Here are concise answers to the questions related to Automobile Engineering:

(I) Features of a good quality clutch:

 High torque transmission capacity.

 Smooth engagement and disengagement.

 Minimum wear and tear.

 Low maintenance requirements.

 Vibration and noise reduction.

(II) What is a universal joint?

A universal joint is a mechanical coupling that allows the transmission of torque and rotational
motion between two shafts that are not in a straight line, accommodating angular misalignments.

(III) What is the sprung weight?

Sprung weight refers to the portion of a vehicle's weight supported by the suspension system,
including the body, engine, and chassis.

(IV) What causes vapor lock in a brake system?

Vapor lock occurs when the brake fluid overheats and vaporizes, causing air bubbles that hinder the
transfer of hydraulic pressure, leading to brake failure.

(V) Wind or air resistance depends on which factors?

 Vehicle speed.

 Frontal area of the vehicle.

 Aerodynamic shape (drag coefficient).

 Air density.

(VI) What is Morse test?

The Morse test is used to determine the indicated power of each cylinder in a multi-cylinder engine
by measuring the total engine power and then progressively cutting off each cylinder.

(VII) Why mufflers are necessary?

Mufflers are essential to reduce engine noise by attenuating sound waves generated by exhaust
gases as they exit the engine.

(VIII) How are ignition systems classified?

 Based on operation: Battery ignition, Magneto ignition.

 Based on control: Conventional ignition, Electronic ignition.

(IX) What is a steering ratio?

The steering ratio is the ratio of the angle turned by the steering wheel to the angle turned by the
wheels of the vehicle, indicating how easy it is to steer.

(X) What is "hydraulic torque converter"?

A hydraulic torque converter is a fluid coupling device used in automatic transmissions to transfer
power from the engine to the transmission while multiplying torque.
(XI) What are the various universal joints in use?

 Hooke’s joint (Single and double).

 Constant velocity joints (Rzeppa joint, Tripod joint).

(XII) What is the purpose of the tie rod in the rear end suspension?
The tie rod helps maintain proper alignment of the wheels, ensuring accurate steering control and
stability.

Let me know if you need detailed explanations for any question!

2. Importance of Lubrication in an Automobile Engine

Importance of lubrication:

 Reduces friction: Minimizes wear and tear between moving parts.

 Prevents overheating: Reduces heat generated due to friction.

 Protects against corrosion: Coats components, preventing oxidation and rust.

 Seals gaps: Ensures proper sealing, improving engine efficiency.

 Cleans the engine: Carries away contaminants and debris.

Types of lubrication systems used in an automobile engine:

1. Splash system: Oil is splashed onto moving parts by a rotating component.

2. Pressure system: A pump delivers oil under pressure to specific engine parts.

3. Combination system: Uses both splash and pressure lubrication for different parts.

3. What is 'Ignition Advance'? What are the factors that affect its variation?

Ignition Advance:-Ignition advance refers to the timing of the spark before the piston reaches the
top dead center (TDC) during the compression stroke. It ensures complete combustion of the air-fuel
mixture for maximum efficiency.

Factors affecting ignition advance:

1. Engine speed: Higher speeds require earlier ignition to allow time for combustion.

2. Load conditions: Under heavy load, less advance is needed to prevent knocking.

3. Fuel quality: Low-octane fuels require less advance to avoid pre-ignition.

4. Engine temperature: High temperatures may lead to detonation, requiring reduced advance.

5. Compression ratio: Higher compression ratios need optimized timing to avoid knocking.
4. Types of Front Axles and Stub Axle Description

Types of front axles:-1.Live front axle: Transmits power to the front wheels. 2.Dead front axle:
Supports the weight but does not transmit power.

Stub Axle Description:-A stub axle is a short axle that supports each front wheel independently. It is
mounted on the front axle beam and provides a pivot for steering.

Types of stub axles:

1. Elliot type: Uses a kingpin and a C-clamp.

2. Reverse Elliot type: Opposite of Elliot type.

3. Lamoine type: Features an L-shaped spindle.

4. Reverse Lamoine type: Opposite of Lamoine type.

Sketch:

5. Principle of Automatic Transmission System

Principle:-Automatic transmission operates on the principle of hydraulic torque multiplication and

gear ratio changes. It uses a torque converter and a planetary gear system to provide variable power
and speed without manual clutch operation.

Working:

1. The torque converter transmits power from the engine to the transmission fluidly.

2. Planetary gears adjust gear ratios based on vehicle speed and load, automatically shifting
gears using hydraulic pressure.

3. The control system ensures smooth transitions between gears, optimizing performance.

6. Construction and Working of Universal Joints

Construction:

 A universal joint consists of:

o Two yokes (attached to shafts).

o A central cross-shaped member (spider).

 o Bearings at the ends of the cross.

Working:

 The universal joint connects two shafts at an angle, transmitting rotary motion.

 As one shaft rotates, the cross transmits motion to the other shaft while accommodating
angular misalignment.

Sketch:

7. (a) Applications, Advantages, and Disadvantages of Air Cooling System

Applications:

 Motorcycles and scooters.

 Small cars and trucks in warmer climates.

 Portable generators, lawn mowers, and chainsaws.

Advantages:

1. Lightweight and compact.

2. Requires less maintenance (no coolant or radiator needed).

3. Better performance in extreme cold environments.

4. Suitable for smaller engines.

Disadvantages:

1. Less efficient cooling compared to liquid systems, especially in hot climates.

2. Uneven cooling may lead to thermal stress in larger engines.

3. Noisy due to air circulation.

7. (b) Crankcase Ventilation in Automobile Engines

Crankcase ventilation removes harmful gases (blow-by gases) from the crankcase to prevent pressure
build-up and contamination of engine oil.

How it is achieved:
  Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) system:

1. A PCV valve controls the flow of gases from the crankcase.

2. These gases are rerouted to the intake manifold and burned in the combustion
chamber.

3. This reduces emissions and ensures better engine efficiency.

8. (a) Purpose and Types of Ignition Systems

Purpose:
The ignition system ignites the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber at the right time to
ensure efficient engine operation.

Types:

1. Conventional ignition system: Battery and coil ignition, Magneto ignition.

2. Electronic ignition system: Transistorized coil ignition, Capacitor discharge ignition.

8. (b) Conventional Battery Ignition System

Working:

1. The battery provides current to the ignition coil.

2. The coil steps up the voltage to ignite the air-fuel mixture.

3. A distributor directs the high-voltage spark to the correct cylinder via the spark plug.

Diagram:
8. (c) Advantages and Disadvantages of Magneto Ignition System

Advantages:

1. Self-contained; no external power source needed.

2. Reliable for high-speed engines.

3. Compact and durable.

Disadvantages:

1. Initial cost is high.

2. Difficult to maintain and repair.

3. Less efficient at low speeds.

9. Factors of Wheel Alignment

Key factors:

1. Camber: Angle of the wheel when viewed from the front.

2. Caster: Angle of the steering axis when viewed from the side.

3. Toe: Angle of the wheels relative to each other when viewed from above.

4. Kingpin inclination: Angle of the kingpin axis with the vertical.

Diagram:
Shows camber, caster, and toe angles with proper labeling.

10. (a) Torque Tube Type Propeller Shaft

Description:

 Uses a single universal joint and an enclosed torque tube.

 The tube transmits torque and absorbs thrust from the rear axle.

Diagram:
10. (b) Hotchkiss Type Propeller Shaft

Description:

 Uses two universal joints and an open propeller shaft.

 Rear axle thrust is absorbed by leaf springs.

Diagram:
Includes the propeller shaft, universal joints, and leaf springs.

11. (a) Single Plate Clutch

Working:

1. The clutch consists of a friction plate between the flywheel and pressure plate.

2. When the clutch pedal is pressed, the clutch disengages, separating the engine from the
transmission.

3. Releasing the pedal engages the clutch, transmitting power.

11. (b) Constant Mesh Gearbox

Working:

1. All gears are constantly meshed with their respective counterparts.

2. Gear shifting is achieved using dog clutches that engage the desired gear.

3. Provides smoother gear transitions compared to sliding mesh.