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 Grow
Grow
Grow
Eco-Gardening
Essential know-how and expert advice for gardening success
CONTENTS
CREATING AN ECO-GARDEN 006 PLANNING A VEGETABLE PATCH 056 FEEDING BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS 108
PLANT FOR A BETTER WORLD 008 GROWING YOUR OWN FRUIT 058 PROVIDING FOOD FOR BIRDS 110
MAKING A SUSTAINABLE GARDEN 010 MAKING AN ECO-FRIENDLY LAWN 060 SOWING A MEADOW 112
DESIGNING FOR WILDLIFE 012 FEEDING PLANTS 062 INCREASING YOUR YARD’S HABITATS 114
KEEPING WEEDS UNDER CONTROL 064 PROVIDING WATER FOR WILDLIFE 116
HELPING TO HEAL THE PLANET 014 KEEPING PESTS AT BAY 066 CREATING A POND ECOSYSTEM 118
HOW TREES AFFECT THE CLIMATE 016 PEST DEFENSE 068 MAKING A HAVEN FOR BIRDS 120
CHOOSING AND PLANTING A TREE 018 DEALING WITH DISEASES 070 HOMES FOR TINY CREATURES 122
MAKING A MINI-WOODLAND 020 PEST- AND DISEASE-RESISTANT PLANTS 072 MAKING INSECT HOTELS 124
GREENING HARD SURFACES 022 PLANTS FOR POLLINATORS 126
CHOOSING PLANTS TO TRAP REDUCE, REUSE, AND RECYCLE 078 PLANTS FOR BIRDS AND OTHER
POLLUTION 024 WILDLIFE 134
REDUCING AND REUSING PLASTICS 080
THE BENEFITS OF PONDS 026
MAKING YOUR OWN SEED POTS 082
INDEX 140
A WILDLIFE POND 028
ECO-FRIENDLY LANDSCAPE MATERIALS 084
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND RESOURCES 143
HOW PLANTS PREVENT FLOODING 030
CHOOSING AND MAKING FURNITURE 086
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 144
PLANTING FLOOD DEFENSES 032
RECYCLED PLANTERS 088
GREAT TREES FOR SMALLER
RAISED BEDS FROM RECLAIMED
YARDS 034
TIMBER 090
CHOOSING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT 092
ECO-GARDENING METHODS 038 MAKING ECO-FRIENDLY EQUIPMENT 094
RIGHT PLANT, RIGHT PLACE 040
REDUCING YOUR GARDEN’S
NEW PLANTS FROM OLD: FUEL CONSUMPTION 096
SAVING SEEDS 042
REDUCING WATER USE 098
EASY PROPAGATION METHODS 044
COLLECTING AND REUSING WATER 100
BUYING NEW PLANTS 046
PREPARING TO PLANT 048
MAKING A HOME FOR WILDLIFE 102
CHOOSING POTTING MIXES 050
FEEDING WILDLIFE 104
MAKING YOUR OWN COMPOST 052
FOOD FOR BEES AND
GROWING YOUR OWN VEGETABLES 054 OTHER POLLINATORS 106
Choosing plants such as alliums that
attract bees and butterflies will help
boost the numbers of these important
pollinating insects, which are threatened
by loss of habitat and climate change.

CREATING AN
ECO-GARDEN
Making a space that is kind to the planet and to wildlife
is easy when you know how. Planting it with trees, shrubs,
flowers, and food crops will help mitigate the effects of
climate change, capture air pollutants, and create habitats
for a vast number of creatures. Organic growing methods
and a water source also keep wildlife thriving, while
selecting furniture and equipment made from sustainable
materials will help lower your carbon footprint.
PLANT FOR A BETTER WORLD
While we feel instinctively that our gardens and wildlife. Filling our plots with trees,
make us happier and healthier, recent shrubs, and other plants also improves air
scientific studies have proved that they offer quality and reduces pollution by mopping up
these benefits and many others, too. As well the greenhouse gases that contribute to
as boosting our mental and physical well-being, climate change. The good news is that just
gardening can help increase biodiversity by small changes to our gardens can help make
providing a home for a wide range of plants the planet a better place for everyone.

DIVERSITY MATTERS
The hundreds of thousands of plant
species in our world each represent
a tiny microcosm of life, nurturing many
types of insects, birds, and other animals,
including humans. As you would expect,
trees and shrubs support more wildlife
than smaller species, but all have a role to
play. To maximize your contribution
to the welfare of the creatures in your
vicinity, include a broad spectrum to
help nesting birds, amphibians, bees,
and other pollinators, along with the
tiny creatures that nourish the soil
beneath the surface. The distribution
of wild plant species is also contracting
due to urbanization, so growing a wide
variety of native plants can help
safeguard their future, too.

Planting a broad range of species will

sustain many forms of wildlife.
Deciduous trees and other plants absorb carbon
dioxide, which contributes to climate change.

CLEANING THE AIR contribution to the fight against global

warming. In fact, it may be more effective
Environmental organizations worldwide than the planting of a dense forest, which
are campaigning for the planting of more current research shows may not be as
woodlands and forests to help restore useful in reducing temperatures as smaller
wildlife habitats and mitigate the effects deciduous woodlands, particularly in cool
of climate change by absorbing the and temperate regions. The benefits
greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). increase if we add shrubs and flowering
If each of us were to plant just one tree plants, which in some cases can trap
in our yard, this would make a huge other air-borne pollutants, too.

008 009 CREATING AN ECO-GARDEN

 FOOD FOR THOUGHT
Making space for fruit and vegetables
to help feed your household will lower
your carbon footprint by reducing food
miles. Growing your own food is fun,
and while producing something to eat
year-round may be too ambitious
in a small space, you can still make
a valuable contribution with a few pots
of lettuces and strawberries or some
cherry tomatoes in a hanging basket.

There are plant species suited to nearly every spot, even areas
that are heavily shaded by foliage or man-made structures.

FILLING THE GAPS roofs with tiny succulents and walls with
ivy and other climbers that will insulate
You do not need a large space to your home, reducing fuel costs as well as
accommodate a wide diversity of plants; attracting wildlife. Fill the gaps between
pack them into every nook and cranny paving stones with plants rather than
and you will be surprised by the number mortar and watch the insects move in,
of wildlife visitors a small space can and use shade-lovers under benches or
support. Let a patch of lawn grow to seats. As the old adage goes, nature
form a matrix of grasses and wild flowers abhors a vacuum, so squeeze in some Cherry tomatoes in a basket make
that support a range of insect life. Plant life-supporting plants wherever you can. a beautiful edible feature.

HARDY VS TENDER PLANTS HARDY Some plants are not fully hardy,
but are able to survive temperatures
The best way to ensure that your that fall below freezing; where this is
plants thrive is to choose those that like the case, the lowest temperatures
your site, soil, and local climate. This will are stated, allowing you to check that
result in healthy plants that are more your average winters will not be too
resilient to attacks from pests and cold for the particular species.
diseases and do not need chemical
fertilizers to boost their performance. HALF-HARDY You may find this term
The hardiness of a plant is a measure used to describe some annuals and
of the lowest temperatures it will plants from warm areas. These can
tolerate, and this is an important point survive low temperatures and, in many
to consider when selecting plants that cases, once mature they will tolerate
will be outside all year. The different 41°F (5°C) or lower, but they will not
levels of hardiness are included in the cope with frost.
plant profiles in this book.
TENDER This refers to tropical plants
FULLY HARDY This term is used to and those that do not thrive or will
describe plants that will cope with die in temperatures lower than Rudbeckia laciniata is a robust hardy
temperatures below 5°F (-15°C). 50–55°F (10–13°C). plant that enjoys moist soil and sun.
MAKING A SUSTAINABLE GARDEN
The mantra for any eco-gardener is to reuse items you have made yourself. Reducing our
and recycle goods and materials wherever reliance on plastic can be more challenging,
possible rather than buying them new. but new biodegradable seed trays and plant
There are many imaginative ways in which pots are making it easier. Just pause before
to do this, from reusing old food containers acquiring anything brand-new and consider
for seedlings and plants to decorating your other ways of making your garden beautiful
outdoor space with secondhand furniture or and more sustainable.

SECOND CHANCES
When sourcing suitable containers and
trays for your plants and seedlings, take
a look in your kitchen cupboards for
inspiration. Food cans, old cookie tins,
and plastic containers about to go into
the recycling bin can all be repurposed
for use in the garden. Giving these
items a second life prevents them from
ending up in a landfill or being burned in
polluting incinerators—sadly, more than
75 percent of plastics that could be
recycled are currently disposed of in
this way. Also consider purchasing
secondhand rather than new tools and
furniture—wooden and metal pieces
are good choices, and even if you have
no proof that they were made from
sustainable materials, reusing them
prevents waste and reduces landfill.

A vintage pan can be repurposed to Reused tables and chairs that are not a matching set look perfectly
make a characterful plant container. at home in an informal wildflower meadow.

010 011 CREATING AN ECO-GARDEN

 BE WISE WITH WATER
Capturing and reusing rainwater is
a must for all eco-gardeners. It not
only reduces the demand for tap
water—which is treated with
disinfectants and other chemicals
and comes with a cost to the
environment—but it is also better
for plants and pond life. Installing a
rain barrel is the best way to capture
the rain that pours off the roofs of
your house, sheds, and other
outdoor buildings; you will find
information on installing these
eco-friendly vessels and other ways
of saving water on pp.98–101.

Biodegradable pots made from magazines and newspapers are perfect

for vegetable seedlings and will quickly decompose in the soil.

REDUCING THE USE OF landfill or being burned. When buying

new, look for products made from
NONBIODEGRADABLES biodegradable materials such as wood,
bamboo, wool, and seed husks. Many
The gardening industry teems with metals used outdoors do not biodegrade
products made from plastics and other easily but they can be recycled an infinite
nonbiodegradable materials. Reusing number of times. Purchasing high-quality
plastic is more environmentally friendly goods also reduces landfill because they
than throwing it away and, depending do not need to be replaced frequently; Rain barrels to store rainfall do not
on the type (see p.80), it may also be spades, forks, and other tools can last a take up much space in the garden.
the only way of preventing it going to a lifetime, or longer.

RECYCLING AND offer a wide selection of materials and

you can also ask local craftspeople to
UPCYCLING fashion furniture and statuary from
them to suit your needs. You may find
Reclaimed timber, bricks, and other suitable materials on local freecycle
building materials can be reused to websites, too—but check that anything
make decking, walls, fences, and wooden you propose to purchase has
pergolas, and they will lend an aged not been treated with creosote or
patina to these features that blends chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
beautifully into a garden setting. which are harmful to wildlife and the
Reclamation and salvage companies environment, and to our health, too.
In Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (see
Recycled timber is used here to create pp.80–91), you will find more ways to give
a rustic path between plantings. new life to old materials in your garden.
DESIGNING FOR
WILDLIFE
Wildlife of all kinds is under threat from climate change, loss
of habitat, and the use of pesticides, but we can support birds,
insects, amphibians, and small mammals if we design our
spaces with them in mind. Growing pollen- and nectar-rich
flowers and fruiting trees and shrubs provides these creatures
with food, while plants that offer hibernation and roosting Densely packed plants make good
sites protect them from predators and harsh weather. habitats for wildlife.

HOMES FOR INSECTS on them to pollinate our food crops,

provide food for birds and other small
particular stems and leaves, so to produce
an ideal habitat include a collection of
Recent scientific studies show a worrying animals, and recycle the dead plants and trees, shrubs, and perennials, and leave
decline in insect populations worldwide. wildlife in the soil, thereby releasing the areas aside for a few weeds to take root.
Apart from the collapse in the numbers nutrients that plants need to grow. It is For more advice on making insects
of bees, there are many species on the vital that we all do our part to make good welcome in your yard, see pp.122–133.
critical or endangered list, with others homes for these creatures in our yards
becoming extinct. More than 95 percent by planting pollen and nectar-rich flowers. Plants that attract pollinators will
of all animals are insects, and we depend Some insects also feed and breed on help boost their declining populations.
WATER WORLDS environment. While you will need to
add the plants, frogs, toads, and other
One of the best ways to attract all sorts amphibians will appear as if by magic
of wildlife is to include a water feature. when you provide water, as will the
Installing a pond will lure a wide range aquatic insect life. Where space is tight,
of species, from the tiniest beetles to you can still offer this precious resource
bats and birds. Water also offers a with a bird bath or shallow dish of
home for plants and wildlife species water. Try the ideas on pp.28–29 and
that are adapted to live in this aquatic pp.116–119 for spaces large and small.

The catkins of silver birch are food

for insects such as shield bugs.

LIVING THE HIGH LIFE

There are few plants that help wildlife
as much as trees. Providing nectar for
pollinators in spring when they bloom,
nesting sites later in the season when
birds are looking for safe places,
and fruit and leaves for a variety of tiny
creatures and birds to eat, they are
hard to beat. Large shrubs and hedges
provide similar benefits and when
planted together, they create a fantastic
range of habitats. You will find advice
on planting trees on pp.18–19 and a
A pond with a bog garden on its banks provides homes selection to choose from for smaller
and food for amphibians and aquatic insects. spaces on pp.34–37.

WILD ABOUT NATURE from using pesticides and herbicides

will make your garden richer, too, not
Introducing benefits for wildlife often only by increasing insect life but also
means doing less in the garden. Nothing potentially reducing air pollution.
could be easier than leaving a pile of fall Scientists have found that particles
leaves and tree and shrub prunings in a from pesticides used in Asia were
quiet corner behind a shed, which will blown to the west coast of the US in
provide the perfect home for many less than a week, and while gardeners
hibernating creatures and invertebrates may be using them on a much smaller
that feast on decaying wood. A patch of scale, the cumulative effect could be
weeds such as nettles can draw in just as widespread and harmful.
breeding butterflies and moths, and
leaving fallen fruits on the ground will
provide a valuable food source for Piles of prunings offer a home for
them in late summer and fall. Refraining invertebrates and hibernating amphibians.
Dense planting of varied species,
from trees to ground-covering and
aquatic plants, helps absorb carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere and also
provides homes and food for wildlife.

HELPING HEAL
THE PLANET
Every gardener can play a part in reducing pollution levels.
The plants we grow absorb carbon dioxide, one of the
greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. Shrubs
and trees can also trap the tiny particulates that are a
significant component of air pollution, especially in built-up
areas such as towns and cities, and all plants help prevent
flooding, which can result in toxins entering rivers and
oceans. This chapter shows how you can use your space to
maximize these benefits and help heal the planet.
HOW TREES AFFECT
THE CLIMATE
Trees can help protect the health of our planet in many
ways. They absorb carbon dioxide (CO2), the greenhouse
gas produced by fossil fuels that has led to a rise in global
temperatures, while also releasing oxygen into the
atmosphere. Trees regulate localized temperatures, too,
helping keep our homes warmer in winter and cooler in Planting trees in your yard will help
summer, thereby reducing heating and air-conditioning needs. reduce air pollution.

HOW TREES CAPTURE

CARBON
Trees and other plants absorb carbon
dioxide (CO2) to make food through
a process known as photosynthesis.
During this process, plant cells convert
the carbon from CO2 into sugars, which
they store in their leaves, roots, and
stems and use as fuel for growth. At
the same time, as a by-product of
photosynthesis, plants release oxygen
back into the atmosphere, thereby
creating the carbon cycle that all life
depends upon.
Due to their size, trees absorb
relatively more CO2 than other plants,
which is why they play such an important
role in the fight against climate change.
The destruction of forests worldwide
and our dependence on fossil fuels have
contributed to an excess of carbon,
which acts like a greenhouse, trapping
heat and raising global temperatures.
While recent research shows that the
picture is complex, since trees absorb
sunlight and emit a range of chemicals
that have both cooling and warming
effects on the atmosphere, experts
agree that, on balance, planting trees
Hawthorns (Crataegus) help mitigate the effects of climate helps lower CO2 levels and reduces
change, while also offering food and shelter for insects and birds. the effects of this pollutant.

016 017 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

LOCAL TEMPERATURE TOP TIP PLANT A DECIDUOUS TREE TO SHADE A SOUTH-FACING WINDOW; THE CANOPY
WILL COOL YOUR HOME DURING THE SUMMER WHILE THE BARE STEMS WILL ALLOW
REGULATORS SUN THROUGH TO WARM THE PROPERTY IN WINTER, THUS REDUCING THE NEED FOR
BOTH AIR CONDITIONING AND HEATING.
As well as absorbing carbon, trees help
reduce temperature levels indirectly
through their ability to moderate
localized conditions. Their canopies cast
shade, which has a marked effect on
temperature. Trees also draw up large
volumes of water through their roots
and release most of it as water vapor
through their leaves and stems, a
process known as evapotranspiration,
which further cools the air.
Town planners are starting to
recognize the effect that trees can
have on air quality. Studies of Atlanta
show that the paved-over city center
is 5–8°F (2.6–4.3°C) hotter than the
tree-lined suburbs. This is known as Black walnut ( Juglans nigra) is a large
the urban heat island effect. The tree with handsome autumn foliage.
higher temperatures are caused by a
lack of vegetation, waste heat from leafless canopies allow sunlight through
homes, stores, and offices, and dark to windows, while the network of stems
surfaces such as tarmac on roads gives the building protection from biting
absorbing sunlight. winds. By cooling homes in summer and
Conversely, planting deciduous trees insulating them in winter, trees help
in the path of prevailing winds can help reduce energy needs and pollution The trees lining boulevards in Paris
keep buildings warmer in winter. The from heating and air conditioning. help lower street side temperatures.

TREES AS A FOOD SOURCE

Growing fruit and nut trees can help
reduce CO2 levels on a small scale by
providing a food source that has almost
no carbon footprint. Perfect for a small
yard, a fruit tree will take up very little
space if you buy a dwarf type, yet can
provide many benefits—some even
offer more than one type of fruit, such
as apples and pears, on a single plant.
These trees also create excellent
wildlife habitats, providing food for
pollinators in spring and for birds and
butterflies in fall. (For advice on
choosing a tree, see pp.18–19.)

An apple tree can provide an abundant

harvest for both people and wildlife.
CHOOSING AND
PLANTING A TREE
There is a tree to suit every yard, whether you have a
tiny courtyard, an average-sized plot, or several acres that
would accommodate a small woodland. Consider what type
of tree you would like and then check your site, soil, and the
space you have available to ensure your choice will thrive in
Sessile oak (Quercus petraea) acts as
your yard. Following the planting advice here will help get a host for more than 250 species of insect,
your tree off to a good start. which offer a food source for birds.

SELECTING A TREE CHOOSING THE SITE Situate the tree to

mask the view from
The first step is to match your site and All trees, however small, will cast shade. neighbors’ windows
soil (see pp.40–41) with a tree that will Consider where and when the sun hits
be happy in your yard. Also check the your yard (see p.41) and place a ladder
final height and spread to make sure or other tall structure where you plan
there is enough space for it to grow. to situate the tree in order to see exactly
Fruit trees are grafted on to different where its shade will fall throughout the
rootstocks that determine their size, so day. Planting one to partially shade a patio
you should be able to find one suitable can be ideal, but a large tree that plunges
for your space—but note that many an area into semi-darkness for most
trees are not self-fertile, which means of the day will limit your other plant A well-placed tree can be used both
that you will require two in order to choices. Also, beware of planting close to cast some shade on a seating area and
guarantee a crop of fruit. to your property, as the root system of to provide privacy from neighbors.

most trees is usually about equal to the

width of the canopy. A small tree that
will grow 10 ft (3 m) wide can be safely
planted 12–15 ft (4–5 m) from the house.
Leave a gap between your tree and
your boundary, too, as the soil close to
walls and fences tends to be in a rain
shadow and very dry, which will hinder
the plant’s growth. The canopy will
also spread over your neighbor’s yard,
which may cause problems as it matures.
Ideally, plant the tree at least half its final
width from the boundary. Also make
sure that your tree does not block
the sun from your neighbor’s yard.
Planting it closer to your seating areas
If you have only a small yard, an acer will Himalayan cherry (Prunus rufa) has may actually provide more privacy from
grow happily in a large pot. peeling bark and white blossoms. their windows (see diagram above).

018 019 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

PLANTING A TREE
1 Leave the tree in its pot in a bucket
of water for about an hour to soak
the root ball. Meanwhile, dig a hole
three times as wide as the pot and the
same depth. Use a fork to loosen
the soil around the sides of the hole.
2 Place the tree in the hole and, using
a cane laid across the top, check that
the point where the roots meet the
stem will be level with, or slightly
above, the soil surface.
3 Remove the tree from its pot and
use your fingers to gently loosen the
roots coiled around the side of
the root ball. Place it in the hole. 1 2
4 Fill in with soil around the root ball
and use your toe to gently press it
down to remove any air pockets.
Water well. Apply a 2–3 in (5–7.5 cm)
layer of organic material, such as
bark chips or well-rotted compost,
as a mulch over the root ball, leaving
a 4 in (10 cm) gap around the stem.
5 Large trees will need staking. Hammer
in a sturdy stake at a 45° angle on
the side of the tree opposite the
prevailing wind direction. Attach with
a tree tie.
6 Water trees regularly during dry
spells for 3–5 years after planting to
ensure good root growth. Drench
the area once or twice a week so 3 4
that water reaches the roots at
lower levels rather than giving small
quantities more often, as this can
encourage roots to grow toward
the surface where the soil is drier.

NEED TO KNOW
• The best time to plant a tree
is in mid- to late fall.
• Do not plant if the ground
is waterlogged or frozen.
• Loosen the stake ties as the
tree grows.
• Remove the stake after 2–3 years
when the roots are established.

5 6
MAKING A MINI-WOODLAND
The plants that grow beneath a tree create pollinators. For inspiration on naturalistic
a valuable layer of vegetation which plays planting, visit a deciduous woodland at
an equally important role in reducing air different times of the year to see how the
pollution and CO2 levels. The foliage and rich tapestry of plants growing there can
flowers also offer a habitat for wildlife and be used in your own backyard.

BENEFITS OF WOODLAND The understory planting beneath a

tree also performs a valuable role in
PLANTING the creation of a sustainable woodland
ecosystem. The plants’ roots and leaves
All land-based plants absorb carbon help prevent soil erosion, which in turn
from the atmosphere in the form protects the tree from damage during
of carbon dioxide (CO2) when they storms and periods of drought. They
photosynthesize to make food (see p.16). also absorb the nutrients released from
While individual trees may take up more decomposed leaves that fall from the
than smaller plants, adding a carpet of tree canopy, which means that once
other species beneath them will increase established they will not need extra
the benefits. In fact, some studies show fertilizers to thrive. Both the tree and
that these plants may contribute as much the plants beneath it create an insulating
or even more than trees in offsetting blanket that nurtures wildlife, such as
climate change in areas other than the insects, worms, and other soil-borne
tropical zones around the equator. decomposers, and small creatures.
Dead nettle, hardy geraniums, and
barrenwort thrive in dappled shade.

PLANTING IN LAYERS
Look to nature for inspiration on what
to plant beneath trees. The floor of
deciduous woodland comprises layers
of plants that make use of the variable
light. Spring-flowering shrubs such as
viburnums, mahonias, and sweet box
(Sarcococca confusa), together with bulbs
including snowdrops, bluebells, and wild
garlic, bloom when light levels are
highest, before foliage blocks the sun.
A much longer list of plants that offer
habitats and food for wildlife grow later
in the dappled light at the edge of the
tree canopy when the foliage has
unfurled (see opposite). Try filling the
space beneath your tree with shrubs
Here a colorful carpet of shade-lovers includes hairy interplanted with smaller woodland
chervil (Chaerophyllum), red campion, and ferns. bulbs, biennials, and perennials.

020 021 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

WOODLAND PLANTS FOR YARDS
SHRUBS BIENNIALS AND PERENNIALS
Daphne (Daphne species) • Spindle Bugle (Ajuga reptans) • Cow parsley
(Euonymus alatus and E. europaeus) • (Anthriscus sylvestris) • Hart’s tongue
Mahonia (Mahonia species) • Sweet fern (Asplenium scolopendrium) •
box (Sarcococca confusa) • Guelder Bergenias • Foxgloves (Digitalis
rose (Viburnum opulus) • Weigela purpurea) • Male fern (Dryopteris
(Weigela species) filix-mas and D. affinis) • Barrenwort
(Epimedium) • Wood spurge (Euphorbia
SPRING BULBS amygdaloides) • Sweet woodruff (Galium
Wild garlic (Allium ursinum) • Wood odoratum) • Dusky cranesbill (Geranium
anemones (Anemone nemorosa) • phaeum) • Hellebores (Helleborus) •
Dog’s tooth violets (Erythronium) • Dead nettle (Lamium) • Soft shield fern
Snowdrops (Galanthus) • English (Polystichum setiferum) • Primrose
bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) • (Primula) • Red campion (Silene dioica) Snowdrops such as Galanthus ‘S. Arnott’
Siberian squill (Scilla siberica) • Foam flower (Tiarella cordifolia) bloom before trees are in full leaf.

HOW TO PLANT
MAKING THE MOST
WOODLANDERS
Plan your planting carefully before you
OF YOUR SPACE
start. Include plants that will grow in dry Squeeze as many plants as you can
shade, such as male ferns, sweet box, into your mini woodland. Where
and wood spurge, closest to the tree, congested tree roots do not allow
but leave a space of 3–4 ft (1–1.2 m) planting into the ground, add a pot
between them and the trunk. Spring of shade-loving, pollinator-friendly
bulbs can also be planted at about this container plants such as single-
distance from the tree—they may flowered fuchsias or heliotropes.
self-seed closer to it if conditions are
favorable. Use plants that prefer
dappled shade and damper conditions
at the edge of the tree canopy.
Before planting, check each plant’s
spread and measure out the distances
between them so that they all have
space to reach their full potential. Plant
at the same depth the plants were at in
their pots, and water all of them well
for a few months after planting while
the roots are establishing. Some plants,
such as sweet woodruff and dead
nettle, spread via long roots and may
need to be kept in check by removing
excessive growth in spring.
Fuchsia ‘Checkerboard’ is a
Space plants to allow them to grow deciduous shrub with single flowers.
to their full potential beneath the canopy.
GREENING HARD SURFACES
Make the most of the ecological benefits flowers and foliage growing between paving
that plants offer by squeezing them into stones also help offset your carbon footprint.
every nook and cranny in your yard. Green Additional planting such as this will increase
roofs and walls add extra leafy layers that food sources and habitats for bees, birds,
enrich a wildlife haven, while ribbons of and other backyard wildlife.

LEAFY COVER-UPS GREEN WALLS

As well as planting traditional beds and There are many ways in which to create
borders, use other surfaces to squeeze a beautiful vertical garden on a wall or
in more foliage and flowers that will fence. One of the easiest methods is to
improve the air quality and reduce affix specially designed planting pockets
pollution levels. Cover house walls and to your chosen structure and then
boundary fences with pollinator-friendly simply fill them with potting soil and
climbers such as honeysuckle (Lonicera plants. However, while green walls can
periclymenum) and wisteria. Ideal for offer a good opportunity to increase
small yards, these climbers take up very the biodiversity in your garden, they do
little ground space yet offer many require frequent watering and feeding
benefits. As well as absorbing carbon to thrive, so before installing one you
(see p.16), when grown against a house should ensure you have an eco-friendly
wall they will help keep your home water supply and sufficient time to keep
cool in summer and offer some your wall in good health. Small, drought-
insulation in winter, thereby lowering tolerant plants, such as sedums, sea
fuel bills. Their tall, twining stems and thrift (Armeria maritima), pot marigolds
leaf cover provide birds with nesting A variety of colors and leaf shapes (Calendula officinalis), and heucheras are
and roosting sites while their pollen makes a green wall visually appealing. good choices for green walls.
attracts beneficial insects.

FILL IN THE GAPS

The cracks between the stones or a
groove chiselled into the top of a wall
add yet more opportunities for planting.
Ferns may self-seed naturally in walls
located in cool, dark areas, or you can
encourage them to colonize these
structures by removing some pointing
or a stone, wrapping a young plant in
clay-rich soil and gently inserting it into
the gap. In sunny areas, try houseleeks
(Sempervivum), sedums, and other
succulents in a wall.

The flowers of Rosa ‘Rambling Rector’ Houseleeks and sedums planted into
are followed by hips that birds feed upon. a wall make an eco-friendly feature.

022 023 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

PLANTING YOUR PAVING
Most yards need some functional hard
surfaces, particularly for dining and
seating areas and paths that receive the
most wear and tear. However, even
these can be transformed into small-scale
wildlife havens. Low-growing, spreading
plants, such as thyme, Mexican fleabane
(Erigeron karvinskianus), and the trailing
bellflower (Campanula poscharskyana),
will soon form a carpet between paving
stones. Space the pavers in a path or
patio (which will also make them more
flood-proof; see p.32), and fill the gaps
with free-draining soil. Add your plants Plant low-growing species between Perfect for paths, creeping thymes
and top with a layer of gravel. patio slabs to increase wildlife value. bounce back if stepped on occasionally.

PLANTING CHOICES FOR

SMALL GREEN ROOFS
New Zealand burr (Acaena affinis) •
Sea thrift (Armeria maritima) •
Oregano (Origanum species) •
Sedums (Sedum species) • Houseleeks
(Sempervivum species) • Creeping
thyme (Thymus serpyllum)

NEED TO KNOW
• Check that the load-bearing capacity
of your roof is sufficient for the soil
and plants.
• Ensure that the roof is at a slight
angle so that water drains into
Make a mini-meadow on a roof by constructing a shallow box on a gutter with a downspout and
it, then fill with free-draining infertile soil, grasses, and wild flowers.
rain barrel.
• Use lightweight, organic potting soil
UP ON THE ROOF of green-roof plants will be able to
advise you. Sedum roofs are the
designed for roofs or a free-draining
sandy soil.
Make the most of the roof space on easiest option and, for a shed or
• Choose plants that are noninvasive
your shed, garage, and even your home outbuilding, you can buy matting that
and low-growing.
by planting sedums or wildflowers and you simply tack onto the structure.
• Always ask for expert advice if you
grasses. Ensure your roof is strong For larger plants, such as grasses and
are considering the installation of a
enough to take the weight of the soil wildflowers, you will need to construct
green roof on your house rather
and plants before you start, particularly a shallow box on the roof that can
than an outbuilding.
if you are planning to plant up your hold a greater depth of soil and has good
house roof. Most specialized suppliers drainage to prevent waterlogging.
CHOOSING PLANTS TO
TRAP POLLUTION
Few of us can escape the effects of the airborne pollution
from vehicle exhausts and industry that permeates our
towns, cities, and roadsides. However, shrubs and trees can
help protect us by trapping the tiny pollution particles on
their leaves. Some plants are more effective than others, so
if you live in an urban area or close to a busy road, include A dense hedge screens pollution and
some of the best to create a pollution-busting barrier. makes a natural backdrop to a border.

PLANTS THAT FIGHT

AIR POLLUTION
Pollution caused by diesel and gasoline
vehicle emissions and the burning
of fossil fuels is linked to a range of
illnesses, including asthma, cancer, and
heart disease. The good news is that
the leaves of shrubs and trees can trap
tiny particles from these emissions
(particulates), thereby improving the
local air quality and helping keep us
healthy. If you do not have enough
space for a hedge or screen, a fence
covered in a climber such as ivy (Hedera
helix) will also offer good protection.

The ridged and grooved leaves of a hornbeam hedge trap

particulates, helping keep a garden free from pollution.

LEAVES THAT TRAP pollutants than smooth foliage. Plants

with hairy leaves, such as flowering
PARTICULATES currants (Ribes), are other good choices
for a pollution barrier because their
Research by the Royal Horticultural hairs create a greater surface area and
Society has found that some shrubs trap the particulates between them.
and small trees trap particulates more Studies also show that conifers with scaly
effectively than others. For example, a leaves are efficient at trapping particulates,
yew (Taxus baccata) hedge can trap four while the small ridges and grooves of
times as many particulates as a photinia rough-leaved plants, such as hornbeam
A tall yew hedge is highly efficient at screen because its waxy leaves are more (Carpinus betulus) and hawthorn (Crataegus
trapping particulates. effective at capturing and embedding monogyna), do likewise.

024 025 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

 POLLUTION-ABSORBING
PLANTS
Japanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii)
• Birch (Betula) • Hornbeam (Carpinus
betulus) • Hawthorn (Crataegus
monogyna) • Cypress (Cupressus)
• Spindle (Euonymus japonicus) • Ivy
(Hedera helix) • Holly (Ilex aquifolium)
• Bird cherry (Prunus pagoda) •
Firethorn (Pyracantha) • Flowering
currant (Ribes sanguineum) • Elder
(Sambucus) • Yew (Taxus baccata)
• Western red cedar (Thuja plicata) •
Viburnum (Viburnum tinus)

Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) The hairy leaves of flowering

is effective at screening particulates. currant (Ribes) trap pollutants.

PLANTING A HEDGE of weeds and large stones or debris.

Prune immediately after planting and
While evergreens such as yew and
holly provide a year-round barrier to
A permeable hedge that allows air to then annually in fall or late winter, before pollution, they can eventually create a
flow through it is the most effective birds begin to build their nests. Cut only dense screen that allows little air to pass
feature for trapping particulates. To the sides until the plants reach their through. The best solution to trapping
create one in your yard, choose plants desired height—research shows that a pollutants may be to plant a variety of
from the list above that suit your site and screen of about 6 ft (2 m) is ideal. When shrubs and trees: this has the added
soil conditions. Plant them at about 3 ft your screen is the right height, trim the benefits of creating multiple habitats
(90 cm) intervals in a prepared bed, free top as well to keep it to that size. and increasing biodiversity.

NEED TO KNOW
• Check that your chosen shrubs suit
your site and soil.
• Space plants at 3 ft (90 cm) intervals
in a prepared bed.
• Plant at the same depth as the plants
were in their original pots. If you
are planting bare-root shrubs, look
for the dark soil line just above
the root ball.
• Choose some plants that also offer
wildlife benefits, such as pollen-rich
flowers and berries for birds.

Plant hedges 16–18 in (40–45 cm)

from a wall or fence.
THE BENEFITS
OF PONDS
Ponds draw many forms of wildlife into the yard to drink,
bathe, and reproduce in the fresh water, while the plants
that thrive in these aquatic environments add yet another
layer of biodiversity. Some experts say that ponds can help
trap carbon and reduce the levels of this element and other
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, although research into
these effects is still ongoing.

PONDS AS THRIVING the water, and damselfly and dragonfly

species may visit your pond, too,
ECOSYSTEMS especially if it is fringed with plants.
In addition to these creatures, ponds
A pond provides a huge boost to your are also home to a host of smaller
yard’s biodiversity. Not only does it aquatic species that live at or below the
broaden the range of plants you can surface, including water snails, water
grow, it can attract and support a large beetles, and pond skaters, all of which
number of local wildlife species, including contribute to a healthy ecosystem. A
frogs, toads, and other amphibians. Birds remarkable abundance of freshwater A variety of plants bordering the pond
and small creatures will also be drawn to species are supported by small ponds. adds to the range of wildlife it attracts.

Providing areas of clean water may

attract dragonflies to the yard.

Birds will visit a pond to drink and

bathe, and some also eat aquatic insects.

026 027 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

PONDS AS CARBON SINKS
Some experts have found that ponds
may play a role in mitigating climate
change by acting as carbon sinks. One
study suggests that they may be better
at storing carbon than either woodland
or grassland, despite covering a
proportionally much smaller area. The
scientific research demonstrates that
ponds are not only much richer in
species compared to rivers, streams, and
lakes, they also bury carbon in the litter
that accumulates at the bottom. Carbon
dioxide (CO2) produced by microbes as
they break down fall leaves and dead A pond edged with naturalistic planting blends easily into the
pond flora and fauna is locked in the yard and may have considerable environmental benefits.
sediment rather than being released
into the atmosphere, where it would In Canada, research into farm ponds air pollution are not conclusive; other
contribute to global warming. As with all found that the water was acting as a sink research has found that lakes and some
plants, aquatic species also use carbon for the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide, ponds actually contribute to greenhouse
dioxide during photosynthesis (see p.16), produced when nitrates from fertilizers gas emissions. Nevertheless, ponds
which helps lower levels of this are washed into the water. However, definitely benefit wildlife and are well
greenhouse gas. studies showing that ponds help reduce worth including in your yard.

MAINTAINING A water lilies as well as marginals that are

adapted to the shallows around the
HEALTHY POND edges (see pp.44–47) helps regulate
oxygen levels. The amount of sunlight
Ponds are sensitive ecosystems and need also plays a part because warm water
careful planning to ensure they remain contains less oxygen, so make sure the
healthy. Any excess nutrients, such as pond surface is partly shaded in order
nitrogen from fertilizers, can cause to keep it cooler.
a chemical imbalance that leads to In winter, ice and snow can act as a
excessive algae growth and poor oxygen blanket, keeping the deeper water warm
levels. To avoid these problems, do not enough for most pond life to survive.
use fertilizers, including organic matter However, the reduced light reaching
such as garden compost, close to the submerged plants can prevent them
pond or where rain may wash the from photosynthesizing (see p.16) and
nutrients into it. Whenever possible, use releasing oxygen, which may kill
rainwater from a barrel to top up levels overwintering creatures such as frogs,
rather than water from the tap, which so sweep away snow to allow in more
contains chlorine. sunlight. Making a hole in the ice by
Pond water also needs a rich supply placing a pan of hot water on the surface
of oxygen to sustain the wildlife in it. at the edge of the pond will also provide
Introducing aquatic plants such as creatures with drinking water.

TOP TIP THE TEMPERATURE AND OXYGEN LEVELS WILL REMAIN MORE CONSISTENT IN A
LARGE POND WITH A DEEP AREA IN THE MIDDLE, SO MAKE YOURS AS BIG AS POSSIBLE
Partly covering the pond surface with TO MAXIMIZE ITS WILDLIFE POTENTIAL. MOVING WATER, SUCH AS A SMALL CASCADE
plants helps maintain oxygen levels. OR FOUNTAIN, WILL ALSO INTRODUCE MORE OXYGEN INTO THE WATER.
WILDLIFE PONDS
Providing the perfect habitat for a whole host of birds, insects,
and small animals, a pond also adds a beautiful ornamental
feature, with colorful plants and reflected light creating a
dramatic focal point. A pond is easy to make over a weekend,
and can be large or small, depending on the size of your plot.
Sloping or stepped margins allow easy access for creatures
to come and go, while the plants offer cover from predators.
Fill your pond with rainwater from a barrel (see p.100) or, if
Planted pond margins create a perfect
you use tap water, leave it for a couple of days before adding habitat for aquatic creatures, such as frogs
plants to allow chemicals such as chlorine to evaporate. and toads, as well as a host of insects.

SITING YOUR POND

Choose a sheltered location in an area
where you can enjoy your pond from
a seating area or your windows. Check
that it is well away from utility pipes and
cables, and not too close to overhanging
trees or large shrubs. These would not
only cast too much shade over the
surface, restricting your choice of pond
plants, but their leaves could also pollute
the water if they fell into it in large
quantities in fall. Avoid making a pond
near yew trees; their leaves will poison
pond wildlife.

Aquatic bags filled with garden soil free from fertilizers

and planted with marginals fit neatly onto pond shelves.

CREATING A HAVEN A fringe of pond plants in the shallows

and along the margins will provide a leafy
FOR WILDLIFE canopy that protects wildlife from the
eyes of predators. Creating different
Creatures of all kinds are drawn to water levels also allows you to include
water features, and a pond that has the widest range of plants, such as water
been designed especially for wildlife will lilies and other aquatics, and pollen-rich
greatly increase the biodiversity in your flowering marginals (see pp.118–119).
yard. Make a haven for small mammals, These will help keep the water clear,
amphibians, and birds by creating a sustain pollinators, and make a beautiful
beached edge at one end of the pond, year-round feature for you to enjoy. To
or use plants in pots to create shallow give your pond a head start, in the spring
Choose an open site away from tall steps around the sides that allow them ask friends if they have any frog spawn
trees and shrubs that cast deep shade. to get in and out of the water safely. you can add to it.

028 029 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

MAKING A POND
Wildlife ponds do not need to be huge,
but a deep area that remains frost-free
offers creatures a safer home in winter.

YOU WILL NEED Garden hose • Spade •

Long length of wood • Builder’s spirit
level • Old rug or proprietary pond
underlay • Butyl pond liner • Sharp knife

1 Mark out the shape of your pond

with a garden hose. The bigger the
pond, the more wildlife you will be
able to home.
2 Dig out the pond to a depth of 18 in
(45 cm), with sloping sides. Leave a shelf 1 2
about 12–18 in (30–45 cm) wide at
this depth around the edge. Dig out
a central area 3 ft (1 m) deep and an
adjacent area about 30 in (75 cm) deep.
3 Place a spirit level on a straight plank
of wood to check that the pond will
be level. Repeat in a few places
around the pond edge, building up
or removing soil as necessary.
4 Remove large or sharp stones in
the walls and base. Line the pond
with a proprietary underlay or an
old carpet that has not been treated
with chemical cleaners.
5 Cover the underlay with the butyl
liner (see below), centering it over the
hole. Push it down in the middle, and 3 4
pleat along the sides and base to fit.
6 Fill the pond with water—ideally
rainwater stored in rain barrel. Trim
the liner with a sharp knife, leaving
18 in (45 cm) excess around the edges,
which you can disguise with soil and
plants, turf or rocks, taking care not
to tear the liner.

LINER QUANTITIES Calculate the size of

the butyl liner you will need as follows:
measure the pond at its longest length
(L) and its widest width (W); then the
depth at its deepest point (D). The
area of the liner needed is given by
(2D+18 in+L) x (2D+45 cm+W).
5 6
HOW PLANTS
PREVENT FLOODING
Climate change has influenced global weather patterns,
causing more extreme events such as summer storms
and floods. Using the power of plants, gardeners can help
reduce flooding, which has wide-reaching effects on the
environment and can lead to polluted rivers and oceans.
Using permeable surfaces rather
Replacing paving with permeable surfaces, including lawns than paving for paths in your yard allows
and gravel, can also help in the fight against flood damage. water to drain away easily.

WHY FLOODS OCCUR soil more time to soak it up. After

prolonged rainfall, the soil can also
AFTER A STORM become saturated and if more rain
then falls, the excess water will
The rate at which rain falls as well immediately produce surface runoff
as the quantity has an effect on the and flooding. By taking up water from
flood risk. When water hits a surface the soil, plants continually prevent the
more quickly than the ground can soil from reaching saturation point,
Pollutants lead to algae which depletes absorb it, such as during a storm, the whereas hard, impermeable surfaces
the water of oxygen when it decomposes. rainwater runs off and flooding can that have very little capacity to absorb
occur, whereas gentle rain allows the rainwater will flood much more easily.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS
As the climate has warmed, extreme
weather events such as storms and
prolonged rainfall have increased. These
bring both wide-scale and localized
flooding, which can devastate ecosystems:
plants and wildlife die in waterlogged
conditions, and raw sewage can enter
rivers and oceans when drains overflow
in areas where rainwater and domestic
sewage systems are not separated.
Floodwater may also carry animal waste,
engine oil, fertilizers, pesticides, and
detergents. The effects of flooding are
exacerbated in urban areas with little
plant cover, where stormwater runs
off hard surfaces into overstretched
sewers. However, gardeners can make Where yards lack sufficient permeable surfaces, water
a difference by designing their spaces from heavy rainfall gushes out on to public roads.
with flood prevention in mind.

030 031 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

PLAN PERMEABLE
SURFACES
Integrate permeable surfaces into your
space wherever possible, rather than
using paving stones or concrete—the
latter is definitely not recommended,
as it has one of the highest carbon
footprints of all landscaping materials.
Grass, aggregates such as gravel, and
shredded prunings allow rainwater to
penetrate to the soil, and these can
also be used between pavers where
a hard surface is needed. In some
countries, you must by law have
permeable surfaces, especially at the
front of a property, where replacing
yards with parking space for cars has
contributed to urban flooding. Check
with your local planning department
for guidelines.

TOP TIP ADD A LAYER OF LEAF MOLD OR ORGANIC HOMEMADE COMPOST, BOTH OF Wooden planks and gravel create an
WHICH ARE HIGHLY POROUS, OVER YOUR BEDS AND BORDERS. NOT ONLY WILL THEY informal, permeable pathway through a
naturalistic design of ornamental grasses
HELP INCREASE THE DRAINAGE CAPACITY OF THE SOIL, THEY ALSO PREVENT IT FROM
and low-growing herbs and perennials.
FORMING A HARD IMPERMEABLE LAYER THAT RAIN WILL QUICKLY RUN OFF.

PLANTS TO THE RESCUE Maximizing the planting area of your

yard, particularly in areas where storm
Trees and other plants play a significant water may collect and run into the road
role in flood prevention. Tree canopies and sewage systems, can significantly
trap rainwater on the leaves and stems alleviate the risk of flooding (for ideas on
and slow the rate at which it falls to the how to incorporate more planting, see
ground. The plants beneath further pp.32–33).
reduce the volume of water that reaches
the ground, and leaf litter on the soil Trees and plants prevent flooding by
surface holds water droplets longer absorbing rainwater before it can run off.
still. When rainwater finally reaches the
ground, the soil soaks it up like a sponge, Rainwater is trapped by
the leaves and branches
preventing it from running off the
surface and causing flooding. Once The tree draws up water from the roots
the water is in the soil, plants draw it and releases it back into the atmosphere
up through their roots and into their
Plants beneath the tree trap more
stems and leaves, where the excess is water as it falls from the canopy
lost through tiny pores in the foliage
called stomata—a process known as
transpiration. The roots also create Roots open up channels
channels in the soil that allow rain to for water to pass through
filter down into it more quickly.
PLANTING FLOOD DEFENSES
There are many ways to maximize the fences and ground cover plants squeezed
planting in your yard to reduce the risk between pavers offer opportunities in small
of localized flooding and prevent the wider spaces, while trees and large shrubs will
environmental damage it causes. Assess the absorb even greater volumes of water if you
areas that face the road, where stormwater have space for them. Try some of the simple
will run off into the sewers, to see if there is solutions here to create a leafy defense that
scope for more plants. Climbers on walls and will protect against water run-off.

PLANTED PATHWAYS materials such as wooden planks or

stone pavers with gravel or another
When you are planning a new pathway, absorbent material. Space the planks
include some planting in your design. or pavers at a comfortable stepping
Grass paths are absorbent, but they can distance from one another and fill in
rapidly deteriorate into muddy tracks on between with the gravel, into which
a route that is used every day, such as you can plant low-growing or spreading
one leading to a house door. The soil plants including thyme, Mexican fleabane
beneath the grass will soon become (Erigeron karvinskianus), chamomile
compacted in these areas, killing the turf (Chamaemelum nobile), or houseleeks
and creating an impermeable surface for (Sempervivum). Line your path with
water to run off. Where foot traffic is larger plants to make a water-absorbent
highest, combine hard landscaping blanket that will prevent run-off.

A parking space can combine hard

surfacing with areas of planting.

PARKING SOLUTIONS
Front yards often double as parking
spaces, but even these can include
ribbons of planting between the hard
areas needed for car tires. Install tracks
made from wood, bricks, or paving, and
fill the areas in between with gravel and
plants. Low-growing plants that will
tolerate the occasional pressure of
a car tire running over them include
creeping jenny (Lysimachia nummularia),
bugle (Ajuga reptans), and thymes such
as Thymus serpyllum. A sprinkling of
forget-me-nots will add some color
in spring and self-seed into the gravel.
A combination of wood and gravel In areas with low foot traffic, grass paths Water the plants frequently after
allows water to filter into the ground. make good water-absorbent walkways. planting until they are well-established.

032 033 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

 POTS FOR PAVED AREAS NEED TO KNOW
Where hard materials are necessary, • Plant in layers, using trees, shrubs,
such as a doorstep or dining area, use climbers, and perennials, to trap
plants in pots to mop up excess water before it hits the ground.
rainwater. The larger the pot the better, • Plant climbers at least 2 ft (60 cm)
as these will hold more soil and absorb from a wall or fence and add
the most water. Small shrubs such as supports such as wires or trellis
Skimmia japonica and Euonymus fortunei, for them to climb up.
ivies, and colorful violas are idea for • Include evergreen shrubs, as their
shady doorsteps, or try lavender, canopies will help alleviate flooding
sedums, and sedges (Carex) in winter.
for sunnier spots. These will offer a • Make sure that the foliage canopy
decorative display and only require does not completely cover the rim
watering a couple times a week during of your containers, or rain will simply
Plants in pots of different sizes look dry weather if they are planted in a wash off the leaves onto the ground.
attractive and will soak up water. large container such as a half-barrel.

COLLECTING STORM WATER

PLANTS FOR A MINI RAIN GARDEN
In yards where rainwater runs off
patios or other hard surfaces and pools
Bugle (Ajuga reptans) • False spirea (Astilbe species) • Sedges (Carex species) •
at the lower end of your plot, consider
Wood spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides) • Hardy geranium (Geranium species) •
installing a mini rain garden. This is a
Hostas (Hosta species) • Japanese iris (Iris ensata) • Maiden grass (Miscanthus
depression filled with resilient plants
sinensis) • Knotweed (Persicaria affinis) • Black-eyed Susan (Rudbeckia species)
where water can collect during a storm,
rather than running off into the road or
waterways. The planted area holds the
excess water, while the roots create
channels that allow it to drain slowly
into the soil.
Dig a wide, saucer-shaped hole about
18 in (45 cm) deep, or 2 ft (60 cm) deep
in clay soils that take longer to drain.
Create a berm (lip) about 12 in (30 cm)
wide and 4 in (10 cm) high, with some of
the excavated soil along the lower edge
of the hole to help capture water as it
flows down the slope. Partly refill the
hole so it forms a slight depression,
using a mix of homemade compost,
excavated soil, and fine gravel, which
will aid drainage. Add plants that are
able to tolerate periods of waterlogging
as well as drier conditions. Seek
professional help if your garden is on a
steep slope of more than about
12 percent or 1:8.

This mini rain garden is filled with

tough plants and topped with stones.
GREAT TREES
FIELD MAPLE ACER CAMPESTRE
HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 40 x 12 ft (12 x 4 m)
SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained

FOR SMALLER HARDY Fully hardy

SUN 45

YARDS
Often used as a hedge plant,
this deciduous tree produces
five-lobed, red-tinted leaves
in spring which turn mid-green
toward summer. They then
With so many trees to choose from, this take on yellow and red hues
catalog of compact species and varieties in fall. The tiny greenish-
yellow flowers attract
is designed to help you select the right pollinators in spring, and
one for a small or medium-size yard. small mammals eat the winged
Compact trees are ideal for beginners as seed heads in fall. Tolerant of
a wide range of sites and
they are less likely than large species to soils, this maple makes a
outgrow their allotted space or need expert beautiful addition to a wildlife
pruning—yet they offer the same benefits garden. While it can grow
tall, pruning the main trunk This maple’s handsome
of trapping and storing carbon dioxide, when the tree is young will five-lobed foliage turns yellow
mitigating the effects of climate change. limit its growth. and red in fall.

SMOOTH SERVICEBERRY AMELANCHIER LAEVIS RIVER BIRCH BETULA NIGRA

HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 25 x 25 ft (8 x 8 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 40 x 22 ft (12 x 7 m)
SOIL Moist but well-drained SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained
HARDINESS Fully hardy HARDINESS Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 45

Grow this small deciduous Also known as the red or

tree for its coppery-pink black birch, this impressive
spring leaves, which turn tree has shaggy pinkish-
green in summer before brown and white bark that
taking on yellow and red makes an eye-catching
fall tints. The fragrant, starry, feature in winter and green,
white spring blossom diamond-shaped leaves that
is followed in summer by turn buttery-yellow in fall. Its
edible, sweet, blue-black yellow spring catkins add to
fruits, which are loved by its charms. Ideal for boggy or
birds. It makes a beautiful wet soils, this tree is equally
feature tree amid informal happy in drier conditions, and
planting in a small city yard, provides a good habitat for
or in a meadow area in a insects and birds. Buy a multi-
larger space. Undemanding, stemmed tree, which will
it will grow in most soils and Starry white blossoms are limit its growth, and plant it Buttery-yellow fall leaves
needs very little aftercare followed by blue-black fruits in a border or close to a and colorful peeling bark are
once it is established. that attract birds to the yard. natural water feature. prized aspects of the river birch.

034 035 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

JUDAS TREE CERCIS SILIQUASTRUM CORKSCREW HAZEL CORYLUS AVELLANA ‘CONTORTA’
HEIGHT AND SPREAD 22 x 22 ft (7 x 7 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD 15 x 15 ft (5 x 5 m)
SOIL Well-drained SOIL Well-drained
HARDINESS Survives all but the harshest winters HARDY Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 45

This deciduous small tree The unusual twisted branches

is popular for its rose-lilac, of the corkscrew hazel make
pealike flowers, which appear a striking focal point in winter
in late spring. These are and early spring, when the
followed by bright green, golden catkins appear and
heart-shaped leaves and dangle from the branches like
dark, purple-tinted, flattened glittering earrings. The green
seedpods in midsummer. leaves are slightly twisted,
The leaves then turn gold in too, and turn yellow in fall,
fall. As well as attracting bees when the tree produces nuts
and other pollinators, the (although not as many as a
tree is able to feed itself by standard hazel tree). Moth
extracting nitrogen from caterpillars feed on the leaves,
the air via bacteria on its while many types of birds eat
roots—nitrogen is essential the nuts. Underplant it with
for healthy leaves. It makes a Pealike flowers appear on spring bulbs and pollen-rich The twisted branches of
beautiful feature in small the bare branches in spring, summer-flowering perennials this hazel give the impression
courtyard gardens. creating an eye-catching feature. to add more wildlife benefits. of an ancient gnarled tree.

HAWTHORN CRATAEGUS LAEVIGATA SPINDLE TREE EUONYMUS EUROPAEUS

HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 22 x 22 ft (7 x 7 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD 10 x 8 ft (3 x 2.5 m)
SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained SOIL Well-drained
HARDINESS Fully hardy HARDY Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 4

Supporting a wide range A good choice for a large pot

of insects and birds, this in a courtyard, this deciduous
deciduous tree also offers a tree produces dark green
range of ornamental features. leaves and tiny, pollen-rich
Clusters of creamy-white flowers. While it is quite
or pink flowers, loved by unassuming for much of the
pollinators, appear after the year, in fall its colors trump
green lobed leaves have almost everything else in the
unfurled. Then, in fall, birds yard. The leaves fire up
feast on the bright red to a blazing scarlet, while
berries, and the grooved orange-pink, winged fruit add
bark and twisted stems add to the spectacle and remain
interest in winter. This tough on the tree after the foliage
little tree looks at home in an has fallen. Plant it where its
informal planting design and fall guise can be enjoyed,
among wildflowers. It is also Pink double flowers appear with spring and summer Stunning fall color creates
perfect for an exposed site on thorny stems on the popular flowers offering interest at a dazzling feature in a small
or coastal space. hawthorn cultivar ‘Paul’s Scarlet’. other times. eco garden.
COMMON HOLLY ILEX AQUIFOLIUM APPLE TREE MALUS DOMESTICA
HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 40 x 12 ft (12 x 4 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 12 x 12 ft (4 x 4 m)
SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained
HARDY Fully hardy HARDINESS Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 4

Characterized by its spiny Few trees beat the eating apple for great value in a small yard.
evergreen foliage, holly As the green leaves unfurl in spring, pink or white pollen-rich
offers interest all year, with blossoms attract honey bees; in fall, the ripe apples are ready
cultivars bearing variegated for picking, offering you a rich store of fresh fruit. The fallen
leaves providing added color. apples also provide a feast for butterflies, birds, and other
The spring flowers attract creatures. Buy tiny trees on dwarfing rootstocks for a patio
pollinators, while the dense pot or larger specimens to make a feature in a lawn or border.
canopy makes an ideal nesting Late-flowering varieties are best in frost-prone areas.
site for birds. Plant holly in
a mixed border of shrubs and
flowering perennials and
annuals. For berries, which
provide birds with food,
choose a female form and
Fresh apples
ensure there is a male nearby
taste delicious and
to fertilize the flowers, or ‘Argentea Marginata’ is a offer a wonderful
select a self-fertile variety female form with cream-edged resource for
such as ‘J. C. van Tol’. leaves, tinged pink in spring. backyard wildlife.

JAPANESE CRAB APPLE MALUS × FLORIBUNDA MEDLAR MESPILUS GERMANICA

HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 22 x 22 ft (7 x 7 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD up to 20 x 25 ft (6 x 8 m)
SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained
HARDY Fully hardy HARDINESS Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 45

This pretty crab apple bears This spreading tree is perfect

abundant pearly-pink flowers, for eco-gardeners looking
opening from mid- to late for a distinctive focal point.
spring just as the small, bright The medlar has large white
green leaves appear. The spring flowers that are
blossom is followed in fall by magnets for bees and the
small golden-yellow fruits leathery leaves are joined by
that often remain on the tree brown, apple-shaped fruits in
into winter; the fallen apples fall. These are hard and
offer a valuable food source bitter, but if harvested in late
for a range of wildlife. Tolerant fall and left to ripen, they
of air pollution, this spreading become softer and sweeter.
tree makes a beautiful focal The fallen fruits offer a winter
point in an informal garden food source for wildlife, too.
underplanted with spring Due to their spreading habit,
bulbs and summer perennials, A profusion of red buds medlars are best grown as Golden fall leaves are
or in a meadow of open into pink flowers in spring, standard or half-standard complemented by the medlar’s
wildflowers and grasses. appearing with the new leaves. trees with a clear trunk. brown, apple-shaped fruit.

036 037 HELPING HEAL THE PLANET

FUJI CHERRY PRUNUS INCISA PEAR TREE ‘CONFERENCE’ PYRUS COMMUNIS
HEIGHT AND SPREAD 8 x 8 ft (2.5 x 2.5 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD 10 x 8 ft (3 x 2.5 m)
SOIL Moist but well-drained/well-drained SOIL Well-drained
HARDY Fully hardy HARDY Fully hardy
SUN 4 SUN 4

This compact flowering cherry Pear trees offer a multitude

is ideal for a small urban of benefits for people and
space. A profusion of wildlife, including beautiful
crimson buds opens to reveal white spring blossoms and
clear white flowers, which juicy, edible fruits in fall. For a
are covered with bees and small, manageable tree that
other pollinators when they bears Conference pears,
appear in spring. The narrow, choose one grown on a
pale green leaves are tinged Quince ‘C’ rootstock; for a
with bronze as they unfurl heavy crop, plant another pear
and also put on a show in fall, tree nearby. The flowers lure
when they turn bright orange bees and other pollinators,
and red before falling. The while butterflies and birds,
small fruits attract birds. including thrushes and
Plant it where you can admire blackbirds, will gorge on the
the foliage, as a specimen or in The profuse white flowers fallen fruits in fall. Plant The sweet fruits that make
a mixed informal bed. Prune make this tree popular with among wildflowers in a pear trees popular also help
in early summer if necessary. various pollinating insects. meadow or in a mixed border. feed backyard wildlife.

ROWAN SORBUS AUCUPARIA COMMON LILAC SYRINGA VULGARIS

HEIGHT AND SPREAD 40 x 25 ft (12 x 8 m) HEIGHT AND SPREAD 22 x 22 ft (7 x 7 m)
SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained SOIL Well-drained/moist but well-drained
HARDINESS Fully hardy HARDY Fully hardy
SUN 45 SUN 45

Also known as the mountain A deciduous small tree or

ash, this small to medium-size large shrub, lilac is celebrated
tree offers many benefits for for its large, conical heads of
both gardeners and wildlife. highly scented spring flowers
Its flat clusters of small white that are a magnet for bees
flowers attract pollinators in and other pollinators. There
late spring and the orange- is a huge range of cultivars
red fall berries provide an with flowers in shades of
excellent source of food for dark red, pink, purple, and
birds. The green, divided white. The mid-green,
leaves also take on fiery hues heart-shaped foliage adds to
in fall. In a small space, the tree’s charms. Plant it at
choose a multi-stemmed the back of an informal mixed
tree or compact cultivar such border or along a boundary
as ‘Vilmorinii’ and use your with other shrubs and trees
tree to add seasonal Bright red berries appear to add privacy to your yard. A lilac tree in full bloom is a
highlights to an informal in large clusters in fall and To keep it in shape, prune stunning sight, while the scent
planting design. provide a rich feast for birds. hard in early summer. of the flowers is an added bonus.
Harvesting seeds from crops such as
peas and beans rather than buying them
each year reduces your carbon footprint
and the cost of the plants you grow.

ECO-GARDENING
METHODS
The way you grow your ornamental plants and crops has
an impact on the environment. Using organic methods
that do not rely on chemical fertilizers or the use of
pesticides and herbicides helps create healthier soil
and ensures fewer pollutants wash into our waterways.
Growing plants from seed, using biodegradable pots, and
making compost at home also helps reduce our carbon
footprint. Explore these and other eco-friendly ways to
raise and care for your plants.
RIGHT PLANT,
RIGHT PLACE
The best way to ensure your plants thrive and to minimize
the effects of pests and diseases is to grow those that enjoy
your environment. This means finding out what type of soil
you have and how much sun your plot receives through the
day at different times of the year, then planting species
adapted to those conditions. Most plant labels and catalogs Helenium autumnale ‘Helena Red
give enough information to help you make the right choices. Shades’ needs a sunny spot to thrive.

CHECKING YOUR infertile, as plant nutrients are soluble

and dissolve in rainwater. By comparison,
referred to as “moist but well-drained.”
However, whatever your soil type,
SOIL TYPE clay particles are tiny and trap moisture
in the minute gaps between them. These
there will be plants to suit it.
To test your soil, dig up a small
Most garden soils fall into one of two soils are dense and prone to waterlogging, sample from just below the surface,
categories: those rich in sand and those but tend to be more fertile. The best leave it to dry off a little if wet, then roll
where clay is the main ingredient. Sand garden soil is loam, which contains it between your fingers.
particles are relatively large and water is almost equal measures of sand and
able to drain quickly through the spaces clay. It retains enough water for plant SANDY SOIL When rolled between the
between them. This is why sandy soils roots to absorb, while allowing excess fingers, sandy soil feels gritty and falls
are free-draining and usually quite moisture to drain away—a condition apart when you try to mold it into a
ball or log shape. It is also generally
pale in color.

CLAY SOIL Smooth and dense, clay

soil retains its shape when it is
molded into a ball or log shape. Soil
that has a very high clay content will
not crack even when it is bent into a
horseshoe shape.

Clay soil is dense and retains its shape when you manipulate it, Dig up a little soil and roll it between
which means you can mold it into log shapes or balls. your fingers to discover the consistency.

040 041 ECO-GARDENING METHODS

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
36. cdvinnus (covìnus), i, m. (parola celtica), carro falcato, come
carro di guerra dei Belgi e Britanni, Mela ed a. coxa, ae, f. (propr.
coc-sa, da connettersi con xoxtóvyj), coscia, anca, Plin. ed a.
coxendix, dlcis, f. (coxa), osso dell'anca, e generic, anca, coscia,
Suet. ed a. Crabra o aqiia Crabra, fiumicello, ora Maranella, che
nasce nei dintorni di Tuscolo e si divide in due rami, di cui il
maggiore sbocca nel! Aniene, il minore, attraversando Roma, nel
Tevere. crabro, ònis, m., calabrone, Verg., Plin. ed a. — prov., irritare
crabrones, metter il dito nel vespaio, Plaut. Amph. 707. Crànòn
(Crannòn). ònis, acc, anche òna, f. (Kpavtóv, COmum.KpaVVWv),
Crannone, città della Pelasgiotide nella Tessaglia ad E., o secondo
altri a S.E. di Larissa, ora Sarliki, secondo altri Tzeres. — Deriv.: Crii
nò I1II1S (KpavtóviOg), a, um, di Granone. Crantor, oris, m.
(Kpavxwp), I) secondo il mito, scudiere di Peleo. II) uno dei più
distinti filosofi dell'antica Accademia , la quale finì, si può dire, con
lui. Crapula, ae, f. (xpauiaÀY)), crapida, stravizzo, ubbriachezza, Cic
ed a. : edormire crapulane Cic. cras, avv., domani (contr. hodie), Cic.
ed a. — poet. trasl., in gen. = in avvenire, Hor. ed a. Crasse, avv.
con compar. (crassus), grossamente , densamente , fittamente , I)
propr. : cr. picari v^sa, Col. II) trasl., rozzamente, grossolanamente,
poema cr. compositum, messo insieme rozzamente, Hor.: cr.
intelligere alqd, solo in grosso (== senza intendere per bene, nelle
minuzie), Sen. CraSSeSCO; ere (crassus), ingrossare, diventar fitto,
denso; ingrassare, Seu. ed a. Crassianus, a, um, V. Crassus.
crassltudo, dìnis, f. (crassus), densità, grossezza, spessezza, aéris,
Cic: parietum, Caes. 1. crassus, a, um, grosso, I) in gen., grosso,
spesso (contr. latus, longus), nucleus crassus sex digitos, Plin. :
arbores crassiores digitos quinque, Cato. II) in oppos. al sottile, fino,
magro, grosso, denso, spesso, fitto, grasso (contr. tenuis, rarus,
liquidus ed a.), A) propr.: a) di sogg. materiali: aèr, caelum, Cic:
tenebrae, Cic: aquae, dense, melmose, Ov. : filum, Cic : toga, di filo
grosso, grossolana, Hor.: ager, grasso, Cic: neutr. sost, si quid crassi
(in vinis) est, Hor. b) di pers., grasso, Ter. Hec 440. B) trasl.: crassa
Minerva, di mente grossa, di tardo intendimento, d'ingegno crasso,
Hor.: così crassiore Musa, Quint. — Deriv.: 2. Crassus, i, m.,
cognome della gens Licinia. V. Licinius. — Deriv. : CrassiaUUS, a, um,
del (triumviro) Crasso. CrastinuS, a, Um (cras), crastmo, di domani,
del dì seguente (contr. hodiernus), dies, Cic: Aurora, Verg.: sost.,
crastinum, i, n., u giorno vegnente, crastini neglegens, Sen. : ex
crastino pendere, Sen.: in crastinum, all'indomani, Cic. Crataeis,idis,
f. (Kp
 655 Craterus credo 656 Plin. 4) Crater, golfo presso Bajae,
Cic. ad Att. 2, 8, 2 {dove acc. Cratera). 5) Crater o Cratera,
costellazione, Ov. fast. 2 , 226. Cic. Arat. 219. Crìitérus, i, m.
(Kpóxspos), I) uno dei generali d'Alessandro Magno, Cratero. II)
celebre medico dei tempi di Cicerone; appellai. « un Cratero » = un
celebre medico, Hor. sat. 2, 3, 161. era ICS, ÌS, f., graticcio, palafitta,
fascine, erpice, chiudenda, stuoia, I) propr., COme erpice , cr.
vimineae , Verg. : nei lavori di guerra, come strato per fabbricare i
ponti, longuriis, cratibusque consterni, Caes. : per riempiere ed
appianare, come le nostre « fascine », cratibus atque aggere
paludem explere, Caes. : per merli di torri e mura, ripari, baluardi
contro il nemico, Caes. ed a.: per punizione, messo sul capo ai
malfattori e caricato di pietre, Liv. IT) trasl.: favorum, favo di miele
(la tessitura dei favi), Verg.: spinae, spina dorsale, Ov.: pectoris,
Verg. Cratllis, thidis, acc. thim, m. (Kp&Gtg), fiume presso Turii,
formante il confine tra la Lucania e il Bruzio ; le cui acque dovevano
colorare i capelli in biondo chiaro; ora Crati. CratTnus, i, m.
(Kpaxlvog), Gratino, uno dei primi poeti dell'antica commedia attica,
contemporaneo di Eupoli e di Aristofane, particolare veneratore del
vino. Cratippus, i, m. (KpàTWiTWg), Cratippo, filosofo peripatetico in
Atene, maestro del figlio di Cicerone. CreatlO, Ònis, f. (creo),
creazione, scelta, elezione, magistratuum, Cic. de legg. 3, 10.
Creator , Òris , m. (creo) , autore, fondatore, creatore, genitore, Cic.
ed a. creatrix, trìcis, f. (creator), autrice, produttrice, creatrice,
genitrice, madre, Lucr. ed a. creber, bra, bruni (dalla rad. CRE, da cui
anche creo, cresco), spesso, frequente, nello spazio e tempo, I) nello
spazio, che sta spesso Vuno accanto all'altro 0 nell'altro, che si segue
l'uno all'altro, spesso, frequente, prossimo (contr. rarus), a) generic:
crebri ignes, fuochi frequenti. Sall.:creberrimaaedifìcia, Cic: crebrae
sententiae, pensieri affollati, Cic: crebri cecYdere caelo lapides, Liv.
h)pregn., affollato, serrato, pieno, coperto di q.c, folto, creber
arundinibus lucus, ove crescono folte, ecc., Ov.: trasl., di Scrittore,
oratore, ricco, abbondante, fecondo, in, ecc., creber rerum
frequentià, Cic: sententiis creber, Cic. e Quint. II) nel tempo =
ripetuto frequentemente, che si ripete spesso, frequente (contr.
rarus) a) generic: excursiones, Nep. : litterae crebriores, Cic :
crebros exploratores mittere, Caes.: scitis per hos dies creberrimum
fuisse sermonem, Cic : poet, acc. plur., crebra avverb. = crebro,
ripetutamente, Lucr. e Verg. b) pregn., « che fa una cosa
ripetutamente », Africus creber procellis, che spesso desta le
procelle, Verg.: creber pulsat, picchia ripetutamente, batte
incessantemente, Verg. Aen. 5, 460: in eo creber fuisti (ti sei
ripetuto, hai fatto molte volte), colVacc. e Z'infin., Cic crcbrcsco
(crèbesco), bruì (bui), ere (creber), farsi frequente, aumentarsi,
crescere, rafforzarsi, andar crescendo, di fama =s diffondersi, Verg.,
Tac ed a. crcbritas, atis, f. (creber), Tessere spesso, fitto, l'uno
accanto all'altro, I) nello Spazio, densità, spessezza, frequenza,
fluctuum, Sali, fr.: sententiarum, gran copia di, ecc., Cic. II) nel
tempo, frequenza, ritorno frequente, litterarum, Cic: periculorum,
Tac. crebro, aw. con corapar. crcbrìus, superi, crebcrrimc (creber),
spesso, ripetutamente, sovente, frequentemente, Cic ed a.
Credìbili^, e (credo), credibile, da esser creduto, attendibile,
probabile (contr. incredibilis), narratio, Cic: alci alqd credibile facere
(di una circostanza, Liv.: quodvix credibile esset, Cic: nibil his
credibilius fingi potest, Quint. : vix credibile dictu, memoratu est,
Curt. e Tac: credibile, vix credibile, colVacc. e Z'infin., Cic ed a.:
hoccine est cr., ut, etc ? Ter. : non est cr., quid etc? Cic: sost., majora
credibili, più grandi di quel che si può credere, Ov.: plur., credibilium
genera sunt tria, Quint. crédibììiter, aw. con compar. (credibilis),
credibilmente, in modo credibile, attendibile, Cic e Quint. eréditor,
òris, m. (credo), creditwe (contr. debitor, debitore), Cic. ed a. crédi
tu ni, i, n., V. credo n° II, 1 alla fine. Credo, dldi, dltlim, ere, fidare,
I) confidare in una pers. 0 COSa, fidare, dar la sua fiducia
(confidenza), a) avuto riguardo alla fiducia e alla fedeltà, assol.,
Sen.: eorum nemini, Cic: alci parimi o nimium, Cic e Cornif rhet.:
alcjs tìdei, Curt.: virtuti suorum magis, Sali, b) per riguardo alla
sincerità, veracità, credibilità, fidare in qualcuno, aver fede, prestar
fede, credere, a) ad un'altra pers. o cosa : alci, Cic. : fabulis, Cic. :
oculis magis quam auribus, Liv.: alci in sua lite, Sen. : in quo scelere
tamen non temere creditur, Cic. : alci de nomine suae artis, Quint.:
de his famae, Curt.: quindi milii crede o crede mihi, mihi credite o
credite mihi, credi, credete a me (espressione intercalata di
asseverazione), Cic Passivo, credor, vengo creduto, mi si presta fede,
certe credamur, si verba sequatur exitus, Ov.:,creditus accepit
cantatas protinus herbas, Ov.: p) a sé stesso, sibi cr.r credere a sé
stesso (alla propria persuasione), essere persuaso con sé stesso,
essere pienamente persuaso, Auct. b. Al. e Plin. pan. II) fidare,
riguardo a q.C, 1) affidare q.c, commettere alla fedeltà e fiducia,
consegnare, a) generic: a) ogg. inan.: arma militi, Liv.: alci Ulani
custodiam (pontis), Nep.: alci omnes res o ces tanta.s Cic: alci
imperium, Liv.: alci salutem suam, Curt. p) esseri anim.: alqos alcjs
fidei p otestatique Cic: euinam praesidio pecua credemus'? Cormf
rhet.: se suaque omnia alienissimis. Caes. se victori, Cic: se ponto,
Ov.: se alcjs tectis, Cic*: se in novos soles, Verg. b) affidare alla
aiscrezione, confidare {contr. celare alqm.de -ilqa re), id tibi non
credidit, Cic: cr. alci Consilia sua omnia, Ter.: alci areanos sensus,
Verg.: libris arcana, Hor. e) affidare una cosa prestata, contando
sull'onore, sulla parola, per la su> restituzione, ìmp>restare (contr.
debere, esser debitore, o exi 
 657 credulitas creo 658 gere, riscuotere), alci pecuniam,
grandem pecuniam, Cic: pecuniam alcjs fide fsulla parola di ale), Cic.
: pecunia eredita, pecuniae creditae , denaro imprestato , prestito ,
Liv. e Caes.: res creditae, beni affidati in prestito, Cic: asso!., cum
credebat inductus usuris, Cic: partic. SOSt., creditum, i, n., prestito,
credito, Sali., Liv. ed a. 2) credere q.c, a) = ritener per vero, essere
persuaso di q.c. (della verità di una cosa), a) colVaiCC .: quid jam
credas? aut cui credas? Ter. : quod fere libenter homines id quod
volunt,credunt,Caes.: cr. deos, credere negli dei, Sen.: quod mihi
credas velim, Cic: hoc credas mihi velim, Cic: ne quid de se temere
crederent, Sali.: potest alio tempore falsum aliquid prò vero credi,
Sali.: male cr., non creder bene, Ov. met. 12, 115, credere per sua
disgrazia, Ov. fast. 2, 525. P) collacc. e Hnf., utinam Indi quoque
deum esse me credant, Curt.: quod vix credendum sit (non è
credibile) tantas res tam breviter potuisse declarari, Nep.: e così
credas mihi velim, Cic y) con de (riguardo a = a) e Tabi, Vitellius
credidit de perfidia, Tac: facilius de odio creditur, Tac 8) assol, audivi
et credo, Ter.: credas mihi velim (come incidente, parentesi), Cic:
non facile ad credendum adduci, Nep.: facile ad credendum impelli,
Cic b) credere = vivere nella credenza, ritener per tale, essere di
opinione, reputare, immaginarsi, figurarsi, a) colVa.cc: timeo, ne
alkid credam atque aliud nunties, Ter.: con doppio acc. = ritenere
per, ecc., se Jovem filium,Curt.: alqm novis rebus idoneum, Sali.: al
pass, col dopp. nom., et male eredebar sanguinis auctor ego, Ov.:
origo animi caelestis creditur, Quint. (3) colV infin. o l' acc. e Z'infin.,
credidit de suo adventu esse auditum, Nep.: fratrem credo a te esse
conventum, Cic: cum reliquum exercitum subsequi crederet, Caes.: e
così crederes, tu crederesti osi crederebbe,si sarebbe creduto,
crederes Alexandrum inter suas necessitudines fiere , Curt. : maesti
(crederes victos) redeunt in castra, Liv.: al passivo col nom. e Tinnii.,
navis praeter creditur ire, Lucr.: aries creditur vexisse Phrixum,Tac: o
colV acc. e V infin. , creditur Pythagorae auditorem fuisseNumam,
Liv.: prò certo creditur necato filio vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis
fecisse, Sali.: e cosi numquam satis credito (abl. assol.) sine fraude
Germanicum interisse, Tac. y) seguito daprop. causale con quod o
quia, Cic, o da prop. finale con ut o ne e il conq., Veli, e Nep. 8)
assol., ut Athenaeus credit (come parentesi), Quint.: quindi credo,
partic. intercalato, per significare V opinione soggettiva di chi parla,
per lo più ironicamente, credo (penso), credo (penso) anch'io, dovrei
credere o stimare, supporre, credo jam, ut solet, jurgabit, Ter.:
credo, aut illos mortis timor terret aut hos religionis, Cic: male,
credo, mererer de civibus meis, si etc, Cic crcdìilTlas, àtis, f.
(credulus), credulità, Piane in Cic. ep ed a. eredititi*, a, um (credo),
I) attivo: che erede facilmente, credulo, ingenuo, stultus et Cr.
auditor, Cic : piscis, che morde all'amo, Ov.: armenta, che non
presentono alcun pericolo, senza sospetto, Hor.: cr. alci, che crede
facilmente ad altri, credulo, Verg. e Hor. : cr. in rem, Ov.: di e. inan.,
aures, Curt.: convivia, liberi da diffidenza, Justin. II) passivo, faeil
mente creduto, fama, Tac hist. 1, 34. Cremerà, ae, m., fiumicello
delV Etruria, che sbocca nel Tevere un miglio al disopra di Roma,
noto per la morte dei 300 Fabii. — D eriv.: Cremerensis, e, di
Cremerà, dies, il giorno della sventura dei Fabii presso al Cremerà,
Tac. hist. 2, 91. Cremo, avi, àtum, are, bruciare, ardere, spesso
collabi., igni, incendio, flammis e siiti., a) generic: a) del fuoco, ora
con ogg. mater., innumeras trabes, Ov.: ingentes silvas ardore, Lucr.:
digitum, Val. Max.: ora con ogg.pers., num incensa cremavit Troja
viros? Verg.: incensa super (sopra di loro) villa omnes cremavit, Tac.
(3) di uomini , ora con ogg. mater., cr. vetera arma, Curt.: libros in
comitio, Liv.: devecta sarmenta, Verg.: interiorem tunicam, Val.
Max.: ora con ogg. pers., se ac liberos conjugesque incendio, Curt :
con doppio acc, cr. alqm vivum, Curt. e Val. Max. b) di incendio d'un
edificio, d una città, ecc., incendiare, abbruciare , consumare ,
caelestia tecta, terras (di Fetonte), Ov.: urbem cr. et diruere, Liv. :
cremata Ilios, Hor. : facibus cr. regalia tecta, Ov. e) dell'ardere come
pena di morte, alqm igni, Caes. e Suet. d) dell'abbruciare il cadavere
ed altri ogg. nelle esequie, a) del fuoco, rogus iste cremet mea
viscera, Ov.: des tua succensae membra cremanda pyrae, Ov.:
eodem rogo cremari, Liv. P) di uomini, corpus alcjs, Cic. ed a.:
corpora condere (potius) quam cremare e more Aegyptio. Tac:
servos et clientes justis funeribus confectis una cr., Caes.: corpora
clarorum virorum certis lignis, Tac: cr. alqm haud pretiose, Curt.:
alqm honorate,Val. Max.: alqm humili sepulturà, Cic: cetera
(corpora) nec numero ne 3 honore, non contati, confusamente e
senza onore, Verg.: cremari cum conjuge (marito), Val. Max. e) *
dell' 'ardere la vittima, cr. igni vitulos, Ov.: caesarum boum fibras de
more cr., Ov.: congesta cr. turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo,
Verg.: col dat. (per chi? = in onore di chi?), spolia hostium conjecta
in acervum Jovi Victori, Liv. Cremona, ae, f., colonia rom. dell'Alta
Italia, sulla riva sinistra del Po ; ancor oggi Cremona. — Deriv.:
Cremonensis, e, Cremonese ,- plur. sost., Cremonenses, ium, m.,
abit. di Cremona, Cremonesi, Cremimi* jugum, parte delle Alpi
Perniine, ora Grimset. cremili*, òris, m., sugo denso ricavato da
materie animali e vegetali, amido, poltiglia, muciiaggine, crassus,
Cato: cr. (hordei), mucilaggine d'orzo, Ov. Cremittiiis, ti (A.
Cremutius Cordus), m., storico latino, contemporaneo dell'imperatore
Tiberio, segnalato per la sua schiettezza. 1. erro, avi, atum, are
{radice CER, per metat. CRE, da CUÌ anche Cresco), produrre,
generare, creare, I) in gen.\ a) generic: a) ogg. mater.: censet
(Zeno) artis maxime proprium esse creare et gignere, Cic: omnes
res,quas et creat natura et tuetur, Cic. : fructus (della terra), Quint.:
fruges, genus humanum (della
 659 Creo cresco 660 terra), Lucr.: narratores facetos (della
natura), Ci-.: terrara creari ex igni, Lucr.: necprincipium extinctum ex
se aliud creabit, Cic: con doppio acc, primordia (come primi
elementi) cr. ignes et lignum, Lucr. p) condizioni intellettuali, morali o
polit.: errorem, Cic: luxuriem,Cic: magnum odium, Auct. b. Afr.:
seditionem, Veli, b) generare, procreare un bambino, prolem ex se,
Lucr.: patria est antiquior parens,quam qui creavit, Cic: cr. Aeneam
Silviam, Liv.: della madre, alqm,Verg.: pueros, Hor.: al pass,
conpredic. in nom., cum crearer masculus (come, ecc.), Phaedr.:
colVabl. (da), fortes creantur fortibus, Phaedr.: e così creatus alqo o
alqà, figlio, rampollo di, ecc., Verg.,Ov. e Fior., partic. sost., creati,
fanciulli, Ov. mei. 6, 206. II) come 1. 1. di attipubbl.: a) creare,
costituire una magistratura, tribuniciain potestatem, Liv.: dignitatem,
quae dictatura appellatur, Liv. b) creare, fare un impiegato,
sacerdote === scegliere, eleggere, nominare, anche (di chi dirige V
elezione) = far eleggere (nominare), consules, Cic : sibi tres
collegas, Liv.: dictatorem, Liv.: Caesares duos, Eutr.: sacerdotes,
Veli.: decemviros legibus scribendis, Liv.: consules ex plebe, Liv.:
magistratus in annum, Liv.: summus magistratus, qui creatur annuus
(per un anno), Caes.: con doppio acc, alqm regem (come re), Liv.: e
collegam (a collega) sibi alqm, Liv.: alqm consulem (a e.) tertium o
tertio (per la terza volta), Liv. e Plin. pan.: al pass, con dopp. nom.,
consules creati sunt Q. Fabius et P. l)ecius, Liv.: ille Appius, qui
decemvir in annum creatus altero anno se ipse creavit, Liv. 2. Creo e
Creoli, ontis, m. (Kpécov), Creonte, re di Corinto, il quale diede in
isposa la figlia Creusa a Giasone. crepa*, pàcis (crepo), strepitante,
mola (salsa), Maecen. in Sen. ep. 114, 5. Crepì*r, pera, perum,
alquanto buio, oscuro, creperi aliquid, Sen. ben. 5, 12, 2: trasl.,
incerto, dubbioso, creperi certamina belli, Lucr. 5, 1294. crepftla, ae,
f. (xpyjrc^), pianella (che si adatta ad ambedue i piedi), sandalo, Cic
ed a. — proverb., ne sutor ultra crepidam, calzolaio, rimani al tuo
mestiere (ognuno, cioè, faccia il suo mestiere), secondo Plin. 35, 85:
cfr. Val. Max. 8, 12, ext. 3. crepidatus, a, um (crepida), calzato di
sandali, Cic ed a. crepitio, dtnis, f. (xpyjms), I) base murata,
fondamento, zoccolo, piedestallo, crepi dines obelisci, Plin. 36, 66:
fig., deinde omnia tamquam crepidine quàdam comprehensione
longiore sustinentur, si sostengono come sopra la loro base, Cic or.
224. II) orlo sporgente, cornice sicura per riparo e ornamento, risalto
murato, parapetto, vastae altitudinis, Sem: partic. molo murato, ove
approdano le navi (soggiorno dei fannulloni e mendichi), omnes
urbis crepidines, Cic: col genit. di materia (di ecc.), saxi, Verg.:
magnae molis, Curt.: assol., altera cr., Liv. crepititcilliim, i, n. (dimin.
di crepitaculum, sonagiino, Lucr. 5, 229. crepi liicìiliim, i, n. (crepito),
sonaglio, sonaglio pei bambini, Quint. ed a. crepilo, àre(intens. di
crepo), scriccliiolare ripetutamente, crepitare, cigolare, scoppiettare,
squillare, strepitare, scrosciare, Cl'epitantia arma, Ov.: magno
fragore cymbala crepitantia, Mela : crepitantes flammae, Verg.
CrepittlS, US, m. (crepo), il crepitare, scricchiolare, cigolare,
scoppiettare, strepitare, strepito, scoppiettio, scroscio, I) in gen.:
dentium, Cic: armorum, Liv.: plagarum, Cic. : alarum, lo strepito,
Liv.: missilium, lo stridere delle saette, Liv.: nec fulmine tanti
dissultant crepitus, rombo del fulmine, Verg. II j partic., flattdenza
rumorosa, strepito, CÌC ed a.: flatus crepitusque ventris, Suet. crepo,
pili, pìtum, are, I) intr., crepitare, scoppiettare, cigolare, scricchiolare,
strepitare, ecc., crepuit foris, Ter.: crepuerunt fores, Ter.: cujus
dentes crepuere sub pugno, scricchiolarono, Sen.: crepat catena,
Sen.: cum fiamma vitio virentium lignorum crepat, Sen. II) tr., far
risuonare q.C. rumoreggiando, 1) in gen.: manibus faustos ter
sonos, battere tre volte le mani in segno di approvazione, Prop.: e
così laetum theatns ter sonum, Hor. 2) partic, far risuonare q.C.
COÌla bocca, aver sempre q.C. in bocca, occuparsi molto di q.C,
vantarsi di q.c, predicare q.c, immunda dieta, Hor.: post vina gravem
militiam, Hor.: si quid Stertinius veri crepat, Hor.: crepat, ut etc, Lucr.
crepundia, òrum, n. (crepo), strumento che crepita, sonaglio, I)
sonaglio da fanciulli, oggetto di trastullo (metallico) , per divertirsi:
appeso al collo dei bambini esporti, serviva come segno di
riconoscimento, Comici, Cic. ed a. II) istrumento musicale
scricchiolante, Justin. 30, 1, 9. crepuscìilum, i, n. (creper),
crepuscolo, I) in gen.: dubiae crepuscula lucis, Ov.: opaca crepuscula
(nel Tartaro), Ov. II) partic crepuscolo (di sera), imbrunire (contr.
diluculum), Ov., Plin. ed a. Crcs, ètis, m., V. Creta, n° A. Cresco,
Crèvi, Crètum, ere, venir fuori, crescere, I) crescere = nascere, a) di
persone e piante, crescentes segetes, Ov.: hic et acanthus et rosa
crescit, Verg.: quaecumque e terra co»pora crescunt, Lucr.: (liberi)
corpore de patrio et materno sanguine crescunt, Lucr. : quindi partic
cretus, a, um, disceso, derivato, dipers., cretus Amyntore, Ov. :
cretus Trojano ab sanguine, Verg. b) di SOgg. mater., nascere,
sorgere, haec villa inter manus meas crevit , Sen. ep. 12, 1. II)
crescere = aumentare, ingrandirsi (contr. decrescere, minui), 1) in
senso più ristretto, a) generic: crescere non possuntfruges, arbusta,
Lucr.: ut (ostrea) cum luna pariter crescant decrescantque,Cic: cr.
m&ìefdi biade), Ov.: cr. in lecticis (di bambini), Quint.: in matris alvo,
Ov.: crassa farragine (di corpo), V 'erg.: postquam super ora
caputque crevit onus, si accrebbe, Ov.: quindici-, in alqd, aumentare,
ingrossare, ingrandirsi, in ventrem (del COtriuolo), Verg.:
trasformandosi, diventare, svilupparsi, in caput, in ungues, in ramos,
Ov. b) partic. di ragazzi, diventare un giovane, crescere, diventar
grande, assol., Sen.: in alcjs domo, Suet.: sub noverca, Sen.: per
quinquennium sub Aristotele, Justin. 2) in senso più ampio, secondo
la grandezza, altezza, circon 
 661 Creta cretio 662 fetenza, ecc., crescere, salire,
aumentare, accrescersi, ingrandirsi (contr. decrescere, minui), ai
secondo la grandezza, altezza, circonferenza, circuito di suolo, monti,
ecc., surgit humus; crescunt loca (la loro superficie) decrescentibus
undis, Ov.: hieme creverant Alpes, alta era la neve sulle Alpi, Fior.:
crescit in immensum (Atlas), Ov. : di costruzioni, cognata moenia
laetor crescere, Ov.: jam aliquantum altitudinis opus creverat, Curi:
di città intiere le quali crescono in circuito e in numero di abitanti,
Roma interim crescit Albae ruinis, Liv.: urbs in immensum crescit,
Liv.: di fonti, acque, salire, crescere, gonfiarsi, ingrossarsi, fons ter in
die crescit decrescitque, Plin, ep.: cum Albanus lacus praeter modum
crevisset,Cic: Ligerex nivibus creverat,Caes.: del fuoco (mi fig.J, eam
flammam (ardore) egregiis viris in pectore crescere, Sali.: della luna,
crescere {contr. decrescere , senescere, minui), Cic. ed a.: dei giorni,
crescere, allungarsi (contr. decrescere), Lucr. e Plin. ep.: e COSÌ
degli anni, Ov.: di cibi, crescere, gonfiarsi in bocca, Sen. ed Ov. : di
membra, crescentia laboribus membra, che per la forza si gonfiano,
Plin. pan.: di scritti, Cornif. rhet. e Plin. ep.: diversi, a brevibus in
longas (syllabas), Quint. b) riguardo al numero, alla quantità, alla
Somma, crescere, aumentare, diventar sempre maggiore,
accrescere, accumularsi (contr. minili), crescit in dies singulos
hostium numerus, Cic: cr. malo o per damnum (dell' Idra), Ov.:
crescentibus jam provinciis (affari), Liv.: crescit pecunia, res
(sostanze), Hot.: eorum aes alienum multiplicandis usuris crescit,
Nep.: bis tamen omnibus annona (prezzo delle biade) crevit, Caes.
e) riguardo alla forza intensiva, al grado , crescere, aumentare,
salire, elevarsi, del tono del discorso, crescit oratio, Quint.: di caldo,
vento, tempesta, ecc., Catull. e Curt.: di malattia, dolore, Cic. , Ov. e
Plin. ep. : di altre condizioni fisiche o esteriori, crescente certamine
et clamore, Liv.: simul crescit inopia omnium (di tutto), Liv.: cum
periculum crescere^ Plin.ep.: di condizioni spirituali, mentali, quod
ex his studiis quoque crescit oratio et facultas, con questi studii
anche la disposizione oratoria si rinfranca, Cic: Tuscis crevit audacia,
Liv.: crescit animus (coraggio) alcjs o alci, Liv.: primo pecuniae,
deinde imperii cupido crevit, Sali. : crescebat in eos odium, Cic:
vitium in dies crescit, Cic: di condizioni polit., crescente in dies et
classe et fama Pompeji, Veli.: cum hostium opes animique
crevissent, Cic: plebis opes imminutae, paucorum potentia crevit,
Sali.: crescit seditio, Ov. e Justin.: Vejis (in Veto) non tantum animi
in dies, sed etiam vires crescebant, Liv. d) crescere, riguardo alle
sostanze = diventar ricco, Liv. 23, 48, 10. e) riguardo alla gloria,
considerazione, potenza, crescere, svilupparsi, innalzarsi, salire,
spingersi in alto, diventar grande (contr. minui), a) di Stati, popoli e
re, crescens regnum, Justin.: si fortis Etruria crescit, Verg.: sed
civitas incredibile memoratu est quantum creverit, Sali.: non supra
modum Philippum crescere, Liv.: ubi labore et justitià" res publica
crevit, Sali.: concordia parvae res crescunt, Sali.: cr. per scelus, Sali,
p) di singole pers., crescendi occasio, Liv.: magis magisque cr., Sali.:
e. per alqm, Caes. : cr. per summam gloriam (nel modo più
altamente glorioso, al sommo della gloria), Liv.: cr. malo rei publicae,
Sali.: non minus dignitate, quam gratia fortunaque, Nep.: ex invidia,
Cic. : cr. de o ex alqo , Cic. f ) Crescere in coraggio, prender animo,
sentirsi sollevato, grande, Sen. ep. 34, 1 : ex (dal) nostro maerore,
Ps. Ov. her. 15, 117. 1. Creta, ae, f. e Crete, ès, f. (Kpyjxv]), Creta, -
isola del Mediterraneo, celebre nelV antichità per le sue leggi e
cultura, come pure per la fertilità del suolo e la quantità dei suoi
prodotti (piante medicinali, fra cui il dictamnus, miele eccellente,
legname da costruzione, ecc.); sede di parecchi miti; ora Candia. —
Deriv.: A)Crcs, ètis, m. (KpVjs), cretese; SOSt. il Cretese,- plur.
Cretes, um, m., Cretesi (noti come eccellenti arcieri). B) Cressa, ae,
f. (Kpyjoaa), cretese, sost. la Cretese, pharetra, Verg.: herbae (V.
sop.), Prop.: nota, fatta di terra di Creta, Hor.: bos, cioè Pasifae,
Frorj.: corona, corona di Arianna, costellazione (cfr. Ariadna), Ov.:
sost. per Arianna, Ov., per Erope, Ov. C) Cresius (Cressius), a, um
(Kp-^aiog), cretese, nemora, Verg.: prodigia, i. e. taurus (V. n° D),
Verg. D)Crctaeus, a um (Kp^xaiog), cretese, Verg. e Ov.: taurus,
toro, che Nettuno regalò a Minosse e che più tardi venne nell'Attica e
devastò la contrada di Maratona, Ov.: sost., Cretaeus, i, m., il
Cretese, di Epimenide, Prop. E) Oétensis, e, cretese, cretense; plur.
sost., Cretenses, ium, m., i Cretesi. F) Creticus, a, um (KpYjxwcós),
cretese ; quindi Crèticus, i, mv soprannome di Q. Metello per aver
sottomesso Creta. G) Crétis, tidis, f., cretese. 2. créta, ae; f. (origin.
agg.da 1. Creta), urrà cretese, con cui gli antichi intendevano tanto
la nostra creta, quanto le altre qualità d'argilla, adoperate dagli
antichi per imbiancare gli abiti, per belletto, e nei sigilli, Cic, Hor. ed
a.: fig. per indicare q.c. di favorevole (contr. carbo), Hor. sat. 2, 3,
246. Cretaeus, a, um, V. 1. Creta n° D. CrctattlSj a, um (creta),
colorito con creta, fascia, Cic: pedes (degli schiavi posti in vendita),
Plin. Crctentis, e, V. Creta n° E. crcteus, a, um (creta,), di creta,
persona, di terra cotta, Lucr. 4, 295. CrctTcus, a um, V. 1. Creta n° F.
crètto, ònis, f. (cerno n° II, B, 2, b) dicJiiarazione di voler accettare
Veredità, originar. accompagnata da alcune formalità e fatta
personalmente in presenza di testimoni^ solenne accettazione
dell'eredità,, che doveva seguire entro un termine fissato dal
testatore nel testamento o dal pretore (comun. entro 100, ma anche
60 giorni), e meton. = termine fisso dell'accettazione, simplex,
inutile, cioè quando non si ha nulla da ereditare, Cic. ad Att. 11, 12,
4: cr. libera, senza esatta indicazione del testatore sul modo dell'
accettazione dell'eredità, Cic. ad Att. 13, 46, 3: cr. vulgaris, termine
comunemente assegnato per l'accettazione, calcolato dal giorno in
cui l'erede riceveva la notizia ch'egli doveva ereditare
 663 Cretis crinis 604 (eolla forinola quibus diebus scies
poterisque), V. Cic. de or. 1, 101. Crètis, tidis, f., V. 1. Creta n° G.
eretosus, a, um (creta), cretoso, riceo di creta 0 di argilla, Cato, Ov.
ed a. erettila, ae f. (dimin. di creta), terra bianca, mastice da
suggellare, adoperata dai Greci per suggellare, Cic. Yerr. 4, 58.
crctus, a, um, V. cerno e cresco. Creìisa,ae, f. (Kpéooaa), I) chiamata
anche Glauce, figlia di Creone re di Corinto, sposa di Giasone, dopo
ch'egli ebbe ripudiato Medea e perciò uccisa da Medea mediante un
regalo infiammabile (secondo la leggenda più antica una veste,
secondo la più recente una corona). II) figlia di Priamo, moglie di
Enea. Ili) città marittima dei Tespiesi nella Beozia, ora Kreisa ;
chiamata anche Creusis, sidis, f. (KpsOais). cribrimi^ i, n. [dalla rad.
CEE, CEI, da CUI anche cerno), crivello, staccio, vaglio (di pelle, tela,
crine, ecc.), Cic. ed a. cri in e ti, minis, n. (dalla rad. CEE, CEI, gr.
KPI, da cui anche cerno, xpivw), oggetto di decisione giudiziaria,
colpa, incolpazione, imputazione, accusa, capo d'accusa, e geheric,
rimprovero, requisitoria, e fin quanto il rimprovero, V accusa sono
infondati), calunnia, I) soggettiv.: 1 ) propr.: auctor criminis, Cic: cr.
ambitus, Cic: cr. majestatis, accusa di lesa maestà, Cic. : sermones
pieni criminum in patres, Liv.: reliquum est crimen de veneno, Cic:
cr. falsum, contr. veruni, Cic: cr. magnunx, Cic: cr. meum (tuum,
suum), ora == da me (portata), ora = contro di me, Cic: cr. navale,
concernente i marinai, Cic: cr. propulsare, defendere, Cic, contr. cr.
obicere, Quint.: facere sibi cr., Cic, o afferre cr., Cic, tirarsi addosso:
in cr. vocare, incolpare, Cic: in cr. vocari, Nep., o venire, Ter., venire
incolpato; dare alci alqd crimini, rinfacciare, accusarlo di, Cic: esse
crimini, tornare a biasimo, Cic: esse in crimine, venire incolpato , Cic
: invidiae crimine accusari, venir accusato per invidia, Nep.: alqm
arcessere crimine ambitus, accusare di broglio, Cic: quae te mihi
crimina mutant ? calunnia, maldicenza, Prop. 2) meton. , accusa =
oggetto del rimprovero, perpetuae cr. posteritatis eris, Ov. trist. 4, 9,
26. II) oggettiv.: colpa denunziata, crimine, delitto, \)propr.: a) in
gen.: crimen ultro fateri, Suet.: hoc si crimen erit, crimen amoris
erit, Prop. b) partic, delitto di adulterio, Ov. met. 9, 24 ; e c)poet,
crimini belli, contese (pretesti) che suscitino guerre, Verg. Aen. 7,
339. 2) meton.: a) oggetto che presenta o contiene una colpa, vizio,
delitto, caelestia crimina, adulterii degli dei, Ov.: sua crimina, lettera
che contiene la colpa, Ov.: concepta crimina, fanciullo concepito in
modo colpevole, Ov.: tum paries nullo crimine pictus erat, non era
dipinta con alcun vizio, non rappresentava alcun oggetto vizioso,
Prop. cum crimen meum est vicisse, Sen. rhet. b) oggetto che
cagiona un misfatto, un delitto, colpa, causa crimenque malorum,
Verg.: Bajae crimen amoris aquae, colpa delr Vinfedelta, Prop.
criminali©, ònis, f. (criminor), imputazione, accusa, partic. in senso
cattivo = denigrazione, diffamazione, vituperio, calunnia, cr. inaudita,
Cic: Appii criminationes de Fabio absente ad populum, Liv.: Ola
criminatio, qua in me absentem usus est, Cic: ab alqo allatas
(inferte) criminationes repellere, Cic: colTace, e Z' infin., Cic Eosc
com. 37. crìminator, òris , m. ( criminor ) , incolpatore, accusatore,
diffamatore, calunniatore, in alios, accusatore, infamatore degli altri,
Tac ann. 4, 1. criminor, àtus sum, ari (crimen), incolpare, a)
incolpare qualcuno, accusare, imputare, rimproverare a qualcuno,
partic. in Senso cattivo == diffamare qualcuno, vituperare,
calunniare, senatum, Sen.: patres, Liv.: ne me criminaretur tibi
(presso di te), Ter.: patres apud populum o apud plebem, Liv.:
colìacc. di relaz. (greco), riguardo a che? nihil Sestium, Cic. : coli
acce Z'infin., Q. Metellum apud populum Eomanum criminatus est
bellum illum ducere, Cic : con quod e il cong., magna invidia
criminatur filium, vir natus quoi rem feminarum tetigerit , Phaedr. b)
incolpare q.C. , apporre a vizio, rimproverare, querelarsi intomo 0 a
motivo di q.C, lamentarsi, far rimproveri, omnia, Cic: alcjs potentiam
invidiose, Cic: libet enim tibi nescio quid etiam de illa tribù criminari,
Cic: senatus consultum cr. absenti principi (presso il principe
assente), Plin. ep.: cr. liane rem apud regem, Justin.: colVacc. e
Z'infin., me esse gratum, Cic: extrahi rem, Liv.: con quod e il cong.,
criminabatur (rinfacciava, imputava) etiam quod Titum filium ab
hominibus relegasset, Cic: con de (riguardo a) e Tabi., illae res de
quibus criminamur, Cornif. rhet. e) assol. (dove la pers. o cosa che
s'incolpa, si deve intendere dal contesto) === sostenere un'accusa,
rimprovare, presentarsi come accusatore, ut illi criminantur, Sali, fr.:
argumentando criminari, presentarsi per addur le prove di
un'imputazione, Cic criminose, avv. con compar. e superi.
(criminosus), con o sotto imputazioni, in senso Cattivo =■
diffamande, calunniando, malignamente, calunniosamente, Cic ed a.
criminosus, a, um, agg. con compar. e superi, ('crimen), che reca o
contiene 0 appoggia imputazioni, in senso Cattivo = criminoso,
colpevole, diffamante, calunniatore, ingiurioso, a) di pers., Cn.
Pomponius (orator) acer, acerbus, criminosus, Cic. b) di e inan.:
nomen, Cic: iambi, Hor.: quo criminosior oratio sit, Liv.: orationes in
patres criminosae , Liv. : spesso alqd criminosum est olito habetur,
Cic e Suet. Crlmissus (anche Crìmìsus, Crìnìsus, Crimessus), i, m.
Kpijiiaaóg, Kptfjuaóg), fiume sulla costa S. 0. della Sicilia, sul quale
Timoleone sconfisse i Cartaginesi ; ora Belice destro. crinali*, e
(crinis), crinale, che appartiene ai capelli, dei capelli, vitta, Ov.:
aurum, benda d'oro pei capelli, Verg.: crinali corpore polypus, con
branche simili a capelli, Ov.: sost., Crinale, ÌS, n., benda, nastro pei
capelli, Ov. crinis, is, va., crine, capello (sul corpo urna, no), partic.
chioma (contr. barba), I) propr.
 665 Crinisus cruciamentum 666 sing. e plur. collett., cr.
canus, Ov.: crines cani, Catull.: crines passi, chiome sparse, capelli
sparsi (par tic. di pers. addolorate e supplicanti), Liv.: crines resoluti,
Liv.: soluti, Tibull.: crines sparsi, capelli scarmigliati, arruffati (partic.
di disperati, furibondi), Liv.: crines abscldere, Tac: promittere crinem
barbamque, Tac. II) trasl., della «chioma» delle comete, coda, Verg.
(ed a. poeti) e Plin. CrTnTsus, i, m., V. Crimissus. CrTllltuS, a, Um
(crinis), crinito, chiomato, dalla lunga chioma, I) propr.: Apollo,
Verg.: puella, Ov. II) trasl. : cr. galea triplici j uba, Verg.: stella cr.,
stella crinita, cometa, Cic. e Suet. crisis, acc. im, f. (xptais),
decisione, piega decisiva, crisi, eandem crisim habere, Sen. ep. 83,
4. crispisulcans, antis (crispus e sulco), serpeggiante, igneum
fulraen, Poèta in Cic. top. 61. cri «pò, avi, atum, are (crispus),
increspare, arricciare, I) in stato: capillum, Plin.: feminae cincinnos.
Maecen. in Sen. II) in moto, brandire, vibrare, hastilia marni, Verg.
Aen. 1, 313 e 12, 165. crispìilus , a, um (dimin. di crispus), crespo,
rieciutello, sost. capo ricciuto (contr. CUI rectior est coma), Sen. ed
a. crispil*, a, UHI, crespo, ricciuto, increspato, arricciato, 1) in stato,
a) di capelli, ricciuto, di pers., ricciuto, dalla testa ricciuta, Comici, ed
a. b) di altri ogg., parietes abiete crispa, con abete increspato pel
fuoco, Enn. fr. II) in moto, vibrante, a guisa di onde, latus crispum
movere, muovere graziosamente il f., Ps. Verg. cop. 2. cristo, ae, f.
(da connettersi con cresco, crinis). I) escrescenza a guisa di pettine
sulla testa degli animali, cresta, partic. del gallo, Varr., dell'upupa,
Ov. e Plin. IT) cresta, pennacchio dell'elmo, Verg., Liv. ed a. crislalits,
a, um (crista), I) provveduto di cresta, crestato, di animali, Ov. e
PHn. IT) provveduto, ornato di pennacchio, cresta, dell elmo, Ov. e
Liv., di persona, Verg. Crithòlc, ae f. (Kpu^óxvj), città sulla costa
orientale del Chersoneso Tracio. Crìlìiis, ae, m. (Kpcuag), Crizia, uno
dei trenta tiranni di Atene, segnalato anche come oratore. criliCUS, i,
m. (xpixixóg), critico, giudice d'arte, ClC. ed a. Crìto, ònis, m.
(KpÉxwv), Critone, discepolo e amico di Socrate. Crilohiilus, i, m.
(Kpixó$ou\oc,), Critobuio, I) discepolo di Socrate , II) medico greco
dei tempi di Filippo e di suo figlio Alessandro Magno. Criloliius, i, m.
(KptxóÀaoc;), Oritolao, T) filosofo peripatetico, mandato dagli
Ateniesi a Roma come ambasciatore, insieme con Cameade
peripatetico, e Diogene stoico, Va. 155 av. Cr. II) generale degli
Achei, il quale col suo ardore appassionato inasprì i Momanie così
condusse all'ultima battaglia decisiva contro la lega Achea (147 av.
Cr.). Crixus, i, m., Crosso, duce, sotto Spartaco, nella rivolta dei
gladiatori. crocCHS, a, um (crocus), I) appartenente allo zafferano,
croceo, di zafferano, odores.Verg.: color, Plin. II) trasl., del color di
zafferano, giallo, giallo d'oro, Verg. e Ov. crocìnus, a, um (xpóxivog).
7) appartenente allo zafferano, di zafferano, UUgUentum, Cels.:
sost., crocinum, i, n. (se. oleum), olio di zafferano, Prop. IT) trasl.,
Color giallo zafferano, tunica, Catull. 68, 134. crociteli! inus, a, um
(xpoxoSec'Xivoc.), di coccodrillo, ambiguitas, insidioso inganno di
coccodrillo, astuzia di coccodrillo (specie di sofismi), Quint. 1, 10, 5.
crocodllus , i, m. (xpoxódeiXos), coccodrillo, Cic. ed a. — Colla
metatesi corcodìlus, per allungare la prima sillaba, Phaedr. 1, 25
(27), 4 e 6. crocoiti, ae, f. (se. vestis, greco 6 xpoxtoXÓ£, se. )
(tx(óv), veste di lusso « color zafferano » p r le donne, Cic. ed a.
crocdtìila, ae. f. (dimin. di crocota), graziosa veste di lusso di color «
zafferano » per le donne. Plaut. e Verg. crocimi, i, n. e crocus, i, m.
(xpóxov e xpó-Hoc,), I) croco, zafferano, Cels., Plin ed a. (la forma
crocus è sicura solo nei poeti). Lo zafferano veniva, usato dagli
antichi non solo per condire i cibi e nella medicina, ma anche per
un'essenza odorifera, quindi poet., crocum floresque perambulet
Attae fabula, possa comparire sulla scena olezzante di fiori e di
essenze (di zafferano), Hor. ep. 2, i. 79. Crocos, i, m„ personificato,
giovane mutato in arbusto di zafferano, Croco, Ov. met. 4, 283 e
fast. 5, 227. II) meton., color di zafferano, vestis pietà croco, Verg.
Aen. 9, 614. Croesus, i, m. (Kpoìaog), Creso, re di Lidia, noto per le
sue ricchezze e per il detto di Solone (« niuno deve stimarsi felice
prima della morte »). Appellai., « un Creso » = un ricco per
eccellenza (contr. Irus (TI), Ov. trist. 3. 7, 42 ; cfr. Prop. 3, 5, 17.
Crommyoacris (Crommyuacris), cridis, f. (KpofJL|ióoo àxpa),
promontorio sulla costa settentrionale di Cipro, ora Cormachiti.
Crouiydll, Ònis, f. (KpojJLOCÓv), Cromione, borgo nella Megaride sui
confini di Corinto, ora Castro Teichos. Oommyuacris, V.
Crommyoacris. crolsilislria, ae, f. (xpoxaXt£o)), senatrice di crotalo,
Ó
Prop. 4, 8, 39. crotaluitl, i, n. (xpÓxaXov), crotalo, naochera,usato
come accompagnamento di danze voluttuose, Ps. Verg. cop. 2. Croio
(Croton), ònis, acc. ònem e òna, e. (Kpóxwv), e dopo Aug. Crolóna,
ae, f., CroT tane (ora Cotrone), città sulla costa orientale del Bruzio,
sull'Esaro; una delle più ricche e fiorenti colonie greche in Italia,
patria dell'atleta Milane, dimora di Pitagora e dei suoi discepoli. —
Deriv.: A)Croloniàtcs, ae, m. (KpoxottviàxYjg), Crotoniate, B)
Crotonìciisis, e, dì Crotone,- plur. sost, Crotonienses, ium, m., abit. di
Crotone, Crotonesi. Crolópìadcs, ae, m. (Kpoxoo7uàSy]s\ Crotopiade,
cioè Lino, la cui madre Psamate era figlia di Crotopo, re di Argo.
cruciameli Ium * i, n. (crucio), tormento,
 667 cruciatus cruor tortura, affanno, carnifìcum
cruciamenta, Cic. Phil. 11, 8.^ 4'1'ìicTatuS, US, m. (crucio), I)
tormento, tortura, martirio, dolore, strazio, omnes animi cruciatus et
corporis,Cic: per cruciatum (fra ì tormenti) interficere, Caes.: in
cruciatum summum venire, sopportare i più grandi strazi, Caes.:
quintu abisin malam pestem malumque cruciatum ? perchè non vai
tu in malora o al diavolo ? Cic. II) meton., plur. , cruciatus, strumenti
di tortura, Cic. Verr. 4, 163. crucio, avi, atum, are (crux), tormentare
crudelmente, martoriare, crucciare, travagliare cosi corporalm. come
spìritualm., Cic. ed a.: cruciari alienae uxoris amore, Sen. : mediale,
crucior = mi tormento, mi corruccio, mi travaglio, Comici, crìidclis, e
(crudus), rozzo di carattere e di modi e quindi insensibile, crudele,
spietato, inumano, duro, fiero (contr. mitis, clemens, lenis,
misericors), I) dì esseri anim., del loro animo, contegno, ecc.: Castor,
mulier, Cic: animus, Cornif. rhet.: mens (contr. clementia), Catull.:
Lepidus cr. in liberos (figli), Cic: sed non Neptunus tanto cr. amori,
Prop. II) di sogg. inan., a) di ogg. inan. personif. cui viene attribuita
crudeltà, amor tauri, crudele, molesto, Verg. : funus, che lacera il
cuore, Verg. b) trasl., di imprese o condizioni, in cui vi è crudeltà,
ecc., bellum, Cic : poena, Ov.: sententia ejus, Sali.: Consilia
crudelissima, Cic. : o rem cum auditu crudelem, tum visu nefariam !
Cic cruuclitsis, àtis. f. (crudelis), crudeltà, immanità, fierezza, durezza
(contr. clementia), lenitas, misericordia), Cic ed a.: importuna in me
cr., Cic: civium erga nobiles, Nep.: cr. in supplicio, Caes. crudélìter,
avv. con compar. e superi. (crudelis), crudelmente, inumanamente,
fieramente, con crudeltà, con durezza spietata (contr. clementer,
leniter, remisse), Cic. ed a. criidesco, dui, ere (crudus), incrudire,
incrudelire, inasprirsi, Verg". e Tac erudita*, atis, f. (crudus; propr.,
indigestione, quindi meton.), aggravamento dello stomaco,
indebolimento dello stomaco, crudezza, dispepsìa, Cic ed a. crudus,
a, um (sincop. da cr'uidus, dalla rad. CEU, donde anche cruor),
crudo, I) propr.: 1) non ancora preparato col fuoco: a) ertido = non
cotto, non arrostito, non bollito (contr. coctus, assus), caro, Mela:
exta victimae, Liv. b) crudo = non bruciato (contr. coctus) , crudo
latere struere alqd, Curt. 2) non ancora ridotto a maturità dal calore
del sole = immaturo, acerbo (contr. coctus, maturus, coctus et
maturus), poma, Cic. 3) che non ha digerito, sia di chi per il
momento non ha ancora digerito, colio stomaco pieno, sia di chi non
può digerire, che soffre di cattiva digestione (crudezza, dispepsìa),
Cic, Hor. ep. 8, 6, ed a.: Eoscius crudior fuit, Cic: bos cr., vacca che
non ha digerito il pasto e che quindi non lo ritiene = vacca che ha la
diarrea, Hor. 4) crudo =» non ancora cicatrizzato, aperto, non ancora
rimarginato, vulnus, Pliu. ep. ed Ov. 5) crudo = non lavorato, rozzo,
cortex, Verg.: e pregn., caestus cr., fatto di pelle di bue non conciata,
Verg. II) trasl.: 1) non lavorato, non elaborato, rozzo, lectio, non
cruda, sed multa iteratione mollita et velut confecta, Quint. 10, 1,
19. 2) ancora fresco, a) immaturo, malmaturo, non ancor maturo,
acerbo (contr. matllrus), equa protervo adhuc cruda marito, Hor.: e
ancor fresco = troppo nuovo, troppo recente (troppo giovane),
servitium, Tac b) ancora fresco= ancor vegeto, senectus cruda
viridisque o cr. ac viridis, Verg. Aen. 6, 304. Tac. Agr. 29. 3) crudo,
rozzo, d'animo o di mente, a) cruda di carattere, ruvido, aspro,
inumano, crudele, di pers., Ov. : di ogg. inan. person., ensis, Verg.:
bella, Ov. b) spiritual., intellett., crudo =3 incolto, ruvido, rozzo,
Cassius in Suet. Aug. 4. cruente, avv. con compar. e superi,
(cruentus), sanguinosamente, crudelmente, Sen» ed a. cruento, avi,
atum, are (cruentus), insanguinare, macchiare, spruzzare, imbrattar
di sangue, a) generic. : ex omni rupe conehylium trahitur, quo vestis
cruentetur, sia imbrattata di sangue (dispregiat. = sia colorata in
rosso), Sen. rhet. b) mediante ferimento, uccisione, a) ogg. mater.:
gladium, Cic: templum (Castoris), spruzzar col suo sangue, Cic:
hospitalem mensam hospitis sanguine, Liv.: secures suas cruentari
scelere noluit, Cic. P) ogg. person. : dextrae o manus cruentatae,
Ov. : cr. manus o se sanguine alcjs, Nep. e Tac: se caede nefaria,
Cic. fr.: fig., haec te lacerat, haec cruentat (ferisce a sangue) oratio,
Cic cruentus, a, um (cruor), cruento, sangui, noso, I) in gen.:
riguardo alla materia, sanguinolento, di liquidi = mescolato con
sangue, guttae imbrium quasi cruentae, Cic. b) riguardo al colore,
rosso sanguigno, myrta , Verg. gè. 1, 306. II) in senso cattivo,
sanguinoso mediante ferimento, uccisione, 1) propr.: a) generic. :
cruento = macchiato, spruzzato, lordato, intriso di sangue, gladìus,
Cic : vestis, Quint. : cr. hostis, intriso di sangue, Hor. carni. 1, 2, 39
(cfr. sotto n° 2) : P. Clodii cadaver, Cic: cruentus sanguine civium
Komanorum, Cic b) pregn., cimento, sanguinoso = che ha relazione
con ferimenti, spargimento di sangue, uccisione, che costa sangue,
che porta seco spargimento di sangue, Victoria, Sali. : adulatio, che
induce a versare il sangue, Plin. ep. 2) trasl., avido di sangue,
assetato di sangue, sanguinario, crudele, hostis, Sen. ad Marc. 20, 3
(cfr. sopra n° 1) : Achilles cruentior bello, Ov.: ira, Hor. cruména
(cruiulna), ae, f., borsellino per la moneta spicciola (comun. appeso
al collo e scendente sul petto), borsa, Plaut. e Seriori : trasl., borsa,
cassa = denaro, Hor. ep. 1,4, 11. cr fior, òris, m. (radice CKU, donde
anche crudus, crudo), umor sanguigno crudo = sangue crudo,
denso, mentre sanguis = sangue arterioso, cr. inimici recentissimus,
Cic: castus a cruore civili, Cic: e gremio et complexu matrum ad
caedem et cruore abstrahi, Cic: al plur., atros siccare vestecruores
(goccie di sangue), Verg.: arma uncta cruoribus (per ripetuto
spargimento di sangue), Hor.
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accurate

669 crupellarius cubo 670 crupellarius, ìi, m. (parola

celtica), combattitore , guerriero, armato da capo a piedi, presso gli
Edui, Tac. ann. 3, 43. or us, crùris, n., stinco, tibia, specialmente
gamba, crura rigida (avis), Cic: crus frangere, Cels. : alci crus, crura
frangere, Suet. e Sen.: crura equi succidere, Liv. crusla, ae, f.,
superficie dura di un corpo, crosta, scorza, corteccia, IJ in gen.:
panis, Plin.: poet., numinis, superfìcie congelata, Verg. II) partic.
come t. t. dell'arte, rivestimento delle pareti con gesso e sottili lastre
di marmo, pattic. , lavoro di stucco, di mosaico, mosaico, Sen. de
ben. 4, 6, 2 : e rivestimento, incrostatura con sottili lastre cesellate
d'oro, argento 0 avorio, con cui veniva ricoperto un lucido vaso, Cic.
Verr. 4, 52 : fìg., non est ista solida et siucera felicitas; crusta est
(intonaco, cioè apparenza esterna), Sen. de prov. 6, 4. CI'MSllìlarìllS,
li, m. (erustulimi), ciambellaio, confettiere, Sen. ep. 56, 2, crusttiluiii,
i, n. (dimin. di crustum), ciambella, biscotto, Hor. Sen. ed a. frustimi,
i, n. {forma second. di crusta,), biscotto sottile ricoperto d'una
crosta, confetto, Hor. ed a. Crustuuirrìa, ae, f. e Crustumerìuin, li, n.,
Oustìiiiierii, 6"rum, m., Oustìimium, ti, n., antichissima città dei
Sabini, posta sui monti presso le sorgenti delVAUia, nel cui territorio
avvenne la sollevazione dell'esercito romano contro i patrizi. —
Deriv.: A) Oustìtmerinus, a, Uin, di Crustumerio. B) OllStìilllIlllIS, a,
um, di Crustumerio i sost., in Crustuminum, nel territorio, su quel di
Crustumerio, e Criistumini, òrum, m., gli abitanti di Crustumerio. C)
CVustuiiiTus, a, uni, di Crustumerio. crux, crucis, f., croce (patibolo
degli antichi), così per impalare come per impiccare, ma partic. per
crocifìggere {tanto nella forma di un T, quanto di un f ), alci crucem
minari, Cic: alqm in crucem agere, rapere, Cic: alqm in crucem
tollere, Cic, o cruci suffìgere, Cic: detraliere alqm ex cruce, Cic:
pascere in cruce corvos, Hor. : fìg., multas cruces (tormenti)
propositas eftugcre cupiebat, Cic: quaerere in malo crucem,
procurarsi nel bisogno una cr. (una punizione penosa), Ter.: i
(abi)inma]am crucem, va alla malora, Comici. — Meton., illae cruces,
rompicapi, persone importune (di cortigiane), Ter. Crypla, ae, f.
(otpóimj), grotta, sotten'aneo, cripta, caverna, Sen. ed a.:
Neapolitana, oscura grotta vicino a Napoli, attraverso la quale una
scorciatoia conduceva a Pozzuoli, Sen. cryptoporlicus, ùs, f. (vox
nybr. da xpor.-ós e porticus). passaggio circondato da pareti e
ptovvcduto di finestre, galleria, Plin. ep. ed a crystallinus, a, um
(vcpoaxaXXw/o^). di cristallo, cristallino, pocuium Son ed a.r SObt ,
t ry sta Hill Um. i, II., vaso, bicchiere di cristallo, Sen partic. plur..
cristallina, orurn. n.. vasi fh cristallo Sen. ed a ci'yslnllum, i, n e cry
stallile, ì. e (v.pùcTaXXo^) cristallo, Sen, ed a.: meton ., crystaLhis, i,
f., globo di crisudio, Prop. 4, 3, 52. 1. Ctesiphon, ònis, m.
(KxYjOicpwv), ctesifone, uomo di Stato ateniese, amico di
Demostene, il quale fece la proposta di dare a Demostene una
corona d'oro per i servigi da lui resi a Ilo Stato; venne perciò
accusato da Eschine, e difeso vittoriosamente da Demostene. 2.
Ctcsiphdn, òntis, acc. ontem e onta, f. (KxYjatcpojv) , ctesifonte,
città sulla sponda orientale del Tigri, residenza d'inverno dei re Parti,
più tardi capitale dell'Assiria, e dell'intiero impero dei Parti; ora El
Madaien, segnatamente rovine di Tak-Kesre. cubìctilaris, e
(cubicullim), appartenente alla camera da letto, lectus, Cic C Val.
Max. CUklcìilarìtlS., ti, m. (cubiculum), cameriere, Cic. ed a.
cubicìilaius, a, um (cubiculum), provveduto di camere, quindi sost.,
cubiculatae, àrum, f. (se. naves) == 9aXa|jLY]yo{, navi egizie con
camere, gondole, Sen. de ben. 7, 20, 3. cubiculum, i, n. (cubo), I)
camera provveduta di un divano a sdraio (lectus), stanza ove si abita
0 camera da letto, Cic ed a.: millister cubiculi, cameriere, Liv. II)
trasl., palco elevato dell'imperatore, negli spettacoli, Plin. pan. e
Suet. CÙblIc j ÌS, n. (cubo), «ovile, giaciglio, I) in gen., degli uomini
e animali, Cic ed a.: spesso cubile terra, humus, saxum (est), la terra
ecc. gli serve di giaciglio, Cic, Sen. ed a.: fìg., avaritiae non solum
vestigia, sed ipsa cubilia, ma vero domicilio, Cic : poet., solis
Hesperium cubile, il « letto » del sole che tramonta (poiché secondo
le più antiche ipotesi, il sole, quando si tuffa nell'Oceano occidentale
[Hesperius], si pone ivi in un letto e durante la notte viene di nuovo
riportato verso gli Etiopi orientali), Hor. carm. 4, 15, 16. II) partic,
talamo, letto nuziale, Vevg. ed a. cìibìtal, àlis, n. (cubitum), cuscino
per appoggiare il gomito. Hor. sat. 2, 3, 255. Cllblla Hs, e (cubitum),
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