SRM VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SRM NAGAR, KATTANKULATHUR – 603 203.

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Subject : ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERFERENCE &COMPATIBILITY
UNIT I EMI/EMC CONCEPTS

1. What is meant by electromagnetic compatibility?

EMC means "an electronic or electrical product shall work as intended in its environment. The
electronic or electrical product shall not generate electromagnetic disturbances, which may influence other
products". In other words, EMC deals with problems of noise emission as well as noise immunity of
electronic and electrical products and systems.

2. Define ESD.
Electrostatic discharge is a natural phenomenon in which the static electric charges are discharged, that
is, been transferred to any other devices or electronic device. This discharge produces electromagnetic
interference. Example:
i. when walking across a nylon carpet with rubber soled shoes can cause a static charge on the body
ii. if an electric device such as keyboard touched, static charge may be transferred to the device and arc is
created between the finger tips and device.

3. What are the three criteria to be satisfied by any system to become electromagnetically compatible?
i. It does not cause interference from other systems
ii. It is not a susceptible to emissions from other systems
iii. It does not cause interference with itself

4. How do you prevent emission?

• Avoid unnecessary switching operations. Necessary switching should be done as slowly as technically
possible.
• Noisy circuits (with a lot of switching activity) should be physically separated from the rest of the
design.
• Design for operation at lower signal levels, reducing the energy available for emission.

5. Why is EMC a vital problem?

An EMC problem (or Electromagnetic compatibility problem) occurs when an electronic or
electromagnetic system is adversely affected by the high field strengths produced by a radio transmitter.
EMC problems are not due to defects in the transmitter, and so do not necessarily require improvements in
the radio transmitter design, such as reducing its radiated harmonics. EMC problems can have a range of
effects on equipment, and there are ways to mitigate or eliminate them in practice.

Prepared By: SR 1
 6. Why do we feel electric shock at times, when we touch TV and Computer monitors?
Static electricity charge can build up on your body for lots of reasons, including the clothes you are
wearing, what items you have rubbed against or been in contact with, and atmospheric conditions such as
the humidity level and charge accumulated on it so that we get shock from TV.

7. List the sources of EMI.

1. Natural- i. Terrestrial. Ex: lightning , ESD; ii. Celestial Ex:solar, cosmic rays.
2. Man made
3. Equipment- i. Systems Ex: appliances such as microwave ovens, vacuum cleaner, automobile
ignition; ii. Circuits and components Ex: switches, relays, filters.

8. What is conducted coupling of EMI?

The conduction coupling between an emitter and a receptor occurs via a direct conduction path
between the emitter and receptor. Examples of such coupling are:
• Interferences can be carried by power supply lines when emitter and receptor operate from the same power
supply line. For example, common mains power supply is a frequent source of conducted interference.
• Interferences are also carried from emitter to receptor by signal or control lines, which are connected
between the two.

9. A bike started or a mixie under running condition disturbs a TV receivers functioning. Why?
The noise generated by another device pass out through ac power cord placed on the household ac power
system and are radiated and picked up by the TV that show up as interference.

10. Draw an equivalent circuit model for electrostatic discharge.

11. What are the various type of radiation coupling in EMI?

The radiation coupling between an emitter and a receptor results from a transfer of Electromagnetic
energy through a radiation path. Various types of radiation coupling are:
• Coupling of natural and similar electromagnetic environment to the receptor, such as a power line. The
power transmission line here acts as a receiving antenna. A receptor may also receive electromagnetic
environmental noise or interference through exposed connectors (or connections) and from exposed signal
or other lines in the equipment or circuit.
• Coupling of electromagnetic energy from nearby equipment via direct radiation.

Prepared By: SR 2
 12. What is conducted interference?
Typical sources of conducted interference include switching power supplies, ac motors, and
microprocessors. In short, just about any electrical and electronic device has the potential to generate
conducted interference.

13. Is it possible to develop circuit models of EMI?

Yes, it is possible to develop a circuit model, for example, digital circuits (buffer), ESD.

14. Name the two factors that tend to affect the amount of interference that would otherwise be
transmitted along a conducted path.
EMI or RFI propagate through conduction over signal and power lines and through radiation in free
space. Uncontrolled conductive path and radiated near/ far fields cause EMI.

15. Define EMI and EMC.

EMI-It consists of any unwanted conducted or radiated signals of electric origin that can cause
degradation in system or equipment performance.
EMC-It is the ability of the system to function as designed without any degradation in performance
due to EMI within the operational environment

16. What is transient suppression?

It may be a separate component, the source impedance of the transient generator, or the impedance
of the wiring, or PCB traces to the device. The network consists of both the series and shunt element.
Shunt element could be a linear device such as a capacitor, it is a non-linear break down device that
has a large impedance during normal circuit operation and lower impedance when a high voltage transient
is present, thus shunting the transient current to the ground.
Series element is used to limit the transient current through the shunt device and as a result of the
voltage divider it will reduce the voltage applied to the protected circuit.

17. How to classify EMI/EMC?

Equipment noise – Electromagnetic interactions in circuit and systems.
Natural Noise – Terrestrial and Celestial Noise

18. What are the different units of parameters for the measurements of EMI?
Voltage: Volt=103(mv)=106 microvolts
dBV = dB above 1 volt reference level; dBmV = dB above 1 millivolt reference level.
Current: Amps=103milliamps=106 microamps
Power: Watts=103milliwatts=106 microwatts=1012 picowatts
Electric field: volts per meter, dBv/meter, dBmv/meter, etc.
Magnetic field (B =μ H) : Tesla = webers/m = 104 Gauss
Source strength of weak celestial sources: Flux unit (FU) = -260 dBW/m2/Hz

Prepared By: SR 3
 19. What are CE and RE?
Conducted Emission: It is to restrict the noise current passing out through the products AC power
cord. Noise current is placed on the common power net and will therefore radiate quiet efficiently which
can produce the interference.
Radiated Emission: The radiated electric field for the commercial test (FCC,CISPER22) it is to be
measured either at open area test site (OATS) or in semi anechoic chamber (SAC). SAC is a shielded
room having radio frequency absorber material on the sides and at the top of the room to prevent
reflections and simulate free space.

20. What is EMP? What do you understand about the effect of EMI on secured communications?
Electromagnetic pulse is highly intense compared to any natural sources. Such a pulse may occur in
the form of a radiated, electric or magnetic field or conducted electrical current depending on the source,
and may be natural or man-made. EMP interference is generally damaging to electronic equipment, and at
higher energy levels a powerful EMP event such as a lightning strike can damage physical objects such as
buildings and aircraft structures.
To prevent the interception of electromagnetic emission by unauthorized persons. For Ex: To
determine what is being typed on an electronic typewriter by monitoring its electromagnetic emission. It
is also possible of direct interception of radiated emission from which the content of the communication or
data can be determined which is referred to as TEMPEST.

Prepared By: SR 4
 UNIT II EMI COUPLING PRINCIPLES

1. List out the types of coupling between cables./List the EMI coupling methods.
Inductive coupling: The inductive coupling between two loops (current carrying conductors) is
predominant in low series impedance circuits and at lower frequencies.
Capacitive coupling: The capacitive transfer of interference occurs in the presence of high impedance
to ground, and is more predominant at higher frequencies.

2. Define Ground coupled Interference.

It is defined as the electromagnetic interference resulting from an electromagnetic disturbance coupled
from one circuit to another through a common earth or ground return path.

3. Define edge rate.

Edge rate is rise and fall time of the signal. Low speed devices are specified to meet radiated emissions
standards without the use of shielded or impedance controlled cables. This requirement places tight
restrictions on the rise and fall times of the signaling. The signal edge rate should not be achieved by
relying on the cable capacitance. Doing so permits high frequency energy onto the driver end of the
cable, causing the cable to radiate that is coupling occur.

4. What is / Define transient coupling?

It is the mechanism of coupling of electromagnetic energy or disturbances between closely spaced
wires or multiconductor lines. Such coupling takes place through a magnetic field and an electric field.
Sufficiently strong electromagnetic fields radiated into the atmosphere can couple electromagnetic
energy or disturbances into exposed transmission lines such as the power supply lines or exposed wire
communication lines.

5. Define cross talk with reference to EMI/EMC design issues?

This essentially refers to the unintended electromagnetic coupling between wires and PCB lands that are
in close proximity which is becoming a significant mechanism for interference in modern digital
systems. Crosstalk is distinguished from antenna coupling in that it is a near- field coupling problem.

6. Define ‘Ground’ with respect to working on electrical gadgets.

Grounding is a technique that provides a low-resistance path between electrical or electronic
equipment and the earth or common reference low-impedance plane to bypass fault current or EMI
 signal. Thus, electrical grounding is essential for the protection of personnel against electrical shock, fire
threat because of insulation burnout from lightning or electrical short circuit, and protection of equipment
and systems against electromagnetic interference (EMI).

7. What is electromagnetic emission?

The phenomenon by which energy in the form of electromagnetic waves emanates from a source into
space is called as electromagnetic emission. Energy transferred through space in the form of
electromagnetic waves.

8. How does one avoid power mains interference?

You can reduce the risk of interference within your home by only buying compliant electrical products
and by carefully following installation instructions when setting up equipment.

9. Why is a limit on the lower frequency portion of the conducted emission and which is the standard
followed during the testing accordingly?
The primary reason that conducted emissions are regulated is that electromagnetic energy that is coupled
to a product’s power cord can find its way to the entire power distribution network that the product is
connected to and use the larger network to radiate more efficiently than the product could by itself.
Other electronic devices can then receive the electromagnetic interference through a radiated path (or,
much less frequently, a direct electrical connection).

10. What are the steps in the procedure to analyze EMP susceptibility?
1) Conducted emission, 2) radiated emission, 3) transient EMI

11. What allows a conductive transfer to occur?

The conductive transfer occurs between an emitter and a receptor via a direct conduction path.
Following two medium allows conductive transfer to occur:1) Interferences can be carried by power
supply lines when emitter and receptor operate from the same power supply line. For example,
common mains power supply is a frequent source of conducted interference. 2) Interferences are also
carried from emitter to receptor by signal or control lines, which are connected between the two.

12. What does coupling mean?

The phenomenon of transfer of electromagnetic energy from an emitter to receptor in an equipment
system or device is known as coupling. Coupling through a radiation path is termed as radiation coupling
whereas coupling via direct conduction path is named as conduction coupling.

13. What is mean by ground loop coupling? / What is GLC?

Ground loops, at times, can be a source of noise and interference. When multiple ground points are
separated by a large distance and are connected to the ac power ground, or when low-level analog circuits
are used, the type of coupling called ground loop coupling.
14. Draw common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) coupling in circuits.
Differential mode filter:

Common mode filter:

Common-mode filters (a) phase-to-ground (b)phase-to-phase (c) L-section with balun inductor

15. List the drawbacks of various coupling mechanisms.

1) In radiation coupling the power transmission line acts as a receiving antenna. A receptor may also
receive electromagnetic environmental noise or interference through exposed connectors (or
connections) and from exposed signal or other lines in the equipment or circuit.
 2) In case of ground-loop coupling, problems occur at low frequency, under 100 kHz, and they are
usually associated with sensitive analog circuits, such as audio or instrumentation systems. The classic
example of this is 50/60-Hz hum coupling into an audio system.

16. Brief about power supply and power main coupling?

Power supply
The primary source of conducted emissions is generally the power supply of the product.
There are two primary functions of power supply:
1) linear power supplies - For many years the linear power supply was the predominant method for
converting the ac commercial power to the dc voltages needed to power the electronic devices of the
product.
2) switched mode power supplies(SMPS)- This is frequently referred to as a “switcher.” Switching
power supplies have much higher efficiencies of order 60 – 90% and also much higher in weight
Power main coupling
It occurs due to the three types of emissions:-1)conducted emission ,2)radiated emission and
3)transient EMI, coupling can appear on the AC power line as a transient voltage difference between the
phase and neutral conductors, between the line and ground conductors, or between the neutral and ground
conductors.

17. How field coupling affects the systems?

Field coupling provides another means of noise coupling. All circuit elements, including conductors,
radiate electromagnetic fields whenever a charge is moved. In addition to this unintentional radiation,
there is the problem of intentional radiation from sources such as broadcast stations and radar
transmitters.

18. Define LISN / Line Impedance Stabilization Network.

Line impedance stabilization network is used in the measurement of conducted emission whose first
objective is to present constant impedance to the product’s power cord outlet over the frequency range
of the conducted emission test.
 UNIT III EMI CONTROL TECHNIQUES
PART-A
1. What is EMI shielding? What is the need for shielding?
Electromagnetic shielding is the technique that reduces or prevents coupling of undesired radiated
electromagnetic energy into equipment, so to enable it to operate compatibly in its electromagnetic
environment.
Need for shielding: The circuit design alone is not sufficient to properly protect system against
excessive levels of electromagnetic radiation emanating from the equipment or affecting the
equipment. So shielding is required to protect the system from EMI.

2. Classify EMI filters.

Low-pass power line filter: to pass 50 and 60-Hz power line frequency, and attenuate higher
harmonics and RF.
Low-pass telephone line filters: to pass 0-4 kHz, and attenuate higher frequencies
High pass data line filter: to pass high frequency components, and attenuate low-frequency
components
Band pass communication filters: to pass a band of RF frequencies
Band Reject filters: to eliminate the fundamental frequency of the transmitter from entering into the
receiver circuits

3. What are the advantages of multipoint grounding?

Multipoint grounding behaves well at high frequencies where the dimension of the grounding scheme
is large compared to wavelength at the frequency of operation. At high frequencies, there exist
different potentials at different points on the interconnecting systems which need to be grounded at
multiple points to zero reference potential.

4. What is the functionality of transient suppressors?

We use transient suppressors and surge suppressors to protect electronic devices and circuits from over
voltages caused by: Lightning, Electrostatic discharge (ESD), Switching transients, Inductive
kickback, Shorts and other problems in power wiring.

5. What is meant by ‘bulging’ capacitor?

The bulging capacitor was a problem with the higher than expected premature failure rate of aluminum
electrolytic capacitors with non-solid or liquid electrolyte of certain brands, especially from some
Taiwanese manufacturers. The capacitors fail because of a special water based corrosion effect, due to
a poorly formulated electrolyte.
6. What does transient suppressor mean?
The device operates by shunting excess current when the induced voltage exceeds the avalanche
breakdown potential. It is a clamping device, suppressing all over voltages above its breakdown voltage.

7. Name four techniques/approaches to combat EMI.

Grounding, Shielding, Bonding, and Filtering

8. What does ‘Chemical Salting’ mean?

The ground resistance of an electrode may be reduced by the addition of an ion-producing chemical to
the soil immediately surrounding the electrode. Magnesium sulfate is the most common material used
because of its low cost with high electrical conductivity and low corrosive effects on a ground
electrode system.

9. What is an electrical filter?

The electric filters are designed to separate the desired signal or channel from all others and from any
noise or interference.

10. Write the definitions of grounding and bonding.

GROUNDING: It is a technique that provides a low resistance path between electrical or electronic
equipment and the earth or common reference low impedance plane to bypass fault current or EMI signal.
BONDING: Electrical bonding is a process in which components or modules of assembly equipment
or subsystems are electrically connected by means of a low impedance conductor.

11. Draw the diagram of isolation transformer?

12. What are all the procedures considered for cable routing?
In choosing cabling for a network, there are several factors to consider: cost, expansion capabilities,
bandwidth, signal attenuation, and EMI (Electro-Magnetic Interference). Each type of cable has
different specifications that affect these factors, and each organization has different needs. Considering
cable system factors is very important for building a network system that meets an organization’s
needs.
13. What is meant by signal control?
The control of Electromagnetic Interference is best achieved by good interference control principles
during the design process. These involve selection of signal levels; impedance levels, frequencies and
circuit configuration that minimize conducted and radiated interference. In addition, signal levels
should be selected to be as low as possible, while being consistent with the required signal to noise ratio.
Impedance levels should be chosen to minimize undesirable capacitive and inductive coupling.

14. Give at least 2 procedures for component selection and mounting.

Component selection and circuit design are major factors that will affect board level EMC
performance. Each type of electronic components has its own characteristics, and therefore requires
careful design considerations according to their speed and drive and placement of the highest-speed
components at the top.

15. Differentiate various shielding methods.

• Single shield (1 metal)
• Multilamina shield (2 metals and air gap)
• Isolated double shield (2 metals separated by dry plywood)

16. What is the need for EMI Gasket?

An EMC gasket is a conductive material which is used to improve the electrical bonding between
metallic parts of an electronic chassis equipment enclosure or electromagnetic shield.

17. What is an opto-isolator?

EMI problems are greatly reduced in signal transmission lines when optical isolators are used for
coupling signals in both digital and analog forms. Typical opto-isolators consists of LED and photo
sensitive detector made of a silicon diode and transistor and a very low value of parasitic capacitance
(1pF) between the LED and transistor very good isolation is obtained b/w the input and output ports.

18. Define SEMCAP.

Specification and ElectroMagnetic Compatibility Analysis Program.

19. What are all the tests that can be carried over in a shielding room?
To spying on information systems through leaking emanations, including unintentional radio or
electrical signals, sounds, vibrations, conducted and radiated emissions.

20. Define shielding effectiveness. List any four shielding materials.

The shielding effectiveness SE of these fields can be defined as the ratio of powers at the receptor without
the barrier and with barrier:
Plane wave SE(dB)=10log10(P1/P2).

E-Field SE(dB)=20log10(E1/E2).

H-Field SE(dB)=20log10(H1/H2)
Where suffix 1 represents quantities at the receptor without shielding barrier, and suffix 2 represents
quantities at the receptor with a shielding barrier between the emitter and susceptor. Expressions for
the E-field and H-field shielding effectiveness assume that the wave impedance is the same before and
after the shield.

Four shielding materials.

Mu-metal, Iron, Steel, Copper, Aluminum – Shielding wall
Silver, Gold – Contact plating
Zinc – Sheet plating
Brass – Flanges
Monel – Gasket
 UNIT IV EMC DESIGN OF PCBS

PART-A
1. List out the coupling situations to be addressed during the physical layout process.
Capacitive coupling, Inductive coupling and Power Coupling

2. Define : PCB trace impedance with respect to EMI.

To minimize the noise from transient ground currents the impedance of the ground must be minimize
if the ground circuit impedance with respect to inductance by the order of magnitude.

3. What is Zoning?
Zoning is the partitioning of the board containing different types of circuits.

4. Define zoning.
By placing similar circuits in the same zone, so that all wires and components stay within a tight
region, interference between the circuits is reduced.

5. What is meant by termination in PCB fabrication?

One of the detrimental effects of the lands on signal integrity is to produce “ringing” at the
termination. This occurs because the line is not matched in PCB fabrication. Sketching the source and
load voltages on a line that has resistive terminations

6. What do you understand by ‘routing’ with reference to PCB design and fabrication?
The routing, which decides the exact design of all the wires needed to connect the placed components.
This step must implement all the desired connections.

7. How does cable routing avoid EMI?

To provide the filtering (parasitic capacitance and inductance) between the high frequency signal and
point’s exist of the board. All the connectors are placed on one edge of PCB to provide common ground.

8. List some procedures for reducing cross talk.

Crosstalk can exist between any two traces on a PCB and is a function of mutual inductance and
mutual capacitance proportional to the distance between the two traces, the edge rate, and the impedance
of the traces. Mutual inductance can be reduced by increasing the spacing between the two traces or by
reducing the distance from the ground plane.

9. Define the term trace in PCB.

To minimize the noise from transient ground currents the impedance of the ground must be minimize
if the ground circuit impedance with respect to inductance by the order of magnitude.
10. What is the use of decoupling capacitors?
A decoupling capacitor provides a low impedance path for high-frequency current on the power plane
to ground. This path should be kept to a minimum possible level by placing a decoupling capacitor
very close to the IC. A large ground loop increases the radiation and can act as a potential source of
EMC failure.

11. Why grounding is such an important issue in PCB design?

A low inductance ground system is the most vital element when designing a PCB for minimizing
EMC. Maximizing the ground area on a PCB reduces the inductance of ground in the system, which in
turn reduces electromagnetic emissions and crosstalk.

12. List some procedures for effective grounding in PCB design.

The use of ground planes does lower impedance and helps greatly in lowering ground noise, there may
still be situations where a prohibitive level of noise exists. In such cases, the use of ground error
minimization and isolation techniques can be helpful.

13. What is impedance control in PCBs?

When board traces carry high frequency signals, care must be taken to design traces matching the
impedance of the driver and receiver devices. The longer the trace or the higher the frequencies, the
higher is the need to control the trace impedance. PCB manufacturers control impedance by varying
the dimensions and spacing of the trace or laminate.

14. How effectively PCBs are designed?

As geometries continue to shrink and switching speeds increase, designing electromagnetic systems
and printed circuit boards to meet the required signal integrity and EMC specifications has become
even more challenging. A new design methodology is required, specifically, the utilization of an
electromagnetic physics based design methodology to control the field energy in your design.

15. List the important consideration of the PCB sizing.

Using a wafer-level package (WLP) can reduce the overall size and cost of your solution. However when
using a WLP IC, the printed circuit board (PCB) layout can become more complex and, if not carefully
planned, result in an unreliable design.
The location of cable connectors on PCB.

16. Give at least two procedures for component mounting.

A good PCB layout for typical digital system.
Grid ground system mesh.

17. What is the relation between Radiation and loop area in PCB design?
The clock signal will have highest spectral content in the system ,we should manually place the “ground”
lands on the both sides of the clocks load to ensure that the clock signal will not inadvertently
return along the unintended and lengthy return paths there by creating large loops and radiation problem.
18. Draw the circuit equivalent of L and C used in PCB design.

19. How to avoid cross talk in PCB design.

Crosstalk can exist between any two traces on a PCB and is a function of mutual inductance and
mutual capacitance proportional to the distance between the two traces, the edge rate, and the impedance
of the traces. Mutual inductance can be reduced by increasing the spacing between the two traces or by
reducing the distance from the ground plane.

20. What is PCB via termination?

Minimizing discontinuities in high-speed controlled impedance transport systems is of considerable
importance to the functionality of that system. Excess capacitance and inductance on a transmission
line can lead to reflections, signal speed degradation, and unexpected switching in digital circuits. One
such discontinuity that is common in multi-layered printed circuit boards is the via. The accurate
characterization of a printed circuit board via is an important issue in the successful design of high- speed
circuits implemented on multi-layered printed circuit boards.
 UNIT V EMI MEASUREMENTS AND STANDARDS

1. What is the main difference between radiated measurements for class A devices and others?
Class A equipment is intended for use in industrial, commercial, and business environments. Class B
equipment is primarily intended for operation in a residential environment, not-withstanding use in
commercial, industrial, or business environments. Examples of Class B equipment include personal
computers and calculators which are marketed for use by the general public.

2. What is the significance of narrow band test?

The narrowband tests deal with continuous wave (CW) mode emissions and interferences.

3. What for MIL STD 461, 462 and 463 are used?
MIL-STD-462 specifies test methodologies and detailed procedures for compliance with MIL-STD-461.
The parallel document MIL-STD-461 lists the EMIJEMC related performance specifications for electrical,
electronic, and electromechanical equipment and subsystems.MIL 463 is used for definitions and systems
of units and EMI/EMC technology.

4. What are class A devices with reference to FCC?

Class A products are intended for use in non-residential/non-domestic environments. Class A products may
also be utilized in residential/domestic environments but may cause interference and require the user to
take adequate corrective measures.

5. Mention the two very important needs for TEM cell. With neat diagrams explain TEM cell.
1. The commonly used laboratory approach for EMI/EMC measurements makes use of the transverse
electromagnetic (TEM) cell.
2. The maximum size of a EUT inside a TEM cell is limited based on the requirement that any change in
the TEM cell characteristic impedance resulting from an EUT placement should be minimum.

A TEM cell is a rectangular coaxial transmission line, resembling a stripline, with outer conductors
closed and joined together. The rectangular section is tapered at both ends and matched to a 50-Ω coaxial
transmission line. The center conductor and an outer conductor facilitate the propagation of
electromagnetic energy from one end of the cell to the other end in TEM mode.
6. Why do CISPR standards evolve?
Europe-based Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectrique (CISPR) has been actively
engaged since the 1930s in developing international standards concerning EMI/EMC, and that these have
been published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

7. Can High Voltage lines be allowed to cross residential sites? Justify.

No. 1. Use of the area below an overhead line is restricted because objects must not come too close to the
energized conductors. Overhead lines and structures may shed ice, creating a hazard. Radio reception can
be impaired under a power line, due both to shielding of a receiver antenna by the overhead conductors,
and by partial discharge at insulators and sharp points of the conductors which creates radio noise. 2. In the
area surrounding overhead lines it is dangerous to risk interference; e.g. flying kites or balloons, using ladders
or operating machinery. 3. Construction of overhead power lines, especially in wilderness areas, may have
significant environmental effects. Environmental studies for such projects may consider the effect of
bush clearing, changed migration routes for migratory animals, possible access by predators and
humans along transmission corridors, disturbances of fish habitat at stream crossings, and other effects.

8. How test bed is selected for ESD testing?

9. What are CISPR standards for EMIC?
CIS/A- covers radio-interference measurements and statistical methods
CIS/B -handles interference relating to industrial, scientific and medical RF apparatus
CIS/D -deals with EM disturbances related to electric and electronic equipment on vehicles and
devices powered by internal-combustion engines
CIS/F -covers interference relating to household appliances, tools, lighting and similar equipment
CIS/H- sets limits for the protection of radio services, and
CIS/I- formed in 2001 from the former CIS/E and CIS/G, deals with EMC of information technology
equipment (ITE), multimedia equipment and receivers.

10. What are Class A devices with reference to FCC?

Class A products are intended for use in non-residential/non-domestic environments. Class A products may
also be utilized in residential/domestic environments but may cause interference and require the user to
take adequate corrective measures.

11. What are MIL STD 461,462 and 463?

MIL-STD-462 specifies test methodologies and detailed procedures for compliance with MIL-STD-461.
The parallel document MIL-STD-461 lists the EMIJEMC related performance specifications for electrical,
electronic, and electromechanical equipment and subsystems.MIL 463 is used for definitions and systems
of units and EMI/EMC technology.

12. Name at least two standards for design guidelines and Test and Measurement procedures
published by IEEE/ANSI.
IEEE Std 139, IEEE Std 187

13. What is the objective of requirements CS 103/104/105?

The objective of requirements CS103/104/105 is to provide reasonable assurance that any variations in the
response of receivers and other subsystems (connected to the antenna) to in-band signals are within
permissible limits.

14. Expand the terms CISPR, FCC? Differentiate Military standard and Civilian standards in
measurements?
CISPR- Comite International Special des Perturbations Radioelectrique.
FCC- Federal Communications Commission.
Military standards in various countries are generally mandatory for equipment purchases and use by the
military. Military standards are also generally more elaborate, and tend to be more stringent than their
nonmilitary commercial or civilian counterparts.

15. What are the advantages of loop antenna? Specify the antenna used for microwave frequencies.
Loop antenna eliminates unwanted signals, and noise and it also improves the performance of a simple
receiving system, by providing pre-selection which improves image rejection, and adjacent channel
selectivity.
Parabolic antenna

16. Define the term LISN? With LISN draw the basic circuit used for RI measurements?
LISN- Line Impedance Stabilization Network. Line impedance stabilization network is used in the
measurement of conducted emission whose first objective is to present constant impedance to the
product’s power cord outlet over the frequency range of the conducted emission test.
17. What is a current probe? Give some guidelines to carry OATS.
Current probe is the one which is used for measuring loop currents.
1.First and foremost, the electromagnetic environment in the open area test site will need to be relatively
quiet and free from the presence of such strong signals as those from broadcast radio or television
transmitters and man-made electromagnetic radiations, such as those from automobile ignition systems
or arc-welding equipment.
2. Another important precaution to observe is to ensure that the open test site is free from electromagnetic
scatterers. Buildings and other similar structures, electric transmission lines, open telephone and
telegraph lines, fences, and vegetation such as trees are all sources of electromagnetic scattering.
3. For improving the accuracy of measurements, it is also necessary that the electrical power connections
to the EUT and the cables between the transmit/receive antenna located in the test site and the
transmitter/receiver equipment located nearby are placed in underground trenches.

18. What are the advantages and drawbacks of OATS?

Advantages: With the help of a proper test site and a calibrated receiving antenna, radiated emissions
from equipment under test over a specified frequency band can be measured observing various
precautions. Similarly, using a calibrated transmitting antenna, susceptibility of equipment under test
can be checked under specified field conditions. If these measurements are done in a room, or an enclosed
area, it is possible that reflections or scattered signals from walls, floor, and ceiling will be present. The
presence of such scattered signals will corrupt the measurements. However, if these measurements are
done in a proper open-area test site, the scattered signals and reflections will not be present.
 Drawbacks: Site imperfections, inaccuracies in the antenna characterization, direct coupling of
electromagnetic energy between the equipment under test and the transmit/receive antennas, and
measurement and calibration inaccuracies of test instruments.

19. What are all the factors to be considered for OATS?

The shape and size of the open-area test site is needed to be appropriate to ensure such that no
scattered signals, that affects the measurements are present.

20. What are all the types of OATS? Draw two arrangements of OATS.
1.Stationary EUT
2.Stationary antenna.
3.EUT antenna separation