BY DOING
Project 1: Blink an LED
Project 2: Traffic Light 3 Way Controller
Project 3: Push button - LED Blinking
Project 4: RGB Blinking LED (Common Anode)
Project 5: Interfacing with Keypad Module
Project 6: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
Project 7: Multiple tones with one Piezo Buzzer
Project 8: Seeing the light using Photo resistor with an Arduino
Project 9: Arduino Flame Sensor
Project 10: LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219)
Project 11: Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display
Project 12: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor with Arduino
Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface
Project 14: Relay Module interface with an Arduino
Project 15: Control Servo Motor with Arduino
Project 16: Stepper Motor Control with Arduino
Project 17: Interfacing Soil Moisture Sensor with an Arduino
Project 18: Water Level Monitoring Experiments
Project 19: Vibration Sensor Module
Project: 20: Infrared Sensor Receiver Module with an Arduino
Project 21: IR Remote Control Experiment with Arduino
Project 22: Interfacing Sound Sensor Module with Arduino
Project 23: Analog Joystick Module with Arduino
Project 24: Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino
Project 25: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Experiment
Project 26: One digit 7 Segment Displays with an Arduino
Project 27: Four Digit 7 Segment Display Module (TM1637)
 Project 28: Heart-shaped display experiment with Arduino
Project 29: Interfacing tilt sensor with Arduino
Project 30: Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino
Project 31: Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino
Project 32: Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino - To
measure Temperature
Project: 33: DC Motor Direction Control
Summary

CHAPTER 5
How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues
Can’t Load Programs on Arduino
Solution: Verify that the board model is compatible with the
configured model
Solution: Ensure a Functioning Arduino
Solution: Reset the Device
Solution: Diagnose USB Connection Problem
Arduino Software is Not Working
Arduino Software is Freezing and Crashing
Don’t Throw Damaged Arduino
Essential Resources
Bibliography
CHAPTER 1:
ARDUINO: EVERYONE NEED TO KNOW
Introduction
The first ever Arduino controller board was born in 2005, at the teaching
space of the Interactive Design Institute in Ivrea, Italy. An article about a
wiring design submitted by a Colombian scholar named Hernando Barragan
can be found in the Interactive Design Institute. The name of the proposal
thesis was “Arduino - The Revolution of Open Hardware”. Of course, it
sounded a slightly different from the typical proposal but nobody would have
make-believe that it would be carve a niche in the domain of electronics.

The Arduino software IDE was developed by David Mellis and was based on
Wiring. Previously, Gianluca Martino and Tom Igoe joined the development
of Arduino mission, as well as the five are well-known as the actual creators
of Arduino board. They needed a controller should be straightforward, easy
to associate with different kind of module and components (such as LED,
motors, relays, and sensors), considerably weightless, also easy to accessible
in the open-source community, and simple to program. It also wanted to be
cost efficient, easy to available, because as students and artists aren’t known
for rich in cash. They choose the AVR type of 8-bit microcontroller (MCU or
µC) devices from Atmel and aimed a self-sufficient circuit board with easy-
to-use connections, put pen to paper bootloader firmware for the
microcontroller, and finished it all into a basic integrated development
environment (IDE) which used programs entitled as “sketches.” The result
was the Arduino Hardware.
Microcontroller

A minicomputer on a single chip, having a processor, input/output memory,

Analog to digital converter (ADC), and Digital to analog converter (DAC)
generally "embedded" inside some micro device which they control, a
microcontroller is often small and cost efficient.
Development Board

A printed circuit board contain a microprocessor and tiny or no hardware is

dedicated to a user interface, which designed to facilitate work with a specific
microcontroller is called development board.
In development board typical components include:
Power circuit
Simple input; usually buttons and LEDs
Programming interface
I/O pins
Here are some popular development boards listed:
Arduino
BeagleBone Black
Raspberry Pi
Intel Galileo
Goldilocks
pcDuino
Uruk
ExtraCore
What is the Arduino?
Why Was Arduino Developed?
Physical Computing - by means of components which able to interact
with people, besides by the world around us
The Arduino was initially developed for artists, inventors and
designers, to make prototype interactive displays
Intended for non-scientists, less knowledge required to learn.
Minimalist programming
“Forgiving” microcontroller board which able to handle a
widespread of wiring connection errors.
What can Arduino be used to Teach?
To understand preliminary electronics (voltage, current, resistance)
How electronic components, sensors and actuators works.
Elementary programming and troubleshooting
Design of simple scientific devices and equipment
Overcome the challenges of interactive with users via a DIY project
(e.g., messages, formatting numbers, ease of use, etc.)
Statistics and difference in data collecting and visualization
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARDUINOS

The microcontrollers used in the various models of Arduino.

Arduino LilyPad

The LilyPad Arduino is a microcontroller board intended for wearables and

e-textiles. LilyPad is well known for its clothing-based projects. It can be
stitched to textile material, fabrics, cloth and likewise mounted power source,
sensors and actuators with conductive textile fiber.
Arduino BT
The Arduino BT is an Arduino board with built-in Bluetooth module, utilized
for various types of wireless communication, and remote-control application.
Arduino Esplora
Esplora is an Arduino board intended for gaming enthusiast for hassle-free
gaming experience and used as a Gaming Controller.

Esplora Arduino board consist of joystick, linear potentiometer (slider),

microphone, buttons control, temperature sensor, light sensor and three-axis
accelerometer, not the typical set of input/output pins.
Leonardo

Compared to the Arduino Uno, Leonardo is a minor upgrade.

It has built in Micro USB compatibility
 Utilized to PC as a mouse or keyboard
Arduino Due

Arduino Due has much faster processor, and plethora of analog,

digital pins compared then Arduino Uno.
Due is similar to the Arduino Mega
Moreover, its works on 3.3 volts as well as 12v.
Arduino Nano
Arduino Nano is a superficial mount little microcontroller breadboard
embedded model with integrated Micro USB Port.

It is a tiny, full-fledged microcontroller, breadboard friendly, and cost-

effective device, it has everything like same as Die/Due/Uno board has
(electrically) with extra digital and analog I/O pins and onboard +5V AREF
jumper.
Arduino Micro
When size matters: Micro, Nano, and Mini, smallest board ever made
by Arduino developers.
Arduino Micro comprises all functionality of Uno and Leonardo
Arduino micro is simply working on a breadboard
Why use Arduino UNO?
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping boards based on
flexible easy to practice hardware and software.
Reasonably priced, we can buy Arduino less than $10.00, Provided
assemble your own Arduino board, or buying clone for more less
than in that.
Cross Platform IDE (Support in common Operating System such as
Windows, MAC, and Linux), Open-source IDE and extensions.

Fig. Overview of Arduino UNO

What Approach Have I Follow to Learn Arduino?
1. Start simple - build confidence learn by doing with small project before
going difficult one.
2. Practice components that will capture the thoughtfulness and imagination
of the students
3. Build a new project by modifying previous one.
4. Make a “problem” for pupils to resolve that THEY will understand
through practical however not too complicated
5. Find problem in your society, gather knowledge from it, make an idea,
then instantly do a development with it, and give a solution with your
project.
6. Teach pupils just how to find required info from datasheets (e.g.,
tolerances, current limits, etc.) and, likewise learn from the internet

Identification The first step to start a project is problem-solving process is to

identify, define, and articulate the problem. The use of brainstorming and
mind maps is valuable for some of the more difficult problems. Percolation
Data collection, research, and idea exploration are next steps. The main
reason that innovation is so difficult is because many ideas in a vacuum may
not seem realistic or appropriate.
GETTING STARTED WITH ARDUINO
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy to learn, and so far, flexible enough for
more creative people to take advantage of for educators, its user-friendly
platform related on the simple programming environment, therefore students
able to learn by doing Arduino codes in that environment will be related with
how the Arduino Microcontroller and its IDE workings.
A Computer for the Physical World:
The welcoming blue board in your hand (or on your workbench) is the
Arduino. In earlier you may think of Arduino as the child of a typical PC and
Computer system. By its origins, the Arduino is fundamentally a tiny portable
controller or a computer. It is responsible of gathering inputs (such as push
button or a sense from a LDR or light sensor) and understanding which data
to handling a number of outputs (Such as blinking an LED or an electronic
DC motor). Consequently, the term "physical computing" was born - an
Arduino is clever of interpretation the domain of electronics and linking it to
the physical world in a genuine and tangible approach. Trust me - this will
absolutely make more sense as early as possible you practice Arduino.
Installing Arduino IDE with Arduino Uno R3 board
STEP-1: Download the Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
from the official website link given below summary.
Access the Internet: with the purpose of get your Arduino controller
functioning, and before getting started, you have to download Arduino IDE
first from Official website www.arduino.cc (Arduino is Open Source, hence
need not to pay for it, it's free!). This Application, well-known as the Arduino
IDE, you can always ready to start write your own code for the Arduino to do
really what you want. Which is similar to a WordPad for writing Arduino
sketch.

With an internet accessible PC, open up your default browser and type in the
below URL into the web search bar: Download the newest version of Free
Arduino IDE from this page: http://arduino.cc/en/Main/Software
For dissimilar OS platforms, the method of using Arduino IDE is not the
same. Kindly ensuring to the following links:
Windows User: http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
Mac or Linux User:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSXLinuxUser
http://playground.arduino.cc/Learning/Linux
For learn more about Arduino IDE, Kindly checkout to the Link:
http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
Arduino UNO SMD R3
Arduino Uno is one of the most widely used microcontroller boards, powered
by the ATmega328. Its wide range of support network and versatility are the
primary reasons for its popularity. In addition to the 14 digital I/O pins, the
Arduino UNO board has 6 analog inputs, six of which should be PWM (Pulse
Width Modulation) outputs. An ICSP (In-circuit serial programming) header,
a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB A/B port, and a reset button. It's all right,
you'll understand later.
 STEP-2: Connect your
Arduino Uno to your PC or Laptop via Arduino cable, use the Type A/B
cable to connect to one of your Laptop’s USB inputs.

STEP-3: Installing Drivers

1. Depending on your laptop’s OS, you have to observe some
guidelines. Kindly checkout the official website URLs mentioned
below for particular guidelines on how to add or install the
drivers on your Arduino boards.
2. For Installing Arduino IDE for Windows Visit the official
website mentioned below to access the steps for Download
Software on a Windows Supported PC or personal laptop
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Windows
3. For Installing Arduino IDE for Mac OS X: Mac doesn't need to
install drivers. Visits the below web link if you have a query
http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/MacOSX
4. Installation Arduino IDE for Linux: Visit to the same web
address under the Linux categories mentioned below URL to
access the web pages to download Linux supported Arduino IDE.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/guide/linux
 Afterward,
continue with the installation and please allow the driver installation step if
needed,

Select the tools or components to install and click “next” button to continue
 Browse and Select
Destination folder or the installation directory
The procedure will extract and install all the necessary files to execute
accurately the Arduino Software (IDE) on system.
Step 4: How to open examples sketches or program on Arduino IDE.
Open Arduino IDE Software >File >Examples >Basics > Blink
Step 5: Choose your Controller board
For choosing board, you have to follow this entry in the Tools > Board list of
options which match up to your Arduino board.

Choosing an Arduino/Genuino Uno.

Step 6: Select your serial port
Choose the serial port of the board from the Tools > Port menu. This is
mostly to be COM3 or upper (COM1 and COM2 are commonly kept for
hardware serial ports). To discover, you be able to disconnect your board and
do the previous steps again, I mean re-open the menu; the entry which
disappears must be the Arduino board. Reconnect the board to the PC via
Arduino cable and choose that serial port.
TTL logic levels (5V or 3.3V depending on the board) are used for serial
communication on pins TX/RX. This pin should not be connected directly to
a serial port as it operates at +/- 12V and could result in damage to your
Arduino board.

Serial communication allows the Arduino board to communicate with a

computer or other devices. Serial is the name of one of the serial ports on all
Arduino boards (also called a UART or USART). In addition to USB
connections, digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX) are used for communication.
Thus, digital input or output cannot be used on pins 0 or 1 if these functions
are used.
An Arduino board can be communicated with via a serial monitor that comes
with the Arduino environment. In the toolbar, click the serial monitor button
to select the same baud rate as calling begin ().
The Arduino Mega has three additional serial ports: Serial1 on pins 19 (RX)
and 18 (TX), Serial2 on pins 17 (RX) and 16 (TX), and Serial3 on pins 15
(RX) and 14 (TX). Because this board does not have a USB-to-serial adapter,
you will need a separate USB-to-serial adapter to communicate with your PC.
Connect the TX pin of your Mega to the RX pin of your external device, the
RX pin to the TX pin of your device, and the ground of your Mega to the
ground of your device to send and receive TTL serial data.
In addition to Serial1 and Serial2, it also has Serial3 on pins 15 and 14 (RX)
and on pins 17 and 16 (TX). Likewise, an ATmega16U2-TTL Serial chip is
connected to pins 0 and 1, which is connected to the USB debug port.
Furthermore, the SAM3X chip has a serial port that is compatible with USB,
SerialUSB. The Arduino Leonardo board interfaces with TTL (5V) serial
communications via pins 0 (TX) and 1 (RX) of Serial1. A serial connection
can only be used for USB CDC communications
Arduino IDE Interface
In the Arduino Integrated Development Environment - or Arduino Software
(IDE) - users can input code, view notifications, create text consoles, use a
toolbar with buttons for common functions and delve into menus. Connected
to the Arduino and Genuino hardware, it allows programs to be uploaded and
communicated with.

Step 7:
Upload the program
Here and now, just click the "Upload" button in the Header IDE Icons. Wait
just a second - you can see the RX and TX leds on the board flashing. Once
the upload is finished, you may see the message "Done uploading." will
seem in the status bar.
Step 8: Result
A couple of seconds later once the upload done, you could be able to see the
pin 13 (L) LED built-in on the Arduino board, it will ready to start blink (in
orange color), If it done… well done! You've understood basic Arduino
interface.
Arduino Libraries
The Arduino platform can be emerging into the next level through the
utilization of libraries, much like most programming environment.
Libraries offer an additional value meant for benefit in programming,
e.g., functioning with hardware or handling data. Large number of
Arduino libraries comes with built-in the software IDE, nevertheless
you can be able to download on websites or make your own.
You can express an Arduino Library is such a Class with
Methods/Functions. This is a great method to construct your sketches
There are three places where Arduino libraries are stored: inside the
IDE installation folder, inside the core folder, and inside your
sketchbook's libraries folder. Libraries selected during compilation
are designed to allow for updating of libraries present in the
distribution

For Instances:
v Stepper Motor Library for an Arduino is written like
#include <Stepper.h> ‘.h’ is an extension for the library
header.
v SD card library: Which means permits for reading from and writing
to the SD cards, for example on the Arduino shield for an Ethernet
and Wi-Fi modules
1. Ethernet Library for the Arduino is #include <Ethernet.h>
2. Wi-Fi library for the Arduino is #include <WiFi.h>
For writing your own libraries refer here:
Writing a good library is not an easy task. Developers have different
perceptions about what the appearance of a library like this should be. In my
opinion, developers should cover robust libraries with unit tests, as well as
provide detailed documentation. In addition, an intuitive and easy-to-use
interface is crucial for any decent library.
I have worked on several large software development projects most of my
career. The frameworks we used were robust, and we wrote proper unit tests
and integration tests for most of them. You'd probably spend more time
debugging if you didn't have well-written tests.
The Arduino kit I have been using for about a year and a half is very intuitive
to me. Aimed at hobbyists and self-taught programmers, Arduino was
developed by its creators. The community of people interested in electronics
is large; however, the quality of the published code is often very variable. I
often check the code on GitHub for Arduino libraries I need, but the code is
frequently unmaintained. Library materials were often not properly
documented, even when they were maintained. Unit tests weren't present in
most of them.
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Hacking/LibraryTutorial
https://www.arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries
How to add library files
Installing or adding Arduino libraries would be done by three different types
of steps:
1. Manually Adding the Library files,
2. Importing a ZIP compression file,
3. Adding Libraries with the library manager.
These Two approaches should be done with drop down menu options. On the
other hand, for the manual installation, we need to choose the libraries and
place that into the Arduino “libraries” folder.

Step 1: Add library file: Sketch>Include Library>Add.ZIP Library

Procedure for utilize an existing library in an IDE, just refer the Sketch
Menu, select "Include Library or Import Library", and choose required
libraries from drop down menu, Here #include is a supplement statement at
the first line of codes for both header (.h) file in the library space. As you
know these statements form the public functions and constants distinct by the
library existing to codes.
Step 2:
Choose your library file as zip format on the sample programming file, as
shown:
Step 3: Finish, Congratulation! You have learned how to install Arduino
libraries. For next session we will learn hello world of Arduino (Blink an
LED) program.
Hello World of Arduino (Blink an LED):
In this lesson, we will begin the journey of learn by doing with Arduino, let's
start your first Arduino Project, this is simple to get started, how to run blink
an LED.
Component Required:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x LED
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
2 x Jumper Wires
1 x Breadboard

Principle:
In this project, we will program the Arduino's General-Purpose Input Output
(GPIO) HIGH level (+5V) and LOW level (0V), and before make sure the
LED that is linked to the Arduino’s GPIO, which is blink by a certain
frequency.
What is the LED?
The LED is stand for Light Emitting Diode. LED is generally made with
gallium arsenide, gallium phosphide both are semiconducting materials. The
LED consist of two electrodes: a positive and a negative electrode. This is
illuminating only after a forward current passes, then it will glow red, green,
blue, yellow, etc. The color of the LED is depending on the material that is
used.
Generally, 5-20mA is drive current of the LED. So in actuality, it generally
require more resistor for limiting current, because of protect the LED from
the high current.
What is resistor?
The important role of the resistor is used to limit currents. In general,
electronic circuit, the letter ‘R’ denotes resistor, moreover the unit of resistor
is ohm (Ω).
Writing an Arduino sketch
Before developing an Arduino code, we have understood some basic Arduino
C functions, we may learn in upcoming lesions…
Basic Arduino C functions:
Here is some essential Arduino functions, and commands everyone need to
know before write a code.
setup()
The setup() function is known for what time a code starts. Useful to initialize
variables, start utilizing libraries, pin modes, and more… The setup function
may simply run once at a time, afterward to each activate or reset of the
Arduino microcontroller.
loop()
When making a setup() function, that initializes and use the initial values, the
loop() function do from exactly what its label recommends, in addition, loops
repeatedly, letting your sketch to change and respond. Utilize it to
dynamically regulate the Arduino board.
pinMode() / pinMode(var1, var2)
Arranges the definite pin to work each as an input or an output. Set the mode
of assumed pin is pinMode functions. Var1 is known as the number of the
pin and var2 is known as mode (I/O).
digitalWrite() / digitalWrite(var1, var2)
digitalWrite alters the status of the pin. Var1 is known as the number of the
pin and var2 is the status (HIGH, LOW).
delay()
delay() Function can be used for pauses the codes for the certain amount of
duration (in milliseconds) stated as parameter. (1 seconds is equal to 1000
milliseconds.)

Procedure of Blink an LED Projects:

 Step 1: Build the
circuit for blink an LED as shown below:

Pin definition
LED UNO R3
Long pin -> +5V (D13)
Short pin -> GND

Note: The lengthy LED pin is linked to the digital signal port 13(D13).
Step 2: LED Blink: Write your first code on Arduino IDE.
Uploading the Sketches
Before Uploading sketches make sure you are connected your
Arduino board to the USB cable (Types A/B).
Make sure if you choose right Arduino Board on tools menu follow
these steps to choose desired controller board Select
Tools→Board→Arduino Uno to find your board in the drop-down
menu. You be able to choose various types of microcontroller boards
from this list, such as the Arduino Nano, Arduino Uno and Arduino
Mega.
Also, the essential stages are select the right serial port for your
Arduino board. You can see all the existing COM serial ports by
selecting Tools→Serial Port→ comX, In IDE, once you have
recently connected your Board to Computer, the COM port may
typically be the bigger number, for e.g. COM 3 or COM 15.
 Click Verify Button for the code is checked once before uploading
Click Upload Once Click the upload button, then the code is dump to
the Arduino Microcontroller board.
Step 3: Compile the sketch and upload to Arduino
board. Congrats! Finally, you finished your
Arduino Project Blink an LED. Let’s see the Question-and-Answer Session
about Arduino Platform.
Arduino Q & A Section
1) What is the Arduino used for?
Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping boards utilized for flexible
easy to practice hardware and software. An Arduino microcontroller board
can read inputs (a light on a sensor module, a tweet on Twitter, a finger
touched a switch), and use that data to trigger a motor, blink an LED, and
broadcast data to the internet.
2) Who invented Arduino?
Massimo Banzi
In 2005, Hernando Barragán (maker of wiring), Massimo Banzi and David
Cuartielles are building upon the work on developing open-source
microcontroller, finally Arduino born. Their goal was to develop a
collaborating art design module that could be easily accessed via a
programmable interface at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in Ivrea,
Italy.
3) Who uses Arduino?
Arduino developed for student, hobbyists, artists, designers and any person
fascinated in building interactive project or environments.
4) Is Arduino based on C or C++?
Primarily, the Arduino IDE or compiler support C and C++. Actually, most
of the Arduino libraries are written by C++ Programming. Most of the
fundamental structure is not object oriented, however it could be. Therefore,
"The Arduino IDE language" is C++ or C.
5) Is Arduino good for beginners?
Yes, Arduino is good for beginners, which they able to buy on a budget, an
Arduino Uno is a worthy choice. There are several basic programming/
sketches that will support on the Uno, Novice learner also allowing to
evaluate Arduino and practice as a wonderful knowledge gaining platform,
and most of the mini projects can be designed with an Arduino Uno.
6) How does the Arduino work?
An Arduino board is connected to your laptop by a USB type A/B cable, in
order to connect with the Arduino software since it's nothing but the Arduino
IDE (Integrated Development Environment). This is done using an IDE that
creates sketches and code, which is then sent to the Arduino microcontroller
for execution. Afterwards, the application interacts with sensors, electronic
components, motors, and lights.
7) What is the difference between Arduino and microcontroller?
Many of the board often use Atmel types of AVR microcontrollers. Arduino
UNO is an ATMEGA 328 based microcontroller series. Most commonly
Microcontroller is a well suited than a microprocessor to whatever needs the
recognizing of inputs.
8) How do I start Arduino?

Getting Started with Arduino UNO, Nano and Mega.

Practice your Arduino Uno on the Arduino web/online IDE.

Use your Arduino on the Desktop software IDE. Install or choose the
board drivers. Start your initial sketch. Choose your controller board type
and port. Upload the Sketch/program, furthermore study on the Software
IDE Tutorials.
9) Is Arduino software free?
Yes, Arduino is an open-source hardware and software, almost all the open-
source product is free, and Therefore Arduino is a free platform, we can able
to modifying Arduino module without getting any license from Arduino
developers.
10) How do I power an Arduino?
We able to power-up the Arduino with power supplied from the
laptop through a USB type A/B cable or by utilizing external power
sources, such as power bank, li-ion batteries up to the 12V.
Plugged into the barrel connector with Arduino by using an AC to
 DC adapter.
Powering up Arduino by using all types of 5V DC input. ...
Moreover, we can use batteries higher than 5V.
11) What is the programming language of Arduino?
The Arduino language is just a set of C/C++ functions which can be so-called
from your sketch. Your code feels minor modifications (e.g., automatic
creations of function prototypes) as well as then is accept straightly to a
C/C++ compiler (avr-g++).
12) What chip does Arduino use?
Arduino uses ATMEGA328 Microchip, which contain 14 digital
input/output pins, 6 analog inputs, 6 pins can be utilized for Pulse-width
Modulation (PWM) outputs, also includes a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a power
jack, a USB connection support, an ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming)
header, and a reset push button.
13) Does Arduino have a CPU?
The Arduino Uno doesn’t have a CPU, but it uses a microcontroller named
ATMEGA328. In an Atmega328 microcontroller include the processor core,
programmable I/O and memory, peripherals are incorporated into a single
System on Chip (SoC). However, the microprocessors possibly will have
integrated registers, nevertheless it will depend on outward RAMs and
peripherals.
14) Which is better Arduino or Raspberry Pi?
A microcontroller is a portable easy-to-use computer which be able to run
one sketch/program at that moment, over and over again. Microcontroller is
extremely straightforward to use. A Raspberry Pi is a general-purpose credit
card sized motherboard, also utilized as a portable computer, generally
Raspberry Pi is support by Linux OS, and it have the capability to run various
programs. It is further more complicated to learn than an Arduino.
15) How is Arduino different from C?
The primary dissimilarity of Arduino vs Traditional C would be the file
associations. An Arduino software development is associated to the IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) of Arduino, which is ultimately a
C/C++ compiler that creates machine sketch for the Arduino boards.
16) Can an Arduino run 12v?
Arduino Power pin labeled as Vin, it is a input voltage in Arduino board (As
an alternative of utilizing the barrel adaptor or USB cable). The Arduino
voltage should be 9V to 12V, and which is regulated inside by the board to
5V.
17) What is the best Arduino?
Arduino Uno: Provided you are a novice learner, entering into the field of
Arduino, the great choice for you would be the Arduino Uno R3, which costs
around $20. Moreover, you can also buy clone boards such as Freeduino
which cost around $5, you may also get started from this too.
18) Why Arduino Uno is best for beginners?
Arduino Uno is the most popular and standard board available in the market
and most likely the primary option for the student. For the reason that, it has a
major benefit is, that we able to use the board to the computer through a USB
cable which does a dual purpose of delivering power to the board and
performing as a Serial port to interface the Arduino microcontroller and the
laptop.
19) Is Arduino difficult to learn?
The worthy information is that Arduino programming is merciful. It still has
a learning curve, and writing an Arduino code it's not just simple, however it
will be much simple than write sketches for your initial projects, to be sure,
Arduino should be a stress-free technique to wet your feet in coding.
20) Is Arduino a PCB?
For dumping code to microcontrollers, for simple user interface the Arduino
Environment provides an IDE, which is created for making right code for
project, Arduino IDE integrated with C and C++, that’s to say, a PCB is not
the similar as an Arduino, but a PCB is portion of Arduino.
21) Can Arduino run without computer?
So, we have a query… Can we run Arduino as a portable device and no
computer needed? Yes, Laptop only sufficient to program it, after dumbing
the code, Arduino can work as portable device with power source. Yes, Here
Wi-Fi module and Ethernet also existing for connecting it to a network. ...
But the Arduino is not effective to run software for that.
22) Can we use Java for Arduino?
We able to use Java SE Embedded or Java ME on a Raspberry Pi, on the
other hand, the Arduino is a slightly too forced to execute Java directly.
Though, with the support of serial port communication IDE, we able to
communicate with java also control an Arduino from Java running on a
different PC.
23) What is Arduino in IOT?
At the present time a buzzword field and fastest growing area is Internet of
Things (IoT), IoT project is nothing but, all the physical things such as home
appliance, sensors, and gadgets are linked together with an internet structure.
IoT utilized in Plethora of Application such as Home Automation, Smart
Agriculture system, and Smart-Health monitoring system.
24) What is the smallest Arduino?
Arduino Beetle is the smallest Arduino microcontroller available in the
market. It has AtMega32u4 8bit AVR Microchip, It has 10 digital pins, 5
analog pins and 4 Pulse with Modulation pins, Beetle board functioning with
16MHz clock time.
25) What can the Arduino beetle do?
Beetle intended to make a Cost-efficient microcontroller, it should be simple
and straightforward to use, and to afford a cost-efficient solution for reusable
projects, Like DIY STEAM projects, electronic workspaces, E-Textiles, gift
projects, and Practical Education. Aimed for students, research scholar and
creators those who can’t afford too much on controller module purchasing,
Beetle should be a wonderful solution for them.
26) What is the difference between Arduino Uno and Leonardo?
The Primary modification between Uno and Leonardo is which Leonardo has
an ATmega32u4 Microchip that contain inbuilt micro-USB port, but the
Arduino UNO has ATmega328 Microchip which doesn't have the inbuilt
micro-USB onboard. However, the UNO needs an added microcontroller to
provide the USB capability. Cost wise Leonardo is 20%. Cheaper than UNO.
27) Which is better Arduino Uno or Nano?
As its name, Arduino Nano is a small in size and breadboard-friendly
microcontroller board based on ATmega328 processor, as a replacement for
the standard USB to connect to the PC, Instead Arduino Nano utilized the
Micro USB but without the power cable for external power source which
built on Arduino UNO.
28) What can the Arduino Nano do?
Arduino Nano is a more or less similar board to Arduino UNO in terms of
functionality, but its small size makes it stand out from other boards. A
breadboard-friendly, smaller-sized ATmega328 module built on the
ATmega328, the Arduino Nano is small in size, wide-ranging, and
breadboard-friendly.
29) Does Arduino have EEPROM?
In the Arduino Microcontroller boards, the EEPROM area is emulated and is
1024 bytes in size. Microcontrollers on Arduino boards are AVR-based and
include EEPROM memory, allowing them to retain their values after being
turned off (such a small hard drive). These EEPROM bytes can be read and
written with this Arduino library.
30) What is the use of EEPROM in Arduino?
This memory type is referred to as electrically erasable programmable read-
only memory. On the majority of Arduino boards, the microcontroller is built
with EEPROM capacity of each 512 bytes, 1024 bytes, or 4096 bytes.
Memory storage on this board is non-volatile, which means once the board
goes down or loses power, the information does not disappear.
31) Can Arduino save data?
Provided Arduino is interfacing to the PC, the information can be stored by
reading the serial output and saving that in a file. Provided a Micro SD card
insert to the Arduino, the files or information can be stored straightly to the
SD card.
32) What are the Different Types of Arduino Boards?
Arduino Uno (R3)
Arduino Mega (R3), Arduino Beetle
Arduino Nano, Mini
LilyPad Arduino, RedBoard Arduino
Arduino Leonardo
Arduino Shields and more...
Summary
This chapter introduces Arduino and shows you how you can get started with
the microcontroller and addresses frequently asked questions. In the next
chapter we will explore the basic components of electronics and different
types of Arduino-compatible sensors and their functions.
 CHAPTER 2:
BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
In Arduino projects, major components typically included resistors,
capacitors, transistors, integrated circuits (ICs), switches, relays, motors, etc.
Usually, these components are used to build Arduino projects, so before we
dive into Arduino sensors and projects, we need to learn about basic
electronic components.
Resistors
A resistor impedes the movement of electricity over a circuit, resistors have a
conventional value.

Since voltage, current and resistance are associated over Ohm’s law, resistors
are a simple technique to control voltage and current in your circuit.
Resistor color codes
Color Code Number: (BBROYGBVGW)

Unit
To Identifying your units is significant
Kilo & Mega are basic in resistors
Milli, micro, nano & Pico can be utilized in additional components

Capacitors
A capacitor is used to stores electrical energy. Here pool of electrons is
obtainable for electronic components to usage.
Capacitance is measured in the unit of Farads. The mini capacitors typically
used in electronics are often determined in micro-farads and Nano-farads.
Some capacitors are polarized. Have to know the different length of terminals
on one of the capacitors.
Polarity of capacitors
The smaller terminal goes on the -ive side.

The strip is on the -ive terminal

sideways of the capacitor.

The panel is noted for +ive or -ive.

Applications of capacitors
Capacitors can pass a pool of electrons for instant use.
If a component wants an instantaneous supply of electrons, the
capacitor can pass those electrons.
 Capacitors can smooth out a
signal - remove the waves or spikes in DC voltage. The capacitor can attract
the peaks and fill in the vales of a waved signal.
Inductors
An inductor is a passive electronic component which is stores energy as a
magnetic field. In its minimum tough form, an inductor includes of a wire
loop or coil. The inductance is straight proportional to the amount of turns in
the coil. Inductance similarly relies upon the distance of the coil and on the
kind of material about which the coil is wound.

An inductor, similarly called a coil, choke or reactor, is a passive two-

terminal electrical component which stores the current in a magnetic-field
once electric current pass through it. An inductor usually includes of an
insulated wire twisted into a coil about a center.
Transformer
A transformer is a static-electrical device which exchanges electrical current
among at minimum two circuits over electromagnetic acceptance. A changing
current in one coil of the transformer makes an opposing magnetic field, that
thusly prompts a shifting electromotive force (emf) or "voltage" in an instant
coil. Energy can be exchanged among the two coils, without a metallic
suggestion between the two circuits.

Faraday's law of inductance found in 1831 portrayed this influence.

Transformers are utilized to increment or lessening the rotating voltages in
electric energy applications.
Diode
A diode is a one-way controller (or gate) for electricity. Diode is a
component by an irregular transfer characteristic.
A diode has little (preferably zero) resistance in one way, and high
(preferably infinite) resistance in the other way.

Diodes will protect your electronics

Diode circuit protection
In a DPDT switch, if polarization is incorrect, the motor will run
backwards. In an electronic circuit, if the polarization is incorrect,
you can fry your components.
A diode in your scheme will assistance to avoid problems.

Light emitting diode (LED)

A light emitting diode (LED) is

a semiconductor light source. Once electricity is flow through the diode, it
produces light.
Variable resistor (Potentiometer)
A potentiometer is a variable resistor. As you physically turn a dial, the
resistance variations.

How a variable resistor works

As the dial or wiper turns, electricity essential go through more or less of the
resistive strip.
In sequence, the variation in resistance means a variation in voltage, so as
you turn the dial or wiper, you become a variation in voltage
Transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device applicable to switch and amplify
electrical power and electronic signals.

How a transistor works

The passage of voltage or current between the terminals of a transistor
varies the current over different pairs.
 Transistors are semiconductor elements arranged in a package with at
least three terminals for the purposes of connecting to external circuits.
Transistors have 3 pins, there are five different types of transistors
1. Collector
2. Emitter

3. Base
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT): There are two different types of
transistors available in the market: NPN and PNP, presented in plastic cases
or metal cans. Plastic casings have a flat front side and pins arranged in a
serial manner on one side of the transistor. You can identify the pins by
counting them as one, two, etc. by keeping the front flat side facing you.
There will typically be three transistors in an NPN transistor: 1 (Collector), 2
(Base), and 3 (Emitter). Thus, the CBE. But in the case of PNP transistors,
the condition is reversed. In other words, that's EBC.
Field Effect Transistor (FET): A Field Effect Transistor can be identified
by starting counter-clockwise, keeping the curved portion facing you. The
first one is the source, the next the gate, and the last is the drain.
MOSFET: Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor: It is not
uncommon for the pins of a MOSFET to be labeled as G, S, and D, which
indicate the gate, source, and drain, respectively. The datasheet for the
MOSFET may need to be consulted in some cases. As you make your way
from left to right, normally you want to make sure the flat side of the pin is
facing you.
IGBT- Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor: With some practical IGBTs,
like the GN2470, the raised surface faces the person holding it so that the
short surface in the center acts as the cathode. Those on the left are Gates,
and those on the right are Emitters.
Phototransistor: In a practical phototransistor like the L14G2, the collector
is on the curved surface facing the person and the emitter is on the other side.
The base is on the side opposite the emitter.

Schematic symbols

Integrated circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit (IC) is a group of transistors which is the controller or
‘brain’ of an electronic circuit. An input is received, an output is sent out.

Current microprocessor ICs can have billions of transistors each square inch,
The majority of electronic devices contain some form of integrated circuit. A
timer is an electronic device that functions as an amplifier, a logic unit, a
counter, a calculator, a temperature sensor, and a radio receiver. Electronics
have been revolutionized since integrated circuits are present in almost all
modern equipment.
ICs are physically much smaller than discrete circuits. Contrary to discrete
circuits, an integrated circuit is very light in weight. Compared to other
systems, it's more reliable. It has a lower power consumption due to its
smaller size. Failures can easily be replaced, but the failure can almost never
be repaired
What an IC can do for us?
Billions of electronically measured on/off switches (transistors) is
how the microprocessor in a digital computer ‘thinks’ and purposes.
A computer has a wide variety of tasks to perform.

But
other ICs can fully simpler, separate jobs. For i.e., an IC can take a
voltage input and output instructions to a motor.

IC Terminology: Op-amp

An
operational amplifier (op-amp) is a group of transistors inside the IC
(Integrated Circuit). They frequently are the components doing the
mathematical procedures.
An operational amplifier amplifies weak electric signals by using an
integrated circuit. Two inputs and one output are present in an operational
amplifier. The input voltage difference between the two input pins is
amplified and output by this driver.
The most common type of voltage amplifier is the Op-amp, which can be
broadly categorized into non-inverting and inverting amplifiers.

H-bridge
An electronic circuit which allows voltage to be applied across a load in any
direction.

A DPDT switch also does this, but not electronically

Varying voltage
A potentiometer or variable resistor permits you to variation the
voltage input which goes into the integrated circuit (IC).

Integrated circuit can now output change of pulse widths to the

transistors on the H-bridge.
 This grouping of potentiometer, integrated circuit and PWM to the H-
bridge is the key to speed controller.

Printed Circuit Board (PCB)

The ‘front’ side of the board will have printed component information, such
as resistor and resistance, diode type and polarity, Components are attached
to a printed circuit board.
Holes go all the method over the board since one side to the other. Over hole
soldering is needed to join components to the board.

Backside of Circuit Board

The ‘back’ side of the board will have lines indicating contacts between
components. The lines on the back are alike to wires, Denser lines denote
extra current (electrons) moving through, Components connect the lines.
Merits and its Application
Smaller size and less wire are required. PCBs with several electronic
components are called characteristic PCBs. Copper tracks are used to connect
components on a printed circuit board instead of a number of wires carrying
current. This reduces the size of the interconnections.
Various electronic devices including calculators, mobile phones, printers,
and LCD televisions utilize flexible circuits, Cameras, a heart monitor, a
pace-maker, and hearing aids are made using these materials. Robotic arms,
processing equipment, bar code equipment, etc., are among the products they
manufacture.
WHAT ARE SOME GOOD COMPONENTS TO START WITH?
LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Many of Light Emitting Diodes with range of colors (Make sure to

similarly get two or more resistors for limiting current)
LED has an illuminating feature which can be utilized for space as an
actuator.
Used for Flickering, blinking, dimming with PWM, “Adventurer Rider”
result by 7 or more LEDs, strobe special effects, etc.
Due to the fact, a Light emitting diode is a directional part, means that,
which is stimulated simply if it is located in right direction with the
circuit.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)
A LCD is a types of optical display most commonly utilized in electronic
modules, in that a group of a liquid crystal is sandwiched among two
transparent electrodes, this process play a vital role by making an LCD.

The LCD contains of 16 pins which are utilized for power, control, in
addition data. It should follow a manufacturing standard Hitachi regulator
therefore the basic functions of LCD are almost similar across the various
kind of traders that sell them. They both have a 4-bit and an 8-bit parallel
interface. We have been utilizing 4-bit parallel interface instead of 8-bit.
Which means we will be transmit the upper nibble (1 nibble is equal to 4 bits)
first, next to the lower nibble to transmit the byte of information essential for
each command or character. LCD 16×2 or a 20×4 is most generally used in
many projects that means which it can be show 16 characters on both 2 lines
and 20 characters on both 4 lines, correspondingly.
LCD Pinout with an Arduino interface circuit shown below.
Why start with LCD?

The LCDs support a parallel interface, significance which the Arduino has to
handle numerous interface pins simultaneously to control the display. The
parallel edition capable 4 digital pins for display, Learners definitely express
vast degree of happiness from sending word to the LCD screen
DC Motor

A DC (Direct Current) motor is one of the popular varieties of electronic

motor. It generally consists of two terminals, which is positive and negative
terminals. Once you connect these two terminals straightly to a power source,
the DC motor will rotate. If you change the terminals, the motor will rotate in
the reverse side.
Threat - Do not operate the DC motor directly from the Arduino board pins.
This can be causes of Arduino circuit failure. Therefore, we should have used
a driver circuit or a motor driver IC for before controlling all variety of
motors.
Servo Motor
There are huge variety of servo motors existing in the marketplace and to
each one has its unique characteristic, futures and usages. The upcoming
lesson will assist you recognize the right type of servo motor for your mini
project/invention.

Many of the electronic servo motors operates from 4.8V to 6.5V, if we give
high voltage, simultaneously we able to get high torque, However, usually an
electronics Servo motors are functioned at +5V. More or less all hobby servo
motors must be rotate just from 0° to 180° because of its gear placements
therefore validate your mini project be able to work with help of the half
circle if no, you be able to choose for a 0° to 360° motor or adjustment the
motor to modify a full circle. In motors the gears are simply subjected to
wear with tear, therefore if your project needs robust and long durable
running motors, you can choose metal gears or else just go with typical
plastic gear.
After picking the desired Servo motor for our project, the queries will come,
how to use it. As we know already servo motor having three wires, there is
power, ground, and a third wire to bring the signal. For rotating the servo
motor, we want to connect the battery to at +5V with the Red and Brown
wire as well as Transmit Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals to the
orange wire. Therefore, we must rather that may produce Pulse Width
Modulation signals to make the servo motor rotate well. We can able to
utilize this hobby servo motor with any electronic development board such as
555 Timer or further more microcontroller environments such as Arduino,
ARM, PIC, or even though a credit card sized computer or microprocessor
such as Raspberry Pie.
Applications
Hobby Servo motor utilized as actuators in various kind of robotic
projects such as Robotic arm, Biped Robot, and Hexapod, and
more….
Frequently using in RC toys as steering control system,
In Robots, doesn’t required feedback for position control,
Because of weightless, and little in size, as a result the servo motors
utilized in multi-purposes DOF (Degree of Freedom) robotic
application such as human-like robots.
Stepper Motor

A Stepper Motor or a step motor is a brushless synchronous Motor that splits

a complete rotation into a small number of steps. Not like a brushless DC
motor, that rotates constantly once a stable DC voltage is passing to it,
subsequently a step motor will rotate in discrete step angles.
Stepper motors, because of its extraordinary design, which be able to control
to a large degree of precision with no feedback system. The shaft in the
stepper motor, attached by a sequence of magnets, which is managed by a
group of electromagnetic coils which are electrified positive and negatively in
a particular order, Accordingly, it exactly rotating it clockwise or
anticlockwise in a little “step”.
Here we can see two kind of stepper motor, Unipolar and Bipolar, and this is
most essential to know which variety you are dealing with. For each of the
stepper motor has unique design in structure. Many of the stepper motors are
constructed or designed by steps per revolution of 12, 24, 72, 144, 180, and
200, subsequently steps moving angles is 30, 15, 5, 2.5, 2, and 1.8 degrees
per step. We able to operate with or without feedback to the stepper motor.
Visualize a motor on a RC (Radio-controlled) aircraft. The motor rotations
are extremely high in one direction or another. We be able to change the
ROTATION of motor by change the level of voltage given, but we cannot
convey to the propeller to END at a particular position. Now visualize a
printer. Here is plenty of movable parts inside a printer, also consist of
motors. Imagine those motor acts as the rotating rollers, paper-sheet feed
which travel the slice of paper as ink is being printed on it. This motor should
be able to run the paper-sheet an accurate distance it can be print the
following line of word or the next line of a picture.
Stepper Motor Control
We discussed previously how to generate the magnetic field with which the
rotor is going to align by energizing the motor coils in a specific sequence. It
takes multiple devices to supply the coils with the necessary voltage,
allowing the motor to run properly. Taking a look at the closest devices to the
motor, we have:
An electrical connection between the motor coils is physically
controlled by a transistor bridge. The transistors can be viewed as
electrically controlled interrupters, which allow an electrical current
to pass through a coil when they are closed. For every motor phase,
one transistor bridge is required.
It is controlled by an MCU, with which it provides the voltage and
current needed to trigger the transistors.
The MCU is a microcontroller unit, which is typically programmed
by a motor user, that generates specific signals to the pre-driver,
allowing the motor to perform as desired.
How a Stepper Motor Works?
A typical DC motor can rotate simply in specific position; however, a Stepper
motor be able to spin in exact steps.

Stepper motors be able to rotate a precise number of degrees (or steps) as

required. Which delivers total control to the motor, that permitting you to
change it to a particular position, and grip that spot. Indeed, hence with
electrifying the coils on inner part of motor aimed at precisely small time
period.
Everyone have to know for nowadays is that, to spin a stepper motor, we
have to give command it to spin a specific number of steps in one position
or the another, and also convey it to the speed at which steps in that position.
The drawback is which you have to always give the power supply to motor to
retain it in the spot which you want.
There are many advantages to stepper motors
In the right environment, stepper motors can be ideal, although not all
applications will benefit from them.
The first thing to note about stepper motors is that the torque they
produce is full at standstill, and the direction of rotation is
proportional to the input pulse.
With stepper motors, you can control the speed, position, and
repeatability of movement in excellent ways.
Additionally, since stepper motors are not fitted with contact brushes,
they are very reliable. Maximizing the motor's operational lifespan by
minimizing mechanical failure is made possible by this technique.
These motors are suitable for a wide variety of applications, as
various rotational speeds can be achieved due to their inverse
relationship with pulse frequency.
There are many uses for stepper motors, but here are some of the most
common:
Machines that print 3D objects
Machines that produce textiles
There are several types of printing presses
A machine for playing games
Imaging equipment for medical use
Robotics for small spaces
Milling machines that use CNC technology
Stainless steel welding equipment
Despite the fact that stepper motors are most commonly used for these
applications, they represent only a fraction of what they're capable of. In
general, stepper motors can be used for any application that requires highly
accurate positioning, speed control, and low speed torque.
LIST OF ARDUINO SENSORS AND MODULES
Sensors Input/Output

Fig. Theory and Practice of Physical User Interfaces

Ultrasonic Sensor Module

Ultrasonic Sensor - Utilize the ultrasonic waves to measure the distance

between sensor and obstacle or any object, depending on time duration
among transmission of ultrasonic wave and Receiving echo of it. HC-SR04
Ultrasonic module has four pins: there is Trigger, Echo, Vcc+, and Ground
The ultrasonic module has built-in transmitter and a receiver which
functioning at standard 40 kHz operating frequency. This frequency is not
including the hearing range of human and animals, Accordingly Humans be
able to hear the sounds in a frequency range only from around 20 Hz to
20 kHz.
IR Infrared Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module

IR Infrared sensor that will emits infrared radiation which bounced back by
the obstacle or objects in proximity sensor. After sensed by a digital output is
shown. Level of Sensitivity is might be adjusted by on-board variable resister
or potentiometers. It will very effective for sensing a robot is around to
interface with walls or other obstacles.

IR Sensor Module Features

It will be operating at 5V DC.
Input/Output pins are flexible at 5V and 3.3V.
IR Sensor Module Range is up to 20cm
Sensing range of IR Sensor can be Adjustable
Module include Built-in Ambient Bright Sensor
Support a Mounting hole
Supply current is approximately at 20mA.
The IR LED or transmitter will be emitting an infrared waves or signals
which, just in case of a reflecting surface such as white color walls, it should
be spring back in opposite directions within that of the photodiode nothing
but IR receiver that acquired the waves by sensing the obstacles or an object.
In case of an absorbent surface such as Black color walls, it can’t be
reflected and the object cannot be detected by the sensor. This result may
come even if the object is absent.
IR Infrared Fire/Flame Detection sensor

Fire Detection Sensor Module is much sensitive to the Smoke, flame

nevertheless correspondingly can be sensing traditional light, and generally
this is utilized as a fire alarm, Senses a smoke or else a luminance source of a
wavelength in the range between 760nm-1100 nm.
IR Infrared Flame Sensor has difference characteristics such as Sensing point
is nearly 60 degrees, mostly sensitive to the flame spectrum, steady
performance, sensitivity is flexible.
Applications of IR Sensor
IR Infrared Fire Detection Sensors are applicable in various types of
Emergency conditions which include the following.
1. Applicable in Hydrogen stations and identification for an Industrial
heating
2. In the majority of fire detection projects, an IR sensor is used
3. Many industries use fire alarms as a fire emergency device
4. On firefighting robots, the flame detector module is used.
5. Detecting the presence of gas in kitchen devices powered by gas
6. Additionally, it is used in gas turbines, drying systems, and domestic
heating systems

Soil Hygrometer Detection or Soil Moisture Sensor

Soil Moisture Sensors can be precisely sensing the amount of moisture or

volumetric content available from the water in soils (such as from flower
pots). These are much beneficial for Arduino agricultural projects.
The Soil Hygrometer is used capacitance to senses dielectric permittivity of
the nearby range, at the soil dielectric permittivity is a role of the moisture
level. Which a sensor makes a voltage relational to the dielectric permittivity,
in addition as a result the moisture level of the soil.
Soil-Moisture Humidity Sensing Module is utilized to identify the moisture
content of the water. This module is extreme sensitive to the environment
moisture. Once the soil is going to dry the sensor outputs will be in high
level, or else outputs low. Soil moisture sensor is utilized in variety of an
autonomous application such as automatic irrigation system, accordingly the
plants in the farm can be automated without human assistance.
Humidity and Rain Detection Sensor

Humidity Detection Module also known as Rain Sensor that is engaged to

sense the rain water and then trigger an alarm. Accordingly, we will preserve
rain water to utilize it for future application. Here is plethora of techniques
exist for save water such as Rain water harvesting. By using this way we be
able to raise the level of ground water and utilize it’s for crisis situation.
Therefore, we can use Humidity and Rain water sensors for various kind of
application such as Agriculture Irrigation, communication, automation,
automobiles, etc.
What is a Rain Sensor?
A rain sensor is unique types of switching module which utilize to sense the
rainfall. This sensor mechanism similar to the switch, as well as the
operational functions of Rain water sensors, at whatever time there is rain, the
switch can be normally closed.
Rain Sensor Module
The rain sensor module be made of nickel coated lines and that is based on
the resistance principle. This module can be estimate humidity via analog
output pins and that provides digital output whereas water level threshold
surpasses. This sensor is analogical to the LM393 IC since which consist of
electronic module and PCB board.
How does it Work?
In straightforward terms, the resistance of the collector board fluctuates
according to the level of moisture taking place its surface.

While the Sensor is in Wet: the resistance will Surges, and the output
voltage will decline.
While the Sensor is in Dry: the resistance is declines, and the output voltage
is Surges.
Microphone Sensor or Sound Sensor

Arduino Sound Sensor contains a sensitive capacitance mic for sensing sound
and comes with built-in amplifier circuit, the digital output reacts as a key,
and it will trigger, once the audio intensity has achieved a specific threshold
level. The sensitivity threshold can be increase or decrease through variable
resister on the module.
The analog output voltage is fluctuating by the intensity of sound acquired by
the microphone module, we may connect this sensor output to Arduino
analog pins and then we can able to process the output voltage, each
microphone has digital and analog outputs.
AO: Analog Output, to output voltage signals from microphone in a real-time
manner
DO: Once the audio intensity archives a specific threshold level, the
microphone outputs will be high or low level.
There are two types of microphone sensor available in the market:

1. Standard Microphone Module and

2. High-Sensitive Voice Sensor.

‘Sensitivity Level’ is the one and only dissimilarity for both microphones
Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor
The Barometric Pressure Sensor (BMP180) is one of the fascinating sensor
modules available in the market, important role of this module is measuring
the pressure and altitude, which can be used to forecast the climate
conditions, sense altitude, and estimate perpendicular velocity, it’s a
tremendously sensitive sensor on top. By means of you can realize in a
second, it can be sensing the fluctuation in altitude of just a few inches.

This Barometric Pressure Sensor can be used in various kind of projects and
innovation such as flying robots, weather stations, for enhancing day to day
routine, autonomous vehicles, self-driving cars and much more…
Barometric Pressure
Barometric pressure is the pressure happened by load/weight of air pushing
down to the ground, moreover it’s called as atmospheric pressure, lets
visualize a cluster of air rising from the ground’s surface to the top of the sky.
The air in the sky has huge mass, therefore gravity causes the weight of
which cluster of air to exert pressure on the surface.

Atmospheric pressure or Barometric pressure consequences from the mass of

the air on the ground. This pressure is around 1 kg per square centimeter on
the sea level. Here are numerous units to indicate the barometric pressure
which can be simply transformed to other one. The SI unit of measuring the
pressure is Pascal (Pa).
Photoresistor Sensor (LDR)
The Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is an electronic element that resistivity
is differ from how much of lights received (the resistance will be declined
while light is passing), Light dependent resistors also known as
Photoresistors, are light sensitive sensors most frequently used to point out
the presence or absence of luminance source, or used to estimate the intensity
of light.

At the dark night time, LDR resistance is extremely high, the LDR is made-
up of cadmium sulphide tape, a semiconductor. Once the photons passing
through tapes, electrons can travel via the semiconductor. The significant role
of Photoresistor is estimate the intensity of lights (most commonly used in
street lights, night camera, detection systems, and automatic security lights).
The following are some of the advantages or benefits of photoresistor
devices:
In addition to being a replacement for variable resistance, it is also a
light-dependent device.
When light falls on it, its resistance drops, whereas in the dark, its
resistance increases.
There are many different types and sizes of photo resistors available at a
low cost.
They are very energy efficient and need very little voltage and power to
operate.
Simpler circuits can be created with it. Due to its bidirectional nature, all
directions can be connected with it.
Applications of LDR
Low-cost and simple, light-dependent resistors can be readily used in a
variety of applications. Devices such as these are used wherever it is
necessary to know when light is present or absent. Light-responsive resistors
are often used in lighting and light intensity meters, as well as burglar alarm
circuits, as they act as light sensors. To provide more insight into this
concept, here is an explanation of a live lighting project that uses LDR to
conserve energy
Digital Thermal Sensor - Humidity Sensor
There are several types of temperature sensors compatible with Arduino, as
you can see in the following image.

Measuring the temperature level with the Arduino is much straightforward

and extremely useful task, here we can see widespread of temperature sensor
module available in the market with specific characteristic that we can able to
utilize in our upcoming projects, in this section, we can get through a several
types of low-cost temperature sensors, this is Arduino friendly and also
compatible with mini development module (Such as ESP32 or ESP8266
NodeMCU).
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor

DHT11 is frequently used temperature sensor in Arduino platform, this will

helpful for estimation of moisture content available in the surrounding air,
nitrogen, argon or pure gas. The amount of temperature or moisture in air
harmful for several physical, biological and chemical processes. In
manufacturing enterprise applications, humidity may disturb the commercial
rate of the products, safety, and health of the workers. Subsequently,
in semiconductor field and control system manufacturing unit have
estimation humidity or temperature is crucial one. There are two kind of
Humidity sensors specific on their measurement units. They are listed here,
1. Relative humidity sensor and
2. Absolute humidity sensor.
DHT11 is a Relative humidity sensor, which is used measure the atmospheric
air, this module also utilized as a thermistor and a capacitive sensor. DHT11
is developed as a sensor element and as a module the only dissimilarity of
this sensor and module is the power-on LED and a pull-up resistor.
The DHT11 is a unique digital temperature sensor which measures
temperature and relative humidity. This module includes a chip which can
convert analog to digital as well as spit out a digital signal through the
temperature and humidity. DHT11 is compatible with most electronic board
and extremely simple to use at all microcontroller development board, as well
as the Arduino.
DHT22
The DHT22 temperature sensor which most likely to the previous one. It
similarly used to determine the humidity and temperature and the pin
configuration is also same. DHT22 is considerably high cost, nevertheless it
is reputed for its accuracy and it also have a broader humidity and
temperature measurement range.
LM35DZ, LM335, LM34
The LM35DZ is a linear temperature sensor module which approaches
commonly measured in Celsius. The temperature in Celsius is directly
proportional to the analog output: 10mV for each amounts Celsius increase in
temperature. This temperature sensor is most related with the LM34 (only
difference is standardized in Fahrenheit), and by the LM335 (standardized in
Kelvin).
BMP180
BMP180 is an atmospheric or barometric pressure sensor, as we know
already in the previous section, correspondingly it can read temperature and
much helpful for any weather station project.
TMP36
The TMP36 is one of the analog temperature sensors, it shows an analog
output which is relative to the atmospheric temperature, and it’s more or less
same like LM35.
LM75
The LM75 sensor is a unique digital temperature sensor with an incorporated
Sigma-Delta analog to digital converter with an I2C communication. Which
functioning through I2C communication that means this can interface with
the Arduino using the SDA and SCL pins.
BME280
The BME280 is a special type of atmospheric sensor which can be measures
humidity and temperature. BME280 Temperature sensor could be interface
with I2C or Serial Peripheral Interface communication protocol and the
BME280 sensor might be powered by 3.3 or 5V.
DS18B20
The DS18B20 is a single cable digital temperature sensor, which means it
just wants single data line with GND to interface with the Arduino. Every
DS18B20 sensor module has an exclusive 64-bit serial code, this permits you
can connect several sensors to the same data wire. Consequently, you can
read temperature from various sensors with just single Arduino digital pin.
Waterproof DS18B20
The DS18B20 is correspondingly comes with waterproof model (Refer the
DS18B20 manual), the single cable attached in the DS18B20 are secure with
PVC waterproof coating that is supreme when you want to estimate the
temperature of fluid, or provided the project wants to be exposed to liquid.
Application of Temperature and Humidity Sensor
1. Estimating moisture and temperature values in air conditioning systems,
boiler, and other air circulation devices.
2. Meteorological department often utilized this module to forecast weather
situations.
3. The temperature sensor is utilized for precautionary measurement in
houses and wherever persons are troubled by humidity.
4. Utilize this module for detecting the amount of humidity level in safety
measure application such as workplaces, museums, greenhouses and
manufacturing units.
Rotary Encoder Module
A rotary encoder is a unique kind of position sensor element that is utilized
for measuring an angular position of a rotating shaft, rotary encoder be able
to produce an electrical signal, for both analog and digital, based on the
rotational movement.
Rotary Encoders are the advanced Digital Equivalent of the variable-resister
and are more sophisticated than a variable-resister. It can be able to freely
adjust or rotate until it reaches maximum level without end, breaks when a
variable-resister to be able to rotate specific on 3/4 of the complete circle.
Variable Resister are good in situations somewhere you want to get the
particular position of the knob. Though, rotary encoders are best in situations
somewhere you want to get the adjustment in position instead of the
particular position.
Rotary encoders are utilized in a widespread of application such as
mechanical systems, with manufacturing controls system, photographic
lenses, autonomous robotics, and PCs input devices such as optical
mechanical mouse and trackballs, spinning radar devices, and controlled
stress rheometers.
MQ-2 LPG Smoke Gas Sensor

The MQ-2 Gas sensor module can be detecting fire, smoke or gasses such as
LPG, Hydrogen, Propane, Alcohol, Methane and also CO. The module series
of this Gas sensor including with Digital Pin that makes possible this sensor
to work even with no microcontroller support and that portable to use while
we need to senses one specific gas.
At what time it comes to detecting the gas in ppm the analog pin must be
used, the analog pin also TTL logic driven and operating at 5V and therefore
it can be utilized with most reputed development board.
Accordingly in case you may searching for a sensor module to sensitive for
fire or plethora of gasses then this sensor could be more suitable for you.
Application of MQ-2 LPG Smoke Gas Sensor
Ø MQ2 sensor module is used as a gas leakage alarm in Hospitals,
Industries, and Home), and also used in air quality monitoring projects.
It is right choice for sensing such as LPG, H2, Propane, Alcohol, and also
CH4. Because of its great sensitivity and quick reaction, this sensitivity
might be taken as early as possible. This sensor also used to identify the
presence of gases in the atmospheric air.
Ø To detect toxic or explosive gasses and measure gas concentration, these
devices are commonly used. Manufacturing facilities use gas sensors for
detecting gas leaks as well as detecting smoke and carbon monoxide in
homes. Various types of gas sensors have different sizes (portable or
fixed), ranges, and sensing abilities.
SW-420 Motion Sensor or Vibration Sensor
The vibration sensor based on the SW-420 Motion Sensor and LM393
Comparator that is utilized to sense the motion activity and vibrations, the
sensitivity of vibration can be modify with a built-in variable-resister. If the
time of without vibration or motion, the sensor will send command to the
logic as LOW and once the motion or vibration is detected, the sensor will
trigger to the logic as HIGH.
Vibration sensor has 3 pins there are VCC, Digital Output, and GND, The
Digital Output pin is associated to the output pin of LM393 comparator IC. It
extremely simple to interface Vibration sensor module with the any
development microcontroller board like Arduino, Raspberry Pi and ESP8266.
The wiring connection of an Arduino with this SW-420 module is very
straightforward, connect the DO pin of the sensor to any digital pin of
Arduino and connect VCC and GND pins to 5V and GND pins of an Arduino
board.
Applications of Vibration Sensor Module
Shocks triggering
Earthquake alarm
Theft alarm
Smart car
Motorcycle alarm
Passive Buzzer Module
A buzzer is an electronic device which can be produce unique tones, most
commonly utilized to provide loud response for the people. Buzzers are
utilized in various kind of application such as emergency alarm clocks,
calculator, keypads, hobby toys and several household appliances.
The Passive Buzzer Sensor contains a passive piezoelectric element. Which
can be produce sounds from 1.5 to 2.5 kHz with changing it ON and OFF at a
several frequencies whichever using PWM or Delays. On the other hand, an
active buzzer sensor which have an on-board oscillating crystal, therefore that
will make a unique sound once power-on. Nevertheless, a passive buzzer
doesn’t have this function, subsequently there is no beep-sound once given
DC signal; as an alternative you should be apply square-waves which
frequency is among 2K and 5K to operate it. The active buzzer sensor is
slightly more expensive than the passive buzzer sensor, for the reason that,
because it has numerous on-board oscillating circuits.
The buzzer module is extremely easy to wire up to the Arduino. Connect the
left pin of the module to the pin that will drive it and the right pin of the
module to Arduino GND. The module is driven by pin 8 in the circuit below.
Several pins of the module are not connected, including the middle one.
Application
Passive Buzzer Sensor is used in various kind of application such as
Detecting obstacles and gives warning, Burglar Alarm, Blind stick and also
used as a Door knock alerts system.
Speed Sensor Module LM393
A speed sensor is similar to the Tachometer which is utilized to find out the
speed of a spinning object such as fan, motor and a propeller, here is there are
several kinds of Speed Sensor available in the market such as Hall-effect,
Eddy Current, and Magneto-resistive Speed Sensor, etc.
Speed sensor is also known as Hall Effect Sensor, so that for estimate the
speed of any spinning devices with Arduino, we may use LM393 Speed
sensor. Speed Sensor Module consist of an IR Light Sensor combined with
LM393 Voltage Comparator IC.
Applications
LM393 Speed sensor most frequently used in Robotics.
Motor Drivers
Printers, Scanners, Copiers
Contactless Switching,
Measuring Speed, and used to find out an RPM.
This Infrared Hall Effect sensor with the Voltage comparator LM393, we be
able to measuring the speed of spinning or rotation of the wheels in most of
the robotic car projects. Provided we place a circle gear which rotates linked
to our wheel. This will likewise be utilized as an optical switch.
The simple working of this module is as follows; when anything is crossed
between the sensor slots, that generates a digital pulse on the D0 pin. This
pulse drives from 0V to 5V and is a digital TTL (Transistor-transistor logic)
signal, finally, we be able to read this pulse with an Arduino.
Relay Module

A relay is primarily a switch that is activated by an electromagnet. The

electromagnet just needs a little power to become triggered, and that we can
send command from the Arduino and after once it triggered, this will pull the
connection to produce the high voltage circuit, Relay module is an
electrically activated switch, which can be switch on or off, allowing the
current get through or not, and might be operated with minimal voltages as
5V given by the Arduino pins.
The following relay module has two channels (for those two blue cubes), and
here we can see as of single to multichannel available in the market, there are
one, two, four and eight channels. Most of the Relay module could be
powered with 5V, which is applicable to work with an Arduino. Here are
other relay modules which are powered with 3.3V that is perfect for
NodeMCU, ESP8266, ESP32 and other Development board.
The Arduino compatible relay consist of six pins: three pins on front side and
another 3 pins on different side. In the lower side, here is there are 3 pins that
are 5V, ground and signal. Accordingly, we can interface these pins with the
microcontroller. Whereas, on the other hand here are normally open (NO),
NC (Normally close) and C (Common), there are the output pins supporting
for 5V relay. Consequently, we be able to associate the output device.
Most of the Arduino friendly relay module can be used in two states which
are
1. Normally open state (NO)
2. Normally closed state (NC)
Normally open (NO)
In the normally open state, the beginning output of the relay should be
minimal once that will be power on. Here in state, the common and the
normally open pins will be used.
Normally closed state (NC)
In the normally closed state, the beginning output of the relay should be
maximum once that will be power on. Here in state, the common and the
normally close pins will be used.
The purpose of relays is to isolate low voltage circuits from high voltage
circuits. Multi-circuit controllers are used to control multiple circuits.
Automatically changeover can also be done with them. Controlling a heavy
electrical load is done by microprocessors using relays
In real-world applications, relays are utilized in many areas. For instance, a
cooling system could be an example. When the temperature in the room
changes, the temperature-controlled cooling system will have to be able to
switch the fan on or off accordingly. Thermometers are electronic devices
with sensors inside them.
HC- SR501 Pyroelectric Infrared Sensor (PIR)

HC-SR501 is a modern motion detection module that is based on Infrared

Technology, which is utilize an IR signal for sensing the object, which is
include an autonomous control module, likewise having the functions of great
sensitivity and reliability. This module consists of an auto-detection control
modules, wherever we required to achieve motion. Pyroelectric IR Sensor is
used in construction projects and industrials for security purposes.
Why use Pyroelectric IR Sensor, and Its Future
HC-SR501 is also known as PIR (Passive Infrared) motion sensing
module. Which is applicable for sensing the moving objects,
specifically for the animals and human.
This kind of sensor can be included as an element of a system which
can repeatedly performs a task or alerts a human motion in that
region.
This module is made-up of an essential component of security,
energy efficiency, automatic light control, house automation and
many other valuable systems.
PIR Sensor module also comprise time delay alteration and trigger
selection that give permission for fine tuning with your various
projects
 Every single living thing with a temperature directly above Absolute
Zero (0 Kelvin / -273.15 °C), which can produce heat energy in the
form of IR radiations.
When a heat body alive can emit more radiation. Human body
functioning on a same pattern and emits Infrared radiation via heat
energy.
A superior lens known as called Fresnel lens that focuses the IR
Radiation onto the pyroelectric sensor.
HC-SR-501 sensor module is intended to senses these types of IR
radiation from living objects.
Why PIR sensor to be extremely so popular because of main causes,
is the fact that Pyroelectric IR Sensor is a most versatile which is
much proficient all on its own way.
By using PIR Module with other microcontroller like ESP8266,
NodeMCU, and Raspberry Pi, you be able to develop upon its
flexibility even more.
Accelerometer Module

Before enter into the topics, you ever wondered how your mobile phone
knows up from down! that is one of the interesting features of today’s
smartphone gadgets, now a days majority of smart devices includes a
microchip called Accelerometer, which is built-in to the motherboard that
make senses once you tilt it from right to left and up and down. That’s how
your smart gadgets immediately realizes while to change the screen position
from landscape to portrait.

What is Acceleration?
The revolutionary scientist Isaac Newton well-defined in his 2nd law of
motion or law of force, acceleration by connecting it to mass and force.
The acceleration is nothing but, the rate of change of velocity with respect to
time, It have both magnitude and direction accordingly acceleration is comes
under vector quantity. Which is the 2nd derivative of spot with respect to
time or it is the 1st derivative of velocity with respect to time.
Here is the Examples of some real-time day to day life application of an
acceleration:
1. While the vehicle is speeding up, and while the vehicle is slows
down
2. When the vehicle turning at the bend is for e.g. of an acceleration for
the reason that the direction is fluctuating. When the vehicle turning
will be fast, the acceleration will be greater.
3. When you free fall form the bridge.
Force = Mass x Acceleration or (F = ma.)
Acceleration of an object is related on the mass of the object and the how
much of force applied.
Acceleration = Force / Mass
This means that, acceleration is the amount of force we want to change each
unit of mass.
Accelerometer is an electromechanical module that involved the
processes both electrical and mechanical that identify the force of
acceleration by reason of gravity in g unit.
The Accelerometer determining the acceleration laterally X, Y and Z axes
and gives output of an analog voltage relational to the acceleration
 laterally these 3 axes.
ADXL335 Module is most commonly used in the applications of tilt
sensing.
Many developments board like Arduino be able to process these voltages
by transforming them to digital signals via ADC.
Accelerometer sensor module are broadly utilized in low power, cost
sensitive, tilt sensing and motion detection projects such as Smartphone’s
gadgets, Gaming control systems Joysticks, Image, Video stabilization on
gimbals cameras, Sports Fitness Gadgets & healthcare devices and Disk
drive protection.
At the heart of the ADXL335 sensors is tiny in size, less power three axis
MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) accelerometer beginning Analog
Devices through tremendously less noise. The module has overall detection
range of ±3 g, which can be identifying the static acceleration caused by
gravity in tilt-sensing projects, along with dynamic acceleration resulting
from motion, shock or vibration.
This module functioning on voltage among 1.8V to 3.6V DC (3.3V ideal),
and usually its takes just 350µA of current. Nevertheless, a built-in 3.3V
regulator perform it a special choice for handling on 5V developments board
like Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

The breadboard friendly ADXL335 sensor module breaks out every single
pin of the accelerometer to a 6-pin, 0.1″ pitch header. This contains three
analog outputs for X, Y and Z axis estimation, there are two self-test pin and
a supply pin that make you to clarify works of the sensor in the finishing
projects.
Arduino Joystick Module
The joystick is more or less same function with two variable-resister
(potentiometer) connected together, one for the horizontal movement (X-
axis), and another one is vertical movement (Y-axis) variable-resistances are
nothing but potentiometers and, in a technique, they react as a sensors
module they deliver us with varying voltage relating on their spinning.
Mostly commonly the joysticks are utilized for gaming industries, aviation
sectors and military applications.

This Joystick controller module is an excellent input device for controlling

stepper, servos motors, used as a video game joystick, and remote-control
robotics applications. The Joystick have both digital (DO) and analog (AO)
output options.
Piezo buzzer Sensor

Have you interested to make some tones with Arduino? Possibly a basic
sound for an alarm, perhaps a beep to aware you after a particular input
threshold level is achieved, or it could be to run and play the Super Mario
Bro music to perform your young mind.
If any kind of sounds required for your projects, you may discover
the simplest, fastest and probably the cost efficient way to generate your
desired sounds with the tone() function and piezoelectric buzzer with your
Arduino microcontroller.
Here is the two kind of piezo buzzers which are usually existing in the
market. The one is present like a basic buzzer, once we give power source,
that will produce a Nonstop Beeeeeeppp.... tones, another type known as a
portable buzzer that appearance slightly bigger than traditional one and it will
make a sound like “Beep. Beep. Beep.” Why sound happening… Because of
the internal oscillating circuit can perform there within. However, the first
one is much often broadly utilized for the reason that, that can be
personalized with help of customized circuits to easily compatible in our
projects.
The buzzer is generally related with a switching circuit to turn ON or turn
OFF, most of the buzzers required time and interval. We can just operate the
buzzer with help of DC voltage ranging from 3V to 12V, and A basic 9V
battery may be used, but then that is optional to usage a regulated +5V or else
+6V DC power source.
Applications of Buzzer
Most of the buzzers are audio signaling device which is utilized in
various kind of application such as timer circuits, alarms and tone
generating devices,
Somewhere the people have to be alarmed about their project, and
utilized in application like automobile electronics, communication
devices, portable devices, because of its compact in size
Water Flow Sensor

Powerful water management system take place in delivering water according

to the actual necessity, and therefore assessing water level is play a vital role
in aquatic management systems. Here are several methods to measure flow of
water, and various kind of water flow meters utilized to estimate the amount
of water-flow in pipelines, but these kinds of sensors available in the market
are too expensive. Here, we only see the concepts for design & development
of cheap water flow meters, with the support of easily accessible and cost-
efficient sensor module for estimation the Flow of water.
YF-S201 Hall-Effect Water Flow Sensor

Precise water flow estimation is a vital step for both in circumstances of

qualitative and cost-effective points of view. Water Flow meter is a standard
sophisticated sensor module for estimate water flow, and this is simple to
make a water flow controlling system, which utilizing the famous YF-S201
water flow sensor.
This sensor fixed in the pipe with the water line as well as includes a
pinwheel module to estimate how amount of water have passed over it. Here
is an advanced magnetic Hall Effect Water Flow Sensor which produce
outputs an electrical signal by each revolution. The “YF-S201 Hall Effect
Water Flow Sensor” consist of three wires: First one is Red/VCC (5-24V DC
Input voltage), second one is Yellow/OUT (Pulse Output) and third one is
Black/GND (0V). By counting the electrical pulses or signals from the output
of the YF-S201 module, we can simply estimate the flow of water level (in
litre/hour – L/hr) with a right conversion technique.
Magnetic flux leakage is used to determine magnetic fields, or to inspect
materials (such as pipes or tubing) using hall probes as magnetometers.
Devices that produce the hall effect produce a very low signal level and
therefore require amplification.
Arduino Color Sensor

Arduino Compatible TCS3200/230 color sensor module can detect color and
intensity of the light using photodiodes. This color sensor module converts
data from the photo-detector into a square wave by through the light to
frequency converter.
The frequency of the square waves is directly related to the intensity of light.
At that moment the Arduino will process the square waves then show us the
RGB color’s values as an output. Accordingly, we can see the working
diagram on interfacing controller with RGB Color Sensor TCS230 shown
upcoming section.
Here we can utilize widespread of projects with color sensors module such as
organize or separate a product by its color, Enhancing printer color, quality
control systems and etc. Theoretically speaking, figments of our imagination
is colors. When we see a green apple, which means that, it can reflect that
specific wavelength (~550 nm for Green) of the EM Spectrum (EM -
Electromagnetic).
This Electromagnetic wave is absorbed by the human eye and proportional on
some biochemical reaction, consequently our brain says that specific
wavelength is green color.
Optical Fingerprint Sensor
There are different kind of fingerprint sensors available in the market, from
capacitive fingerprint technology utilized in recent smartphones, to optical
fingerprint sensors frequently utilized in access control projects like smart
attendance. In this lesson, we will learn about optical fingerprint sensor.
 Fig. R305 Optical Fingerprint Sensor-Scanner
The Optical fingerprint sensor module is an extremely portable device. It
come from embedded with an advanced DSP unit which stands for Digital
Signal Processing unit, that is utilized to processing the input images of
fingers captured and find out a match detect or not.
Once the fingerprint module acquired a fresh image, that is extracted and the
characteristic features are separated. The memory board of the module is
looking for a fingerprint with corresponding patterns and the consequence of
that period is sent to the Arduino board through serial communication. This
all process is finished within a second. The sensor module has the storage
ability up-to thousand fingerprints model with its memory and its training
accuracy rate is more than 99.8% which makes it more protected!
The Fingerprint reader is one of the safe and greatest technique to detect and
identify the original person, as we know already which every fingerprint is
unique even similar twins do not have unique fingerprints patterns. For
utilizing this we can develop and fulfil most safety needs. To add multiple
fingerprint authentication in Arduino like development board projects
application, also we can able to develop this multipurpose optical fingerprint
scanner-sensor (R305), which is make possible fingerprint sensing and
authentication is super simple.
By utilizing this fingerprint sensor module, we be able to develop project like
Biometric verification and Access control or smart attendance related security
application easily. This optical fingerprint sensor module includes high
powered AS601 Digital Signal Processing chip form Synochip which
perform the task such as feature extraction, image rendering, processing, and
searching. This also consist of TTL serial out consequently, we can link to
any Arduino and Raspberry pi board or system. The DSP processor has built-
in FLASH memory that can able to collect up to 120 fingerprints.
Heart Rate or Pulse Sensor
The Heart Rate Sensor is a plug-and-play pulse sensor for Arduino. Heart rate
sensor is used to measure the electrical activity of heart such as
electrical pulse. That can be utilized as a portable device and smart fitness
gadgets by athletes, students, performers, working people, and game and
mobile developers those who need to simply integrate a real time pulse-rate
information into their healthcare projects and many applications. Principle
which is an incorporated optical amplifying unit and noise removing unit in
the circuit module. Fastener the Heart Sensor to your tin ear or fingertip and
connect it into your Microcontroller like a Arduino and Raspberry Pi.

This Pulse rate sensor is pretty straightforward to use and activate it. Place or
hold your finger on top of the sensor and that can sense the electrical pulse of
heart is nothing but heartbeat by calculating the change in light from the
development of capillary blood vessels.
Capacitive Touch Sensor

Capacitive touch sensors will be utilized as a replacement for of push buttons.

The benefit is we don’t necessary to apply force therefore we can just press a
button. Similarly, we may activate a switch with no touching a capacitive
sensor, obviously without touching it. Now a days we all using Touch screen
gadgets and this technology is becoming famous progressively. You could be
to interact with this day by day and every hour. Every smartphone these days
has a touch screen or touch sensor.
In capacitive touch sensor when we bring human body nearby to the sensor
module a capacitance or electrical flux is produced between the Human body
and capacitive sensor. We assume the tip of finger and sensor body perform
well, correspondingly the plates of the capacitor and a charge is created
among the plates. This electrical flux or charge is chosen by the capacitive
sensor module and this interpreted as a pressing button. For example, when
we bring our finger back from the sensor plate the electrical flux or
capacitance is lost and the circuit may break.
TTP223 Capacitive Touch Module IC is the best and well-known Arduino
capacitive touch sensor available in the market. The corresponding circuit of
the touch sensor module is specified in the below diagram. In the circuit of
the TTP223 below, once we move our fingertip close to the touch plate, our
finger and touch plate can be produced electrical pulse or capacitor like
effects. This novel capacitor is in parallel to capacitor C1. Remember
capacitor in parallel is enhancing capacitance. Consequently, the capacitance
increases and an electrical flux is induced in the capacitor. This
electromagnetic induction is chosen by the sensor such like pressing a button.

Note: We don’t need touch our fingertip to touch pad. Capacitor can be
produced by attractive our finger closed the touch plate. Subsequently the
distance wanted to form capacitor is in Nano meters so typically we touch our
finger to the touch plate.
Arduino Bluetooth Module HC-05 or HC-06
You ever assumed monitoring any of your electronic devices and smart
gadgets with your smartphone? How about an autonomous robot or many
other electronic appliances? Wouldn't it be simple to control it with your
smartphone? Never mind, here is a cool sensor module for communicating an
Android smartphone with Arduino through Bluetooth HC-05!
How Does It Work?
There are 3 Essential parts to this project. First one is Bluetooth supported
smartphone, an Arduino and a HC05 Bluetooth Module.

HC-05 or 06 functioning on serial communication. The Android application

is intended to transmitting serial data to the Arduino board, HC05 Bluetooth
module once a switch is pressed on the app. The Bluetooth module at the side
receives the information and transmit it to the Arduino over the TX pin of the
Bluetooth module (associated to RX pin of Arduino). Once the sketch is
uploaded to the Arduino microcontroller verify the acknowledged
information and relates it. If the acknowledged information is 1, the LED
turns ON. The LED turns OFF once the acknowledged information is 0. You
can open the serial monitor and be able to see the acknowledged information
while connecting.
Arduino GPS Module (NEO-6M)
GPS stands for Global Positioning System this is a satellite-based location
identification system which includes at least 24 satellites. GPS can able to
function in all types of climatic situations, wherever in the world, GPS can
work 24*7, we can utilize it with no maintenance fees, no installation and
setup charges.
How GPS works
We all are known already; GPS is kind of satellites which spinning the Earth
double times a day in a specific orbit. Each satellite be able to send a unique
signal and orbital parameters which permit GPS system to decode and
calculate the exact places of the satellite
When your location has been identified, the GPS devices can calculate
additional data, such as:
Speed
Distance to destination
Bearing
Trip dist.
Trajectory.
What's the signal?
Global Positioning System satellites can send minimum of two little
power radio signals. The signals travel by line of sight, which is
nothing-but that will travel via clouds, plastic and glass however
would not suffer from most solid things, like houses, tower and hills.
Nevertheless, the latest receivers are more sensitive and generally it
be able to track through building as well.
There are 3 different kinds of data existing in a GPS signal
1. Pseudorandom code is an I.D. code used to identify which satellite is
sending data. The Pseudo Random signal is much complex which is
exactly similar to the random electrical noise.
 2. Therefore, the name came up as "Pseudo-Random." Consequently,
we can see which satellites we are getting data from on our system's
satellite page.
3. Ephemeris information is wanted to estimate a satellite's location and
gives essential data regarding a status and health of a satellite, such
as date and time.
4. Almanac data is representing that the GPS receiver where each GPS
satellite device could be at any time all over the day and indicate the
orbital data for that GPS device and many other satellites in the
system.
5. Most of the satellite should be communicating the almanac
information for every satellite, almanac information contains a group
of parameters for every satellite which might be utilized to estimate
that approximate position in orbit.
NEO-6M GPS Chip

NEO-6M GPS chip is the heart of the GPS module is from u-blox. That be
able to track more than 22 satellites on up to 50 channels and it can attains
the industry’s peak level of sensitivity, Such as For -161 dB level of tracking,
it will consuming simply 45mA source current. The u-blox 6 locating
machine correspondingly claims a Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF) of less than 1
second. Power Save Mode (PSM) is one of the greatest features that the chip
provides. PSM is permits a decrease in device power consumption through
selectively switching portions of the receiver ON and OFF. This will
intensely cut the energy consumption of the device to just at 11mA building it
appropriate for energy sensitive use cases, such as Fitness gadgets comes
with built-in GPS. The essential data pins of NEO-6M GPS chip are
fragmented out to a "0.1″ field headers. This comprises the pins mandatory
for transmission through a Arduino microcontroller over UART.
Note: - The GPS module and NEO-6M GPS chip can accept the baud rate
from 4800bps to 230400bps with default baud of 9600.

RFID
What is an RFID reader?
RFID is stands for Radio Frequency Identification, which utilizes mini-
RFID module for recognition and tracking purposes. An RFID tagging
device contains the label itself, a read/write technique, and a host system
use cases for data gathering, data processing, and data transmission.

In layman's words an RFID utilizes the electromagnetic fields to send

information through minimal distances. RFID is beneficial to recognise
people, to make possible transactions, etc…
We can utilize a Radio Frequency ID to open a door. For example,
individual person with the unique code and right data on his RFID tag is
acceptable to enter. An RFID system uses a tag linked to the data to be
recognized, in this use cases we have an electromagnetic tag and a
keychain. Tag has his own unique identification (UID).
RFID tags are pretty universal in our society that the average person perhaps
meetings them day-to-day with no understanding it. Did you go to the library
or bookstore today? The book you bought was possibly registered with RFID
technology. Have you visited foreign in recent times? The authority can trace
journey information with RFID chips in passports. Have you ever had
suffering for searching a missing pet? Perhaps you should consider taking an
RFID chip embedded in pet strap to support track her next time she once
missed!
Application of RFID
Identification
Product Tracking
Bookstores and Libraries
Toll Gate Transaction
Shipping and Logistics
By providing a low cost, powerful, and reliable technique to gather,
accumulation and storage of information, RFID offers limitless opportunities
for present-day and future use.
Turbidity Sensor
The Arduino based turbidity sensor module can sense water quality by
calculating the level of turbidity. It can sense deferred particles in river or any
kind of water resource by determining the light transmittance and scattering
rate that variations by the amount of TSS (Total Suspended Solids) in aquatic
Level. Once the TTS (Turbidity Threshold Sampling) Level increases,
simultaneously the water turbidity level will increase.
This Turbidity sensor module both have digital and analog signal outputs. We
can choose the function which is based on to the Microcontroller Unit
(MCU), by way of threshold is variable in digital signal method.
Turbidity sensors utilized in wide range of application such as estimation of
water excellence in Ponds, Rivers, Wastewater, Watercourses, and used to
identification the overflow of water, sediment transportation study, control
instrumentation and research laboratory projects.
 Fig. Turbidity Sensor Pinout
The significance Arduino turbidity sensor sense water standard by estimating
the amount of turbidity, or the opacity. It used to sense suspended particles in
liquid through light for calculating the light spread and sprinkling rate that
variations with the level of total suspended solids (TSS) in liquid. As we
knew already the TTS level is increases, the water turbidity level will
increase.
Load cell Module
A load cell is an application of strain measurements associated to estimation
of weight. A certain level of mass is given to a strain gauge, subsequently the
gauge to strain a minimal level and production an electrical energy relative to
the given load. This connection between strain and electrical energy is
utilized in various use cases where estimation of mass is significant. Load
cells are freely available in the market, for the reason that it’s linear
characteristics, cost efficiency, and their simplicity user interface.

HX711 is an Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) for weigh scales comes

with built-in preamplifier. This 24-bit ADC chip is known as the HX711,
which produce the minor effects in strain gauge from the load cell into 24-bit
changes in electrical energy or voltage (Arduino 0-5V).
HX711 is precisely intended for weight scales Arduino and such electronic
projects. These kind of load cells that generally calculate weight deliver
electrical outputs in millivolts. These results are much challenging to handle
straightly by controllers, consequently we be able to utilize HX711 IC which
obtain these electrical signals and deliver standard numerical data that might
be utilized by a microcontroller, and consequently the chip has included
preamplifier precisely to handle these low voltages.
PH Sensor Module
Arduino compatible analog pH sensor module is precisely intended to
estimate the pH of the liquid and measure the alkalinity, or acidity. PH
Sensor Module is most frequently utilizing in several kind of real-time use
cases, such as environmentally friendly water testing, aquaculture, and
aquaponics.
The pH Sensor looks like a glass tube generally made from a glass material
contains a built-in tip known as “Glass membrane”, which is include a buffer
solution liquid of known pH (usually pH = 7). PH electrode structure validate
surroundings with the continuous binding of Hydrogen ions on the existing of
the glass tubes and glass membrane. Once the electrode probe is dipped into
the liquid to be tested, H+ ions in the test liquid to start replacing with other
positively electrified ions on the glass tubes or membrane, that can be
generates an electrochemical potential through the glass membrane that is
served to the electronic amplifier chip that calculate the voltage difference
between both electrodes and converts it to pH units. The variance between
these voltage differences can measure the pH value according to the Nernst
equation.
 Fig. Analog pH Sensor Module SEN0161 Interfacing with Arduino
The pH is a level which determine the alkalinity or acidity of the Liquid. This
is also known as H+ ion concentration index. The pH is a scale of H+ ion
movement in liquid or any solution. The pH has a widespread range of
application such as in agriculture, chemistry and medicine. Generally, the pH
level is a digit between 0-14. Based on the thermodynamic standard
conditions;
1. pH<7, that means the liquid is acidic;
2. pH>7, that means the liquid is alkaline;
3. pH=7, that means the liquid is neutral.
Pressure Sensor or Force Sensitive Resister (FSR)
In recent years, a force sensitive resistor (FSR) has become an indispensable
sensor which is utilized in a wide range of industrial applications.
Nowadays we can see these sensors in handheld gaming devices, mobile
phones, and other electronic instruments like electronic drums. These sensors
can be easily used and are great for detecting pressure.

How does an FSR work?

Pressure applied to the sensing area determines how much resistance an FSR
has. When you apply more pressure, the less resistance there will be. There is
quite a large resistance range: greater than 10MΩ (at no pressure) to ~ 200 Ω
(maximal pressure). The range of force that can be sensed by FSRs is nearly
around 100g to 10 kg.
Basic construction
There are two membranes and one spacer adhesive in an FSR. An air gap
separates the conducting membranes when no pressure is applied. The
membrane contains two traces between the tail and the sensing area (rather
round part). It's impossible to touch these traces as they are woven together,
but not touching one another, consequently a conductive ink is coated on the
other membrane. Pressing on the sensor shorts the ink between the two
traces, the resistance of which is dependent upon the pressure applied.

Force sensing resistors are used in various fields such as foot pronation
systems, automotive sensors, electronic keyboards and controls, biomedical
devices, as well as musical instruments, as well as mobile electronics and
wireless communications.
Flex Sensor

A flex sensor is a different type of unique sensor that determines the amount
of deformation or bending. Materials like carbon or plastic can be utilized in
designing the sensor. The carbon surface is attached to a plastic strip. If you
turn this strip away, the sensor’s resistance will change. Therefore, it is also
termed a bend sensor. Since its varying resistance directly correlates to the
magnitude of the rotation, the bend sensor can also be employed as a
goniometer.

Most of the time, this sensor is mounted to the exterior, and you can adjust
the resistance by adjusting the exterior. It is used by Nintendo in its power
gloves, door sensors, robot whisker sensors, this also the key component in
making alert stuffed animals.

Analog resistors are what are called Flex sensors. Variable analog voltage
dividers are made with these resistors. There are carbon resistive elements
inside the flex sensor, surrounded by a thin flexible substrate. Increased
carbon content means a reduction in resistance. With a substrate bent, the
sensor makes resistance which is relational to the radius of the bend. Flexible
sensors are thin and flexible, which allows them to achieve high form factors.
A sensor, as shown in Figure, produces a resistance output inversely
proportional to the bend radius of the substrate, Consequently More
resistance will be given by a smaller radius.
Flex-sensors are used for the following applications.
v Physical Therapy
v Healthcare Instruments
v Robotics motion
v Virtual Motion (Video Games)
v A computer's peripheral devices
v Musical Instruments

Summary
We have discussed the basics of electronic components in this chapter, the
components you need to start with Arduino, and different types of Arduino
Sensors and Modules. In the next chapter, we will explore the basics of
Arduino programming and how to get started with Arduino programming
 CHAPTER 3
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

Introduction
A convenient, easy way to learn and use Arduino programming reference for
understanding the basic Arduino commands and syntax can be found in this
Chapter. Take it easy and keep things simple, some things have been left out
that makes it a secondary reference. This is best used alongside other books,
classes, websites, or workshops. Since then, the Arduino maker community
has refocused attention on standalone use and, for example, excludes the use
of arrays or more complex forms of serial communication. Starting with a
description of Arduino's C derived programming language, the language's
syntax and usage will be illustrated throughout this chapter with code
fragments and some examples. An appendix includes many functions of the
core library and sample schematics and starter programs. Where possible, this
format complements O'Sullivan and Lgoe’s Physical Computing.
Arduino code is written in C++ and adds some special methods and
functions, which will be discussed later. Human-readable programming
languages include C++. The Arduino code file is compiled into machine
language after being processed into a sketch (as it is called in Arduino
parlance), which is a very simple hardware programming language. A sketch
should be uploaded on an Arduino board after it has been written in the
Arduino IDE.
Downloading and installing the Arduino IDE is the first step in programming
the Arduino board. Linux, Mac OS X, and Windows are all supported by the
open-source Arduino IDE. From the Arduino website, download the software
(depending on your operating system) and follow the installation instructions.
Arduino programs follow a pretty straightforward structure. There are at least
two blocks in an Arduino program, The preparation process and the
execution of the plan The following statements are enclosed in curly braces in
each block:
Structure of an Arduino Code:
Bare minimum code
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
}

setup: The Arduino uses it only when powered on or when it's reset. It works
in the same way as initializing variables and pin modes.
loop: Until the device is powered off, loop functions will run continuously.
In this section, the logic of the program is defined. Microcontroller
programming follows a similar pattern to while (1).
Arduino Data Types
Arduino C, a variable of data type int uses 2 bytes of information. When a
sketch uses int, it tends to use it almost everywhere, unless it is very memory
hungry. For tiny integer values or for Boolean values, even a single byte
value could be used.
Table 1-1 Includes a complete list of available data types.

Analog to Digital Conversion

} What is analog?
It has a continuous voltage range (not just 0 V or 5 V)
} Why convert to digital?
We have a microcontroller that can only read digital input.
Converting Analog Value to Digital
Quantization the signal

ADC in Arduino
} There are 6 ADC pins on the Arduino Uno board.
} Digital to analog converter with 10-bit resolution
} That means input voltages between 0 and 5 volts will be converted
into integer values between 0 and 1024.
Reading/Writing Analog Values
} analogRead(A0); // The pin A0 is used to read the analog value.
} analogWrite(2,128);
Reading/writing digital values
} digitalWrite(13, LOW); // this will select the output voltage on pin
13 , 0V
} digitalWrite(13, HIGH); // It will select the output voltage on pin 13
, 5V
 } int buttonState = digitalRead(2); // Reads pin 2 values from the
buttonState
PinMode
} The pinMode function on the Arduino lets you choose an input and
output pin.
} pinMode(13, OUTPUT); // pin 13 becomes an output pin.
} pinMode(13, INPUT); // pin 13 becomes an input pin.
ARDUINO PROGRAMMING BASICS
Structure
Arduino's basic structure isn't too complicated and works in two parts. Blocks
of statements are enclosed between these two required parts, or functions.
void setup()
{
statements;
}
void loop()
{
statements;
}

Where setup() is the preparation, loop() is the execution. Both functions are
required for the program to work.
At the very entry level of the program, the setup function has to follow the
statement of any variables. A function that appears in the entire program runs
only one time, and is utilized to initialize serial communication or set the
pinMode.
Next comes a loop function, which contains the program to be run
instantaneously, it reads Inputs, triggered outputs and much more. In most
Arduino programs, this function is at the heart of the program.
setup()
When your program starts, setup() is called once. The pin mode is used to
start a serial connection or initialize pin modes. This type of statement must
be included, even if they will not be executed.
void setup()
{
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); // sets the 'pin' as output
}

loop()
When naming the setup() function, the loop() function does specifically what
its name recommends, and loops sequentially, enabling the code to modify,
respond, and control the Arduino microcontroller.
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // turns ‘pin’ on
delay(1000) ; // pauses for one second
digitalWrite(pin, LOW); // turns 'pin' off
delay(1000) ; // pauses for one second
}

functions
A Function is a block of code, wherever a function is called, a number of
statements are executed. In an earlier lecture, we talked about the functions
void set-up() and void loop() and others built-in will be explained later.
It is possible to write custom functions to simplify repetitive tasks and
minimize clutter in code. The first step in declaring functions is specifying
the type of function.
For example, ‘int’ represents an integer type function. A function's return
type would be void, if it returns no value. Name the function after type and
include any parameters that will be passed to it in parenthesis.
type functionName( parameters)
{
statements;
}
You can read the delay value from the potentiometer by using the function
delayVal(). A local variable v is declared, then one of the potentiometer
values is presented, The range for this number is 0-1023. Finally, it returns
this value back to the main program by dividing by 4 for an additional value
between 0 and 255.

int delayVal()
{
int v; // create temporary variable '‘v'
v= analogRead(pot) ; // read potentiometer value
v /= 4; // converts Q-1023 to 9-255
return v; // return final value
}

{} Curly braces
It is distinguished from "curly brackets" by its curly appearance, the void
loop() function and for and if statements, and may contain blocks which are
used to declare the beginning and end of function blocks and statement
blocks.

type function()
{
statements;
}

{There must be a closing curly brace after an opening curly brace}, As a

result of this, the braces are said to be balanced. Cryptic is often caused by
unbalanced braces, often impenetrable compiler errors occur in a large
program that are difficult to find.
An Arduino ecosystem has a feature to check whether curly braces are
balanced. The logical companion of a brace is highlighted if you choose it, or
if you click the entry point quickly following a brace.
; Semicolon
A semicolon must be utilized to separate sections of a program and to end a
statement. For loop elements are also separated by semicolons. The integer
13 is declared for variable 'x'.
Note: The compiler will generate an error if you forget to end a line with a
semicolon. A semicolon may or may not be missing, making the error text
somewhat obvious. It's always important to check for missing semicolons,
near the line where the compiler complained, in response to an impenetrable
or seemingly illogical compiler error.
/*...*/ block comments
Multi-line comments, also known as block comments, or parts of text that are
ignored by the sketch, a large text description is used to help others
understand a piece of code or comments. The syntex will start with /* and
finish with */ and it can span numerous rows.

\*Do not forget to add the closing comment to the enclosed block comment –
it has to be balanced!*/

The program ignores comments, so they do not take up any memory, It's okay
to use them to “comment out” portions of code or to use them to fix bugs.
Note: A single-line comment may be enclosed in a block comment, but two
block comments are not allowed.
// line comments
Each line of code in a comment starts with // followed by the subsequent line
of code. They don't take up any memory, just like block comments.
// Such comments can be put in a single line.
In many cases, a single-line comment will be placed after a valid statement to
provide more info about what the statement accomplishes or to remind the
reader.
Variables
Variables are used by the program to name and store a mathematical value.
As their name implies, variables are numbers that can be changed
continuously as opposed to constants whose value stays the same. It is
necessary to declare a variable and optionally assign a value to it with the
goal of storing the value. An analog input pin is connected to a variable
named as input Variable, and its value is assigned to that variable:

int inputVariable = 0; // declares a variable and

// assigns value of 0
inputVariable = analogRead(2); // set variable to value of
// analog pin 2

‘inputVariable’ is the variable itself. On the first line, it is declared to include

an integer, or int. Upon passing the 2nd line (sequence 1), the variable is set
to value at pin 2 of the analog system. The value of pin 2 can now be
accessed from anywhere in the code.
You can test the value of a variable once it has been assigned, or reassigned,
based on specific circumstances, or its value can be directly used. Three ways
to use variables are demonstrated in the following example, In the following
code, input variable is tested for whether it is below 100 and if true value 100
is assigned to input variable, and set the delay to a minimum of 100 based on
inputVariable:

if (inputVariable < 100) // If the variable is below 100, it will tested.

{
inputVariable = 100; // the value 100 is assigned if true
}
delay(inputVariable) ; // uses variable as delay

Note: A variable's name should describe what it does, making it more

readable. It is important for the programmer to name variables like tilt
Sensors and pushbuttons to make it easier for anyone reading the code to
understand what the variables represent. On the other hand, variable names
like var or value do little to make the code easier to read and are only utilized
here as examples. Anything in the Arduino language can be named a
variable, as long as it is not already an Arduino keyword.
Variable declaration
An integer, long, float, or float-like variable must first be declared in order to
be used, specifying an initial value and optionally setting a name. One set of
arithmetic functions and general assignments is all that is needed in order to
change the value of the variable. Here, inputVariable is declared to be an
integer, or int, and its original value is zero. This is named as a simplified
assignment.

int inputVariable = 0;

There are numerous places in which variables can be declared across the
program, and which part of the program uses the variable depends on where
the variable definition is located.
Variable scope
In a program, variables can be declared before void setup(), locally in
functions, and occasionally in for loops within statement blocks. It is
determined where the variable is declared, which calculates its scope, which
determines the program's ability to utilize the variable.

Any function in a program can see and use a global variable. An initialization
variable is declared before the setup() function.

Typically, a local variable is one created inside of a function or within a for

loop. The function declaration only allows it to be accessed and used within
the context in which it was declared. So, you can have different values for the
same variable if they are in various sections of similar program. Simplifying
the program and reducing the potential for programming errors can be
achieved by making sure only one function has access to its variables.

Various types of variables are declared and their visibility is demonstrated by

the following example:

int value; // ‘value' is visible

// to any function
void setup()
{
// no setup needed
}
void loop()
{
for (int i=0; i<20;) // ‘i' is only visible
{ // inside the for-loop
i++;
}
float f; // ‘f' is only visible
} // inside loop

byte
Bytes represent 8-bit numerical values without decimal points. They can
range from 0 to 255.
byte someVariable = 180; // declares 'someVariable'
// as a byte type

int
The integer data type is utilized to store numbers without decimal places and
stores 16-bit data with a range of 32,767 to -32,768.

int someVariable = 1500; // declares 'someVariable'

// as an integer type

Note: As long as a variable isn't forced past its maximum or minimum value
due to an assignment or comparison it will roll over. As an example, if x =
32767 and later x is added to by the addition of 1, then x will equal -32,768.
long
Integers stored in 32-bit format, without decimal points, are of extended size
datatype, with a range between 2,147,483,647 to -2,147,483,648.

long someVariable = 90000; // declares 'someVariable'

// as a long type

float

A type of floating-point number that has a decimal point. Integers have

greater resolution than floating point numbers which are stored as a 32-bit
value with a resolution of 3.4028235E+38 to -3.4028235E +38.

float someVariable = 3.14; // declares '‘someVariable'

// as a floating-point type

Note: It can be complicated to compare floating-point numbers, since they

are not accurate. In addition, floating point math performs calculations much
more slowly than integer math.
Arrays
Arrays are collections of data accessed by index numbers. Array values may
be accessed using the array name and index number. Arrays start at index
number 0, with the first value beginning at index number 0 in the array. To
utilize an array, you must declare it and possibly assign values to it.

int myArray[] = {valueQ, valuel, value2...}

Similarly, arrays can be declared by declaring the array type and size, and
later assigning values to an index position:

int myArray[5]; // declares integer array w/ 6 positions

myArray[3] = 10; // assigns the 4th index the value 10

Arrays are retrieved by assigning an index position and the array's variable.

x = myArray[3]; // x now equals 10

For loops also make use of array values in two-dimensional arrays, where the
index position and increment counter for each array value are the same.
Below is an example of flickering LEDs using an array, Within a for loop,
the counter reads the value contained at index spot 0 in the array flicker[], the
PWM pin 10 is set to 180, pauses for 200ms and the index position is moved
to the next position.

int ledPin = 10; // LED on pin 10

byte flicker[] = {180, 30, 255, 200, 10, 90, 150, 60};
// above array of 8

void setup() // different values

{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // sets OUTPUT pin
}
void loop()
{
for(int i=0; i<7; i++) // loop equals number
 { // of values in array
analogWrite(ledPin, flicker[i]);
// write index value
delay(200); // pause 200ms
}
}

Arithmetic
These mathematical operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and division. Two operands are returned as a product, difference,
sum(respectively) or quotient(respectively).

y = y + 3;
x = x - 7;
i = j * 6;
r = r / 5;
The operands of the operation are based on their data types. Therefore, the
result of 9 / 4 is 2 instead of 2.25 since 9 and 4 are not decimal numbers and
cannot be expressed as fractions. Additionally, if the result of the operation
exceeds the capacity of the data type, the result will overflow.
The larger type is used for the calculation if the operands are of different
types. The calculation will use floating point math if one of the numbers is of
the type float and the other of the type integer.
The variables selected for your calculations should have a large enough size
to hold the largest result. Understand when and how your variable will roll
over, in addition to knowing what happens in the opposite direction e.g. (0 -
1) OR (0 to - 32768). For fractions to be used in math, float variables are
preferable, but they are large and take a long time to compute.
Note: Convert a variable's type on the fly by using the cast operator,
(int)myFloat is an example. For example, 1 = (int) 3.6 will set i equal to 3

Compound Assignments

Combining two arithmetic operations into one variable Assignment is

compound assignments. For loops are generally used to create them as is
discussed later. The most common compound assignments include:

Examples include x *= 3 which would triple the value of x, which would lead
to a new value of x.

Comparison Operators

When a condition is true, if statements compare variables or constants to see

if they match. On the following pages, the referring to a predicate is utilized
to describe any of the following:

Logical operators

There are logical operators that are usually implemented to compare

expressions, and depending on the operator it will return TRUE or FALSE. If
statements are commonly used with three logical operators, AND, OR, and
NOT:
Constants
Several predefined constants are available in the Arduino programming
language. Constants are arranged into groups to simplify readability of the
programs.

True/false
Logic levels are defined by Boolean constants. Typically, TRUE is defined as
one while FALSE is easy to decipher as zero (zero) but can also be anything
other than zero. Therefore, in the Boolean sense, -1, 2, and -200 all have the
same definition of TRUE.

if (b = = TRUE);
{
doSomething;
}
High/low
When reading or writing to digital pins, these constants are utilized to define
pin levels as HIGH or LOW. HIGH is defined as logic level 1, ON, or 5 volts
while LOW is logic level 0, OFF, or 0 volts.
digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

Input/output
The constants utilised to define a pin's mode will be either INPUT or
OUTPUT with the pinMode() function.
pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

if

if statements are used to determine if a condition has been attained, it

performs any statements inside the brackets if the statement is true, such as a
certain analog value being greater than a certain number. If false, the program
skips the statement. Here's what an if statement looks like:

if (someVariable ?? value)
{

doSomething;
}

Here, the variable someVariable is compared with another value, which may
be a variable or a constant. The statements inside brackets are run if the
condition inside the parentheses is true, A program taking care of the brackets
skips them if they are not present.
Note: Make sure you never accidentally use ‘=’. If (x=10), for example. x is
defined to the value 10 and thus is always true, even though technically it is
valid. It is better to instead use ‘==’, as in if (x==10), which simply checks
that the value x is the same as 10, Think of ‘=’ as “equals” opposed to ‘==’
being ‘is equal to”.

if... else

When used with if...else, a decision can be made either one way or the other.
In other words, if you needed to test digital inputs and perform one thing if
they were HIGH and another if they were LOW, you would write this way:

if (inputPin == HIGH)
{
doThingA;
}
else
{
doThingB;
}

if else tests can also be run before another if test, so that a number of tests
relating to the same thing can be run simultaneously. Moreover, one can have
a limitless number of these other branches. Although there are several
statements, only one set will be run according to the conditions:

if (inputPin < 500)

{
doThingA;
}
else if (inputPin >= 1000)
{
doThingB;
}
Else
{
doThingC;
}

Note: A conditional statement is a simple logic check that checks if the

statement's terms are true. In the first example, if (inputPin == HIGH), this
statement can take any valid C statement. If the input is indeed high, or +5v,
then if statement verifies only if the input is truly a high-level input.

for

For statements are used to repeat either a single statement or an array of

statements. The loop is typically terminated by using an increment counter.
For loop header consists of three parts that are divided by semicolons (;):

for (initialization; condition; expression)

{
doSomething;
}
Only one time is the local variable initialized, or the increment counter
initialized. A condition of the following is tested with each loop. The
following statements and expressions are performed if the conditions remain
true and the tests for the condition again. After a period of time, the loop
ends, indicating that the condition became false.
Below, the integer is initialized to 0 and the test is run to see if i is still below
20. If so, then it is incremented by 1 and the enclosed statements are
executed:

Note: Some other computer languages include BASIC, but they offer
significantly less flexibility than for loops in C. Although semicolons are
required, any or all of the headers may be omitted. In addition, the statements
for the statement initialization, the condition, or the expression can have any
valid C statement that contains variables unrelated to each other. There may
be some solutions to rare programming problems with these unusual
statements.
while

While loops will continue to loop indefinitely until the argument within the
parenthesis turns false. Unless something changes the variable being tested,
the loop will never terminate. In your code, this can be internal, like an
incremented variable, or outside the code, like testing a sensor.

while (someVariable ?? value)

{
doSomething;
}
In the example below, ‘someVariable’ is tested to see if it is smaller than 200
and loops until ‘someVariable’ becomes greater than 200 and executes the
statements within the brackets.

while (someVariable < 200) // tests if less than 200

{
doSomething; // executes enclosed statements
someVariable++; // increments variable by 1
}

do... while

do loops work similarly to while loops as they are bottom-driven, except that
at the finish of the loop the condition is tested; therefore, the do loop will
always perform at least once.
do
{
doSomething;
} while (someVariable ?? value);

Following is an example where readSensors() is assigned to the variable ‘x’,

followed by a 50 millisecond delay, and then loops indefinitely until the
value of ‘x’ stops being less than 100:

do
{
x = readSensors(); // assigns the value of
// readSensors() to x
delay(50); // pauses 50 milliseconds
} while (x < 100); // loops if x is less than 100

pinMode(pin, mode)
Following is an example where readSensors() is assigned to the variable ‘x’,
followed by a 50 millisecond delay, and then loops indefinitely until the
value of ‘x’ stops being less than 100:
pinMode(pin, OUTPUT); // sets ‘pin’ to output

Inputs are default for Arduino digital pins, so pinMode() is not required to
declare them as inputs explicitly. Impedance state is said to exist on pins
designated as INPUTS.
The Atmega chip comes with 20KQ pull-up resistors which are easily
accessible from software. There is one way to gain access to these pull-up
resistors:

pinMode(pin, INPUT); // set ‘pin’ to input

digitalWrite(pin, HIGH); // turn on pullup resistors

Connectors such as switches are normally connected to pull-up resistors.

Here, you see that pin does not become an output, but merely the means by
which internal pull-ups are activated.
Those pins specified for OUTPUT are thought to contain low resistance and
provide a current of up to 40 mA (milliamps) to other instruments / circuits.
Neither current nor voltage are sufficient to run most relay, solenoid, or
motor devices.
The output pin on an Arduino can be damaged or destroyed or the whole
Atmega chip can be damaged and fried if they are short circuited or if they
receive too much current. A resistor of 4700 or 1KO can be connected in
series with the OUTPUT pin of a computer if it needs external connecting.
digitalRead(pin)
This method results in a HIGH or a LOW result from the value of a specified
digital pin. You can specify pins either as constants or variables (0-13).

value = digitalRead(Pin); // sets 'value' equal to

// the input pin

digitalWrite(pin, value)
Outputs the specified digital pin as either HIGH or LOW. Either a constant or
a variable can be used to define this pin.

digitalWrite (pin, HIGH); // sets 'pin' to high

Here's an example of an LED that's linked to a digital output that reads a

pushbutton connected to a digital input:

int led = 13; // connect LED to pin 13

int pin = 7; // connect pushbutton to pin 7
int value = 0; // Variable to store the read value
void setup()
{
pinMode(led, OUTPUT); // sets pin 13 as output
pinMode(pin, INPUT); // sets pin 7 as input
}
void loop()
{
value = digitalRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to
// the input pin
digitalWrite(led, value); // sets ‘led' to the
} // button's value

analogRead(pin)
This function interprets the value from a 10-bit analog pin. These functions
only work on pins 0-5 in the analog input. There are a total of 1023 possible
integer values.

value = analogRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to ‘pin’

Note: An analog pin is not required to be declared before it can be used as an

input or output; it can be used either way.

analogWrite(pin, value)

An output pin marked PWM is used to write a pseudo-analog value utilizing

hardware provided pulse width modulation (PWM). This function is available
by default on Arduinos with the ATmega168 chip beginning at version 2.0.
The ATmega8 chip used in older Arduinos only supports pins 9, 10, and 11.
Variables and constants may be specified with values ranging from 0-255.

analogWrite(pin, value); // writes ‘value' to analog ‘pin'

At 255, a steady 5-volt signal is produced at the specified pin while a value of
0 generates a constant 0-volt output. For values in When the value is 0 to 255,
the pin alternates quickly between 0 and 5 volts. The greater the value, the
fewer times the pin is HIGH (5 volts). The value 64, for example, will be 0
volts three quarters of the time, and 5 volts one quarter of the time; 128 volts
equals 0 volts half the time and 255 volts the other half; and 192 volts equals
0 volts one quarter of the time and 5 volts two-thirds of the time.
As the pin is considered to be hardware, it will continue to generate a wave in
the background until another analogWrite call (or another call to digitalRead
or digitalWrite on similar pin) is received.
Note: Unlike digital pins, analog pins do not need to be stated as INPUT or
OUTPUT beforehand.
This example outputs a PWM signal to a PWM pin when we read an analog
value from an analog input pin, convert the value by dividing it by 4, and
convert it back into an analog value.
int led = 10; // LED with 220 resistor on pin 10
int pin = 0; // potentiometer on analog pin 0
int value; // value for reading
void setup(){} // no setup needed
void loop()
{
value = analogRead(pin); // sets ‘value’ equal to ‘pin'
value /= 4; // converts 90-1023 to 0-255
analogWrite(led, value); // outputs PWM signal to led
}

delay(ms)
A time period of 1000 milliseconds will pause your program.
delay(1000) ; // waits for one second

millis()
The time within milliseconds since the current program began running on the
Arduino board as an unsigned long quantity.

value = millis(); // sets ‘value’ equal to millis()

Note: Within approximately 9 hours, this number will overflow and reset to
zero.

min(x, y)
This function finds the smaller number between two numbers of any
information kind and returns it.

value = min(value, 100); // sets 'value' to the smaller of

// ‘value’ or 100, ensuring that
// it never gets above 100.

max(x, y)
A function that returns the largest number from a set of data types.

value = max(value, 100); // sets ‘value’ to the Larger of

// ‘value’ or 100, ensuring that
// it is at least 100.

randomSeed(seed)
The random() function starts with the value, or seed, specified by random().

randomSeed( value) ; // sets ‘value’ as the random seed

The Arduino does not produce a truly random number, so randomSeed lets
you place variables, constants, and functions into the random function, in
order to increase the number of random numbers. Several different functions,
or seeds such as millis() or even analogRead() can be utilized in this function
to read an analog pin's electrical noise.

random(max)
random(min, max)

The random function executes pseudo-random computations based on the

input values and returns a result.

value = random(100, 200); // sets ‘value’ to a random

// number between 100-200

Note: You need to utilize this after you have utilized the randomSeed()
function.
Below is an example that creates a stochastic value between 0-255 and
outputs on a PWM pin a PVVM signal similar to that quantity.

int randNumber; // variable to store the random value

int led = 10; // LED with 220 resistor on pin 10

void setup() {} // no setup needed

void loop()
{
randomSeed(millis()); // sets millis() as seed
randNumber = random( 255); // random number from 0-255
analogWrite(led, randNumber); // outputs PWM signal
delay (500); // pauses for half a second
}

Serial.begin(rate)

Opens serial port and sets the baud rate for serial data transmission. The
typical baud rate for communicating with the computer is 9600 although
other speeds are supported.
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600); // opens serial port
} // sets data rate to 9600 bps

Note: You cannot use two digital pins at the same time when using serial
communication.

Serial.printin(data)
The printing commands include a carriage return and a line feed, followed by
printing data on the serial port. Printing data on the Serial Monitor is easier
with this command than the Serial.print() command.

Serial.println(analogValue); // sends the value of

// ‘analogValue'

Note: Please refer to the Arduino website to learn more about the
serial.printin() and serial.print() functions and their various permutations.
Below is a straightforward example transmitting information every 1 second
from analog pinO to the computer.
void setup()
{
Serial. begin(9600) ; // sets serial to 9600bps
}
void loop()
{
Serial.println(analogRead(0)); // sends analog value
delay(1000) ; // pauses for 1 second
}

Digital output
It simply turns something on or off using a simple ‘hello world’ program. In
this instance, an LED becomes visible by connecting pin13 to GND, which
blinks every second. Due to the Arduino's built-in resistor, it is possible to
omit the resistor on this pin.

Digital input

There are two possible states for this type of input: on or off. We're reading
from pin2 a simple switch or pushbutton. Input pin HIGH turns an LED on
when the switch is closed.
High current output

Controlling more than 40ma can sometimes be necessary with the Arduino.
Switching higher currents could be achieved by utilizing MOSFETs or
transistors. Using an instance, we can rapidly turn the MOSFET on and off
five times a second.
Note: On the schematic the diode is shown only as a protection to the motor.
But other eddy current devices would also be able to be utilized without the
diode.

PWM output

Pulse width modulation (PWM) can be used to reproduce analog signals by

pulsing the output. Dimming and brightening an LED could result in servo
motor control. A for loop is used to control the brightness and dimmer of an
LED slowly.
Potentiometer input

You can read values from 0-1024 using an analog potentiometer and an
analog-to-digital converter (ADC) pin on an Arduino. An LED’s blinking
rate can be controlled by adjusting the potentiometer in the following
example.

To connect the Arduino board, we connect three wires. Potentiometers have

two pairs of pins, one of which is connected to ground.
A second connector connects the 5 volts to the outer pin of the potentiometer.
Third, there is a potentiometer that goes from analog input 2 to the middle
pin.
Variable resistor input
Thermistors, thermistors, flex sensors and the like are all examples of
variable resistors. In this example, the analog value is read using a function
and the delay time is set using a delay function. LEDs can be dimmed by
adjusting their brightness.
Servo output
Motors used in hobby products are self-contained and also able to move in a
full circle. A pulse every 20ms is all that is needed. In this example, the
motor is moved from 10° -170° and then back again, using a servoPulse
function.
Using Libraries
You’ll find it helpful to only contain code that you’d actually use on the
board, since Arduinos have a small amount of memory. By using libraries,
this can be achieved. Libraries are used in Arduino, and by extension in C
programming in general.
The Arduino IDE contains a library that contains instructions on how to use
an LCD display. The program memory used here is approximately 1.5kB. If
you don't use this library, there is no point in including it. It is “included”
when required. A #include directive is used right at the start of your sketch
for this purpose. Using the Sketch | Import Library... menu option, you can
include the libraries installed by the Arduino IDE.
A significant collection of official libraries is included in the Arduino IDE,
including:
EEPROM for storing data in EEPROM memory
Ethernet For system programming
Firmata The serial transmission standard for Arduino to pc
LiquidCrystal For alphanumeric LCD exhibits
SD For reading and writing SD flash memory cards
Servo For directing servo motors
SPI The Arduino to peripheral transmission bus
Software Serial For serial communication utilizing nonserial pins
Stepper For handling stepper motors
WiFi For WiFi network access
Wire For I2C communication with peripherals
Some facilities are particular form of Arduino board:
Keyboard USB keyboard emulation (Leonardo, Due, and Micro)
Mouse USB mouse emulation (Leonardo, Due, and Micro)
Audio Audio playing utilities (Due only)
Scheduler For managing multiple execution threads (Due only)
USBHost USB peripherals (Due only)
Also, the Arduino community has contributed a vast number of libraries
that are available on the Internet. Ones that are extremely popular include
OneWire using the 1-wire bus interface, Dallas Semiconductor's range of
 digital devices can be read.
Xbee For Wireless serial communication
GFX. A graphics library from Adafruit that plays efficiently on several
various types of displays
Capacitive Sensing For proximity detection
FFT Frequency analysis library
The official Arduino website has a lot of the latest collections
(http://arduino.cc/en/Reference/Libraries). You can also find them on the
Internet. If you want to utilize these libraries, you must save them in your
Arduino Documents folder Libraries. Please download the libraries and save
them there. You must create the libraries folder if it does not already exist
before adding a library. The Arduino IDE needs to be exited and restarted in
order to recognize a library that has been installed.
Summary
It has been condensed very much in order to provide a condensed explanation
of Arduino. At https://www.arduino.cc/, you can find free Arduino tutorials
that you can refer to if you want to learn more about the Programming
fundamentals. In the next chapter, we will get started with Arduino projects.
Learn by doing more than 30 projects, we hope it will give you a fascinated
experience.
 CHAPTER 4
ARDUINO PROJECTS LEARN BY DOING

Project 1: Blink an LED

We will learn how to make an LED blink in this practical session
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires
Principle:
We are going to learn how to program Arduino's GPIO outputs at both high
and low levels, and make an LED linked to Arduino’s general-purpose input
(GPIO) flicker with a specified frequency.
What is the LED?
The LED stands for light emitting diode. Gallium arsenide and gallium
phosphide are the most common semiconductor materials in these devices.
There are two electrodes in the LED: one positive, the other negative.
Flashing red, blue, green, yellow and others, it only lights up when an electric
current pass through it. Light varies in colour depending on the material it is
made from. By using a lower value resistor, more current is allowed to flow,
so the LED is brighter.
With higher resistor values, the LED will become dimmer because of the
restriction in current flow. A majority of LEDs also have polarity, meaning
that they need to be connected in the right directionless have just about the
longest life span of any lighting solution when compared to traditional
lighting solutions. A fluorescent or metal halide light will last only two to
four times as long as a sodium vapor light.
 Procedure

Step 1: Build the circuit as

below:

Pin definition
LED UNO R3
Long pin -> +5V
Short pin -> GND
Note: Digital signal port 13(D13) is connected to the longest LED on the pin.
Step 2: Make an LED Blink Program using Arduino IDE.

Step 3: Compile the sketch and upload to the Arduino UNO board. A Big
Kudos. As a result, you can see the LED blinking.
Uploading the Program
Ø Please connect your Arduino to your PC with the USB cable before
uploading code.
Ø Select Tools→Board→ Identify your board in the Arduino menu by
 looking for Arduino Uno. You can also find the Arduino Mega,
Arduino's smaller cousin, through this menu.

Please make sure that you are connecting to the correct serial port on your
board, The list of accessible serial ports can be found by selecting,
Tools→Serial Port→ comX, as soon as your Arduino is linked to a
Windows laptop, it will take the largest number port, such as COM 3 or
COM 15.
} Click Verify the LED Blink Sketch will be checked
} Click Upload Consequently, the program is sent to the Arduino
microcontroller board
Project 2: Traffic Light 3 Way Controller
Overview:
The previous lesson covered how to get LEDs to light up when you program
the Arduino. Here, we use the Arduino to control various LEDs, and the
LEDs will be colored differently to make the lights shown in the traffic signal
system
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
3 x 200Ω Resistor
3 x 5mm RED LED
3 x 5mm YELLOW LED
3 x 5mm GREEN LED
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle:
The experiment used in this lecture is very similar to the lesson in the
previous lesson. Traffic light controller based on an Arduino is an easy
project which is useful to know how traffic lights function in our everyday
lives. The traffic light circuit has been shown in this post. In this circuit, three
sides or ways have been demonstrated. Let's move on to the project.
One of the easiest Arduino projects to understand or code is the Traffic Light
Controller. Traffic Lights are demonstrated on the three-way road using the
LEDs on all three sides in the same method they would really work. This
results in either one of the two sides having two red traffic light signals and
one green light for their neighbour’s side. In between changes from Red to
Green, yellow light remains on, also for 1 second, but at progressively shorter
intervals; in other words, the first 5 seconds are on Red, followed by 1 on
Yellow, before the final second is on Green. The use of traffic control signals
ensures the flow of traffic in an orderly manner. In addition, they are helpful
in reducing the frequency of right-angle accidents. To allow other traffic to
safely cross an intersection, they intercept heavy traffic.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/**********************************************************
TRAFFIC LIGHT 3 WAY CONTROLLER
LET LED BLINKS.
**********************************************************/
void setup() {
// configure the output pins
pinMode(2,OUTPUT);
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(7,OUTPUT);
pinMode(8,OUTPUT);
pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
}
void loop()
{
digitalWrite(2,1); //enables the 1st set of signals
digitalWrite(7,1);
digitalWrite(10,1);
digitalWrite(4,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(3,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(6,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(7,0);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(4,1); //enables the 2nd set of signals
digitalWrite(5,1);
digitalWrite(10,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(7,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(9,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(6,1);
digitalWrite(10,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
digitalWrite(4,0);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(8,1); //enables the 3rd set of signals
digitalWrite(4,1);
digitalWrite(7,1);
digitalWrite(2,0);
digitalWrite(3,0);
digitalWrite(5,0);
digitalWrite(6,0);
digitalWrite(9,0);
digitalWrite(10,0);
delay(4000);
digitalWrite(9,1); //enables the yellow lights
digitalWrite(3,1);
digitalWrite(7,0);
digitalWrite(8,0);
digitalWrite(4,0);
delay(1000);
}

Step 3: The program was compiled and uploaded to the Arduino UNO
board.
As a result, it is possible to keep the traffic flowing at a constant speed on a
given route or route. In certain types of accidents or crashes, including right-
angle crashes, it helps reduce their severity and frequency IIHS concluded
that red-light cameras in all 79 large U.S. cities included in the study saved
nearly 1,300 lives since they were implemented through 2014.
As well as ensuring a smooth flow of traffic, traffic signals provide an
opportunity for pedestrians and vehicles to cross an intersection and reduce
conflicts between vehicles entering intersections from different directions.
The use of traffic control signals ensures the flow of traffic in an orderly
manner. As a result, there will be a decrease in the frequency of an accident
of a special nature, such as an accident at right angles. As a result, heavy
traffic can safely cross the road intersection while heavy traffic is stopped.
Project 3: Push button - LED Blinking
Overview:
We will learn in this lesson how to detect a button's state and toggle the
LED's state based on the button's state.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x 10KΩ Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Push Button
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle
Button
It is a common component of electronic devices to use buttons to control
them. Connecting and disconnecting circuits is often one of their main
functions. Despite the wide range of button shapes and sizes, we will use a
single 12mm button in this experiment.

A normally open button is what we used. A button has two open contacts
under normal circumstances; only when pressed are they closed. In an open
state (unpressed), no electrical connection exists between the two legs of the
pushbutton. Thus, we read a HIGH reading because the pin is set to 5 volts
(through the pull-up resistor). The button closes (reaches a connection) when
it is pressed, so when it hits a pin, it makes a connection to ground, so we
read LOW. (The pin will still be connected to 5 volts, but the resistor in-
between it will cause it to be closer to ground.)
It seems that the button jitters in the process of use. The jitter waveform can
be seen here:

The Arduino will consider a press of the button as having been made many
times since it will jitter. The jitteriness of the buttons should be dealt with
prior to use. By using software programming, jitter can be eliminated. You
can also solve the issue by using a capacitor. Here's an example of a software
method. The first step is to determine whether the interface consists of low
level or top buttons. If the level of the event is low, a delay of 510ms is
needed. Then determine if you have a low or high level of button interface.
With a low signal volume, you can surmise that the button has been pushed
once. The jitter from buttons can also be avoided by using a 0.1uF capacitor.
Interrupt
A hardware interrupt was implemented to minimize the amount of time spent
waiting for external events in polling loops. Their implementation may take
the form of a distinct system with control lines, or they may appear within the
memory subsystem.
Key functions:
attachInterrupt(interrupt, ISR, mode) Names one or more Interrupt Service
Routines (ISRs) to be named when an interrupt happens.

Procedure:
 Step 1: Build the circuit

Schematic:
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
Push button - LED Blinking
**********************************************************/
int ledpin=13;// definition digital interface
int inpin=5;//Define the number 5 Interface
int val;//Define the variable val
void setup() {
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);//Define led as Output
pinMode(inpin,INPUT);//Button interface is defined as input
}
void loop() {
val=digitalRead(inpin);//Read digitalpin 5 level value assigned to val
if(val==HIGH)//Test button is pressed
{
digitalWrite(ledpin,LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(ledpin,HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Now that the code has been compiled and uploaded to the Arduino
UNO board, press the button, and you'll see that the LED will turn ON or
OFF.
Push-buttons turn things on when pressed, completing a circuit. Release of
the button will result in the circuit breaking and turn it off as soon as the
connection is broken. As well as push-button switches, momentary and
normally-open switches are found in computer keyboards, for instance. The
push-button has four pins, but you generally only connect two at a time,
unlike a toggle switch, which stays in one position until you toggle it to the
other. Despite the two unused pins at the bottom of the board being able to do
the same thing, you will be using the top connections on this project.
Project 4: RGB Blinking LED (Common Anode)
Overview:

With the Arduino, we will

learn how to make the LEDs emit several colors of light, and we will
program the Arduino to control RGB LEDs.
Components:
1 X Arduino UNO
1 X USB Cable
1 X RGB LED
3 X 220Ω Resistor
1 X Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle:
Red, green and blue LEDs make up RGB LEDs. Any colour can be produced
by using these three LEDs. Three-color LEDs that consist of anode, cathode
and red emitters.

A common anode LED RGB is used in

this experiment. The longest pin of the three LEDs is called the common
anode. With a current limiting resistor back-to-back, pins D8, D9, and D10
are connected to pin +5V and the 12 pins are connected to pins D8, D9, and
D10.
With this approach, RGB LEDs can be controlled by 3-channel PWM
signals

Schematic:
Common Anode
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/**********************************************************
RGB LED Blinks, (Common Anode)
**********************************************************/
void setup() {
pinMode (8,OUTPUT);
pinMode (9,OUTPUT);
pinMode (10,OUTPUT);
}
Void loop() {
digitalWrite (8,HIGH);
digitalWrite (10,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite (9,HIGH);
digitalWrite (8,LOW);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite (10,HIGH);
digitalWrite (9,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: It is important to compile and upload the program to the Arduino
UNO. Now, you can see the RGB LED flash blue, yellow, white, green, and
purple, then go out. The LED changes hues repeatedly in the same sequence
for 1s each time.
Application:
An LED circuit that dances can be used to indicate highway signs as well as
advertising hoardings, Using LED blinking circuits for signaling (to signal
for help if you are in danger) can be useful.
Using an LED blinking circuit as a flashing beacon is possible. When a
vehicle breaks down, a blinking LED circuit can serve as an indicator.
Operation theaters and office spaces can use it to indicate work is in progress.
 Project 5: Interfacing with Keypad Module
Overview:
With the Arduino UNO R3 board, we will be able to read the keys pressed by
a user so that the board can communicate with that keyboard.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Membrane switch module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle
The keypad is present in everything from cell phones to microwaves
to door locks. There are practically thousands of them. Users can
feed them into tons of electronic devices.
Making very different types of commercial products requires the
knowledge of how to connect a keypad to microcontrollers like the
Arduino UNO.
Eventually, when all has been properly connected and programmed,
the signal will appear in your computer's Serial Monitor when you
press a key. The Serial Monitor shows every key press on the
computer. Further down the line, in another project, the circuit will
be connected to an LCD, from where results will be observed on the
screen. Let's start with just showing the key pressed on the pc right
now for simplicity's sake.

A matrix keypad will be the most appropriate type of keypad for this
project. There are far fewer output pins on this keypad than there are
keys, allowing it to have much less encoding. There are 16 keys on
the matrix keyboard we are utilizing, but only 8 output pins on the
circuit. If you were to build a linear keyboard, you would have to
put 17 output pins on the board (one for each key and a ground pin).
Matrix encoding saves a lot of connections for the keyboard since
smaller pins need to be utilized to have the keypad work. Because
they require less wiring, they are less inefficient than linear keypads.
Schematic:

The Arduino UNO board uses the digital output pins, D9-D2, when the pins
are connected to the pins. The first pin of the keypad is connected to D9, next
to D8, then to D7, fourth pin to D6, then to D5, next to D4, next to D2, and
the eighth pin to D2. These are the connections in a table.
There is also a code and wiring diagram for a 3X4 matrix keypad. For the
purpose of this article, I'll be utilizing a matrix membrane keypad. It's easy to
stick membrane style keypads to flat surfaces because they have an adhesive
backing. For people who like the telephone style keypad style, there are
thicker buttons as well. Using an Arduino, even an old telephone keypad can
be converted to work with the device.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program

/*****************************************************
Project 05 - Interfacing with Keypad Module
*****************************************************/
#include <Keypad.h>
const byte ROWS = 4; //four rows
const byte COLS = 4; //four columns
char hexaKeys[ROWS][COLS] = {
{'1','2','3','A'},
{'4','5','6','B'},
{'7','8','9','C'},
{'*','0','#','D'}
};
byte rowPins[ROWS] = {9, 8, 7, 6}; //connect to the Rows of the keypad pin
8, 7, 6, 5 respectively
byte colPins[COLS] = {5, 4, 3, 2}; //connect to the Columns of the keypad
pin 4, 3, 2, 1 respectively
Keypad customKeypad = Keypad( makeKeymap(hexaKeys), rowPins,
colPins, ROWS, COLS);
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(){
char customKey = customKeypad.getKey();
if (customKey){
Serial.println(customKey); // Send the pressed key value to the arduino serial
monitor
}
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Summary
I know this is a very simple example, but I think you can see how easy it is to
input keypad data into an Arduino program. These inputs can be used for a
variety of different projects, such as:
Door lock
Input PWM
Alarm clock
Security lock
Well, that pretty much sums it up. Setting up a keypad isn't hard at all. By
modifying the code above a little and trying it out, you should be able to get
the keypad to work with most of the projects you'd want to use it for.
 Project 6: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
Overview:
A variable resistor (a potentiometer) is utilized to change the blink rate of an
LED using the three digital inputs on the Arduino board. As the analog inputs
work using voltages, the resistor's value is read in this manner.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x 5mm RED LED
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x 10kΩ Potentiometer
Jumper wires
Principle
Your pot should be linked to a 5V supply, the center pin to analogue pin A2,
and the remaining pin to ground. An LED is then connected to digital pin 13
with a 220-ohm resistor connected in series. LEDs should be connected to the
resistance through the anode (the positive leg) and the cathode (the negative
leg) to ground with the positive leg connected to negative ground
This type of function is mostly seen in light strings. In order to control the
blinking delay time, we replace the potentiometer reading variable with the
delay time value. The analogRead function on Arduino is used to read
Analog values. Potentiometers are used to adjust voltage.
 Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 06: Control LED Blink Rate with Potentiometer
*****************************************************/
int potPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int ledPin = 9; // select the pin for the LED
int val = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare the ledPin as an OUTPUT
}
void loop() {
val = analogRead(potPin); // read the value from the sensor
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn the ledPin on
delay(val); // stop the program for some time
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn the ledPin off
delay(val); // stop the program for some time
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
This code can be modified according to your needs. A
microcontroller/Arduino that controls LED brightness is flexible. In either
direction, you can fade the lead as voltage increases or decreases. Depending
on your preferences, you can program the controller. When you insert other
hardware like the motor controller circuit, you can control the fan speed and
the direction the motor rotates. A microcontroller in the intelligent unit is the
only thing that makes it all possible.
If we rotate the potentiometer contact, the serial monitor will display values
between 0 and 1023. Accordingly, whenever the potentiometer output voltage
is high, the Flashing rate is slower because the delay and flashing rate are
both high. As the output value is decreased, the delay will be less, the LED
will blink faster, and every value will be displayed as an output on the #Serial
Monitor
Project 7: Multiple tones with one Piezo Buzzer
Overview:
The purpose of this lesson is to teach you how to use a buzzer.
COMPONENTS
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Buzzer
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires
Principles
To generate air vibrations, buzzers use PWM (pulse width modulation) to
generate audio. Changed appropriately, the vibration can produce different
sounds as long as the frequency is appropriate. The pulse of 523 Hz, for
instance, can be sent to produce Alto Do, the pulse of 587Hz can be used to
produce midrange Re, and the pulse of 659Hz can be used to produce mi.
Play a song with a buzzer.
The pulse output of analog Write () on the UNO R3 board is fixed (500 Hz),
so we should be careful not to use it to generate a pulse to the buzzer.
To use the tone() command, take over one of the Atmega's internal timers, set
the frequency to what you want, and then pulse one of the output pins with
the timer. It only allows you to play one note at a time since it only uses a
single timer. Sequentially playing notes on different pins is possible,
however. This can be accomplished by turning off the timer for one pin
before proceeding to the next.
Are you planning on making some noise with Arduino? We all have our teen
years, but maybe make the Super Mario Brothers soundtrack play to occupy
your minds (it's OK -- we've all been there).
No matter what your audible need, using the tone() function and piezo
speaker with your Arduino will likely be the easiest, quickest, and cheapest
way to make some noise.
 Schematic:
Procedure:

Step 1:
Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
File Name: Multiple Tones with One Piezo Buzzer
**********************************************************/
const int buzzer= 8;
void setup() {
pinMode (buzzer,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
tone(buzzer,1000);
delay(1000);
noTone(buzzer);
delay(1000);
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

TONE () FUNCTION HAS LIMITS YOU SHOULD KNOW
Tones () have some limitations, like everything else in life. You should be
aware of them. Here are some of the points we need to discuss:

When using pins 3 or 11, you can't simultaneously use tone() and
analogWrite(). Trying to use either of these in the same way results in wacky
results. Since the tone() function for pins 3 and 11 uses the same timer that
analogWrite() does, it's because it uses the same built-in timer. Just for the
sake of hearing the weird noises, it's well worth the effort.

Tones lower than 31 Hz cannot be generated. Tones with values 31 and

below can be passed to the tone() function, however, it does not necessarily
mean you will get a good representation of them.

Tone() cannot be used by two different pins simultaneously. Suppose you

have two piezo speakers connected to different pins. Playing both of them
simultaneously isn't possible. You have to turn one on, after which you have
to turn the other one on. Additionally, for the other pin to utilize the tone()
function, the previous pin's tone must be turned off by calling the noTone()
function.
Project 8: Seeing the light using Photo resistor with an Arduino
Overview:
Let's see how photo resistors are used to measure light intensity in this lesson.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB cable
1 x 10kΩ Resistor
1 x 220Ω Resistor
1 x LED
1 x Photo Resistor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Essentially, a photoresist or is a variable resistor that is sensitive to light.
Photo resistors exhibit photoconductivity, implying that their resistance
decreases with increased intensity of incident light. A photo resistor can be
applied in light-sensitive detector circuits.
High resistance semiconductors are used to make photo resistors. At low
levels of illumination, however, a photo-resistor can perform with a few
hundred ohms as opposed to a few megohms in the dark. The semiconductor
gives electrons bound to the semiconductor the energy necessary to jump into
the conduction band when they are exposed to light above a certain
frequency. The free electrons create resistance by conducting electricity
(along with their partners). Photo resistors can have a wide resistance range
as well as considerably different sensitivities between dissimilar devices. In
addition, photo resistors following certain wavelength bands will react very
differently.
Schematic:

In order to make this circuit work, we installed a photo resistor in analog pin
0 (any analog pin would work) and an auxiliary 5V supply on the right side
of the breadboard. An unsealed 1K ohm resistor is used as a grounding
element. An LED (of any color) was attached to pin 13 of the breadboard (a
digital pin would also work) and it was powered by a 220-ohm resistor (one
hundred ohms would also work). Next, there is a wired LED of a different
color connected to a different digital pin, just as the first LED was.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 8 Seeing the light using photo resistor with an Arduino
*****************************************************/
const int sensorPin = 0;
const int ledPin = 9;
int lightCal;
int lightVal;
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
lightCal = analogRead(sensorPin);
}
void loop() {
lightVal = analogRead(sensorPin);
if (lightVal < lightCal - 50) {
digitalWrite(9, HIGH);
} else {
digitalWrite(9, LOW);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 9: Arduino Flame Sensor
Overview:
We will be studying a flame sensor built with an Arduino board in this
project.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Flame Sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wire
Principle:
The flame detector module on the KY-026 is interacting with a lighter or a
candle through its digital and analog interfaces. When the fire sensor detects
fire, a HIGH signal is sent to the Arduino (pin A0), lighting up the LED. The
detection threshold may be increased by turning the potentiometer
clockwise, or decreased by turning it counterclockwise .
Industrial buildings and commercial buildings are very commonly equipped
with fire alarm systems. Sensors are usually contained in these devices, and
they continuously monitor for flames, gas, and fires in the building and
trigger an alarm if they are detected. IR flame sensors contain an IR
photodiode which is sensitive to IR light and is therefore one of the simplest
ways of detecting fire. In a fire, fire does not only produce heat and light, but
also emits infrared rays, yes, every burning flame emits some degree of
infrared light. Flame sensors detect this light, which cannot be seen by human
eyes, and inform microcontrollers such as Arduino that a fire has been
detected.
A photodiode detects light, and an op-amp determines the sensitivity of the
flame sensor. It detects fire and sends a HIGH signal as soon as it is detected.
The Arduino reacts to the signals and activates the LED and buzzer to
provide alert.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/*********************************************************
Project 9 Arduino Flame Sensor.ino Description:
Let, fire is detected by the sensor turning on the LED
**********************************************************/
const int sensorMin = 0; // sensor minimum
const int sensorMax = 1024; // sensor maximum
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
int sensorReading = analogRead(A0);
int range = map(sensorReading, sensorMin, sensorMax, 0, 3);
switch (range) {
case 0: // A fire closer than 1.5 feet away.
Serial.println("** Close Fire **");
break;
case 1: // A fire between 1-3 feet away.
Serial.println("** Distant Fire **");
break;
case 2: // No fire detected.
Serial.println("No Fire");
break;
}
delay(1); // delay between reads
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications of flame sensors
Detecting fire in Hydrogen stations
Monitors for burner combustion
Petroleum and natural gas pipelines
Production facilities for the automotive industry
Facilities related to nuclear energy
Keeping aircraft in hangars
Enclosures for turbines
Project 10: LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219)
Overview:
Here we will learn about Arduino Microcontroller connections with 8x8 LED
matrix displays (MAX7219).
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Dot Matrix (MAX7219)
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Essentially a programmable LED display at a lower cost than conventional
LCD displays, these MAX7219/MAX7221 displays can be driven by either a
microcontroller or a microprocessor. The MAX7219 microprocessor is
equipped with a code-B decoder included in the circuit, MPC scan circuitry,
88-bit static RAM, a segment and digit driver, and a segment decoder (used
for identifying letters and numbers). All segment currents of LEDs can be set
with only one external resistor. A number of interfaces are supported,
including SPI, QSPI, and MICROWIRE, and the MAX7221 has slew-rate-
limited section drivers to minimize EMI. It is possible to address and update
specific numbers in the connected LED display without addressing and
altering the whole display. Attempting to encode each digit in the
MAX7219/MAX7221 can be achieved through code-B decoding the digits or
by leaving they unencoded.
Applications:
MAX7219 utilized in Bar-Graph Displays, 7-Segment Displays, Industrial
Controllers, Electronic Panel Meters, LED Matrix Displays, PIXEL gaming,
Character design, measuring instruments, Hobby projects, Display of
symbols, simple graphics and texts.

Features:
 A Breadboard can be easily installed
The LED lights are bright
Designed compactly.
The LED is 3mm in diameter
Schematic:

Two methods can be used to control the LED matrix. It is possible to send
parallel (parallel data for each row or column) or serial (serial data is sent in
serial format and a conversion IC is used to turn it into parallel data). MAX
7219 Driver supports serial and parallel outputs on common cathode displays.
Microprocessors and microcontrollers can be interfaced with 64 LEDs (8 x 8
LED matrix has 64 LEDs, for example), seven segment displays up to 8
digits, or bar graph displays.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File Name: 10- LED Matrix display 8 x 8 dots (MAX7219).ino Description:
Let, LED Matrix Displays 8×8 dots (MAX7219) Interface with Arduino.
***************************************************/
#include <LedControl.h>
int DIN = 12;
int CS = 11;
int CLK = 10;
byte e[8]= {0x7C,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x7C};
byte d[8]= {0x78,0x7C,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7C,0x78};
byte u[8]= {0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte c[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x60,0x7E,0x7E};
byte eight[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte s[8]= {0x7E,0x7C,0x60,0x7C,0x3E,0x06,0x3E,0x7E};
byte dot[8]= {0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x18,0x18};
byte o[8]= {0x7E,0x7E,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x66,0x7E,0x7E};
byte m[8]= {0xE7,0xFF,0xFF,0xDB,0xDB,0xDB,0xC3,0xC3};
LedControl lc=LedControl(DIN,CLK,CS,0);
void setup() {
lc.shutdown(0,false); //The MAX72XX is in power-saving mode on startup
lc.setIntensity(0,15); // Set the brightness to maximum value
lc.clearDisplay(0); // and clear the display
}
void loop() {
byte smile[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0xA5,0x99,0x42,0x3C};
byte neutral[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0xBD,0x81,0x42,0x3C};
byte frown[8]= {0x3C,0x42,0xA5,0x81,0x99,0xA5,0x42,0x3C};
printByte(smile);
delay(1000);
printByte(neutral);
delay(1000);
printByte(frown);
delay(1000);
printEduc8s();
lc.clearDisplay(0);
delay(1000);
}
void printEduc8s() {
printByte(e);
delay(1000);
printByte(d);
delay(1000);
printByte(u);
delay(1000);
printByte(c);
delay(1000);
printByte(eight);
delay(1000);
printByte(s);
delay(1000);
printByte(dot);
delay(1000);
printByte(c);
delay(1000);
printByte(o);
delay(1000);
printByte(m);
delay(1000);
}
void printByte(byte character []) {
int i = 0;
for(i=0;i<8;i++)
{
lc.setRow(0,i,character[i]);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Internal structure of an 8*8 LED matrix
First, you must understand a simple LED to understand the LED matrix.
LEDs are powered by DC power with two pins that give out a light. There are
8 numbers of rows and 8 numbers of columns in the matrix. Since LED
positive pins share common ground with those of adjacent LEDs in rows, and
LED negative pins share common ground with those of adjacent LEDs in
columns. One LED will be turned on when the power is turned on and single
rows and columns are selected. A row 3 or column 3 led will come on if
current is applied to those two rows or columns.
The 8x8 LED matrix has the following features
LED matrix can be operated from any device with LOW voltage.
Drawing text or images on the matrix is possible.
Only 1.5-2V are required to drive the matrix in the forward bias.
There is no special requirement for the LED matrix since it can be
designed with simple LEDs.
It may be difficult for some developers to understand the
programming. So, there is a driver that helps simplify the
programming process as well.
It is possible to perform various patterns on the matrix, such as
scrolling and blinking.
Applications for LED matrix
Text signs are the most common application for LED matrix.
It is used most often by developers to create snake games.
In addition to the matrix clock, there are companies that use it
A matrix can also be found on most watches to make it look even
more attractive and unique.
Project 11: Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display
Overview:
This lesson shows you how to use an LCD1602 character display system on
the Arduino environment. Let's display "Hello World!" on the LCD1602 first.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x potentiometer
1 x LCD (16 x 2) Display
1 x Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Principle
Displays like LCD1602 show characters. Microcontrollers have a parallel
interface, which means that they have to manipulate several interface pins
simultaneously to control the display. Three pins are present on the interface:
pins:
There is a register select RS pin on the LCD that governs where in the ram
you need to write data. The LCD's controller may look for instructions in
either the data register or an instruction register - what goes on the screen has
to be in the data register.
Read/Write pins are used to switch between reading mode and writing mode.
Write access to the register is enabled by an Enable pin. This card contains 8
data pins (D0-D7). When the pins are high or low, the data that is being
written to a register (or read), is represented by bits.
Additionally, there are three display pins (Vo, Bklt+ and Bklt-) as well as
power supply and LED backlight pins to power the LCD and control the
display contrast, respectively.
Display control involves putting data read from the data registers into the
display's instruction register, and then writing commands into the information
registers.
So that you don't have to know these low-level instructions, the Liquid
Crystal Library simplifies these tasks for you. Two modes of control are
available for the Hitachi LCDs: 4-bit and 8-bit. For text displays on the
screen, you can do most anything in 4-bit mode. The 8-bit mode requires 11
I/O pins. Potentiometers have two contacts and at least three terminals each,
making it possible to adjust the voltage divider. If only one terminal and the
wiper are used, the resistor behaves like a variable resistor.

Schematic:

Connection to 16x2 Character LCD with Arduino Uno

Now that we've got the LCD hooked up to the Arduino, let's get started
uploading code and sending data.
We'll show you how to wire up the LCD's 16 pins (total total of 16 pins). It is
good to know that we do not need to connect all of these pins to the Arduino.
We know that the display contains 8 data lines carrying raw data. HD44780
LCDs are designed such that 4 data pins (4-bit mode) can be used to
communicate with them instead of 8 data pins (8-bit mode). We will save
four pins this way!
Therefore, we will be interacting with the LCD using 4-bit mode and only
need six pins to interface with it: RS, EN, D7, D6, D5, and D4.
The LCD Display now needs to be connected to the Arduino. The LCD will
be connected to Arduino's digital pins #4-7 via four data pins (D4-D7). A pin
on the LCD will be connected to Enable on Arduino #2 and a pin on the LCD
will be connected to RS on Arduino #1.
You can see how everything is wired in the following diagram.
Once that's done, all you need to do is upload some code and the display will
start printing.
Procedure:
 Step 1:
Build the circuit as below
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/****************************************************
File name: 11 Interfacing with LCD 1602 Display.ino Description:
Let, LCD display print HELLO WORLD.
*****************************************************/
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
// initialize the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 11, 10, 6, 4);
void setup() {
// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:
lcd.begin(16, 2);
// Print a message to the LCD.
lcd.print("hello, world!");
}
void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
// (note: line 1 is the second row, since counting begins with 0):
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
// print the number of seconds since reset:
lcd.print(millis()/1000);
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

The LCD16x2 has the following features
The LCD is mainly equipped with the following features.
Its operating voltage ranges from 4.7V to 5.3V
You can create 16 characters from each row in two rows.
There is no backlight and the consumption of current is 1mA
A 5 by 8-pixel box can be used to create any character
Alphabets and numbers are displayed on the alphanumeric LCDs
There are two modes for the display: 8-bit and 4-bit
You can choose between a blue or green backlight, several characters are
generated specifically for it
Project 12: HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor with Arduino
Overview:
This lesson explains the use of an ultrasonic distance sensor to measure
distance.
Component:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Ultrasonic sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wire
Principle:
It has the same functions as the GP2D12 module except it uses sound instead
of light. When an object passes in front of the sensor the HC-SR04 sends a
ping and measures the period between transmitting a signal and receiving a
response.
Our measurement techniques use sound to reach a maximum distance of 4
meters. There is a connector with four pins on the module, larger than
45x20x15mm. The module should be powered with five volts by two pins. 15
mA is the working current. Several pins serve different functions. The first
one is for triggering the measurements while the last one reads the result of
that measurement, the echo pin. HC-SR04's measurement angle is 15 degrees.
There should be about one meter of beam at 4 meters distance. Using 1m as
the measuring point, this is 26cm, so remember this when utilizing this
information.
You must set the trigger pin to the high state for 10 seconds in order to create
an ultrasound. It is at the speed of sound that these pulses will travel to the
Echo Pin and be received there. Using this tool, you can display the time in
microseconds in which the sound wave traveled. In the case of an object 20
cm from the sensor and sound speed of 340 m/s, the sound wave will travel
approximately 588 microseconds. Due to the fact that a sound wave travels
forward and then bounces back, you will get twice the amount of echo from
an Echo pin.
As a result, the distance measured in cm is calculated by multiplying the
received travel time value by 0.034 and dividing it by 2 and converting it to
centimetres.

Schematic:
The HC-SR04 can be interfaced in a 3-wire mode
Three-wire mode requires only one connection to a single digital I/O pin on
the Arduino instead of two. The exceptional parallax ping))) sensor is one of
the many ultrasonic sensors that only work in 3-Wire Mode.
One I/O pin is used in both input and output modes in 3-Wire mode. Due to
the fact that inputs and outputs are never used simultaneously, this is
possible. Then we can use the Arduino connection for something else by
eliminating one of the I/O pin requirements. This feature is also useful when
dealing with chips such as the ATtiny85 which have limited I/O pins.
This is how you can connect the HC-SR04 sensor to the Arduino using 3-
Wire mode.
Clearly, you simply need to connect pin 9 of the Arduino to both the trigger
and echo. There is only one difference you need to make in the sketch: you
must define both the Trigger and Echo pin values on pin 9. Everything else in
the sketch is the same.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 12 – HC-SR04 Project .ino Description:
Let, Distance measure with ultrasonic sensor.************************/
#include <HCSR04.h>
const int TriggerPin = 8; //Trig pin
const int EchoPin = 9; //Echo pin
long Duration = 0;
void setup() {
pinMode(TriggerPin,OUTPUT); // Trigger is an output pin
pinMode(EchoPin,INPUT); // Echo is an input pin
Serial.begin(9600); // Serial Output
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, HIGH); // Trigger pin to HIGH
delayMicroseconds(10); // 10us high
digitalWrite(TriggerPin, LOW); // Trigger pin to HIGH
Duration = pulseIn(EchoPin,HIGH); // Waits for the echo pin to get high
long Distance_mm = Distance(Duration); // Use function to calculate the
distance
Serial.print("Distance = "); // Output to serial
Serial.print(Distance_mm);
Serial.println(" mm");
delay(1000); // Wait to do next measurement
}
long Distance(long time)
{
long DistanceCalc; // Calculation variable
DistanceCalc = ((time /2.9) / 2); // Actual calculation in mm
//DistanceCalc = time / 74 / 2; // Actual calculation in inches
return DistanceCalc; // return calculated value
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface
Overview:

Here we made a touch sensor based on Arduino using

a coin.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Touch Sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper Wires
Principle
This device connects to your body through its own electrodes. Capacitances
of the circuit are changed when you touch the sensing pad. The output
changes states as a result of the capacitance change.
The first time I got this device, I thought it would frequently produce
unexpected results despite being functional.
It's possible I was wrong. The game seems to do whatever I expect it to do
after playing for a few hours. The following might do the trick if you are
looking for strong client input.
How to interface a touch sensor with an Arduino:
Our next step will be to interface the touch sensor with the Arduino. An
Arduino board will be required to control the onboard LED via a touch
sensor. In addition, three jumper wires are needed male to female. A
breadboard and three male-to-male jumper wires can also be used if you do
not have these jumper wires.
First you need to connect the jumper wires to the touch sensor PCB of the
touch sensor to begin. In fact, the touch sensor is a resistor. If you press on
the PCB, it will increase its resistance. The PCB detects this and sends a
HIGH signal to the Arduino when you touch the sensor. Our touch sensor can
now be plugged into the Arduino. Connecting red and black wires to 5V,
ground and pin 8, green wires to digital pin 8 constitutes the five-volt supply.
Now that our circuit is complete, we can move forward.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
Project 13: Touch Sensor Arduino Interface .ino
Description: Let, Touch sensor using.
**********************************************************/
#define sensorPin 2 // capactitive touch sensor - Arduino Digital pin D2
int ledPin = 13; // Output display LED (on board LED) - Arduino Digital pin
D13
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(sensorPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
int senseValue = digitalRead(sensorPin);
if (senseValue == HIGH){
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
Serial.println("TOUCHED");
}
else{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);
Serial.println("not touched");
}
delay(500);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 14: Relay Module interface with an Arduino
Overview:
We will take a look at relay modules using this lesson.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x Relay Module
Jumper wire
Principle
Relays are electrically operated switches. Other operating principles are also
used in solid-state relays, as well as electromagnets used in many relays.
Controlling a circuit with a relay is best suited where a low-power signal is
needed (with complete electrical isolation between one circuit and its control,
and one signal must control various circuits).
A relay was the first device used in wide-area telegraphy circuits as an
amplifier. This signal was repeated on another circuit after it came from one
circuit. Early computers performed logical operations with relays widely used
in telephone exchanges.
Often referred to as a contractor, these relays are capable of handling high-
powered loads such as electric motors. Instead of using moving parts,
semiconductors are used to switch power circuits on solid-state relays.
Electrical circuits are shielded from overload or defects by utilizing relays
with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple coils. Digital
instruments known as protective relays perform these functions in modern
electric power systems.
LEDs will be powered by a 3v battery. To connect the positive and negative
sides of the battery, we have connected the positive side to the com of each
relay, and the negative side to the NO of each led. By giving a voltage range
of 5 to 24V DC, you can also power the four relay modules externally.
 Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
Project 14: Relay Module with Arduino
****************************************************/
int relayPin = 3;
void setup() {
pinMode(relayPin, OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
digitalWrite(relayPin, LOW); // turn the relay on (Active LOW operation)
delay(2000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(relayPin, HIGH); // turn the relay off by making the voltage
HIGH
delay(2000); // wait for a second
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Relays are used primarily in places where only low-power signals are suitable
for controlling circuits. With the advent of computers, they were also used for
Boolean operations and other logic operations. In order to drive electric
motors and other high power relay applications, high power is required.
Relays of this type are known as contactors.
Applications for relays
Logical functions are accomplished by relay circuits. The logic they
provide is extremely important for safety.
As a time-delay function, relays are utilized. Their purpose is to time
the delay open and delay close of contacts.
The use of relays for controlling high voltage circuits is based on
signals delivered at low voltages. Similar to this, they are used in
high current circuits by using signals with low current.
They can be used as protective relays as well. This function allows all
faults to be detected and isolated during transmissions and receptions.
Project 15: Control Servo Motor with Arduino
Overview:
There is only one way to rotate a servo motor, which is in turn a type of
geared motor. The Arduino UNO R3 board sends electric pulses to control it.
The servo is instructed to move to that position by these pulses. The three
conductors of the servo include the brown wire which is GND, the red one
which is VCC and the orange cable which is the signal wire.
About Servo Motor
There is a servo motor, which operates at angles between 0 and 180
degrees.
Microcontrollers control servo motors, which are only powered from
a microprocessor like the following: The Arduino/Genuino, The
Raspberry Pi, Micro:Bit
It has a DC motor that only consumes 35 milliamps. A potentiometer
allows it to determine which angle it is in as well as some gears.
Electrical pulses are sent through the control wires of servos in the form of
pulse width modulations (PWMs). Minimum pulse, maximum pulse, and
repetition rate are all specified. In general, servo motors have a maximum
turning circle of 180° in either direction. Neutral position refers to the servo
having equal rotational potential clockwise or counterclockwise. As the
motor receives a pulse via the control wire, it determines the position of the
shaft, and the rotor turns to that position based on the duration of the pulse, a
servo motor turns according to the length of the pulse it receives every 20
milliseconds (ms).
The motor will turn to the 90° position with a 1.5ms pulse. If the servo is
moved faster than 1.5ms, it moves in the counterclockwise direction toward
0o, and if the servo is moved faster than 1.5ms, it turns in the clockwise
direction toward 180o.

COMPONENTS:
 1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Servo Motor
1 x Breadboard
2 x Jumper Wires

Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*******************************************************
File name: 15 Control Servo Motor .ino Description:
Let, servo motor rotate
**********************************************************/
# include <Servo.h>
Servo myservo;
int pos = 0;
void setup() {
myservo.attach(6);
}
void loop() {
for (pos = 0; pos <= 180; pos += 5) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
for (pos = 180; pos >= 0; pos -= 5) {
myservo.write(pos);
delay(15);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 16: Stepper Motor Control with Arduino

Overview:
In this lesson we will learn how to control a stepper motor, a stepper motor is
controlled by a stepper motor’s rotational speed through an analog input,
analog input 0. Various control pins are available for unipolar or bipolar
motors including pins 2, 3, 4, and 5.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Stepper Motor
1 x Motor Driver Module
1 x Battery
Jumper wires
Principle
Motors that are operated by a stepper controller require the use of a driver
module. In our case, the motor will not be able to run since the controller
module (Arduino) is not capable of providing enough current through its I/O
pins. A module such as ULN2003 will be utilized.
There are many different types of driver modules that are used as stepper
motors. The rating of each driver module depends on the type of motor used.
Here is a circuit diagram showing how an Arduino stepper motor controller is
implemented. In our setup, we used a Stepper motor 28BYJ-48 as well as the
ULN2003 Driver module. A digital pin 8,9,10 and 11 is used to engage the
four coils on the stepper motor. Powered by the Arduino's 5V pin, the driver
module powers the Arduino Board.
When you connect the steppe motor to a load with an external power supply,
the driver should be powered. The +5V rail of the Arduino Board was used
because it is just being used as a demonstration. Keep in mind that you
should always link the ground of the Arduino to the ground of the Diver
module.

Pin definition
Connecting 28BYJ-48 Stepper Motor and ULN2003 Driver to Arduino
Ø The motor is now ready to be hooked up to our Arduino! We can
begin connecting it to our Arduino now!
Ø The ULN2003 driver needs to be connected to the power supply.
Ø A stepper motor can be powered directly from the Arduino. As the
motor might induce electrical noise onto the Arduino's power supply
lines, this is not recommended since it could cause damage to the
board.
Ø You should therefore use a separate 5V power source for your
stepper motor.
 Ø Lastly, connect the ground of the power supply to the ground of the
Arduino. It is very important to establish a voltage reference that is
the same between the two.
Ø Assemble the driver board by connecting pins IN1, IN2, IN3, and
IN4 to the Arduino digital pins 8, 9, and 10.
Ø The motor cable from the stepper motor should then be connected to
the driver board.
Ø Upon completion, the illustration below should look like what you
have done.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*********************************************************
File name: 16 stepper Motor Control .ino Description:
Let, Control stepper motor.
*********************************************************/
#include <Stepper.h>
#define STEPS 64
Stepper stepper(STEPS, 8, 9, 10, 11);
int previous = 0;
void setup() {
stepper.setSpeed(30);
}
void loop() {
int val = analogRead(0);
stepper.step(val - previous);
previous = val;
}
Step 3: The motor will rotate clockwise once the program is uploaded to the
Arduino UNO board. Motor speed is increased by increasing the
potentiometer value. You may notice the motor, which is subject to a time
delay, is insensitive to changes in the sensor value when it is running at low
speeds since setSpeed() extends the length of the delay between steps.
The applications of stepper motors
Used in 3D printing equipment, Textile machines.
Various printing presses are used, utilized in the gaming machines.
Machines used in medical imaging, and a small robotics system.
Machines for CNC milling, Typically, welding equipment is used.
There are some benefits associated with stepper motors.
A motion sensor is not required for stepper motors because of their
internal structure. A motor's position can be determined by simply
counting the steps it takes to move.
As well, stepper motors are pretty easy to control. Although the
motor requires a driver, it does not require complex calculations or
tuning. Most motors require less control effort than others. It is
possible to achieve high position precision with micro stepping, up to
approximately 0.007 degrees.
A stepping motor offers good torque, holds positions well, and has a
long lifespan.
Project 17: Interfacing Soil Moisture Sensor with an Arduino
Overview:
We will be studying soil moisture sensors in this project which have been
specially developed to identify how much moisture or water a soil includes.

Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Soil Moisture Sensor
Jumper Wires
Principle
Soil Moisture sensors are utilized to precisely measure how much moisture
the soil includes. Dielectric constants are measured using capacitance in soil.
As the soil transmits electricity, the dielectric constant can be thought of as
the ability to conduct electricity.
Increased water content of the soil increases the soil's water content. Because
of its higher dielectric constant than any other portion of soil, water is used to
measure moisture in soil sensors. The sensor detects the moisture content in
the soil by generating a voltage proportional to its dielectric permittivity,
which consequently determines how much water is available.

The most important thing for us to take care of plants and turf is to take care
of them regularly when we have a home garden or a backyard with turf.
Watering your lawn and plants with sprinklers is one of the more popular
options, but for the best results, go for manual watering.
You must consider the amount of soil moisture when designing an Automatic
Plant Watering System, in which the water supply is either sprinklers or drip
irrigations.
A Microcontroller and a Water Pump can be used to precisely control the
amount of water supplied to the garden by measuring the soil moisture. By
integrating Soil Moisture with Arduino, I will demonstrate how to monitor
the soil moisture of a small pot.

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE”

/**********************************************************
Project: 17. Soil Moisture Sensor .ino Description:
Let, Detect the amount of moisture or water soil contains.
*********************************************************/
const int hygrometer = A0; // Soil moisture sensor analog pin output at pin
A0 of Arduino
int value;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
value = analogRead(hygrometer); // Read analog value
value = constrain(value,400,1023); // Keep the ranges!
value = map(value,400,1023,100,0); // Map value : 400 will be 100 and
1023 will be 0
Serial.print("Soil humidity: ");
Serial.print(value);
Serial.println("%");
delay(1000); // Read every 1 sec
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
 Project 18: Water Level Monitoring
Experiments
Overview
The water level is being measured, and it is easily achieved since only the
analog port value (A0) needs to be read, then it is converted to a percentage.
Specification
Operating voltage: DC3-5V
Operating current: less than 20mA
Sensor Type: Analog
Production process: FR4 double-sided HASL Humidity: 10% -90%
non-condensing
Detection Area: 40mmx16mm

Circuit
Diagram
Hardware Required
Material diagram Material name Number
LCD1602 1

Water Lever 1
Sensor
220/330Ω resistor 1
10KΩ 1
Potentiometer
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several

PIN Configuration
UNO R3 Water sensor
GND -> -
5V -> +
A0 -> S
UNO R3 LCD1602_IIC

GND -> GND

+5V -> VCC
SDA -> A4
SCL -> A5

Program
// include the library code:
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
//initialise the library with the numbers of the interface pins
LiquidCrystal lcd(12, 11, 5, 4, 3, 2);

int resval = 0; // holds the value

int respin = A5; // sensor pin used

void setup() {

// set up the LCD's number of columns and rows:

lcd.begin(16, 2);

// Print a message to the LCD.

lcd.print("WATER LEVEL: ");
}

void loop() {
// set the cursor to column 0, line 1
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

resval = analogRead(respin); //Read data from analog pin and store it to

resval variable

if (resval<=100){ lcd.println("Empty "); } else if (resval>100 &&

resval<=300){ lcd.println("Low "); } else if (resval>300 && resval<=330){
lcd.println("Medium "); } else if (resval>330){
lcd.println("High ");
}
delay(1000);
}
Compile and Upload
The LiquidCrystal_I2C library file must be added to Arduino's library list,
otherwise the compiler may not pass. See Chapter 2 for information on
‘adding library files. If the LCD doesn’t display or if the brightness isn’t
enough, you can alter the potentiometer.
Project 19: Vibration Sensor Module
Overview:
Here we will use an Arduino board with an LCD and a vibration sensor.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Vibration Sensor Module
1 x LED
1 x BreadBoard
Jumper Wires
Principle
Trouble might be coming if there are vibrations. There's nothing more
dangerous than a machine gone haywire or a gear missing a tooth on a robot,
or even worse, a looming earthquake! We will see how to use specially
designed sensors to sense vibrations and an Arduino microcontroller for the
purpose in this vibration sensor tutorial. SW-420 and an 801S vibration
sensor are widely available on the market.
Arduino UNO requires only the input pin to be monitored in order to use a
vibration sensor, so programming it isn't too difficult. In the beginning, only
the headers are included. Because this tutorial was created using Eclipse IDE
and its Arduino extension, the Arduino header file is included. When this
sketch is used with Arduino IDE, no need for the Arduino IDE header file,
since this sketch works with Arduino IDE as well.
There is no need for an additional breadboard for this circuit. A test can be
done using the Arduino UNO Board. This led is monitored when the
vibratory sensor is hit or when its state changes. A led connected to Pin 13 on
Arduino UNO will blink when there is some vibration. The vibration sensor
will not work if the power is disconnected or if the connection is poor.
Connect the microcontroller and sensor without causing any loose
connections.
Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 18 - Vibration Sensor Module .ino Description:
Let, Vibration Sensor.
**********************************************************/
int vib_pin=7;
int led_pin=13;
void setup() {
pinMode(vib_pin,INPUT);
pinMode(led_pin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
int val;
val=digitalRead(vib_pin);
if(val==1)
{
digitalWrite(led_pin,HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led_pin,LOW);
delay(1000);
}
else
digitalWrite(led_pin,LOW);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications of the SW-420 Vibration Sensor
Geophysical earthquake detection
The alarm system
The Object Detection System
Automobiles with artificial intelligence
Analyzing the circuit
Upload the code. The module can either be tapped or moved and evaluated
by making some vibrations on the table. As long as it does not detect
anything, it will keep blinking.
Project: 20: Infrared Sensor Receiver Module with an Arduino
Overview:
In this tutorial we are using Receiver modules KY-022.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Infrared Receiver module
1 x Infrared remote control
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Now we are going to introduce an infrared transmitter and receiver module,
which, recently, has become increasingly common in daily life. Many
household appliances include them, including air conditioners, televisions,
DVDs, etc., It can be controlled by wireless remote control, and it uses
wireless sensing for its functionality.
Let's see how we can use IR emission LEDs to make a TV remote by using
this module.
Schematic:
Arduino GND --> Module pin GND
Arduino +5V --> Module PLUS (middle pin)
Arduino Digital pin 11 --> Module S
A command will execute once the signal has been demodulated. Modules that
receive IR signals are known as IR receivers. 3 and 8 KHz frequency are used
for these modules. The Vout output is equal to VS (power supply) in the
absence of any light at the sensor's working frequency. An infrared light with
frequency 38 kHz will result in no output.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/****************************************************
File name: 19 – Infrared sensor Receiver module KY-022
Let, Only Receiver modules.
****************************************************/
#include <IRremote.h>
int RECV_PIN = 11;
IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);
decode_results results;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
irrecv.enableIRIn(); // Start the receiver
}
void loop() {
if (irrecv.decode(&results)) {
Serial.println(results.value, HEX);
irrecv.resume(); // Receive the next value
}
}

Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.

Project 21: IR Remote Control Experiment with Arduino

Overview

It is a study of the infrared transmission of data. Only the introduction of the

use of methods involves the use of the infrared decoder, so the experiment
utilizes the content of complex. There are lots of Arduino projects that utilize
IR communication. Simple IR transmitter and receivers can be used to control
robots, distance sensors, heart rate monitors, remote controls for DSLR
cameras, and TV remote controls, among many other things.

Pin definition
The infrared remote can be used to control the Arduino easily. This particular
remote control is available from many sources and is surprisingly affordable.
There are many similarities between them, including how they look and
operate.
A single Arduino is required for this project. The Arduino UNO that I used
should work just about with any Arduino. Connect your infrared receiver to
the kit's power supply. The wiring consists of three wires, PWR, GND, and
SIG. Port 11 was used for SIG. Important! It has been reported that some
readers have different wiring on their sensors. You should check it twice.
Hardware required
Material Material Name Number
diagram
IR Remote 1

IR Receiver 1

USB Cable 1

UNO R3 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires Several

Circuit diagram

UNO IR Receiver
R3
D2 -> OUT
GND -> GND
+5V -> VCC
Program
To find the key codes for your remote control, upload this code to your
Arduino and open the serial monitor:
#include <IRremote.h>

const int RECV_PIN = 7;

IRrecv irrecv(RECV_PIN);
decode_results results;

void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
irrecv.enableIRIn();
irrecv.blink13(true);
}

void loop(){
if (irrecv.decode(&results)){
Serial.println(results.value, HEX);
irrecv.resume();
}
}

Your computer must be connected to the USB port of the Arduino in order to
upload the sketch. Open up the Serial Monitor, grab the remote, and start
pressing the buttons. On the Serial Monitor, there should be some hex codes.
You can find the remote-control codes here. The FFFFFF command repeats,
so if you keep pressing a button, a stream of them will appear. Now press
each key on your remote and record the hexadecimal code printed for each
key press.
From the remote that came with my HX1838 IR receiver and remote set,
using the program above I derived a table of keys and their corresponding
codes. A 0XFFFFFFFF code will be displayed if you keep pressing the key
continuously.
Hexadecimal code

Key Code

CH- 0xFFA25D

CH 0xFF629D

CH+ 0xFFE21D
<< 0xFF22DD

>> 0xFF02FD

>|| 0xFFC23D

– 0xFFE01F

+ 0xFFA857

EQ 0xFF906F

100+ 0xFF9867

200+ 0xFFB04F

0 0XFF6897

1 0xFF30CF

2 0xFF18E7

3 0xFF7A85

4 0xFF10EF

5 0xFF38C7

6 0xFF5AA5

7 0xFF42BD

8 0xFF4AB5
 9 0xFF52AD

Compile and upload

Other than that, you need to contain the IR-remote library file directory to the
Arduino library. Otherwise, it won't compile. Please see Chapter 2 for a
description on adding library files.
Summary
There are several manufacturers of IR receivers available on the market. In
Europe, Siemens, Vishay, and Telefunken are the main suppliers. A Siemens
SFH506-xx series is available, where xx indicates that the modulation
frequency is 30, 33, 36, 38, 40 or 56kHz. TFMS5xx0 and TK18xx0 are
Telefunken's modulation frequency oscillators, where xx indicates the
modulation frequency the device operates at. Apparently, these parts have
now become obsolete. The product series has been replaced by Vishay's
TSOP12xx, TSOP48xx, and TSOP62xx.
Three Asian IR receiver companies include Sharp, Xiamen Hualian, and
Japanese Electric. The Sharp GP1UD26xK, GP1UD27xK and GP1UD28xK
devices have very cryptic ID names, where x represents the modulation
frequency. There is the Hualian HRMx00 series, like the HRM3700 and
HRM3800. A series of devices from Japanese Electric do not indicate their
modulation frequency in their part IDs. IC-12042LM and IC-12043LM are
tuned to 36.7 kHz and 37.9 kHz, respectively.
IR Sensors Intended for consumer electronics, this theory describes the
operation of IR remote control systems. The issue of security is not addressed
here. As long as I'm controlling my VCR or TV, the security aspect is not
important. But turning the key to open a car or door becomes literally a 'key'
feature.
Project 22: Interfacing Sound Sensor Module with Arduino
Overview:
With this experiment, we will understand how to use a Sound Sensor module
with an Arduino.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Sound sensor module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
There are two outputs that come from the Sound Sensor: AO, analog output,
and DO, real-time digital output, the threshold-sensitivity of the noise to be
achieved by potentiometer adjustment will be achieved when a certain
threshold is reached for the intensity of the sound.
PIN Configuration
KY-037 Arduino
A0 -
+ 5v
G GND
D0 Pin 2
This type of sound sensor is inexpensive, easy to interface with, and detects
sounds like voices, claps, or doorbells. These sensors can be used for a
variety of purposes, such as making your lights clap-activated or tracking
your pets when you're away.

Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/*****************************************************
File name: 20 –Sound sensor module
*****************************************************/
const int ledPin = 13; //pin 13 built-in led
const int soundPin = 2; //sound sensor attach to A0
int threshold = 600; //Set minimum threshold for LED lit
void setup() {
pinMode(ledPin,OUTPUT);//set pin13 as OUTPUT
Serial.begin(9600); //initialize serial
}
void loop() {
int value = digitalRead(soundPin);//read the value of A0
Serial.println(value);//print the value
if(value > threshold) //if the value is greater than 600
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,HIGH);//turn on the led
delay(200);//delay 200ms
}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin,LOW);//turn off the led
}
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 23: Analog Joystick Module with Arduino
Overview:
This tutorial will demonstrate how to use an analog joystick module. Adding
some control to your projects is straightforward with analog joysticks.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Joystick Module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle
Joystick
This module has 5 prongs: Vcc, Ground, X, Y, Key. Its labels may differ
from yours. The module will depend on where you receive it from. With the
thumb stick, you can pull the left side of the control stick to push down, and
the right side of the control stick to push down. Furthermore, you can activate
a „press to select" button by pressing the joystick down (which is quite hard
on mine).
The data from the X/Y pins will be read using the Analog Arduino pins, and
the button will be read with a digital pin. If the joystick is pushed, it connects
to the ground, but it floats otherwise. Key and Select pins must be connected
via a pull-up resistor to Vcc in order to yield stable readings. Digital pins on
Arduino are equipped with built in resistors. The following schematic will
guide you through activating pull-up resistors on Arduino pins that are
designed as inputs.
In terms of analog joysticks, they are similar to two potentiometers connected
together, one for the vertical movement (Y-axis), and another for the
horizontal movement (X-axis). In addition to the joystick, it also has a Select
button. A controller like this can be very handy for retro gaming, robotic
control, and RC cars.
Schematic
Procedure:

Step 1:
Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/****************************************************
File name: 21 - Analog Joystick Module. No
Description: Let, Analog Joystick Module
***********************************************/
const int SW_pin = 2; // digital pin connected to switch output
const int X_pin = A0; // analog pin connected to X output
const int Y_pin = A1; // analog pin connected to Y output
void setup() {
pinMode(SW_pin, INPUT);
digitalWrite(SW_pin, HIGH);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.print("Switch: ");
Serial.print(digitalRead(SW_pin));
Serial.print("\n");
Serial.print("X-axis: ");
Serial.print(analogRead(X_pin));
Serial.print("\n");
Serial.print("Y-axis: ");
Serial.println(analogRead(Y_pin));
Serial.print("\n\n");
delay(500);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Application
A camera's pan/tilt can be controlled
Controls and input for the game, Robotics control
Input of Analog Parameters, and Often used in DIY projects
Game controllers come to mind when we hear the word "Joystick". There are
many applications of the joystick in electronics. They are commonly used in
DIY robotics projects and Arduino-based projects. Having an analog output,
we can use this module to feed in an analog input based on movement or
direction. Alternatively, it can be controlled with a movable camera.
Project 24: Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino
Overview:
This project will answer all your questions on how to receive humidity and
temperature data using the DHT11 sensor and then send it to Arduino Ultra.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x DTH11 Temperature Sensor
1 x BreadBoard
Jumper Wires

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

This is the time when the Arduino IDE software should be running. Next, you
have to install the DHT Sensor library. This can be done via the Arduino
Library Manager:

Sketch→Include Library→Manage Libraries…

Look for the "DHT sensor library by Adafruit" within the "dht" search
field. Click "Install" or "Update" if you have an older version installed.

IMPORTANT: As of version 1.3.0 of the DHT library, the Adafruit_Sensor

library is also required. This is available under the Arduino Library Manager.

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 22 Interfacing DHT11 Sensor with Arduino .ino Description: Let,
Showing the temperature using DHT.
**********************************************************/
#include <SimpleDHT.h>
int pinDHT11 = 7;
SimpleDHT11 dht11;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
Serial.println("=================================");
Serial.println("Sample DHT11...");
byte temperature = 0;
byte humidity = 0;
byte data[40] = {0};
if (dht11.read(pinDHT11, &temperature, &humidity, data)) {
Serial.print("Read DHT11 failed");
return;
}
Serial.print("Sample RAW Bits: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 40; i++) {
Serial.print((int)data[i]);
if (i > 0 && ((i + 1) % 4) == 0) {
Serial.print(' ');
}
}
Serial.println("");
Serial.print ("Sample OK: ");
Serial.print((int)temperature); Serial.print(" *C, ");
Serial.print((int)humidity); Serial.println(" %");
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Applications
The sensor is used for a wide range of applications, including the
measurement of humidity and temperature in HVAC systems. They can also
be used to predict weather conditions in weather stations. In homes where
humidity affects people, the humidity sensor provides a preventive measure.
The sensor is used for measuring humidity values in offices, cars, museums,
greenhouses, and industries as a safety measure.
This sensor gained popularity among hobbyists because of its small size and
high sampling rate. Besides the DHT11 sensor, there are some other sensors
that can be used instead, such as DHT22, AM2302, SHT71.
 Project 25: Temperature and Humidity Monitoring Experiment

Overview

It consists of more complex experimentation, monitoring temperature and

humidity of the indoor air, and the LCD display of the value.
Working of the Project
With an Arduino UNO multi-tasking device and a DHT11 Humidity and
Temperature Sensor, a simple project built with Humidity and Temperature
sensors is able to determine Humidity and Temperature from the surrounding.
When we connect, the program already takes care of everything, so we do not
need to do anything else. The DHT11 module comes with a special library
called “DHT”, but we did not use it. This library must be downloaded
separately by Arduino users, and it must be added to the Arduino libraries.
Data timing diagrams in the datasheet were used in writing the program. By
logging the data from the sensor and displaying it on the LCD Display, the
program will automatically read the data from the Arduino.
DHT11 Temperature and Humidity Sensor
DHT sensors come in different types, such as the DHT11, DHT21, DHT22,
DHT33, and DHT44. The difference is mostly in the accuracy and sampling
rate, which they all measure temperature and humidity. A side-by-side
comparison of DHT11 and DHT22, the two most popular sensors, is shown
in the table below. In terms of accuracy and range, the DHT22 is better, but it
has a slower sampling rate, is larger in size, and costs twice as much as the
DHT11.
Hardware required
Material Material name Number
diagram
LCD1602_IIC 1

DHT11 1

USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several

Connection
diagram
PIN Configure
Program
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>
LiquidCrystal lcd(4, 5, 0, 1, 2, 3);
byte degree_symbol[8] =
{
0b00111,
0b00101,
0b00111,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000,
0b00000
};
int gate=11;
volatile unsigned long duration=0;
unsigned char i[5];
unsigned int j[40];
unsigned char value=0;
unsigned answer=0;
int z=0;
int b=1;
void setup()
{

lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.print("Temp = ");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Humidity = ");
lcd.createChar(1, degree_symbol);
lcd.setCursor(9,0);
lcd.write(1);
lcd.print("C");
lcd.setCursor(13,1);
lcd.print("%");
}

void loop()
{

delay(1000);
while(1)
{
delay(1000);
pinMode(gate,OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(gate,LOW);
delay(20);
digitalWrite(gate,HIGH);
pinMode(gate,INPUT_PULLUP);//by default it will become high due to
internal pull up
// delayMicroseconds(40);

duration=pulseIn(gate, LOW);
if(duration <= 84 && duration >= 72)
{
while(1)
 {
duration=pulseIn(gate, HIGH);

if(duration <= 26 && duration >= 20){

value=0;}

else if(duration <= 74 && duration >= 65){

value=1;}

else if(z==40){
break;}

i[z/8]|=value<<(7- (z%8));
j[z]=value;
z++;
}
}
answer=i[0]+i[1]+i[2]+i[3];

if(answer==i[4] && answer!=0)

{
lcd.setCursor(7,0);
lcd.print(i[2]);
lcd.setCursor(11,1);
lcd.print(i[0]);
}

z=0;
i[0]=i[1]=i[2]=i[3]=i[4]=0;
}
}

Compile and Upload

To add these libraries to the Arduino library directory and pass the
compiler, follow the instructions in 'How to add libraries in Chapter 2'. In
order to make the LCD display or provide sufficient brightness, please adjust
the potentiometer as below.

As a first step, the Arduino transmits a high to low start signal to DHT11
after a 18s delay to ensure that this device is detected. Once the data line is up
and running, Arduino waits for the data from DHT to come in for a period of
20-40 seconds. With a time, delay of about 80s, DHT sends low voltage level
response signals to Arduino once it detects the start signal. A DHT controller
pulls up the data line and holds it for 80s for the purpose of arranging the data
transmission.
A low voltage level on the data bus indicates that the DHT11 is transmitting a
response. After this is complete, DHT performs data line pull-up for 80s
again to prepare data transmission.
Every bit of data is sent by DHT by 50s of low voltage level and length of
high voltage level signal determining if it is "0" or "1".

A key requirement is to make sure the pull up resistor is rated at 5K if DHT

sensor is placed at 20 meters distance. Pull up resistors of appropriate value
should be used when installing DHT at distances exceeding 20 meters.
Applications
Various applications for the DHT11 Humidity and Temperature
Sensor include:
The HVAC system consists of ventilation, heating, and air
conditioning (HVAC).
Utilized in Weather Stations
Medicinal equipment that measures humidity
Automation Systems for the Home
Weather control applications in automotive and other industries
Project 26: One digit 7 Segment Displays with an Arduino

Overview
In this project, the control of the LEDs is the same as the LED experiment,
however, the experiment can record time.

Pin definition
Embedded systems and industrial applications using one-digit seven segment
displays commonly known beforehand the range of outputs that will be
displayed. 0-9 numbers, and a few characters, can be displayed on this 7-
segment display. The types of 7 segment displays differ, for example the
number of characters and digits they can display varies. Basic 7 segment
displays can display only one character or one digit, and they are essentially
single units. In multiplexed 7 segment displays, 2 digits, 3 digits, or 4 digits
are shown through the multiplexing of single unit displays. You can connect
your Arduino to a 7-segment display very easily! We'll begin the tutorial
now.
In regards to the number of characters the 7-segment display can display, it
has many limitations. On the market are displays that are much more
advanced than seven segment displays; they are capable of displaying nearly
every alphabetical character. Suppose, for example, that you have a 16*2
LCD – which can display almost any ASCII character. It makes you wonder
why there are still 7 segment displays available on the market today. There is
no doubt that 7 segment displays represent the most affordable option among
display devices available. A 7 segment display capable of displaying one
digit or one character is available for one tenth the price of a LCD module.
The rectangular plastic package contains one of the LEDs' connection pins
which led out from its positional segment. The LED pins are labelled "a"
through "g", with each LED representing one of the individual LEDs. Each
LED pin is connected to another LED pin, forming a common pin. When
Forward Biased in a specific order, some LED segments will brighten but
others will remain dim, thus showing the corresponding character on the
display.
Displays are generally classified according to their common pins. Pin
connections consist of two types: one pin with cathodes connected and
another with anodes connected, indicating Common Cathode (CC) and
Common Anode (CA). CA displays have all the anodes connected to the
cathodes, while CC displays have all the cathodes connected to the anodes.
Hardware required
Material Material Number
Diagram
1 digit LED 1
Segment
Displays
220/330Ω 1
resistor
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
 Jumper wires few

Connection diagram
Note: Pay attention to the direction of digital tube Connection:
UNO SEG
R3
D3 -> C
D4 -> D
D5 -> E
D6 -> G
D7 -> F
D8 -> A
D9 -> B
GND -> COM
Program
// declaring an array of integers
int numbers[] = { 90, 150, 30 };
int a, b;

void setup() {
a = numbers[0] + numbers[1]; // Sets variable a to 240
b = numbers[1] + numbers[2]; // Sets variable b to 180
}
// different ways of declaring arrays of chars
char string1[15];
char string2[7] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!'};
char string3[7] = {'h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', '!', ''};
char string4[] = "hello there!";

int a = 10;

// allocates an array for holding 10 characters

// (last position is for holding the '' or NULL string terminator
char *string5 = new char[a+1];
...
// releases the memory space allocated for string5
delete [] string5;
Compile and upload
After uploading code, you can see the number on the digital tube increased
from 0 to 9. As you can see from the code given above, the Arduino code is
extremely simple and follows the beginners' approach. An array or other
advanced programming element can allow a program to be written in a
smaller number of lines. As you can see in the following lines, the pin names
for the segments have been assigned. Additionally, we have configured all
the outputs that we will be using. Counting 0-9 is accomplished with a for
loop, and switching between the relevant statements is achieved using a
switch statement.
 Project 27: Four Digit 7 Segment Display
Module (TM1637)
Overview:
A four-digit, seven-segment display (TM1637) will be used in this lesson.
Components:
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x 4 Digit 7-segment Display
1 x Breadboard
Several Jumpers wire
Principle
The yellow pin of the 7-segment display is connected to the power source
when the 7-segment display is common anode; and the red pin is connected
to the GND when the 7-segment display is common cathode. Anodes or
cathodes control the digits in a four-digit 7-segment display by the common
electrode. The principle of Persistence of Vision allows you to recognize all
numbers displayed even though only one digit is working since the scanning
speed is so fast that you barely notice the intervals between the numbers.
A TM1637 LED driver from Titan Micro Electronics is at the heart of the
module, In addition to being able to control LED brightness and ON/OFF
state, the TM1637 can access those segments individually. Additionally, the
LEDs can be made brighter by adjusting their brightness in software.
Furthermore, once the microcontroller updates the display, the TM1637 then
takes care of all the work of refreshing the display. The microcontroller can
then concentrate on other important tasks, since the overhead has been
removed.
Pin definition

Schematic
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program code

/*******************************************************
File name: 23_ Four Digital Seven Segment Display(TM1637) .ino
Description:
Let, four digital segment display.
********************************************************/
#include <TM1637Display.h>
const int CLK = 9; //Set the CLK pin connection to the display
const int DIO = 8; //Set the DIO pin connection to the display
int NumStep = 0; //Variable to interate
TM1637Display display(CLK, DIO); //set up the 4-Digit Display.
void setup() {
display.setBrightness(0x0a); //set the diplay to maximum brightness
}
void loop() {
for(NumStep = 0; NumStep < 9999; NumStep++) //Interrate NumStep
{
display.showNumberDec(NumStep); //Display the Variable value;
delay(500); //A half second delay between steps.
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 28: Heart-shaped display experiment with Arduino

Overview
Here you will learn about using an 8x8 dot matrix to make an animated
beating heart.
Pin definition

In this project, we will demonstrate the use of a MAX7219 8x8 LED matrix
with Arduino. We will do this by connecting an 8*8 LED matrix module to
an Arduino Uno board with a MAX7129 LED driver. 64 LEDs (Light
Emitting Diodes) make up an 8*8 LED matrix, which has eight rows and
eight columns. It is therefore known as a LED matrix.
Utilizing different Arduino codes, we will design and generate different LED
patterns; the patterns will be displayed on an LED matrix.

Material Material name Number Hardware required

diagram
8*8 Dot-matrix 1
Display
220/330Ω 8
resistor
USB Cable 1
UNO R3 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires Several
Connection diagram
Pin Configuration:

Note ： Some pin ports need connection resistance

Program
// Name: #define
// replaces COUNT with number 1000
// doesn't allocate ram for a variable
#define COUNT 1000

int i = 0;
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop()
{
if (i < COUNT) {
Serial.print("i = ");
Serial.println(i);
}
i = i+1;
// i will overflow to -32768 eventually
// printing again
}
// replaces MYLED with number 8

// doesn't allocate ram for a variable

#define MYLED 8

void setup()
{
pinMode(MYLED, OUTPUT);
}

void loop()
{
digitalWrite(MYLED, HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(MYLED, LOW);
delay(100);
}

// Name: unsigned char

unsigned char m; // Declare variable "m" of type char
m = 'A'; // Assign "m" the value "A"
m = 200; // Assign "m" the value 200

Compile and upload

Tips: By changing the “unsigned char table1 [8][8] = {}” or “unsigned char
table2[8][8] = {}” function, you can show various animations.
Result
You will see the heart beating animation after ensuring that the connection is
correct and uploading the code.
Project 29: Interfacing tilt sensor with Arduino
Overview:
The purpose of this lesson is to demonstrate the function of the tilt sensor
module, which is equipped with a tilt sensor and a potentiometer.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 x USB Cable
1 x Tilt Switch Module
1 x Breadboard
Several jumpers wire
Principle
These days, security alarms are built with tilt sensors. Individual tilt sensors
sense movement or angle of tilt. There are numerous mounting methods such
as threading, magnets, and adhesives for tilt sensors; the method it is used for
mounting may differ based on the type of surface being used.
PIN Configuration
Tilt Sensor Module Arduino
D0 2
G GND
+ 5v
For the Arduino to operate, the tilt sensor must be connected to 5v DC.
Arduino UNO is used to supply the 5V, and Pin 4 of the Arduino is used to
receive the tilt sensor's output. In order to limit the current to a safe level, the
LED is connected to PIN 2 of the Arduino UNO through a 220-ohm resistor.
In addition, the buzzer interacts directly with Arduino UNO Pin 3.
Procedure: Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 24 Interfacing tilt sensor with arduino. ino
**********************************************************/
const int sigPin = 2; // the number of the tilt switch pin
const int ledPin = 13; // the number of the LED pin
// variables will change:
boolean sigState = 0; // variable for reading the tilt switch status
void setup() {
// initialize the LED pin as an output:
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
// initialize the tilt switch pin as an input:
pinMode(sigPin, INPUT);
}
void loop() {
// read the state of the tilt switch value:
sigState = digitalRead(sigPin);
if (sigState == HIGH) {
// turn LED on:
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);
}
else {
// turn LED off:
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project 30: Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino
Overview:
The RC522 RFID Reader Module will be applied in this project to UNO R3.
These modules communicate with controllers like Arduino, Raspberry Pi,
beagle board, etc. through the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB cable
1 x Rc522 module
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:

With the MFRC522

reader you will have the ability to communicate with contactless technology
at 13.56 MHz while providing support for ISO 14443A / MIFARE®
compatibility
It can drive the reader or writer antenna of the MFRC522's inner transmitter
part with no extra active circuitry. Receivers are provided with demodulation
and decoding circuits that are robust enough to process signals from ISO/IEC
14443A/MIFARE® compatible cards and transponders. ISO/IEC 14443A
(Parity & CRC) specifies requirements for framing and error detection. In
addition to MIFARE Classic products, the MFRC522 supports devices
utilizing MIFARE® Standard. MIFARE® higher-speed wireless technology
supported by the MFRC522 enables faster communication with higher
transfer speeds of about 848 Kbit/s in both directions.
RFID WORKING
An RFID reader generates a high-frequency electromagnetic field, which
induces a voltage in the tag's antenna coil when it is in close proximity to it.
Consequently, the tag receives its power from this voltage. A reader reads the
signal from the tag, which then converts it to power

Schematic:
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program
/*************************************************
File name: 25- Interfacing RC522 RFID Module with Arduino.ino
Description:
Let, RFID module. **********************************/
#include <SPI.h>
#include <MFRC522.h>
#define RST_PIN 9 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above
#define SS_PIN 10 // Configurable, see typical pin layout above
MFRC522 mfrc522(SS_PIN, RST_PIN); // Create MFRC522 instance
#define NEW_UID {0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF}
MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // Initialize serial communications with the PC
while (!Serial); // Do nothing if no serial port is opened (added for Arduinos
based on ATMEGA32U4)
SPI.begin(); // Init SPI bus
mfrc522.PCD_Init(); // Init MFRC522 card
Serial.println(F("Warning: this example overwrites the UID of your UID
changeable card, use with care!"));
for (byte i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
key.keyByte[i] = 0xFF;
}
}
void loop() {
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !
mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial() ) {
delay(50);
return;
}
Serial.print(F("Card UID:"));
for (byte i = 0; i < mfrc522.uid.size; i++) {
Serial.print (mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i] < 0x10 ? " 0" : " ");
Serial.print(mfrc522.uid.uidByte[i], HEX);
}
Serial.println();
byte newUid[] = NEW_UID;
if ( mfrc522.MIFARE_SetUid(newUid, (byte)4, true) ) {
Serial.println (F ("Wrote new UID to card."));
}
mfrc522.PICC_HaltA();
if ( ! mfrc522.PICC_IsNewCardPresent() || !
mfrc522.PICC_ReadCardSerial() ) {
return;
}
Serial.println(F("New UID and contents:"));
mfrc522.PICC_DumpToSerial(&(mfrc522.uid));
delay(2000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
In this 13.56MHz RFID Card Reader Module based on MFRC522, there is a
low-cost RFID Reader Module that can be used for a wide range of
applications at a low price. An integrated reader/writer IC with a frequency of
13.56 MHz, the MFRC522 is suitable for contactless communication.
In the development of portable hand-held devices and smart meters, the NXP
RC522, a highly integrated RFID card reader working on non-contact
13.56mhz communication, is the best choice since it is low power, low cost
and compact in size.
Project 31: Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino
Overview:
This project will help you understand the Arduino using the HC-05 Bluetooth
module.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Bluetooth Module HC-05
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Bluetooth modules such as HC-05 (master/slave) allow Arduino to
communicate with other devices. Using it, the Arduino can connect to
smartphones, computers or other microcontrollers and exchange information
with them. With Bluetooth communication, you can control robots remotely,
view and store data remotely on your PC or smartphone inside your home,
for example.
PIN Configuration:
Key – Arduino Pin 9
Vcc – Arduino 5v
GND – Arduino GND
TXD – Arduino Pin 10
RXD – Arduino Pin 11
A Brief Introduction to Bluetooth Protocols and Communication
There are several wireless communication methods, such as NRF, ZigBee,
Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. PAN communication with Bluetooth protocol; a
wireless communication method with a maximum data rate of 1 Mb/S,
working on 2.4 G frequency, at a distance of up to 100 meters is a prevalent
method of wireless communication.
The HC05 Bluetooth module, usually used in electronics projects, is a serial
communications Bluetooth module. The following are important
specifications for the Bluetooth module HC05: An internal antenna is
included with the device. Automatic connection to the last device is available.
Bluetooth data transmission to Arduino
You can connect the HC05 module to a 5V voltage because it has an internal
3.3v regulator. The serial communication pins of the HC05 module operate at
3.3V, so we strongly recommend 3.3V voltage from the power supply.
Modules that receive 5V voltage may be damaged. A resistance division
circuit (5v to 3.3v) should be used between the Arduino TX and module RX
pins to prevent damage to the module. A blue and red LED on each board
blinks every 2 seconds when the master and slave are connected. When they
are not connected, only the blue light blinks every 2 seconds.
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit

Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 26 – Interfacing Bluetooth module HC-05 with Arduino Let,
Bluetooth module HC 05.
**********************************************************/
// This program shown how to control arduino from PC Via Bluetooth
// Connect ... // arduino>>bluetooth
// D11 >>> Rx // D10 >>> Tx
//Written By Mohannad Rawashdeh
//for http://www.genotronex.com/
// you will need arduino 1.0.1 or higher to run this sketch

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>// import the serial library

SoftwareSerial Genotronex(10, 11); // RX, TX
int ledpin=13; // led on D13 will show blink on / off
int BluetoothData; // the data given from Computer

void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once:
Genotronex.begin(9600);
Genotronex.println("Bluetooth On please press 1 or 0 blink LED ..");
pinMode(ledpin,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
if (Genotronex.available()) {
BluetoothData=Genotronex.read();
if(BluetoothData=='1') { // if number 1 pressed ....
digitalWrite(ledpin,1);
Genotronex.println("LED On D13 ON ! ");
}
if (BluetoothData=='0')
{ // if number 0 pressed ....
digitalWrite(ledpin,0);
Genotronex.println("LED On D13 Off ! ");
}}
delay(100); // prepare for next data ...
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
AT Commands
In general, typing the command AT+<command>? will prompt the saved
parameter (ex: AT+PSWD? will display the module PIN code). If you enter
AT+<command>=<Param>, you can set the parameter value(ex:
AT+PWSD=0000 to modify the PIN code to 0000).
Following is a list of AT commands:
If everything is setup correctly, enter AT in the serial monitor on the
Arduino IDE. If the communication was successful, it should show OK.
To change the component name, enter AT+NAME=<Param>. The
component should answer OK (Defaut HC-05, Ex: To modification the
name to BTM1 enter AT+NAME=BTM1).
To modify the PIN code, enter AT+PSWD=<Param> . The module
should answer OK(Default 1234 Ex: To change the PIN to 0000 enter
AT+PSWD=0000).
AT+ROLE=<Param> to midy the role of the module as slave or master
(Default 0, Ex: to change the role as master enter AT+ROLE=1, as slave
enter AT+ROLE=0).
To modify the baudrate, enter AT+UART=<Param1>,<Param2>,
<Param3> with Param1, 2 and 3 serial communication parameters:
baudrate, stop bit and parity bit respectively (By default,set to 9600,0,0.
Ex: to modify the baudrate to 115200 enter AT+UART=115200, 0, 0).
There are multiple AT commands available for the HC-05 Bluetooth
module on the Internet.
https://cdn.instructables.com/ORIG/FOR/4FP2/HKZAVRT6/FOR4FP2HKZAVRT6.pdf
Slave Configuration
To set the module as a slave, you can change the name as
AT+NAME=HC05-Slave and choose the communication parameters and the
PIN code that you want. You’ll need to make sure that master and slave as
the same communication parameters.
AT returns OK
AT+NAME=HC05-Slave
AT+UART=9600,0,0
 AT+ROLE=0
Enter AT+ADDR to obtain the module address (ex:
+ADDR:98d3:32:21450e)
Master Configuration
The slave module needs to be made master by changing the module's role and
setting the same communication parameters as the master module.
AT returns OK
AT+NAME=HC05-Master
AT+UART=9600,0,0
AT+ROLE=1
The slave module address must be entered in the master module to allows it
to appair: AT+BIND=98d3,32,21450e (replace dots “:” by coma “,”)
How do these AT commands work?
Hayes developed a simple command language from 1981 until 1984 to
control his smart modem, eventually combining a series of short text strings
into instructions for tasks strings which can be combined to produce
commands for operations such as dialing, hanging up, and changing the
parameters of the connection. It is from this point that the idea of enhancing
the Hayes set or the AT commands set and interacting with more devices
with a prefix character is born.
You can interface the Bluetooth modules with AT commands in order to set
their parameters like the other devices. For this reason, before we can use AT
commands on a Bluetooth module, it must first be switched to AT mode. This
tutorial will use the HC-05 and HC-06 Bluetooth modules, which are the
most common Bluetooth modules. If you use a breakout board, you can tell
the difference between these two Bluetooth from the pins
Project 32: Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino - To measure
Temperature
Overview:
In this project, we will look at an implementation of the Thermistor Sensor
Module that takes temperature information and converts it into output signals.
Components:
1 x Arduino Uno
1 x USB Cable
1 x Thermal sensor
1 x Breadboard
Jumper wires
Principle:
Temperature is sensed using Thermistor Sensor Module that gives off output
signals. There are two different pins associated with it, each labelled as AO
or DO on the board. Semiconductor materials are used in Thermistor Sensor
Module. NTC thermistors generally have a negative resistance when
subjected to a temperature increase, i.e., they will have negative electrical
resistance if their body temperature increases. An adjustment potentiometer
has been involved in this module to modify the thermistor's sensitivity
towards temperature.
Configure:
Thermistor Arduino
A0 A5
D0 -
G GND
+ 5v
Procedure:
Step 1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Program: Open /Copy the code from the “CODE” Folder
/**********************************************************
File name: 27 – Interfacing Thermistor Module with Arduino:
To measure Temperature Let, Thermistor sensor module
**********************************************************/
void setup(){
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
unsigned int AnalogValue;
AnalogValue = analogRead(A5);
Serial.println(AnalogValue);
delay(1000);
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Project: 33: DC Motor Direction Control
Overview:
With these projects we have examined how DC Motors can be controlled to
drive forward or to reverse through the use of RGB LEDs.
Components
1 x Arduino UNO
1 X USB Cable
1 x Breadboard
1 x RGB LED
1 x Push Button
1 x Dc Motor
1 x 10kΩ Resistor
Jumper wires
Principle:
Make the RGB LED into the motion indicator and control the rotation of the
DC Motor either clockwise or counter clockwise. There are DC Motors in
everything, from electronic equipment to toys, fans, tools, discs, and pumps.
A DC motor is an actuator that converts DC energy into rotational motion. It
is possible to get a DC motor in different designs: Brushed DC motor,
Brushless DC motor, Geared DC motor, Servo motor, Stepper motor and DC
Linear Actuator.
In different applications such as robotics, precision positioning, and industrial
automation, different types of motors are used.
Motor Driver ICs are used to supply the necessary current to run any DC
motor in a microcontroller-based system. The IC is what drives the DC
motor. They can also control the speed of the motor. Using Arduino as the
motor driver IC, the project aims to control the speed and direction of a DC
motor without the use of an IC.
It is not possible to connect a DC Motor to a Microcontroller since the output
current of the Microcontroller is very small and can't drive the motor.
Applications
 A single DC motor can be driven with this circuit without Motor
Driver IC.
It is possible to implement dual H-bridges and connect two motors in
the circuit.
Control of speed and direction of single motors can be achieved by
using this device in simple robotics applications.

Schematic:
The main processing unit of the project is the Arduino. A0 is the Analog Pin
of the Arduino connected to the wiper terminal of the POT. The other
terminals of the POT are connected to Vcc and GND. On the circuit diagram
you can see four transistors connected together.
They connect together as an H - bridge when the load, i.e., DC motor, is in
the middle. In a backward direction, transistor Q1 is the dominant
component, while transistor Q3 is dominant.
Inputs to the transistors are provided by the Arduino. The Arduino pins 3 and
2 are connected to Q4's base and Q1/Q4's base, respectively. A pin 5 is
connected to the base of Q2, and a pin 4 is connected to the base of Q3. A
total of four 1K resistors are used to connect each pin.
We can generate back EMF from DC motors when we change their direction,
as they are inductive loads. The two collectors and emitters of each transistor
are connected together through four diodes in order to eliminate any back
EMF.
Procedure:

Step
1: Build the circuit
Step 2: Write a Program
/**********************************************************
File name: 28 DC Motor Direction Control.ino Description:
Let, DC motor control by RGB LED.
*********************************************************/
const int inputPin=1;
const int blue=3;
const int red=4;
const int motorPin1=5, motorPin2=6;
int dir = LOW;
int prevState=0, currentState=0;
void setup() {
pinMode(inputPin, INPUT);
pinMode(motorPin1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(motorPin2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(blue, OUTPUT);
pinMode(red, OUTPUT);
}
void loop () {
currentState=digitalRead(inputPin);
if (currentState!= prevState)
{
if (currentState == HIGH)
{
}
}
prevState = currentState;
if (dir==HIGH)
{
digitalWrite(motorPin1,HIGH);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,LOW);
digitalWrite(blue,HIGH);
digitalWrite(red,LOW);
}
else {
digitalWrite(motorPin1,LOW);
digitalWrite(motorPin2,HIGH);
digitalWrite(blue,LOW);
digitalWrite(red,HIGH);
}
}
Step 3: Compile the program and upload to Arduino UNO board.
Summary
The following chapter should be quite interesting to you, and we presume
that you have practiced more than 30 Arduino Project Ideas as they will be
useful to you in building your dream project. In upcoming sessions, we will
cover How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues as well as how to
repurpose your old Arduino.
 CHAPTER 5
How to Troubleshoot and Fix Arduino Issues

There are times when your Arduino program and your hardware won't
function as expected. There are a number of causes to this problem, including
software or hardware incompatibility. Using this section, you can
troubleshoot Arduino or ESP8266 and solve hardware and software related
problems.
Can’t Load Programs on Arduino
The right board should make it easy for you to load programs once the
computer program is configured correctly. There are several reasons for why
codes cannot be loaded into the system.
An unknown problem may result from using the incorrect port, using the
wrong drivers, or missing the right drivers. Physical connection problems or
issues with the device's firmware can give rise to hardware problems.
Solution: Verify that the board model is compatible with the configured
model

As a first solution, you should confirm that you have configured the Arduino
model on the program properly. The program's users often select the incorrect
board type. If you haven't already done so, verify the model used within the
Arduino software by going to Tools > Board. You can then reload the code
to see if it was loaded when you selected the right board type.
Also, make sure the board has the right type of microcontroller. Many
Arduino boards, particularly the older ones, feature the ATmega160
microcontroller. In the newer models, an ATmega328 is used. Look at the
board's microcontroller and choose it on the device if you aren't sure which
one to select.
There are also many reasons why the code can't be loaded, such as driver
issues. Make sure the serial port driver is installed by going to Tools > Serial
Port. Make sure to verify this information with a computer connected to the
board.
Your computer's device manager is another place to look. Identify any items
in the device that are marked yellow or unidentified. It might be the Arduino-
specific driver that is causing the problem if you are unaware of the drivers
that are causing the problem. If you need to install a new driver, you can
access its properties and install it by accessing its driver installation tab.
Review the previous chapter for more information about installing drivers.
Solution: Ensure a Functioning Arduino
When the device isn't powered, it may not be detected by your computer. By
viewing its LED, you can determine whether the board itself is receiving
power. There must be some sort of problem with the electric system if it isn't
working. Check the power supply source to see if it's functioning.

Those boards with dual power options need to be set to receive power from
the appropriate source. In the case of USB power, look for a jumper direction
that points towards the side of the USB connector, which means the system
should be powered by this connector. To fix it, re-plug it after disconnecting
it, setting the jumper to ground, and resetting it to power. The LED indicator
should turn on to let you know if it is functioning.
Solution: Reset the Device
Arduino boards come with a reset button, which can be useful if you run into
problems loading codes. By pressing the reset button, the board can be reset.
Hold the button down for several seconds and then reset it. If it doesn't work
after waiting for a few minutes, reload the program.
Solution: Diagnose USB Connection Problem
In most cases, the inconsistency is caused by the hardware itself. If the data
pathway itself is down, the code transfer will not be completed. Change your
USB cable to solve this problem. Diagnosis of the cable problem can be done
in a variety of ways. The board may not be detected if it is plugged into your
computer with the wrong cable. Verify through the Arduino program whether
or not your board has the serial port that should be assigned.
Arduino Software is Not Working

There are times when programs don't perform as expected. Arduino

software that doesn't load correctly has probably been installed on the
computer with an outdated or incorrect version compared to what the
operating system requires. A computer program should not be
installed if it is incompatible with your system. For this case, you
should uninstall the program, download a newer installer, and
reinstall.

There's also the possibility that you're using a third-party Arduino

program. Programs developed by third parties should work as
advertised by Arduino developers. Install the new third-party
application after uninstalling the current one

The official website of the developer. Downloading a file from

another source is not recommended. Installation is as simple as
extracting and installing.

If the previous solution does not work, you can download the
Arduino program. Upon installing the program, make sure it is
loaded
Arduino Software is Freezing and Crashing
It is caused by a program inconsistency that causes Arduino software to
freeze. Programs installed with peripherals, drivers, or other files can conflict
with conflicting programs. By using MS-Config, identify likely conflicting
programs. Disable Start-up programs and services by loading this utility.
Load Arduino software and restart your computer. You might have an issue
with one of your starts up programs, even if the Arduino program loaded
flawlessly. Identify the cause of the problem by testing each program and
service. The result will be necessary to prevent lagging before you can load
Arduino software.
Although the program does not freeze or crash, sometimes it runs slowly.
Additionally, a device on your computer may be causing this issue. It is most
commonly caused by installation of the COM port interfering with loading.
To troubleshoot and disable program causes, use MS-Config again. Connect
all of your computers' other devices to your computer before turning it off.
Connect the device to the computer once it has been turned on. Try opening
the program and taking a look at how it responds.
Don’t Throw Damaged Arduino

Beginners have a high risk of damaging an Arduino PCB q43. This is part of
the learning process, so don't worry about it.
Never discard a board after it has been damaged. It still has value as a way
for you to become familiar with its components. In order to understand how
its parts are assembled, it's recommended that you take it apart. When you are
ready to build a custom board, this information will come in handy.
Essential Resources

1. Arduino Official Home Page https://www.arduino.cc/ Info on

hardware, some libraries for sensors, the integrated development
environment (IDE) and reference material on commands and
structures
2. www.instructables.com : Info on DIY projects prepared by others
3. Arduino Official Project Pages https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub
4. https://learn.adafruit.com Adafruit makes many shields and sensors,
and they have tutorials for almost everything they carry
5. http://www.arduinoclassroom.com/index.php/arduino-101 Arduino
Classroom is currently doing an intro series on Arduinos. Check it
for updates and more topics in the future
6. http://playground.arduino.cc/ Arduino playground is the wiki run by
the Arduino Company for its products. There is a lot of helpful
information on almost everything imaginable here.
7. Github Arduino Page
https://github.com/arduino/Arduino
8. Hackster Arduino Page
https://www.hackster.io/arduino
9. Hackster Arduino Projects https://www.hackster.io/arduino/projects
10. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-
projects
11. Electronics Hub Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-project-ideas/
12. Electronics for u Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicsforu.com/arduino-projects-ideas
13. Home of Make Magazine, which has lots of Arduino projects
www.makezine.com
14. Arduino Projects by All about circuits dot com
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/projects/category/arduino
15. Arduino Projects by How to mechatronics dot com
https://howtomechatronics.com/arduino-projects/
16. Arduino Official YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/Arduino/videos
 Bibliography

[1]. Arduino official web site https://www.arduino.cc/

[2]. Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry;
2nd Ed; Jeremy Blum; Wiley; 512 pages; 2019;
[3]. Fritzing. Project web site: http://fritzing.org/
[4]. Programming Arduino Next Steps: Going Further with Sketches; 2nd Ed;
Simon Monk; McGraw-Hill Education; 320 pages; 2018;
[5]. Arduino. Project web site: https://www.arduino.cc
[6]. J. Fraden. Handbook of modern sensors. Springer Verlag, Berlin, third
edition, 2004.
[7]. Hackster Arduino Page https://www.hackster.io/arduino
[8]. Arduino Workshop: A Hands-On Introduction with 65 Projects; 1st Ed;
John Boxall; No Starch Press; 392 pages; 2013;
[9]. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-projects
[10]. Arduino For Dummies; 2nd Ed; John Nussey; John Wiley & Sons; 400
pages; 2018;
[11]. Arduino Official YouTube Channel
https://www.youtube.com/c/Arduino/videos
[12]. Make: Getting Started with Arduino; 3rd Ed; Massimo Banzi, Michael
Shiloh; Make Community; 262 pages; 2014;
[13]. Hackster Arduino Page https://www.hackster.io/arduino
[14]. Programming Arduino: Getting Started With Sketches; 2nd Ed;
[15]. Electronics for u Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicsforu.com/arduino-projects-ideas
[16]. Simon Monk; McGraw-Hill Education; 192 pages; 2016
[17]. Circuit digest Arduino Projects https://circuitdigest.com/arduino-
projects
[18]. Beginning C for Arduino: Learn C Programming for the Arduino; 2nd
Ed; Jack Purdum; Apress; 388 pages; 2015;
[19]. Github Arduino Page https://github.com/arduino/Arduino
[20]. Electronics Hub Arduino Project Ideas
https://www.electronicshub.org/arduino-project-ideas/
[21]. Hackster Arduino Projects https://www.hackster.io/arduino/projects
[22]. Arduino: A Quick Start Guide; 2nd Ed; Maik Schmidt; Pragmatic
Bookshelf; Pragmatic Bookshelf; 323 pages; 2015;
[23]. Home of Make Magazine, which has lots of Arduino projects
www.makezine.com
[24]. Arduino Projects by How to mechatronics dot com
https://howtomechatronics.com/arduino-projects/
[25]. Make: Sensors; 1st Ed; Tero Karvinen, Kimmo Karvinen, Ville
Valtokari; Make Community; 400 pages; 2014;
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Arsath Natheem is an Indian Biomedical Engineer and YouTuber

who works primarily in the field of Data Science, He is best known for his
multimedia presentation regard "How Biomedical Engineers Save the lives"
displayed at VCET in Tamilnadu, he was honored best project award for
Human Interaction Intelligence Robot as Personal Assistance, and IoT Based
Voice Recognition Robot for defenses, also presented his project at
Adhiyamaan CET and won the first prize. He participated project competition
at Madras institute of technology (MIT) in Chennai, He completed his
Undergraduate Degree at VCET, and He Enthusiast in R&D at Data Science
and Online Content Creation, now he working on Amazon as a Self-
Publishing Author and Technical Writer.
.
ONE LAST THING…
If you enjoyed this book or found it useful, I’d be very grateful if you’d post
a short review on Amazon. Your support really does make a difference and I
read all the reviews personally so I can get your feedback and make this book
even better.
If you’d like to leave a review, then all you need to do is click the review link
on this book’s page on Amazon.com
Thanks again for your support