HRISHI COMPUTER EDUCATION​ C Programming

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HRISHI COMPUTER EDUCATION​ C Programming

Assignment No. 3
Topic: Token, Data-Type, Expression

1.​Explain Increment and Decrement operator.

2.​Explain Conditional and Bitwise operator.
3.​Explain Special operators in C++.
4.​Explain Scope resolution operator.
5.​Explain member dereferencing operator.
6.​Explain memory management operator (new and delete)
7.​Explain operator precedence and their associativity.
8.​Explain Automatic Conversion (Implicit Conversion)
9.​Explain Caste conversions (Explicit Conversion) / Type Cast Operator
10.​Explain List Expression and their types.

1. Explain Increment and Decrement Operator

These are unary operators used to increase or decrease a value by 1.

●​ Increment (++): Adds 1​

●​ Decrement (--): Subtracts 1​

They can be used in two ways:

●​ Prefix: ++a / --a → changes value first, then uses it​

●​ Postfix: a++ / a-- → uses value first, then changes it​

Example:

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int a = 5;
cout << ++a; // 6 (prefix)
cout << a++; // 6 then a becomes 7 (postfix)

2. Explain Conditional and Bitwise Operator

Conditional operator (?:): A ternary operator used for decision-making.

Syntax:
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(condition) ? true_value : false_value;

Example:

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int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

Bitwise operators: Used for bit-level operations.

Operator Description

& AND

` `

^ XOR

~ NOT

<< Left shift

>> Right shift

3. Explain Special Operators in C++

Special operators in C++ include:

●​ sizeof: Returns size of data type or variable​

●​ typeid: Used to get type information at runtime​

●​ Comma (,) operator: Separates multiple expressions​

●​ Pointer (*) and address-of (&)​

●​ Scope resolution operator (::)​

●​ Member access operator (. and ->)​

4. Explain Scope Resolution Operator (::)

The :: operator is used to define or access variables/functions outside their current scope.

Uses:

●​ To access a global variable when a local variable has the same name​
 ●​ To define a function outside the class​

Example:

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int x = 10;
int main() {
int x = 5;
cout << ::x; // accesses global x
}

5. Explain Member Dereferencing Operator

Used with pointers to objects or structures.

●​ * (asterisk): Dereferences the pointer​

●​ -> (arrow): Accesses members through a pointer​

Example:

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struct Student {
int id;
};

Student s1, *ptr = &s1;

ptr->id = 101; // using -> operator
(*ptr).id = 101; // using * and . operator

6. Explain Memory Management Operator (new and delete)

Used for dynamic memory allocation and deallocation.

●​ new: Allocates memory on the heap​

●​ delete: Frees the memory allocated by new​

Example:

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int* ptr = new int; // allocates memory
*ptr = 50;

delete ptr; // frees memory

For arrays:

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int* arr = new int[5];
delete[] arr;

7. Explain Operator Precedence and Their Associativity

Operator precedence determines the order in which operators are evaluated in an

expression.

Associativity determines the direction (left-to-right or right-to-left) of operation if operators

have the same precedence.

Example:

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int a = 10 + 5 * 2; // * has higher precedence, so evaluated
first

Precedence Level Operators Associativity

Highest ++, --, Right to Left

()

Medium *, /, % Left to Right

Lower +, - Left to Right

Lowest =, +=, -= Right to Left

8. Explain Automatic Conversion (Implicit Conversion)

Implicit conversion is done automatically by the compiler when two different types of data
are used in an expression.

Example:

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int a = 10;
float b = 2.5;
float c = a + b; // int 'a' is converted to float
Rules:

●​ Lower to higher type​

●​ No data loss​

9. Explain Type Cast Operator (Explicit Conversion)

Explicit conversion is done manually using type casting.

Syntax:

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(type) expression

Example:

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int a = 10, b = 3;
float result = (float)a / b; // result = 3.33

Types:

●​ C-style: (float)a​

●​ C++ style: static_cast<float>(a)​

10. Explain List Expression and Their Types

A list expression is a sequence of values or variables separated by commas.

Used in:

●​ Multiple variable assignments​

●​ For loops​

●​ Function argument lists​

Example:

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int a, b, c;
a = (b = 10, c = 20, b + c); // a = 30

Types:

●​ Expression list in function calls​

●​ Initializer list in array or struct​

●​ Comma operator expressions

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