WELCOME

Physics 1 [Summer 2024 - 2025]

Department of Physics
Faculty of Science & Technology (FST)
American International University-Bangladesh

1
CREDIT: 3 CREDIT HOURS
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 Outline up to Mid term
Reference Book: Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition)
Written by Halliday, Resnick and Walker

Book chapter Chapter name

no
3 Vectors
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
5 Force and Motion-I
6 Force and Motion-II
7 and 8 Kinetic Energy and Work
And Conservation of Energy
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
10 Rotation
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
Position:

x2 x1
One dimension

Y
(x1, y1 , z1) (x2, y2 , z2)
Y 1 (x, y) 1 2
r1 r2
r
X
X
Two dimension Z Three dimension
Position Vector (three-dimension):

To describe the motion of a particle

in space, we must first be able to
describe the particle’s position.
Consider a particle that is at a point
P at a certain instant. The position
vector 𝒓 of the particle at this
instant is a vector that goes from
the origin of the coordinate system
to the point P (as shown in the
figure). The Cartesian coordinates
x, y, and z of point P are the x-, y-,
and z-components of vector
𝒓 .Using the unit vectors we can
write

𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧𝑘෠
Position Vector and Displacement Vector:
During a time interval ∆𝑡 the particle
moves from 𝑃1 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ1 to 𝑃2 , where its position
vector is 𝑟Ԧ2 .The change in position (the
displacement) during this interval is

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1

∆𝑟Ԧ = 𝑥2 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧2 𝑘෠ − 𝑥1 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑦1 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑧1 𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = (𝑥2 −𝑥1 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑦2 −𝑦1 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑧2 −𝑧1 )𝑘෠

∆𝑟Ԧ = ∆𝑥𝑖Ƹ + ∆𝑦𝑗Ƹ + ∆𝑧𝑘෠

Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity:
If a particle moves through a displacement ∆𝑟Ԧ in a time interval ∆t, then its average
velocity 𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 is

𝒓𝟐 − 𝒓𝟏 ∆𝒓
𝒗𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
𝒕 𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 ∆𝒕
Instantaneous velocity (simply, velocity 𝒗) is the limit of the average
velocity as the time interval approaches zero, and it equals the instantaneous
rate of change of position with time. That is
∆𝒓 𝒅𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
∆𝒕→𝟎 ∆𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The magnitude of the vector 𝒗 at any instant is the speed of the particle at that
instant. The direction of 𝒗 at any instant is the same as the direction in which
the particle is moving at that instant.
Note: At every point along the path, the instantaneous velocity vector is
tangent to the path at that point.

Average speed, savg :The average speed involves the total

distance covered, does not include direction. Sometimes savg is the
same (except for the absence of a sign) as vavg. It is defined as

𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝑺𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍 ∆𝒕
Check your understanding: Can average speed be greater than
average velocity?
 Average acceleration and Instantaneous acceleration:
If a body’s (or particle’s) velocity changes from 𝑣Ԧ1 to 𝑣Ԧ2 in time interval ∆𝑡 , its
average acceleration during ∆𝑡 is
𝑣Ԧ2 − 𝑣Ԧ1 ∆𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ∆𝑡
If ∆𝑡 approaches to zero about some instant, then in the limit 𝑎Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 approaches
the instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration) at that instant; that is,
∆𝑣Ԧ 𝑑𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Check your understanding

Draw the velocity vs time and

acceleration vs time graph
form position vs time graph
 Vectors and Scalars
A vector has magnitude as well as direction. A vector quantity is a quantity that
has both a magnitude and a direction and thus can be represented with a vector.
For example: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force etc.
The quantity which has only magnitude is called Scalar quantity. For example:
Temperature, pressure, energy, mass, and time.

Components of a Vector:
A component of a vector is the
projection of the vector on an axis.
In the Figure, ax is the component
of vector on (or along) the x axis
and ay is the component along the
y axis. The process of finding the
components of a vector is called
resolving the vector. The components and
the vector form a
ax = a cos  right triangle
ay = a sin 
If we know a vector in component notation (ax and ay) and want it in magnitude-
angle notation (a and ), we can get using the Pythagorean relation:

Magnitude
𝑎= 𝑎𝑥2 + 𝑎𝑦2

Direction
𝑎𝑦
tan  =
𝑎𝑥

Unit Vectors
A unit vector is a vector that has a magnitude of
exactly 1 and points in a particular direction. The
unit vectors in the positive directions of the x, y, and
෠
z axes are labeled 𝑖,Ƹ 𝑗Ƹ and 𝑘.

𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠
 The Scalar Product
The scalar product of the vectors 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏
in is defined as
𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 = a b cos 
a is the magnitude of 𝑎Ԧ and b is the
magnitude of 𝑏 and  is the angle
between 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏.
If 𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘෠ and 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘෠
𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧

Cross Product/vector product

When two vectors are multiplied with each other and
ෝ
𝒏
the product is a vector quantity, then the resultant
vector is called the cross product of two vectors or
the vector product. The direction of resultant vector
is perpendicular to the plane containing the two
given vectors.

𝒂 × 𝒃 =|a||b|sin(θ)ෝ
𝒏
ෝ is the unit vector perpendicular to the plane
𝒏
containing both 𝒂 and 𝒃
Problem 13 (Book chapter 4)
A particle moves so that its position (in meters) as a function of time (in
෠ Write expressions for (a) its velocity and (b) its
seconds) is 𝑟Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘.
acceleration as functions of time.

Answer:
We have 𝑑𝑟Ԧ
𝑣Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑡 2 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑡𝑘෠ = 0 + 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠
𝑑𝑡

Again, we have
𝑑𝑣Ԧ
𝑎Ԧ =
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
𝑎Ԧ = 8𝑡 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑘෠ = 8 𝑗Ƹ + 0 = 8 𝑚/𝑠 2 𝑗Ƹ
𝑑𝑡
Problems: What is the angle between 𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ and 𝑏 = − 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑘෠

𝑎Ԧ ∙ 𝑏 = (3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗)Ƹ ∙ (− 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ )

= − 6 + 9 (0) + 8 (0) − 12 (0)
=−6

𝒂 ∙ 𝒃 = a b cos 
Problems: If 𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ − 4𝑗Ƹ and 𝑏 = − 2𝑖Ƹ + 3𝑘෠ , What is 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏
 Do by yourself
1. [ Chap 4 - problem 7]: An ion’s position vector is initially 𝑟Ԧ = 5 𝑖Ƹ −
6𝑗Ƹ + 2 𝑘෠ , and 10 s later it is 𝑟Ԧ = −2 𝑖Ƹ + 8𝑗Ƹ − 2 𝑘෠ , all in meters. In
unit vector notation, what is its 𝑣Ԧ𝑎𝑣𝑔 during the 10 s?
2. [ Chap 4 - problem 11]: The position of a particle moving in an xy
plane is given by 𝑟Ԧ = 5𝑡 3 − 5𝑡 𝑖Ƹ + (6 − 7𝑡 4 )𝑗Ƹ , with 𝑟Ԧ in meters
and t in seconds. In unit-vector notation, calculate (a) 𝑟,
Ԧ (b) 𝑣Ԧ , and
(c) 𝑎Ԧ for t = 2.00 s.
3. [Chap 4 - problem 14]: A proton initially has 𝑣Ԧ = 4 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 3 𝑘෠ and
then 4.0 s later has 𝑣Ԧ = −2 𝑖Ƹ − 2𝑗Ƹ + 5 𝑘෠ (in meters per second). For
that 4.0 s, what are (a) the proton’s average acceleration 𝑎Ԧ avg in unit
vector notation, (b) the magnitude of 𝑎Ԧ avg , and (c) the angle
between 𝑎Ԧ avg and the positive direction of the x axis?
4. If 𝑎Ԧ = 3𝑖Ƹ + 5𝑗Ƹ and 𝑏 = −2𝑖Ƹ + 4𝑗Ƹ , Find i) 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏 , (ii) 𝑎Ԧ ∙ 𝑏 (iii) (𝑎 +
𝑏)∙ 𝑏
 BOOK CHAPTER 4
LESSON 2 Projectile Motion
Look at the pictures !!!
Projectile Motion:
A particle moves in a vertical plane
with some initial velocity 𝑣Ԧ0 but its
acceleration is always the freefall
acceleration 𝑔,
Ԧ which is downward.
Such a particle is called a
projectile (meaning that it is
projected or launched), and its Figure: The trajectory of an idealized
motion is called projectile motion. projectile.

Examples: A batted baseball, a thrown football, a package dropped from an

airplane, and a bullet shot from a rifle are all projectiles.
 Sketch of the path taken in projectile motion:

Figure: An object launched into the air at the origin of a coordinate system
and with launch velocity 𝑣Ԧ0 at angle 𝜃0 . The motion is a combination of
vertical motion (constant acceleration) and horizontal motion (constant
velocity), as shown by the velocity components.
Animation of projectile motion
 Check your understanding

At a certain instant, a fly ball has velocity 𝑣 =

5𝑖Ƹ − 4.9 𝑗Ƹ (the x axis is horizontal, the y axis is
upward, and 𝑣 is in meters per second). Has the
ball passed its highest point?
The adjacent figure is a
stroboscopic photograph of two
golf balls. One ball is released
from rest and the other ball is
shot horizontally at the same
instant. The golf balls have the
same vertical motion, both
falling through the same vertical
distance in the same interval of
time. The fact that one ball is
moving horizontally while it is
falling has no effect on its
vertical motion; that is, the
horizontal and vertical motions
are independent of each other.
The Horizontal Motion:
At any time t, the projectile’s horizontal displacement 𝑥 − 𝑥0 from an initial
position 𝑥0 is given by
1
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑣0𝑥 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑥 𝑡 2
2
Where 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑎𝑥 = 0
Using 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 we can write

𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 ……….. (1)

At any time t, the projectile’s horizontal velocity 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣𝑥
The Vertical Motion:
At any time t, the projectile’s vertical displacement y − 𝑦0 from an initial
position 𝑦0 is given by
1
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑣0𝑦 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 [ where, 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔]
2
1
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 [ where, 𝑣0𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ]
2
……………………… (2)
At any time t, the projectile’s vertical velocity

𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡
And we can express 𝑣𝑦2 𝑎𝑠

𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 2
− 2 𝑔 𝑦 − 𝑦0

❑ Show that the path of a projectile is a parabola.

From equation (1) we can write

𝑥 − 𝑥0
𝑡=
𝑣0 cos 𝜃0
Using the value of t in equation (2), we get

2
𝑥−𝑥0 1 𝑥−𝑥0
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔
𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 2 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0
 For simplicity, we let 𝑥0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦0 = 0.

Therefore, the equation becomes

2
1 𝑥
𝑦 = tan 𝜃0 𝑥 − 𝑔 ………………… (3)
2 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0
Where 𝜃0 , 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣0 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠.

Equation (3) is of the form 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 ∓ 𝑏𝑥 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠.

This is the equation of a parabola, so the path is parabolic.

 ❑ Equations for the horizontal range and the maximum
horizontal range of a projectile:
The horizontal range R of the projectile is the horizontal distance the
projectile has traveled when it returns to its initial height (the height at which
it is launched). That is 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0.
Using 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑅 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 0 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (2), we get

𝑅 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 [From equation (1)]

1
And 0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2 [From equation (2)]
2

1 2 2𝑣0 sin 𝜃0
𝑜𝑟 (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑡 =
2 𝑔
2𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 𝑣02 (2 sin 𝜃0 cos 𝜃0 )
Therefore, 𝑅 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) =
𝑔 𝑔
𝑣02 sin 2𝜃0 Caution: This equation does not give the
𝑅= ……(3) horizontal distance traveled by a projectile
𝑔 when the final height is not the launch height.
 The value of R is maximum in equation (3) when sin 2𝜃0 = 1

𝑜𝑟 2𝜃0 = sin−1 1

𝑜𝑟 2𝜃0 = 900 [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 sin−1 1 = 900 ]

𝜃0 = 450

The Effects of the Air (in the projectile motion):

The launch angle is 60° and the launch speed is 44.7 m/s.
Problem 22 (Book chapter 4):
𝜃0 = 00 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣0 =?
A small ball rolls horizontally off the
edge of a tabletop that is 1.20 m high.
It strikes the floor at a point 1.52 m
horizontally from the table edge. (a) 𝑦 − 𝑦0 = −1.2 𝑚 𝑡 =?
How long is the ball in the air? (b)
What is its speed at the instant it 𝑥0 𝑥
leaves the table? 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 1.52 𝑚

Answer: (a) We know (b) We know

1 2 𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡
2
1.52 = (𝑣0 cos 00 )( 0.495)
−1.20 = (𝑣0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 00 ) 𝑡 − 4.9𝑡 2
1.52 = (𝑣0 cos 00 )( 0.495)
−1.20 = 0 − 4.9𝑡 2
1.52 = (𝑣0 )(1)(0.495)
1.2
𝑡= = 0.495 𝑠 1.52
4.9 𝑣0 = = 3.07 𝑚/𝑠
0.495
Problem 32 (Book chapter 4):
You throw a ball toward a wall at speed 25.0 m/s and at angle 40.0° above the
horizontal (as shown in the figure). The wall is distance d= 22.0 m from the release
point of the ball. (a) How far above the release point does the ball hit the wall? What
are the (b) horizontal and (c) vertical components of its velocity as it hits the wall?
(d) When it hits, has it passed the highest point on its trajectory?

Answer: (a) We know 1

𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 ) 𝑡 − 𝑔𝑡 2
2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = (25)(sin 400 ) 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2

𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 25 0.6428 𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 16.07𝑡 − 4.9 𝑡 2
To find t we use the following formula,
Given 𝑣0 = 25 𝑚/𝑠 ; 𝜃0 = 400
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = (𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 ) 𝑡
𝑥 − 𝑥0 = 𝑑 = 22 𝑚
𝑥 − 𝑥0 22 22
𝑡= = = 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑦0 =? 𝑏 𝑣𝑥 =? 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 𝑣𝑦 =?
𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 25 𝑐𝑜𝑠400 (25)(0.7660)
𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡?
𝑡 = 1.149 𝑠
Therefore,
𝑦 − 𝑦0 = 16.07 1.149 − 4.9 1.149 2 = 18.46 − 6.469 = 11.99 𝑚
(b) We know 𝑣𝑥 = 𝑣0𝑥 = 𝑣0 cos 𝜃0 = 25 cos 400 = 25 0.766 = 19.15 𝑚/𝑠

(c) We know 𝑣𝑦 = 𝑣0 sin 𝜃0 − 𝑔𝑡 = 25 sin 400 − (9.8)(1.149)

𝑣𝑦 = 25 0.6428 − 11.26 = 4.81 m/s

(d) Since 𝑣𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑠, 𝑣𝑦 > 0, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙.
 Let’s Practice !!
1. [Chap 4 - problem 21]: A dart is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of 10 m/s
toward point P, the bull’s-eye on a dart board. It hits at point Q on the rim,
vertically below P, 0.19 s later. (a)What is the distance PQ? (b) How far away from
the dart board is the dart?
2. A projectile is fired horizontally from a gun that is 45.0 m above flat ground,
emerging from the gun with a speed of 250 m/s. (a) How long does the projectile
remain in the air? (b) At what horizontal distance from the firing point does it
strike the ground? (c) What is the magnitude of the vertical component of its
velocity as it strikes the ground?
3. A soccer ball is kicked from the ground with an initial speed of 19.5 m/s at an
upward angle of 45°. A player 55 m away in the direction of the kick starts running
to meet the ball at that instant. What must be his average speed if he is to meet the
ball just before it hits the ground?
4. In Fig. 4-34, a stone is projected at a cliff of height h
with an initial speed of 42.0 m/s directed at angle
𝜽𝟎 = 60.0° above the horizontal. The stone strikes
at A, 5.50 s after launching. Find (a) the height h
of the cliff, (b) the speed of the stone just before
impact at A, and (c) the maximum height H reached above the ground
Thank You