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 Condensed
Matter Theories
Volume 25

8093 tp.indd 1 1/12/11 4:50 PM

This page intentionally left blank
 Condensed
Matter Theories
Volume 25

Eduardo V Ludeña
Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research, IVIC, Venezuela

Raymond F Bishop
The University of Manchester, UK

Peter Iza
SENACYT, Ecuador

Editors

World Scientific
NEW JERSEY • LONDON • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TA I P E I • CHENNAI

8093 tp.indd 2 1/12/11 4:50 PM

 Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

CONDENSED MATTER THEORIES

Volume 25
Proceedings of the 33rd International Workshop
Copyright © 2011 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to
be invented, without written permission from the Publisher.

For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center,
Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from
the publisher.

ISBN-13 978-981-4340-78-6
ISBN-10 981-4340-78-2

Printed in Singapore.

Benjamin - Condensed Matter Theores V25.pmd

1 1/7/2011, 5:27 PM
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00b˙preface

PREFACE

The Thirty-Third International Workshop on Condensed Matter Theories (CMT33)

was held in the city of Quito, the beautiful Andean capital of Ecuador, during
the period 16-22 August 2009. Workshops in the CMT Series have taken place
annually since 1977, when the inaugural meeting was held in São Paulo, Brazil.
Subsequent meetings have been held thereafter in Trieste, Italy (1978), Buenos
Aires, Argentina (1979), Caracas, Venezuela (1980), Mexico City, Mexico (1981),
St. Louis, USA (1982), Altenberg, Federal Republic of Germany (1983), Granada,
Spain (1984), San Francisco, USA (1985), Argonne, USA (1986), Oulu, Finland
(1987), Taxco, Mexico (1988), Campos do Jordão, Brazil (1989), Isle of Elba, Italy
(1990), Mar del Plata, Argentina (1991), San Juan, Puerto Rico (1992), Nathiagali,
Pakistan (1993), Valencia, Spain (1994), Caracas, Venezuela (1995), Pune, India
(1996), Luso, Portugal (1997), Nashville, USA (1998), Isle of Ithaca, Greece (1999),
Buenos Aires, Argentina (2000), Canberra, Australia (2001), Luso, Portugal (2002),
Toulouse, France (2003), St. Louis, USA (2004), Kyoto, Japan (2005), Dresden,
Germany (2006), Bangkok, Thailand (2007), and Loughborough, UK (2008). The
present volume contains the Proceedings of the 2009 Workshop, CMT33.
The primary aims of the CMT Workshops have remained unchanged since the
inception of the Series, namely: to encourage cross-fertilization between different
approaches to many-body systems; to promote continuing collaborative efforts in-
volving groups of Workshop participants; and to foster communication and coopera-
tion between scientists in developed and developing nations. An important objective
throughout has been to work against the ever-present trend for physics to fragment
into increasingly narrow fields of specialization, between which communication is
difficult. The CMT Workshops have traditionally sought to emphasize the unity of
physics, and CMT33 fully subscribed to that ideal, as the present volume of the
Proceedings will amply attest.
From their Pan-American origins, the Workshops in the CMT Series rapidly
developed into the significant scientific meetings that they have now become, and
where work at the forefronts of the fields covered is presented by leading experts
from around the world. This last Workshop, CMT33 in Ecuador, for example, had
participants from more than 15 different countries. The Workshops have thus suc-
cessfully fostered truly international collaborations between scientists divided not
only by interdisciplinary barriers but also by geographical and political boundaries.
As we have already pointed out, the orientation and the physical context of the
CMT Series of Workshops have always been cross-disciplinary, but with an emphasis
placed on the common concerns of theorists applying many-particle concepts and

v
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00b˙preface

vi Preface

formalisms in such diverse areas as solid-state, low-temperature, atomic, nuclear,

particle, chemical, statistical and biological physics, as well as in quantum field
theory, quantum optics, quantum information theory, strongly correlated electronic
systems and the theory of complex systems. While adhering strongly to this tradi-
tion as an over-arching principle, the organizers of each particular CMT Workshop
have traditionally been encouraged to highlight specific areas of topical and/or local
interest. In this spirit CMT33 chose to focus special attention on exotic fermionic
and bosonic systems, quantum magnets and their quantum and thermal phase tran-
sitions, novel condensed matter systems for renewable energy sources, the physics
of nanosystems and nanotechnology, and applications of molecular dynamics and
density functional theory.
The Series Editorial Board, on behalf of all the participants, wishes to express its
gratitude to the many people who contributed to the choice of scientific programme
and in other ways to the success of the CMT33 Workshop. The main sponsor of
CMT33, to whom a huge debt of gratitude is owed for its very generous financial
support, for its gracious hospitality and for the provision of excellent secretarial
and organizational support, was the Secretarı́a Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a
(SENACYT) of Ecuador. Particular thanks are due to our SENACYT colleagues
Pedro Montalvo (National Secretary) and Peter Iza (Director of Scientific Research).
We are grateful to Pedro for opening the meeting and for welcoming delegates on
behalf of SENACYT, and to Peter for acting as Chair of the Local Organizing
Committee. Huge thanks are also due to Catalina Dı́az of SENACYT, who acted
with great skill and diplomacy as the Secretary to the Workshop and to its Local
Organizing Committee. It was largely due to her capable hands and cool head that
the meeting ran as smoothly as it undoubtedly did. Perhaps most thanks of all,
however, are due to Eduardo V. Ludeña for suggesting Quito in the first place as a
venue for CMT33. Without his dogged perseverance and his formidable negotiating
skills, however, the Workshop would not have taken place. It is fitting, therefore,
that he was also chosen to act as Chair of the Scientific Programme Committee
(SPC), a job which he performed with his customary enthusiasm and skill, as the
final list of speakers and attendees clearly demonstrates. He was aided in that task
by Raymond Bishop. Khandker Quader and Bilal Tanatar, who acted as the other
members of the SPC. Without the active participation of all of them, the meeting
would not have been the undoubted success it so clearly was. Our grateful thanks
are due to each of them, as well as to all of the speakers and participants, for making
CMT33 such a high-quality and memorable Workshop.

R.F. Bishop Manchester, U.K.

(On behalf of the Editorial Board 31 March 2010
for the Series of International Workshops on
Condensed Matter Theories)
December 10, 2010 14:12 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00c˙organizers

ORGANIZING COMMITTEES

Series Editorial Board

for the Series of International Workshops on
Condensed Matter Theories

R. F. Bishop – The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

J. W. Clark – Washington University, St. Louis, USA
M. de Llano – UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
F. B. Malik – Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, USA

International Advisory Committee

H. Akai (Japan)
G. Anagnostatos (Greece)
R. F. Bishop (United Kingdom)
L. Blum (Puerto Rico)
C. E. Campbell (USA)
M. Ciftan (USA)
J. W. Clark (USA)
J. Dabroski (Poland)
J. da Providencia (Portugal)
M.P. Das (Australia)
M. de Llano (Mexico)
D. Erns (USA)
R. Guardiola (Spain)
E. V. Ludeña (Venezuela)
F. B. Malik (USA)
J. Navarro (Spain)
A. Plastino (Argentine)
A. N. Proto (Argentine)
S. Rosati (Italy)
E. Suraud (France)
P. Vashishta (USA)
C. W. Woo (China)

vii
December 10, 2010 14:12 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00c˙organizers

viii Organizing Committees

Scientific Program Committee

for the XXXIII International Workshop on
Condensed Matter Theories

Raymond F. Bishop – The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Eduardo V. Ludeña – IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela
Khandker F. Quader – Kent State University, Kent, USA
Bilal Tanatar – Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

Local Organizing Committee

for the XXXIII International Workshop on
Condensed Matter Theories

Peter Iza (Chair) – SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador

Catalina Dı́az (Secretary) – SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador

Editorial Committee
for the XXXIII International Workshop on
Condensed Matter Theories

Eduardo V. Ludeña – IVIC, Caracas, Venezuela

Raymond F. Bishop – The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Peter Iza – SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador
December 27, 2010 18:17 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00d˙sponsors

HOST INSTITUTION AND MAIN SPONSOR

for the XXXIII International Workshop on
Condensed Matter Theories

Secretarı́a Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologı́a, SENACYT

(National Secretariat for Science and Technology, SENACYT)
National Secretary: Econ. Pedro Montalvo
Quito, Ecuador

Other Sponsoring Institutions

• Centro Latinoamericano de Fı́sica, CLAF

(Latin American Physics Center, CLAF)
CBPF-Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• IOP Publishing
Dirac House, Temple back
Bristol BS1 6BE, UK
• Ministerio de Turismo del Ecuador
(Ministry of Tourism, Ecuador)
Quito, Ecuador
• Escuela Superior Politécnica del Ejército, ESPE
(High Polytechnic Army School, ESPE)
Quito, Ecuador
• Escuela Politécnica Nacional, EPN
(National Polytechnic School, EPN)
Quito, Ecuador
• Universidad Andina Simón Bilı́var, UASB
(Simon Bolivar Andean University, UASB)
Quito, Ecuador
• Ecuadorian Paxi & Rupay Travel
Quito, Ecuador

ix
December 27, 2010 18:17 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00d˙sponsors

This page intentionally left blank

December 10, 2010 14:19 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00e˙participants

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

XXXIII International Workshop on Condensed Matter Theories

Quito, Ecuador, August 16-22, 2009

xi
 December 10, 2010 14:19
WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE
00e˙participants

xii Organizing Committees

(1) ALBARRACIN, Patricia [email protected]

CFA, Quito, Ecuador (13) BURGOS, Armando
(2) ALDAS, Oswaldo Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador;
Quito, Ecuador; [email protected]
[email protected] (14) BURGOS, Meri Fernanda
(3) ALVARADO, Juan Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
SENPLADES, Quito, Ecuador; Quito, Ecuador.
[email protected] (15) CABEZAS, Roberto
(4) ANDREI, Eva Colegio San Gabriel, Quito, Ecuador
Rutgers University, (16) CAICEDO, Pal
New Jersey, USA; Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
[email protected] Quito, Ecuador;
(5) ARMAS, Pablo [email protected]
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, (17) CALDERON, Juan
Quito, Ecuador Universidad de Guayaquil,
(6) ARMIJOS, Eduardo Guayaquil, Ecuador;
COMCIEC-ANC, [email protected]
Guayaquil, Ecuador; (18) CAMACHO, Ana Cecilia
[email protected] Colegio 23 de Junio,
(7) AVENDAÑO, Maribel Manab, Ecuador;
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, anace [email protected]
Quito, Ecuador (19) CAMPBELL, Charles E.
(8) AYALA, Luis Alfonso University of Minnesota,
Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro, Minneapolis, Minnesota. USA;
Manta, Ecuador; [email protected]
[email protected] (20) CAMPOZANO, Lenı́n
(9) AYERS, Paul Universidad del Azuay,
McMaster University, Cuenca, Ecuador;
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; lenin [email protected]
[email protected] (21) CAMPUZANO, Bayardo
(10) BISHOP, Lev Universidad Politécnica Salesiana,
Yale University, Quito, Ecuador;
New Haven, Connecticut, USA; [email protected]
[email protected] (22) CARDENAS, Luisa Mara
(11) BISHOP, Raymond F. Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
University of Manchester, Quito, Ecuador.
Manchester, United Kingdom; (23) CARDENAS, Vı́ctor
[email protected] Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
(12) BOEHM, Helga Quito, Ecuador;
Johannes Kepler University, [email protected]
Linz, Austria; (24) CHIMBORAZO, Johnny
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana,
 December 10, 2010 14:19
WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE
00e˙participants

Organizing Committees xiii

Quito, Ecuador Colegio Fiscal Seis de Octubre,

[email protected] Ventanas, Los Ros, Ecuador
(25) CIFUENTES, Jos
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, (37) ESTEVES, Carlos
Quito, Ecuador. Colegio 23 de Junio,
(26) CLARK, John Manab, Ecuador;
University of Washington, [email protected]
St. Louis, Missouri, USA; (38) FAITHFUL, Melanie
[email protected] IOP Publishing, Mxico;
(27) COLE, Milton [email protected]
University of Pennsylvania, (39) FAZZIO, Adalberto
University Park, Pennsylvania, Universidad de Sao Paulo,
USA; Sao Paulo, Brazil;
[email protected] [email protected]
(28) CUEVA, Diego (40) FLORES, Andrea
SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador; Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
[email protected] Quito, Ecuador.
(29) DAVILA, Richard (41) GONZALEZ, Silvia
EPR Travel, Quito, Ecuador; Universidad Técnica Particular,
[email protected] Loja, Ecuador
(30) DAS, Mukunda [email protected]
Australian National University, (42) GRANDA, Juan
Canberra, Australia; Colegio Nacional 11 de Octubre,
[email protected] Babahoyo, Los Ros, Ecuador.
(31) DE LA CRUZ, Gonzalo (43) GUAÑO, Sonia
Galpagos 439 y Venezuela, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana,
Quito, Ecuador. Quito, Ecuador;
(32) DE LlANO, Manuel [email protected]
Universidad Autnoma de Mxico, (44) GUARDERAS, Pedro
Mexico City, Mexico; Escuela Politcnica Nacional,
[email protected] Quito, Ecuador;
(33) DIAZ, Catalina [email protected]
SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador; (45) GUZMAN, Angela
[email protected] Florida Atlantic University,
(34) DIEZ, Natasha Miami, Florida, USA;
IOP Publishing, Mxico; [email protected]
[email protected] (46) HALLBERG, Karen
(35) EISFELD, Alexander Centro Atómico Bariloche,
Max Planck Institute for the Physics Bariloche, Argentine;
of Complex Systems, [email protected]
Dresden, Germany; (47) HERNANDEZ, Guillermo
[email protected] Universidad San Francisco de Quito,
(36) ESCOBAR, Carlos Cumbayá, Ecuador;
 December 10, 2010 14:19
WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE
00e˙participants

xiv Organizing Committees

[email protected] (59) MALIK, F. Bary

(48) HERNANDEZ, Susana University of Illinois at Carbondale,
Universidad de Buenos Aires, Carbondale, Illinois, USA;
Buenos Aires, Argentine; [email protected]
[email protected] (60) MAMEDOV, Tofik
(49) HUREL, Jorge Baskent University,
Escuela Superior Politcnica del Ankara, Turkey;
Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador; [email protected]
[email protected] (61) MENDEZ, Guillermo
(50) IZA, Peter Escuela Superior Politcnica del
SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador; Ejrcito, Quito, Ecuador.
[email protected] [email protected]
(51) JERVES, Alex (62) MONTENEGRO, Luis
Universidad del Azuay, Colegio Fiscal Tcnico Agr.;
Cuenca, Ecuador; Mocache, Los Rı́os, Ecuador;
[email protected] [email protected]
(52) KOINOV, Zlatko (63) MORALES, Leonardo
University of Texas, Pontificia Universidad Catlica,
San Antonio, Texas, USA; Quito, Ecuador.
[email protected] (64) MORALES, Eddie
(53) KONNO, Rikio Escuela Superior Politécnica del
Kinki University, 2800 Arima-cho Ejrcito, Quito, Ecuador.
Kumano-shi, Mie 519-4395, [email protected]
Japan; [email protected] (65) MORENO, Carlos
(54) KROTSCHECK, Eckhard Escuela Superior Politécnica del
Johannes Kepler University, Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador;
Linz, Austria; [email protected]
[email protected] (66) MORETA, Alfonso
(55) LAGOS, Daniel Privada de Construcciones,
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito, Ecuador;
Quito, Ecuador; [email protected]
[email protected] (67) NEILSON, David
(56) LEE, M. Howard University of Camerino,
University of Georgia, Camerino, Italy;
Athens, Georgia, USA; [email protected]
[email protected] (68) OCAMPO, Galo
(57) LEMA, Jenny SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador;
EPR Travel, Quito, Ecuador; [email protected]
[email protected] (69) OLA, Nelson
(58) LUDEÑA, Eduardo V. OLACORPORATION CEO,
Centro de Qumica, IVIC, Quito, Ecuador;
Caracas, Venezuela; [email protected]
[email protected]
 December 10, 2010 14:19
WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE
00e˙participants

Organizing Committees xv

(70) OÑA, David Fernando Argentine; [email protected]

Escuela Politécnica Nacional, (81) QUADER, Khandker
Quito, Ecuador; Kent State University,
[email protected] Kent, Ohio, USA;
(71) OÑA, Jorge [email protected]
Louisiana State University, (82) RANNINGER, Julius
Department of Chemistry, Neel Institute, Grenoble, France;
Baton Rouge, LA. USA; [email protected]
[email protected] (83) RISTIG, Fred
(72) ORTIZ, Vincent University of Köln,
Auburn University, Köln, Germany;
Auburn, Alabama, USA; [email protected]
[email protected] (84) REINHOLZ, Heidi
(73) PATIÑO, Edgar Javier University of Rostock,
Universidad de Los Andes, Rostock, Germany;
Bogotá, Colombia; [email protected]
[email protected] (85) REINOSO, Miguel
(74) PEÑA, Cristina Universidad Estatal de Milagro,
BIOSAVIA, Quito, Ecuador; Milagro, Ecuador;
[email protected] [email protected]
(75) PEREZ, Luis Antonio (86) ROEPKE, Gerd
Universidad Autnoma de Mxico, University of Rostock,
Mexico City, Mexico; Rostock, Germany;
[email protected] [email protected]
(76) PINTO, Henry (87) ROMAN, Vernica
Universidad Técnica Particular, Biogroups, Quito, Ecuador;
Loja, Ecuador; veronik [email protected]
[email protected] (88) ROSERO, Franklin
(77) PLASTINO, Angelo ro 2001 [email protected]
Universidad de La Plata, (89) SANTISTEBAN, Ana
La Plata, Argentine; Universidad Vladimir Ilich Lenin,
[email protected] Las Tunas, Cuba;
(78) PLAZA, Franklin polett [email protected]
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, (90) SEVILLA, Francisco Javier
Quito, Ecuador. Universidad Autnoma de Mxico;
(79) PONCE, Daniel Mexico City, Mexico;
Escuela Politécnica Nacional, [email protected]
Quito, Ecuador; (91) SILVERS, Mnica
[email protected] NEOQUIM, Quito, Ecuador;
(80) PROTO, Araceli N. [email protected]
Universidad de Buenos Aires, (92) SOBNACK, M. Binoy
Buenos Aires, Loughborough University,
Loughborough, United Kingdom;
 December 10, 2010 14:19
WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE
00e˙participants

xvi Organizing Committees

[email protected] (105) VILLACRES, Juan Carlos

(93) SOLANO, Marco Vinicio Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
MEER, Quito, Ecuador; Quito, Ecuador;
[email protected] [email protected]
(94) SOTOMAYOR, Ulbio (106) VIZCAINO, Gustavo
SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador; RELOGIS, Quito, Ecuador;
[email protected] [email protected]
(95) TOBAR, Mara Antonieta (107) WEXLER, Carlos
SENACYT, Quito, Ecuador; University of Missouri,
[email protected] Columbia, Missouri, USA;
(96) TORRES, Fernando Javier [email protected]
Universidad San Francisco de Quito,(108) WIDOM, Michael
Cumbayá, Ecuador; Carnegie Mellon University,
[email protected] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA;
(97) TORRES, Carlos [email protected]
FENACA, Quito, Ecuador; (109) YACELGA, Olga Cristina
[email protected] DIRACSA, Quito, Ecuador;
(98) TRUGMAN, Stuart (110) YAÑEZ, Estela
Los Alamos National Laboratoy, Universidad de Guayaquil,
Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA; Guayaquil, Ecuador;
[email protected] estelita del [email protected]
(99) UGALDE, Jesus M. (111) YAÑEZ, Alcbar
University of the Basque Country, FAE, Quito, Ecuador;
Donostia, Spain; alchi [email protected]
[email protected]
(100) VALENCIA,Martha
Quito, Ecuador;
[email protected]
(101) VALENCIA, Carlos
Empresa Metropolitana de Turismo,
Quito, Ecuador;
[email protected]
(102) VALLEJO, Andrés
Escuela Politécnica Nacional,
Quito, Ecuador.
(103) VASHISHTA, Priya
University of South California,
Los Angeles, California, USA;
[email protected]
(104) VERA, Pilar
Colegio Fiscal 6 de Octubre,
Babahoyo, Los Ros, Ecuador;
[email protected]
December 23, 2010 18:13 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00f˙contents

CONTENTS

Preface v

Organizing Committees vii

Sponsors ix

List of Participants xi

Part A Fermi and Bose Fluids, Exotic Systems

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 3

H. M. Böhm, R. Holler, E. Krotscheck, M. Panholzer, H. Godfrin,
M. Meschke and H.-J. Lauter

Dissecting and Testing Collective and Topological Scenarios for the

Quantum Critical Point 15
J. W. Clark, V. A. Khodel and M. V. Zverev

Helium on Nanopatterned Surfaces at Finite Temperature 29

E. S. Hernandez, F. Ancilotto, M. Barranco, A. Hernando
and M. Pi

Towards DFT Calculations of Metal Clusters in Quantum Fluid Matrices 37

S. A. Chin, S. Janecek, E. Krotscheck and M. Liebrecht

Acoustic Band Gap Formation in Metamaterials 49

D. P. Elford, L. Chalmers, F. Kusmartsev and G. M. Swallowe

Dissipative Processes in Low Density Strongly Interacting 2D

Electron Systems 60
D. Neilson

Dynamical Spatially Resolved Response Function of Finite 1-D

Nano Plasmas 75
T. Raitza, H. Reinholz and G. RÖpke

Renormalized Bosons and Fermions 93

K. A. Gernoth and M. L. Ristig

xvii
December 23, 2010 18:13 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00f˙contents

xviii Contents

Light Clusters in Nuclear Matter 107

G. Röpke

Part B Quantum Magnets, Quantum Dynamics

and Phase Transitions

Magnetic Ordering of Antiferromagnets on a Spatially Anisotropic

Triangular Lattice 127
R. F. Bishop, P. H. Y. Li, D. J. J. Farnell and C. E. Campbell

Thermodynamic Detection of Quantum Phase Transitions 143

M. K. G. Kruse, H. G. Miller, A. Plastino and A. R. Plastino

The SU(2) Semi Quantum Systems Dynamics and Thermodynamics 153

C. M. Sarris and A. N. Proto

Part C Physics of Nanosystems and

Nanotechnology

Quasi-One Dimensional Fluids that Exhibit Higher Dimensional Behavior 169

S. M. Gatica, M. M. Calbi, G. Stan, R. A. Trasca and M. W. Cole

Spectral Properties of Molecular Oligomers. A Non-Markovian Quantum

State Diffusion Approach 178
J. Roden, W. T. Strunz and A. Eisfeld

Quantum Properties in Transport through Nanoscopic Rings: Charge-Spin

Separation and Interference Effects 186
K. Hallberg, J. Rincon and S. Ramasesha

Cooperative Localization-Delocalization in the High Tc Cuprates 197

J. Ranninger

Thermodynamically Stable Vortex States in Superconducting Nanowires 211

W. M. Wu, M. B. Sobnack and F. V. Kusmartsev

Part D Quantum Information

Quantum Information in Optical Lattices 225

A. M. Guzmán and M. A. Dueñas E
December 23, 2010 18:13 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00f˙contents

Contents xix

Part E Theory and Applications of Molecular

Dynamics and Density Functional Theory

Exchange-Correlation Functionals from the Identical-Particle

Ornstein-Zernike Equation: Basic Formulation and Numerical Algorithms 237
R. Cuevas-Saavedra and P. W. Ayers

Features and Catalytic Properties of RhCu: A Review 250

S. Gonzalez, C. Sousa and F. Illas

Kinetic Energy Functionals: Exact Ones from Analytic Model Wave

Functions and Approximate Ones in Orbital-Free Molecular Dynamics 261
V. V. Karasiev, X. Lopez, J. M. Ugalde and E. V. Ludeña

Numerical Analysis of Hydrogen Storage in Carbon Nanopores 274

C. Wexler, R. Olsen, P. Pfeifer, B. Kuctha, L. Firlej and S. Roszak

Part F Superconductivity

Generalized Bose-Einstein Condensation in Superconductivity 287

M. de Llano

Kohn Anomaly Energy in Conventional Superconductors Equals Twice

the Energy of the Superconducting Gap: How and Why? 296
R. Chaudhury and M. P. Das

Collective Excitations in Superconductors and Semiconductors in the

Presence of a Condensed Phase 303
Z. Koinov

Thermal Expansion of Ferromagnetic Superconductors: Possible

Application to UGe2 316
N. Hatayama and R. Konno

Generalized Superconducting Gap in a Boson-Fermion Model 326

T. A. Mamedov and M. de Llano

Influence of Domain Walls in the Superconductor/Ferromagnet

Proximity Effect 335
E. J. Patiño

Spin Singlet and Triplet Superconductivity Induced by Correlated

Hopping Interactions 353
L. A. Perez, J. S. Millan and C. Wang
December 23, 2010 18:13 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 00f˙contents

xx Contents

Part G Statistical Mechanics, Relativistic Quantum

Mechanics

Boltzmann’s Ergodic Hypothesis: A Meeting Place for Two Cultures 367

M. H. Lee

Electron-Electron Interaction in the Non-Relativistic Limit 378

F. B. Malik

Author Index 387

Subject Index 389

December 23, 2010 15:32 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 001˙part1

Part A
Fermi and Bose Fluids, Exotic Systems

1
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January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

REEMERGENCE OF THE COLLECTIVE MODE IN 3 HE AND

ELECTRON LAYERS

HELGA M. BÖHM∗ , ROBERT HOLLER, ECKHARD KROTSCHECK and

MARTIN PANHOLZER
Institute of Theoretical Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69
A-4040 Linz, Austria
∗ [email protected]

HENRY GODFRIN and MATHIAS MESCHKE

Institut Néel, CNRS et Université Joseph Fourier,
Grenoble Cedex 9, BP 166, F-38042 France

HANS-JOCHEN LAUTER
Institut Laue-Langevin,
Grenoble Cedex 9, BP 156, F-38042 France

Received 24 December 2009

Neutron scattering experiments on a 3 He layer on graphite show an unexpected behavior

of the collective mode. After having been broadened by Landau damping at intermediate
wave vectors, the phonon-roton mode resharpens at large wave vectors and even emerges
from the particle-hole continuum at low energies. The measured spectra cannot be ex-
plained by a random phase approximation with any static interaction. We show here
that the data are well described if dynamic two-pair fluctuations are accounted for. We
predict similar effects for electron layers.

Keywords: Fermi liquids; 3 He; electron liquid; neutron scattering; dynamic correlations.

1. Motivation
1.1. An experimentum crucis
Understanding the excitations of quantum fluids has been a major goal of condensed
matter physics for decades. For the helium liquids, a prime example of strongly
correlated systems, Pines1 argued long ago that the phonon-maxon-roton mode
in 4 He and 3 He has a common physical origin in their strong and identical inter-
atomic interaction. Quantum statistics, though quantitatively relevant, plays a less
important role for the general features of the collective mode. The long wavelength
plasmon in an electron liquid,2,3 caused by a completely different interaction, is
explained by the same theories that proved successful for the neutral systems.
There is, however, a fundamental difference in bosonic and fermionic spectra:
whereas for bosons the collective mode remains well-defined over a wide range of

3
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

4 H. M. Böhm et al.

Fig. 1. Dynamic structure factor of two-dimensional 3 He, obtained from inelastic neutron scat-
tering at 4 different wave vectors Q and an areal density of 4.9 nm −2 . The shaded area is the
particle-hole continuum. Note the strong peak below it in the lower right figure.

wave vectors q, it is rapidly damped when it enters the domain of incoherent single-
particle-hole (PH) excitations (“Landau damping”). Now our refined measurements
reveal a pronounced excitation at atomic wave vectors (Fig. 1). At the Institut Laue-
Langevin (ILL) we determined the dynamic structure factor S(q, E) of a mono
layer of liquid 3 He (E = ~ω is the excitation energy). It is clearly seen that the
collective mode, sharp at small q and damped at intermediate q (Fig. 1 a) and
b) ), recollects strength (Fig. 1c) and even re-emerges at the lower end of the PH
continuum (Fig. 1d).

1.2. Effective static interactions

These unexpected findings put the existing theories to a severe test. In the long
wavelength limit the common paradigm of quasi-particle excitations2,4 − 5 works well.
For the electron liquid it has led to the random phase approximation (RPA), which
gives the density-density response function χ of a system as

χ0 (q, ω)
χRPA = , (1)
1 − v(q) χ0 (q, ω)
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 5

where χ0 is the Lindhard function and v(q) is the Fourier transform of the inter-
action. For many systems in nature (e.g. with hard-core or 1/r 3 potentials) this
transform does not exist. How the RPA can be extended to such strong interactions
was shown in Ref. 6; it amounts to replacing the bare v(q) in (1) by an appro-
priately defined effective static interaction. Requiring consistency of =m χ and the
static structure via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem unambiguously identifies
this interaction as the “irreducible particle-hole interaction” Vp¯h

χ0 (q, ω)
χcRPA = . (2)
1 − Vp¯h(q) χ0 (q, ω)
Different choices of static interactions (formulated via “local field corrections”)
were presented for the electron liquid,3,7 based on different self–consistency require-
ments. None of these, however, can provide an excitation spectrum qualitatively
different from a low q collective mode, vanishing into the PH continuum.

1.3. Effective mass

Before entering the PH continuum, measured collective modes visibly deviate from
the (c)RPA predictions based on (2). A common cure8,9 is to introduce an effective
mass m∗ , replacing the bare m in the Lindhard function. Again, such an approach
cannot give the newly observed re-emergent zero-sound mode. Furthermore, m ∗ in
3
He is strongly q-dependent with a peak around the Fermi vector kF and additi-
onally leads to a wrong density dependence of the mode.10 We do not claim that
correcting for effective mass effects is unimportant. Rather we here concentrate on
clarifying the physical reason for the sharpening of the collective mode at high q .

2. Theory: Overview
2.1. Ground state theory
For strongly interacting fermions the variational Jastrow–Feenberg11 ansatz has
highly successfully described most ground state properties:

1 b
ΨGS ≡ Ψ0 = √N1 e 2 U Φ0 . (3)
GS

b contains, in principle,
Here, NGS is the normalization, Φ0 a Slater determinant and U
correlation functions of arbitrarily high order n

X X X
b =
U u(1)(ri ) + u(2)(ri , rj ) + u(3) (ri , rj , rk ) + . . . . (4)
i i<j i<j<k

These functions are determined by functionally minimizing the ground state

energy EGS ≡ H0,0 , thus providing a parameter-free and robust ab-initio theory. The
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

6 H. M. Böhm et al.

essential physics contained in Eq. (3) is to intuitively account for core exclusion; in
systems like 3 He, where no Fourier transform of the interaction exists, exp{u(n)} is
well-behaved. For the practical evaluation of the energy expectation value, Fermi
hypernetted chain (FHNC) theory has the advantage of being consistent with the
optimization procedure at any order n , summing ladder diagrams exactly and rings
in a local approximation. This way both, short as well as long range correlations
are very well described.12
If necessary, the nodal surface problem inherent in Eq. (3) can be overcome by
using correlated basis function (CBF) theory.11,12 Here the correlation operator

b}
FGS ≡ exp{ 21 U (5)

is applied not to the ground state but to determinants describing free excitations

Ψm ≡ √1 FGS Φm . (6)
Nm

This creates a complete set of non-orthogonal functions. Conventional basis func-

tions, e.g. plane waves for uniform systems with hard cores, require infinite sum-
mations of large (often divergent) terms: by contrast, CBF incorporates important
aspects of the correlations right from the starting point.
The matrix elements of unity and of the Hamiltonian H b in the basis (6)

Mm,m0 ≡ Ψ m Ψ m0 ≡ δm,m0 + Nm,m0

(7)
b Ψm0 ≡ H 0 0 + H0,0 Mm,m0
Hm,m0 ≡ Ψm H m,m

constitute the essential building blocks of CBF ground state theory. Together with
the matrix elements of the density operator ρb(r)

ρm,m0 (r) ≡ Ψm ρb(r) Ψm0 (8)

they are also key ingredients of our dynamic approach.

2.2. Boson dynamics

A natural generalization of the Jackson-Feenberg wave function to excited states is

i 1 b
Ψt = √1
Nt
e− ~ t EGS FGS e 2 δU (t) Φ0 , (9)

where Φ0 is unity for bosons. The fluctuation operator

X X X
b (t) =
δU δu(1)(ri , t) + δu(2)(ri , rj , t) + δu(3) (ri , rj , rk , t) + . . . (10)
i i<j i<j<k
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 7

is of a similar form as (4) but is now time dependent. Again, the δu(n) are determined
by functional optimization, now based on the action principle corresponding to
Schrödinger’s equation.
Campbell et al .13 investigated 4 He, including fluctuations up to the pair level
(i.e., n = 2). A recent study14 demonstrates i) that additional formal approximations
to simplify the numerical treatment (the “uniform limit approximation” in Ref. 13)
yield quite accurate results, and, ii) that pair fluctuations are highly relevant for
correctly explaining large q dynamics. The state of the art for boson dynamics is
to include triplet fluctuations,15 which correct the dynamic pair excitations in a
self-consistent manner.

2.3. Fermion dynamics

b (t) of (10) by
The logical extension of the formalism to fermions is to express δ U

X X
b (t) = δu(1) † 1
δu(2) † †
δU p1 h1(t) ap1 ah1 + 2 p1 h1 p2 h2(t) ap1 ah1 ap2 ah2 + . . . (11)
p1 h1 p1 h1 p2 h2

with pi and hi denoting states which are occupied and unoccupied in the ground
state (“particles” and “holes”); spin-dependencies are not explicitly spelled out. The
sheer increase in the number of variables (δu(2) depends on 4 vectors for fermions
compared to 2 for bosons), prevents a solution on the same level of sophistication.
So-called “local approximations” assume that a quantity depends only on the
momentum-transfer qi = pi −hi of each particle-hole pair. If applied to the fluctua-
tion amplitudes δu(n) , the approach is of the same complexity as the bosonic theory.
Though necessary for some quantities to obtain numerical tractability, making this
simplification for a specific δu(n) squeezes the corresponding n-pair continuum into
a single mode, and cannot give a proper explanation of the data in Fig. (1).

2.4. The cRPA

Omitting all n ≥ 2 fluctuations for bosons yields the Bijl-Feynman spectrum,16,17
where the static structure factor S(q) determines the collective mode dispersion

~2 q 2 /m ~2 q 2
χBF (q, ω) = − with εq ≡ . (12)
ω 2 − ε2q 2m S(q)
For fermions, not even the case n = 1 can be solved analytically for χ. If exchange
is neglected and the collective approximation is used for χ0 (known as “plasmon
pole approximation” in charged systems) the PH continuum shrinks into a single
mode. This results again in the form (12). With the full particle-hole structure (but
still neglecting exchange), Eq. (2), the cRPA, is obtained.6
For systems with a weak v(q) the RPA is equivalent to time-dependent Hartree
theory and the cRPA may also be interpreted as such, with an effectively weak
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

8 H. M. Böhm et al.

interaction. Therefore our theory gives a systematic way to microscopically derive

such interactions.18,19

3. Fermion Pair Fluctuation Theory

3.1. Linear response theory
For better clarity of the structure of the theory, we subsume the variables describing
a particle-hole paira into a single number, i ≡ (pi , hi ) . The system is subject to
a weak external perturbation hext(r, t) ; this implies small deviations of the wave
function from the ground state

Ψt ≈ ΨGS + δΨt + . . . . (13)

b
δΨt is obtained by expanding exp{δ U/2} in (9) linearly in the fluctuations δu(n).
This, in turn, gives the induced density δρ(r) as deviation from the ground state
density ρGS in terms of CBF matrix elements:

1
Nt Ψt ρb(r) Ψt ≈ ρGS + δρ(r)
nX X o
1 (14)
δρ(r) = <e δu(1)
1 δρ0,1 (r) + 2 δu(2)
12 δρ0,12 (r)
1 1,2
p
(we suppress normalization factors Nm /N0 ). The boson theory14 guides us to
simplify (14) this by transforming to modified fluctuations defined as

X
δρ(r) ≡ <e δv(1)
1 δρ0,1 (r) . (15)
1

Obviously, δv(1) implicitly sums two-pair correlations. The connection can be shown
to involve the matrices of Eq. (7) via

1 −1
δv(1) (1)
1 = δu1 + 2 [M ]1,2 N2,34 δu(2)
43 , (16)
(doubly appearing indices being summed). N2,34 involves the states (p2 h2 ,
p3 h3 , p4 h4 ) and thus 3-particle correlations. In the local approximation, this
amounts to the (approximate) knowledge of the 3-particle ground state structure
factor. The coefficient of δu(2) in (16) defines a new matrix

I
M1,23 ≡ M −1·N 1,23
= [M −1 ]1,4 N4,23 . (17)
I
Diagrammatically, M1,23 is a proper subset of M1,23 = N1,23 . Similarly, certain
diagrams involving 4-particle correlations are canceled from M12,34 by introducing

a InNm,m0 each index stands for all quantum numbers; e.g., in the case of a single particle-hole
excitation for m = (p1 , h2 , . . . hN ). Instead of spelling out the occupied states, we write (p1 , h1 ).
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 9

I


M12,34 ≡ M + MI · M · MI 12,34
I
≡ M12,34 + M12,5 I
M5,6 M6,34 . (18)

3.2. Equations of motion

Equations of motion (eom) follow straightforwardly from minimizing the action

Z Z
1 b ext + ~ ∂ Ψt
b +H b ext =
δ dt Ψt H =0 ; H d3 r hext(r, t) ρb(r, t) (19)
Nt i ∂t
together with Eq. (13). Invoking the transformed fluctuation amplitude δv(1) , the
eom for the two-pair fluctuations δu(2) read

h i h i
1 I ~∂ 1
2 −M12,34 i ∂t − K12,34 δu(2)
43 ≡ 2 E12,34 (t) δu(2)
43
(20)
1
= 2 K1234,0 δu(2) ∗ (1) (1)∗
43 + K12,3 δv3 + K123,0 δv3 .
Here, the 4-pair coefficients are (written symbolically as well as explicitly)

h


i
Km,m0 ≡ H 0 − M I · H 0 − H 0 · M I + H 0 · M I · H 0 ,
m,m0

0
K12,34 ≡ H12,34 I
− M12,5 0
H5,34 0
− H12,5 I
M5,34 I
+ M12,5 0
H5,6 I
M6,34 , (21)

0 I 0 0 I I 0 I
K1234,0 ≡ H1234,0 − M12,5 H534,0 − H125,0 M5,34 + M12,5 H56,0 M6,34 ,
while the 3-pair coefficients take the simpler form

h
i 0
K12,3 ≡ H12,3 I
− M12,4 0
H4,3 ,
0 I 0
Km,m0 ≡ H − M · H , (22)
m,m0 0 I 0
K123,0 ≡ H123,0 − M12,4 H43,0 .
Formally solving Eq. (20) yields δu(2) and δu(2)∗ as functions of the 1-pair fluctu-
ations. These are then inserted into the eom for the 1-pair amplitudes:

h i Z
~∂ 0 0
−M1,3 i ∂t − H1,3 δv(1)
3 − H 13,0 δv(1)∗
3 = 2 d3 r δρ1,0 hext(r, t)
(23)
1 (2) 1 (2)∗
+ 2 K1,34 δu43 + 2 K134,0 δu43 .
For practical purposes we neglect the static 4-body correlations K1234,0 ≈ 0.
Fourier transforming from time to frequency ω this implies for u(2)

  n o
1
2 δu
(2)
= E −1 (ω) · K ·δv(1) + K ·δv(1)∗ ,
  n o (24)
1 (2)
2 δu12 = E −1 (ω) 12,56 K65,3 δv(1) (1)∗
3 + K653,0 δδv3 .
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

10 H. M. Böhm et al.

Inserting (24) on the r.h.s. of (23) gives an effective single-particle equation; therefore
knowledge of the CBF matrices K and E −1 provides a 1:1 mapping onto effective
dynamic interactions:
h i
H 0 eff · δv(1) = H 0 · δv(1) + 21 K · δu(2) = H 0 + K · [E −1(ω)] · K · δv(1)
h i
0 eff (1) 0
H1,3 0
δv3 = H1,3 δv(1) 1 (2)
3 + 2 K1,34 δu43 = H1,3 + K1,45 [E −1(ω)]54,67 K76,3 δv(1)
3
(25)
0
(and the analogue for the H13,0 term).

4. Application of the Theory

4.1. Approximations
How exchange effects correct the cRPA, was recently studied20 for bulk 3 He; their in-
fluence on multi-pair correlations is, presently, beyond numerical tractability within
reasonable effort. We therefore decrease the number of variables by approximating
Nm,m0 and, consequently, M I and K by their Fermi-sea average
P
h1 ...hm0 Nm,m0
Nm,m0 → P − − . (26)
h1 ...hm0 np1nh1 . . . np0m0nh0m0

Here, nh denotes the Fermi distribution function and n− p ≡ 1−np . The kinetic energy
being intrinsically non-local, we split off the diagonal parts of the Hamiltonian:

1 0 0


0
Hm,m 0 ≡ Wm,m0 + Hm,m +Hm 0 ,m0 Nm,m0 (m 6= m0 ) , (27)
2
The Wm,m0 can again be approximated locally by the procedure (26). The opti-
0
mization of the ground state (3)-(4) ensures that the Fermi-sea average of H m,0 = 0,
relating the local approximation of Wm,m0 uniquely to that of Nm,m0 .
Denoting the Fourier transform of ρ(r) with ρq , the static structure factor S(q)
is expressed by its free value Sq0 and CBF matrix elements via

ΨGS δb ρ−q ΨGS

ρq δb X
S(q) = = Sq0 + 1
Nh+q h , h0+q h0 . (28)
N ΨGS ΨGS N
h6=h0

This uniquely determines the local approximation of N1,2 . Similarly, N1,23 is related
to the 3-particle ground state structure factor, leading finally to

(3) 0
I S (3)(q1 , q2 , q3 ) Sq ,q ,q
M1,23 → 0 0
− 0 1 02 03 (29)
S(q1 ) Sq2 Sq3 S q1 S q2 S q3
Using the uniform limit approximation,13 S (3) factorizes this into products of S(qi ).
The 4-particle M12,34 in (18) factorizes, too (neglecting terms of O( N1 )). Therefore,
the only input for the dynamics is the ground state S(q).
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 11

q = 1.0 kF = 5.5 nm−1 q = 1.9 kF = 10.5 nm−1

0.6 0.6
2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
E [εF] E [εF]
0.5 0.5
a) b)

0.4 0.4
S(q, E)

S(q, E)
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
E [meV] E [meV]

q = 2.44 kF = 13.5 nm−1 q = 3.16 kF = 17.5 nm−1

0.6 0.8
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
E [εF] 0.7 E [εF]
0.5
c) d)
0.6
0.4
0.5
S(q, E)

0.3 S(q, E) 0.4

0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1

0.0 0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
E [meV] E [meV]

Fig. 2. (Color on line) Comparison of the dynamic structure factor of 3 He, as obtained from
the cRPA, Eq. (2), (dashed blue lines) and from the pair fluctuation theory (full red lines). The
density and wave vectors q match those of Fig. 1. The dotted curves show the theoretical results
convoluted with the experimental resolution.

3
4.2. He
In the experiment21 a mono layer of liquid 3 He was adsorbed on high quality exfoli-
ated graphite, preplated by a mono layer of solid 4 He. The latter has the advantage
of a weaker adsorption potential than the bare graphite; in addition, it smoothes
out surface defects. At temperatures well below 1K the motion of the 3 He fluid is
two-dimensional. It thus forms an atomically thick layer of known areal density. For
the case reported here this is 4.9 atoms/nm2 .
On this layer we performed inelastic neutron scattering experiments at the Insti-
tut Laue Langevin (ILL) on the time-of-flight neutron spectrometer IN6. The acces-
sible momentum transfers range from wave vectors q = 2.54 nm−1 . . . 20.46 nm−1 .
The energy resolution is of the order of 0.1 meV.
For our calculations we use the S(q) obtained from Fermi hypernetted chain
theory12,22 as input. The results are shown in Fig. (2), for the same wave vectors
and areal density as in the ILL experiment. Clearly, there is a large disagreement
between the cRPA prediction (dashed lines) and the one including dynamic pair
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

12 H. M. Böhm et al.

q = 0.8 kF = 0.6 nm−1 q = 1.8 kF = 1.3 nm−1

0.8 0.8
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.7 E [εF] 0.7 E [εF]
a) b)
0.6 0.6

0.5 0.5
S(q, E)

S(q, E)
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
E [meV] E [meV]

q = 2.2 kF = 1.6 nm−1 q = 2.8 kF = 2.1 nm−1

0.8 2.0
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.7 E [εF] E [εF]
c) d)
0.6 1.5

0.5
S(q, E)

0.4 S(q, E) 1.0

0.3

0.2 0.5

0.1

0.0 0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 0 50 100 150 200 250
E [meV] E [meV]

Fig. 3. (Color on line) Comparison of the dynamic structure factor of a two-dimensional electron
liquid at rs = 36, in the cRPA, Eq. (2), (dashed blue lines) and from the pair fluctuation theory
(full red lines). In the upper left graph also the bare RPA is seen (chained magenta line).

fluctuations (full lines), the spectra being qualitatively different. The dotted curves
are obtained by convoluting the theoretical results with the experimental resolution
of 0.1meV and 1nm−1 . This reproduces the main features of the experiment very
well: a sharp mode above the PH continuum for q close to the Fermi momentum kF
(Fig. 2a), a very broad mode at intermediate q-values (Fig. 2b,c), and a resharpening
of the mode at 3kF (Fig. 2d).
The main effect of dynamic pair fluctuations is to shift strength towards lower
energies; this is also true in the region of large Landau damping as is clearly seen in
Fig. 2c. This type of qualitative change in S(q, E) cannot be described by a static
effective interaction. For the given areal density of 4.9 nm−2 the phonon-roton curve
does not emerge from the PH band. However, for higher densities a maximum in
S(q, E) below the PH band is obtained, inaccessible to an RPA description.

4.3. Electron layers

For two-dimensional (2D) electrons the first prediction of a collective mode travers-
ing the PH band was made by Neilson et al .23 from quantum kinetic equations. Dy-
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

Reemergence of the Collective Mode in 3 He and Electron Layers 13

namic correlations were found important for density parameters2,3 rs larger than
10. We here apply our theory to a 2D electron gas at rs = 36, close to Wigner
crystallization. In analogy to 3 He we study the paramagnetic case.
For a 2D electron gas on graphite this means an areal density of the order of
10 nm−2 . Other realizations are electron layers in MOSFETS and/or semiconduc-
−1

tor hetero-structures. In a GaAlAs-GaAs-GaAlAs quantum well, with a background

dielectric constant b = 12 and an effective mass of 0.067 electron masses, the effec-
tive Bohr radius is roughly 100Å; rs = 36 corresponds to n ≈ 10−2 nm−2 .
We obtained the input S(q) for our calculations from Monte Carlo results by
Gori-Giorgi et al .24 Figure (3) shows that the effect of the dynamic pair fluctuations
is the same as in 3 He: At small q the plasmon is sharp, though two-pair excitations
cause a finite width while the cRPA plasmon is undamped. The one-pair excitations
account for a large portion of the decrease of the dispersion in comparison to the
bare RPA (Fig. 3a). In Fig. 3b, at intermediate q values, we find a broad and highly
Landau-damped plasmon, in marked contrast with a sharp cRPA peak (the bare
RPA plasmon is at a higher energy outside the range displayed). As in 3 He, with
a further increase of q the spectrum “leans towards the left” (Fig. 3c) and, finally,
resharpens on the lower side of the PH continuum in Fig. 3d. This recollection of
strength is thus independent of the inter-particle interaction, the same effect arises
for the long-ranged, soft-core Coulomb potential and the short-ranged, hard-core
potential of helium. A close inspection of the data shows that the plasmon, indeed,
re-emerges from the continuum, a feature that is beyond a cRPA approach with
any effective static interaction.

5. Summary
We showed that variational dynamic quantum many body theory based on optimiz-
ing time-dependent fluctuation amplitudes provides a powerful tool for explaining
the excitations of two-dimensional 3 He. For a full quantitative agreement with the
experimental results an inclusion of triplet fluctuations, exchange effects, or effective
mass corrections may be required. The fermionic case being much more demanding
than its bosonic counterpart, we concentrated our studies on the inclusion of two-
pair fluctuations and could demonstrate that these give a major improvement over
RPA-like approaches. The spectra obtained with pair fluctuations agree well with
the scattering data on 3 He and qualitatively differ from any RPA result, both for
helium and for electrons.
Our approach satisfies the ω 0 and ω 1 sum-rules and holds the potential for a sys-
tematic improvement. Aside from significantly changing the collective mode it also
describes multi-pair damping and double-phonon / double-plasmon excitations.25

Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Austrian research fund FWF (project P21264) and
under the Partenariat Hubert Curien “Amadeus”, as well as by the ILL neutron
January 7, 2011 16:15 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 002˙Bohm

14 H. M. Böhm et al.

center and the EU FRP7 low temperature infrastructure (Grant 228464).

References
1. D. Pines, Physics Today 34, 106 (Nov. 1981).
2. D. Pines and P. Nozieres, The Theory of Quantum Liquids (Benjamin, New York,
1966).
3. G. Giuliani and G. Vignale, Quantum Theory of the Electron Liquid (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, Cambridge, 2005).
4. L. D. Landau, Sov. Phys. JETP 3, p. 920 (1957).
5. H. Glyde, Excitations in liquid and solid helium (Oxford University Press, Oxford,
1994).
6. J. M. C. Chen, J. W. Clark and D. G. Sandler, Z. Physik A 305, 223 (1982).
7. K. S. Singwi and M. P. Tosi, Solid State Phys. 36, 177 (1981).
8. H. R. Glyde, B. Fåk, N. H. van Dijk, H. Godfrin, K. Guckelsberger and R. Scherm,
Phys. Rev. B 61, 1421 (2000).
9. M. M. Calbi and E. S. Hernández, J. Low Temp. Phys. 120, 1 (2000).
10. J. Boronat, J. Casulleras, V. Grau, E. Krotscheck and J. Springer, Phys. Rev. Lett.
91, 085302 (2003).
11. E. Feenberg, Theory of Quantum Fluids (Academic, New York, 1969).
12. E. Krotscheck, Theory of correlated basis functions, in Introduction to Modern Meth-
ods of Quantum Many–Body Theory and their Applications, eds. A. Fabrocini, S. Fan-
toni and E. Krotscheck, Advances in Quantum Many–Body Theory, Vol. 7 (World
Scientific, Singapore, 2002) pp. 267–330.
13. C. C. Chang and C. E. Campbell, Phys. Rev. B 13, 3779 (1976).
14. C. E. Campbell and E. Krotscheck, Phys. Rev. B 80, 174501 (2009).
15. C. E. Campbell and E. Krotscheck, to be published (2010).
16. R. P. Feynman, Phys. Rev. 94, 262 (1954).
17. A. Bijl, Physica 7, 869 (1940).
18. E. Krotscheck and J. W. Clark, Nucl. Phys. A 328, 73 (1979).
19. E. Krotscheck, Phys. Rev. A 26, 3536 (1982).
20. M. Panholzer, H. M. Böhm, R. Holler and E. Krotscheck, J. Low Temp. Phys. 158,
135 (2009).
21. H. Godfrin, M. Meschke, H. Lauter, H. M. Böhm, E. Krotscheck and M. Panholzer,
J. Low Temp. Phys. 158, 147 (2009).
22. E. Krotscheck, J. Low Temp. Phys. 119, 103 (2000).
23. D. Neilson, L. Swierkowski, A. Sjölander and J. Szymanski, Phys. Rev. B 44, 6291
(1991).
24. P. Gori-Giorgi, S. Moroni and G. Bachelet, Phys. Rev. B 70, 115102/1 (2004).
25. H. M. Böhm, R. Holler, E. Krotscheck and M. Panholzer, Int. J. Mod. Phys. B 22,
4655 (2008).
December 27, 2010 15:53 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 003˙Clark

DISSECTING AND TESTING COLLECTIVE AND TOPOLOGICAL

SCENARIOS FOR THE QUANTUM CRITICAL POINT

J. W. CLARK
Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University
St. Louis, Missouri 63130, U.S.A
[email protected]

V. A. KHODEL∗
Department of Physics & McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University
St. Louis, Missouri 63130, U.S.A
[email protected]

M. V. ZVEREV
Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute
Moscow 123182, Russia
[email protected]

Received 9 December 2009

In a number of strongly-interacting Fermi systems, the existence of a quantum critical

point (QCP) is signaled by a divergent density of states and effective mass at zero temper-
ature. Competing scenarios and corresponding mechanisms for the QCP are contrasted
and analyzed. The conventional scenario invokes critical fluctuations of a collective mode
in the close vicinity of a second-order phase transition and attributes divergence of the
effective mass to a coincident vanishing of the quasiparticle pole strength. It is argued
that this collective scenario is disfavored by certain experimental observations as well
as theoretical inconsistencies, including violation of conservation laws applicable in the
strongly interacting medium. An alternative topological scenario for the QCP is devel-
oped self-consistently within the general framework of Landau quasiparticle theory. In
this scenario, the topology of the Fermi surface is transfigured when the quasiparticle
group velocity vanishes at the QCP, yet the quasiparticle picture remains meaningful
and no symmetry is broken. The topological scenario is found to explain the non-Fermi-
liquid behavior observed experimentally in Yb-based heavy-fermion systems close to the
QCP. This study suggests that integration of the topological scenario with the theory
of second-order, symmetry-breaking quantum phase transitions will furnish a proper
foundation for theoretical understanding of the extended QCP region.

Keywords: Strongly correlated fermions; quantum critical point; Fermi Liquid Theory;
Landau quasiparticles; phase transitions.

∗ Permanent address: Russian Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, Moscow 123182, Russia.

15
December 27, 2010 15:53 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 003˙Clark

16 J. W. Clark, V. A. Khodel & M. V. Zverev

1. Introduction: Quantum Phase Transitions and

Non-Fermi-Liquid Behavior
The quest for a fundamental understanding of non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior
of Fermi systems in the vicinity of quantum phase transitions1 persists as one of
the most challenging objectives of modern condensed-matter research. In a num-
ber of heavy-fermion materials studied at very low temperatures T , e.g., Yb-based
compounds2 or the high-Tc superconductors CeCoIn5 (Ref. 3) and YBa2 Cu3 O6+x
(Ref. 4), critical temperatures TN (B) of these transitions can be driven to zero by
imposition of weak magnetic fields B, creating a quantum critical point (QCP).
Divergence of the effective mass M ∗ as T → 0 is now recognized as a piv-
otal experimental signature of QCP criticality. Evidence for this behavior comes
from measurements of thermodynamic properties such as specific heat and mag-
netic susceptibility, as well as studies of de Haas-van Alfven and Shubnikov-de Haas
magnetic oscillations, in diverse types of strongly correlated Fermi systems. These
include heavy-fermion metals,2,3,4 the 2D electron gas in MOSFETs,5 , and quasi-
two-dimensional (2D) liquid 3 He,6,7,8
Landau’s quasiparticle (qp) picture of low-T phenomena in Fermi systems,9 epit-
omized in Fermi Liquid Theory (FLT), has long been a cornerstone of condensed
matter physics.10,11 The clear violations of FLT that have been revealed experi-
mentally in the aforementioned many-fermion systems suggest that the electronic
correlations in these systems become so strong that the quasiparticle concept loses
validity at the QCP, at least in the version represented by standard FLT. However,
we propose that although this canonical interpretation of Landau’s quasiparticle
pattern is no longer applicable beyond the QCP, one may still seek an explana-
tion of NFL behavior within the original quasiparticle framework. Theoretical and
experimental evidence will be presented to substantiate this position, in terms of
a topological scenario for the QCP. In this view, it is the single-particle degrees
of freedom, rather than critical collective fluctuations, that are responsible for the
divergence of the effective mass at the QCP.

2. Competing Scenarios for the Quantum Critical Point

Working within the framework of microscopic quantum many-body theory,12,10 let
us first consider what conditions, at temperature T = 0, may give rise to a diver-
gence of the effective mass (and hence the density of single-particle states) at the
Fermi surface of an interacting many-fermion system. For simplicity, we restrict the
analysis to a homogeneous, isotropic nonsuperfluid system. (The assumptions of
homogeneity and isotropy will subsequently be lifted.) Is is assumed, in agreement
with experiment for the relevant systems identified in Sec. 1, that the system obeys
standard Fermi-liquid (FL) theory below the QCP, i.e, on the weakly correlated
side of the phase diagram. (This is commonly regarded as the “disordered side” of
a disorder-order phase diagram, although the actual situation may be more subtle.)
In the FL domain upon approach to the QCP, the effective mass M ∗ is inversely
December 27, 2010 15:53 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 003˙Clark

Dissecting and Testing Collective and Topological Scenarios 17

proportional to a product of two factors, one governed by the momentum depen-

dence of the self-energy Σ(p, ε) and the other by its energy dependence. Specifically,
   
M 1 ∂Σ(p, ε)
=z 1+ 0 , (1)
M∗ vF ∂p 0

where vF0 = pF /M ,
   −1
∂Σ(p, ε)
z = 1− , (2)
∂ε 0
and the derivatives are evaluated at p = pF and ε = 0, measuring energies from the
chemical potential. Here, z represents the quasiparticle strength in single-particle
(sp) states at the Fermi surface. Conventional belief, traced back over four decades
to Doniach and Engelsberg,13 has it that the divergence of M ∗ at the QCP is due
to vanishing of the z factor in Eq. (1), rather than to the other factor, which is
responsible for the renormalization of the Fermi velocity vF0 stemming from the
momentum-dependence of the interactions between quasiparticles. We may note
here that
 the renormalized  group velocity vF = v(pF ) = [d(p)/dp]0 is proportional
0
to 1 + ∂Σ(p, ε = 0)/∂p 0 .
Doniach and Engelsberg analyzed the role of critical spin fluctuations in the
vicinity of ferromagnetic phase transitions based on the Ornstein-Zernike approxi-
mation, which neglects the scattering of critical fluctuations. They concluded that
the z factor vanishes at the QCP, thus attributing the divergence of M ∗ to diver-
gence of the derivative [∂Σ(p, ε; ρc )/∂ε]0 at implicated second-order phase transition
points ρc . This conclusion has become a maxim of the conventional scenario for the
QCP, the essence of which is expressed as “quasiparticles get heavy and die at the
quantum critical point.”14
Thus, in the conventional or collective scenario for the QCP, the energy depen-
dence plays the decisive role, causing the factor z in Eq. (1) to vanish exactly at the
QCP. There is, however, another possibility, namely that the square-bracket factor
on the right side of this equation vanishes instead. This is equivalent to the vanishing
of the quasiparticle group velocity vF at the QCP. In this case, it is the momen-
tum dependence of the self-energy that is decisive. Whereas collective degrees of
freedom drive the phase transition at the QCP in the conventional scenario, it is a
rearrangement of the single-particle degrees that is the dominant mechanism in this
alternative possibility. In this alternative view, the quantum critical point reflects a
topological phase transition.15 Volovik16 has provided an authoritative classification
and analysis of such topological transitions in quantum many-body systems.

3. The Original Quasiparticle Picture

To continue with the analysis, we need to recall the essential ingredients of the
original Landau description9 of interacting Fermi systems. It is founded on the
postulate that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between the totality of
real, decaying single-particle excitations of the actual Fermi system and a system
December 27, 2010 15:53 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 003˙Clark

18 J. W. Clark, V. A. Khodel & M. V. Zverev

of ‘immortal’ interacting quasiparticles. Accordingly, the number of quasiparticles

(qp) equals the number of physical particles, which implies that
Z
2 n(p)dυp = ρ, (3)

where n(p) is the qp momentum distribution, dυp is an element of momentum space,

and ρ is the particle density. Further, the entropy of the qp system, given by
Z
S(T ) = −2 [n(p, T ) ln n(p, T ) + (1−n(p, T )) ln(1−n(p, T ))] dυp , (4)

is equal to the entropy of the physical system. The ground-state energy is expressible
as a functional E[n] of the qp distribution n(p), and the qp energy (p), refereed to
the chemical potential µ, is identified as
δE[n(p)]
(p) = − µ. (5)
δn(p)
From these relations there follows a formula of Fermi-Dirac form connecting the qp
momentum distribution n(p) with the qp energy (p) at temperature T :
h i−1
n(p, T ) = 1 + e(p,T )/T . (6)

Galilean invariance provides a second relation between n(p) and (p):

Z
∂(p) p ∂n(p1 )
= v(p) = + f (p, p1 ) dυp1 , (7)
∂p M ∂p1
where the qp interaction function f is the product of z 2 and the scalar part of the
scattering amplitude Γω , the ω limit of the scattering amplitude Γ of two particles
on the Fermi surface, with four-momentum transfer approaching zero such that
k/ω → 0.
Standard Fermi Liquid Theory presupposes further that at T = 0 solutions of the
Galilean invariance equation (7) always arrange themselves to guarantee a positive
group velocity v(p) = ∂(p)/∂p, which in turn implies that n(p, T = 0) takes the
Fermi-step form nF (p) = θ(pF −p). The properties of a “Fermi Liquid” in this sense
turn out to be those of a Fermi gas of quasiparticles.
If one pursues the topological scenario for the QCP, the situation becomes in-
teresting when the qp group velocity vF changes sign and the standard FL pre-
supposition fails. Setting T = 0 and p = pF in the Galilean relation and in-
troducing the Legendre-harmonic Landau parameter F10 = pF M f1 /π 2 , we find
vF = (pF /M )(1 − F10 /3). Accordingly, the inequality vF > 0 is violated when F10
reaches 3 at a density ρ∞ that is identified with the QCP. It should be emphasized
that this condition is quite distinct from the Pomeranchuk instability conditions.
For later reference, we rewrite the criticality condition 1 − F10 /3 = 0 in terms
of the k-limit of the dimensionless scattering amplitude νΓk = A + B σ1 · σ2 ,
where ν = z 2 pF M ∗ /π 2 is the quasiparticle density of states. (The k-limit of van-
ishing four-momentum transfer is such that ω/k → 0.) Noting the connection
December 27, 2010 15:53 WSPC/INSTRUCTION FILE 003˙Clark

Dissecting and Testing Collective and Topological Scenarios 19

A1 = F1 /(1 + F1 /3) between the Legendre harmonic A1 of the scattering amplitude

and the Landau parameter F1 = pF M ∗ f1 /π 2 , we have M/M ∗ = 1 − A1 /3 and the
criticality condition becomes A1 (ρ∞ ) = F10 (ρ∞ ) = 3, where ρ∞ is the density at
which the effective mass diverges.

4. Fault Lines of the Conventional Collective Scenario

It will be established in this section that a QCP scenario based purely on collective
fluctuations is vulnerable, both theoretically and experimentally.
Theoretical weaknesses may be exposed through several lines of argument. Con-
sider that in the conventional scenario, the z factor vanishes at a critical density
ρc where a collective mode collapses at a characteristic finite wave number k c . By
assumption, the quasiparticle (qp) picture of FL theory remains valid prior to the
collapse. The requirement of antisymmetry of the qp amplitude vertex Γ with re-
spect to interchange of the momenta and spins of the colliding particles10,11 leads
to the relation
1
A(p1 , p2 , k, ω = 0; ρ → ρc ) = −D(k) + D(p1 − p2 + k) (8)
2
in terms of the propagator
g
D(k → kc , ω = 0; ρ → ρc ) = , (9)
ξ −2 (ρ) + (k − kc )2
with g > 0 and the correlation length ξ(ρ) divergent at ρ = ρc . Now, with θ =
∠(p1 , p2 ), we calculate harmonics Ak (ρ) of the amplitude A(p1 = pF , p2 = pF , cos θ)
to obtain
π kc ξ(ρ) 3π kc ξ(ρ)
A0 (ρ→ρc ) = g , A1 (ρ→ρc ) = g cos θ0 . (10)
2 p2F 2 p2F

The sign of A1 (ρ → ρc ) coincides

√ with that of cos θ0 = 1−kc2/2p2F . First, suppose
that cos θ0 < 0, i.e., kc > pF 2. Referring to M/M ∗ = 1 − A1 /3, we see that at
the second-order phase transition, the ratio M ∗ (ρc )/M must be less than unity.
In this case one is forced to conclude that the critical density ρc and the density
ρ∞ where the effective mass diverges cannot coincide. The z-factor in Eq. (1) does
indeed vanish at the density ρc due to the divergence of the derivative [∂Σ(p, ε)/∂ε]0 .
However, the effective mass M ∗ remains finite, since the derivative ∂Σ(p, ε)/∂0p 0 .
also diverges at the QCP.17
If instead 1 > cos θ0 > 0, the conventional view again leads to an unacceptable
situation. This is seen as follows. The harmonics A0 (ρc ) and A1 (ρc ) are related
by A0 (ρc ) = A1 (ρc )/3 cos θ0 . If M ∗ (ρc ) were infinite, then A1 (ρc ) would equal 3,
while A0 (ρc ) = 1/ cos θ0 > 1. However, the basic FL connection A0 = F0 /(1 + F0 )
implies A0 ≤ 1, provided the Landau state is stable. Therefore in the conventional
scenario, the QCP cannot be reached without violating the stability conditions for
the Landau state.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
among those not heretofore mentioned whose families have
remained in Riverside are George W. Garcelon, D. H. Burnham, Rev.
M. V. Digitized by Google
 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY 43 Wright, Capt. C. C.
Miller, P. D. Cover, Dwight S^. Strong, Dr. Joseph Jarvis, David
Battles, A. McCrary, Ezra and Otis Sheldon, J. R. Huberty, J. W. Van
Kirke, E. J. Davis (who built the Reynolds hotel). Dr. Stephen Volk,
Wilson B. Russell, Mrs. Rebecca Shaw, Dr. S. S. Patton and Walcot
Burnham, the last-named being ^he first to build a house on
Magnolia avenue. What faith and hope these pioneers must have
possessed who dared to undertake the establishment of their farms
and orchards sixty miles from the only local market which the little
village of Los Angeles then offered, and with only the promise of a
railroad across the continent to carry their products to larger and
more distant ones. But the genial * and stimulating climate helped
their optimism. Distance did indeed *4end enchantment to the view''
of the rugged encircling mountains, and the beauty of the
flowerdecked plains in springtime was a source of happiness to the
men and women who undertook the hard and prosaic duties of
homemaking in a new land. The water was made to flow in the
newly constructed ditch, and the plows turned up the virgin soil to fit
it for cultivation. The list of things planted experimentally is a long
one, including almost everything grown in the temperate and
semitropic regions. Nobody knew what would prove the best
adapted or most profitable. Besides the orange, lemon and lime,
there were large plantings of apple, pears, apricots, almonds,
walnuts, olives, figs and innumerable varieties of grapes. All did well,
but the raisin grape and the apricot were the first crops to give a
satisfactory profit. Riverside was the first community in the state io
export raisins in large quantities, her shipments for one year
amounting to over 200,000 boxes. Alfalfa growing was, of course, a
source of quick and certain revenue, but it was not until the growth
of the cities of the state in recent years provided a market for the
stock grown upon it that it took the prominent place it now holds.
But from the first it was the culture of the orange and lemon that
held the interest of the people and led to the developments which
have made Riverside the most conspicuous among the orange
growing sections of the world. LThe first orange tree brought intq^
Riverside was hauled from a Los Angeles nursery by L. C. Waitej He
got in too late on a Saturday night to allow of their being
inmaediately planted, and Dr. Shugart, fearing that the tender roots
would suffer from exposDigitized by Google
 44 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY ure, got out early on
Sunday morning, March 1, 1871, and promptly planted those
brought for himself, and therefore has the credit of having planted
the first orange trees in Riverside. Judge North and Mr. Waite
planted their trees on the Monday following. As common seedling
trees cost $2 apiece, it prompted the early starting of nurseries for
their home propagation, and orange seeds were obtained from Tahiti
for this purpose. The first nursery of this kind was established by D.
C. Twogood on his dry claim, but owing to the failure of the plan to
build a higher canal he was compelled in 1872 to move this to that
portion of his land lying where irrigating water could be had. The
wonderful stories told of the profits of orange growing helped greatly
to encourage those prospective millionaires under the hardships they
suffered during the eight years required to bring a seedling tree into
profitable bearing. So they worked and waited. Some of them found
great encouragement in visiting the bearing orchards of B. D. Wilson
at San Gabriel, where they saw seedling fruit selling to peddlers for
cash at $60 a thousand. As this was equivalent to from $7 to $10 a
box it is no wonder they dreamed confidently of the wealth to be
theirs when their trees reached maturity. It is a fact that when the
first few trees came into bearing in Riverside their product netted
the owners from $50 to $100. The first three winters were
excessively dry and the land had to be flooded to fit it for breaking,
but the work was pushed diligently. A heavy frost, such as
occasionally handicaps the Califqrnia orange grower, came one
winter, and had a deterrent effect upon the weak-hearted among
intending settlers. But, in spite of discouragements, the growth was
steady and the people hopeful and happy. In April, 1872, the first
wedding occurred, when Lillian, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Dr.
K. D. Shugart, became the bride of L. C. Waite; and ** they lived
happily ever after," and have riin no risk of Rooseveltian criticism
because of failure to raise a good family to share the material
blessings their industry has won. The Rev. I. W. Atherton, the
Congregational clergyman who performed this first marriage
ceremony, had just organized the first church in the settlement,
calling it the ** Congregational Union" with a view to uniting in it
Christians of all denominations. Its members were Mr. Atherton and
wife, Mr. and Mrs. Charles B. Digitized by Google
 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY 45 Comstock, W. J.
Linville, William Sayre and Miss Nancy M. Burt, the latter being the
only survivor of those pioneer members. A year later they built the
little white church which stood for so many years on the corner of
Sixth and Vine streets. When the Congregationalists, needing larger
quarters, built on Seventh street, they sold this building to the
Christian church, who finally moved it to Seventh street and
incorporated it in the larger edifice which they now occupy. / By
1873 the settlement became almost self-supporting. There were but
a little more than sixty acres planted to the orange and lemon, but
the grain and hay grown on the irrigated lands, and the alfalfa,
fruits, cattle and hogs, were a sure source of revenue, since the
increasing population created a home market. Of those who came in
these years there was a large proportion who became permanent
residents. G. W. Garcelon built, on Seventh street, a residence more
modern and complete than were most of the makeshift shanties of
the first settlers. James H. Roe, in telling of this period, says **the
most luxurious vehicle in the valley — a two-horse lumber wagon —
was sent to Los Angeles to meet Edwin Hart, myself and family, and
in this we were driven across the country to Riverside, it taking two
days for the trip." After crossing the desert, where thousands of
acres of vineyards now cover the wide expanse, the party forded the
river, and, passing through the hills over a shoulder of Rubidoux
mountain, caught their first glimpse of their future home. **It must
be confessed," he says, '*it was a desolate prospect. A dozen or so
of small houses scattered over the mile square; a few streets
outlined by little pepper trees; the giant mountains and bare granite
foothills all around, seeming, in our ignorance of distance, to take
nearly all the room or view. It is no wonder that for the moment we
felt that we had come to the ends of the earth and that a feeling of
homesickness would creep in. But as we clasped hands with old
friends and caught the infection of their hope we soon came to
accept the golden visions of those who had come before." H. W.
Robinson soon after put on stages to San Bernardino and Los
Angeles, with a fare of ten cents a mile; but the public felt it was
worth it. Expectations were held that the Texas Pacific would build to
San Francisco within a year or two, and this hope of easier
communication with the outside world, and a means proDigitized by
Google
 46 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY vided for marketing
the crops when they should mature, gave courage to push on in the
work undertaken. The village at this time had some three hundred
inhabitants, and there were 3000 acres under cultivation, one-third
or more being set to fruit trees. Already some 10,000 shade trees
had been planted along the streets, a feature which, continuing in
later years, has given the city a reputation for beauty, of which it is
justly proud. On Christmas day all the citizens assembled in the little
school-house, where a banquet was provided and the people
fraternized happily, regardless of political or religious differences,
which so often divide older communities. The telegraph was
extended into town about this time, John U, North being the first
operator. Few of the pioneer families have had a larger share in the
upbuilding of the city than has that of Capt. C. C. Miller, who first
came to do a bit of engineering work for the Temescal Tin Mine
Company, and, finding other work, brought his family here in the fall
of 1874. His children are: Frank A., Edward E., Mrs. G. 0. Newman
and Mrs. Alice Richardson. The family lived for a time in the tiny little
Deere cottage, on Seventh street, which has in time sheltered under
its rose-covered roof so many of the early families. In 1875 he
purchased the block where the elegant Glen• wood Mission Inn now
stands, building the first little adobe ** Glenwood'' from bricks made
from a mound which stood in the center of the lot, and here the
family ran a hotel so successfully as to compel its repeated
enlargement. In 1881 he sold it to his son Frank, whose energy and
taste have made of it, if not the largest and finest, at least one of
the most unique and popular in the United States. Benjamin
Hartshorn of San Francisco had become the possessor of some
8,600 acres of government land lying south of Arlington avenue. In
1874, S. C. Evans, a banker from Fort Wayne, Ind., who was looking
for an investment in California, joined with Capt. W. T. Sayward in
the purchase of this property, at a cost of about $8 an acre. Later
they acquired some 3,000 acres of land, joining it on the south,
called the **Rancho Sobrante de San Jacinto." This purchase
extended their holdings to the dry wash of the Temescal creek, north
of Corona. This consolidated territory they first called the New
England Colony, and the owners Digitized by Google
ENTRANCE TO MISSION INN Digitized by Google
^ . „ 1. Digitized by Google
 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY 47 filed claims on the
Santa Ana river for water with which to irrigate it. It was ultimately
subdivided and put upon the market under the name of Arlington. In
surveying for their irrigating canal they discovered that they could
not deliver the water high enough to serve the larger and more
desirable portion. They also found that the owners of the Southern
California Colony Association lands objected to the building of a large
canal through their property, and negotiations were finally entered
into which led to the purchase of four-sevenths of the stock of the
association, owned by Hon. Charles N. Felton of San Francisco, and
the consolidation of nearly all the territory in the valley under the
control of a corporation known as the Riverside Land and Irrigation
Company. This change of ownership ended the colonial period of
Riverside history. Judge North ceased longer to shape the policy of
the settlement, although a conspicuous and influential citizen until
1880, when he left with his family to become the manager of the
Washington Irrigated Colony near Fresno. In 1888 his advancing age
caused him to give up active business, and he lived a retired life at
Fresno with one of his daughters, Mrs. Shepard, until death claimed
him on the 22nd of February, 1890. Digitized by Google
 48 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY CHAPTER III. THE
DAWNING OF A NEW ERA By E. W. Holmes With the purchase by
the Evans-Saj^ward syndicate of the Southern California Colony
Association lands and water system, thus consolidating under a
single management all the various tracts in the valley, and with
ample means at their command to provide for the valley's
development, there dawned a new era. So widely advertised had
been the charms of climate and other attractions by the boomers of
the various Southern California towns that a deep interest had
developed all through the northern states, and stimulated a desire
everywhere to undertake new ventures in a land where life could be
spent so agreeably, and where so much was promised in a business
way to the intelligent and industrious pioneer. A railroad had been
completed in the fall of 1874 from Wilmington through Los Angeles
to Spadra on the east and San Fernando on the north, and only a
little over a hundred miles remained uncompleted over the lofty and
rugged Tehachapi mountains to give the south railway connections
with San Francisco and the East. The certainty that the easterly
extension of the Southern Pacific would shortly be completed
overland through the San Gorgonio Pass removed forever the doubt
which had delayed the extensive orchard planting which the climatic
conditions and the result of experimental work had so clearly
demonstrated to be the true line of the section's growth. Excepting
when the winter floods made the bridgeless Santa Ana unfordable
Robinson's stage line afforded the only accommodations for public
travel into Riverside, and the products of the valley were hauled by
team to Spadra, or LosAngeles, sixty miles away. LPnring 1875 there
was quite an influx of newcomers, enthusiastic and energetic,
followed in 1876 by a still larger immigration, made easier by the
completion in the latter year of the railroad to Colton, on its way
overland. So many of the men and women who came in these years
were conspicuous in the work of creating the Riverside of today —
with the planting of its orchards, the study of varieties and methods
of cultivation, the inauguration of the Digitized by Google
 HISTORY OF EIVERSIDE COUNTY 49 systematic street-tree
planting, which has given the city its most attractive characteristic,
and the cultivation of a generous sentiment regarding church and
school interests-/-that the more prominent among them, at least,
deserve to be mentioned at this point in our record. Some are dead ;
some have moved to other sections ; but many have left children
and grandchildren who are proud of their city and as ready as were
their parents to strive for its advancement. Among the fifty or more
heads of families who came to Riverside during the two years
following 1874, were S. C. Evans, W. T. Sayward, D. W. McLeod, H.
J. Rudisill, E. W. Holmes, Oscar Ford, M. B. Van Fleet, Dr. S. R.
Magee, S. S. Patton, George Miller, B. D. Burt, Frank Burt, H. A.
Westbrook, George Crawford, John B. Crawford, R. F. Cunningham,
George D. Cunningham, Seneca La Rue, H. A. Puis, Ira C. Haight, A.
D. Haight, R. P. Cundiff, T. R. Cundiff, James Publicover, J. A. Simms,
E. F. Kingman, William Finch, Albert S. White, Dr. C. J. Gill, H. P.
Keyes, Aberdien Keith, H. M. Streeter, Edwin Caldwell, A. B. Derby,
Dr. C. W. Packard, A. McCrary, Dr. W. H. Ball, A. P. Combs, John
Downs, J. W. Hamilton, W. R. Russell, P. M. Califf, W. 0. Price, J. M.
Alkire, Mrs. G. M. Cunningham and family, L. Randall, and others.
The new company, upon taking charge in the early part of 1875,
pushed canal construction vigorously, as well as all other
departments of their work. Lands were rapidly disposed of at from
$25 to $60 an acre, and the sanguine and energetic settlers, who
this season located on what became known as Brockton Square
(because many of them came from the Massachusetts city of that
name), did not wait for the winter rains to fit their land for
ploughing, but flooded and leveled it, and by midsummer had many
trees and annual crops planted and growing. The year 1876 saw a
transformation in the valley's appearance, for it was in this year that
Magnolia avenue was laid out and planted with the shade trees
which have made it so attractive. The country between Indiana and
California avenues was located upon and planted for miles, and
cottages and -mansions appeared where a year before there was a
bare expanse of uncultivated plain. The laying out and building of
such a grand avenue by Mr. Evans and his associates was a stroke of
good business, for Digitized by Google
 50 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY nothing so much
attracted the attention of the homeseeker as this well-advertised
feature of Riverside. It is undoubtedly a fact that this work had its
inception in the minds of H. J. Rudisill, a brother-in-law of Mr. Evans,
a gentleman of culture and taste, who was at the time secretary of
the company, and of Albert S. White, who was intimately associated
with him at the time, and who purchased forty acres on the avenue,
and planted along its front that first long row of the native palms,
never before so used in the state, and which use has since been so
extensively imitated in the younger towns throughout Southern
California. Not even in the prosperous years of our later history has
there been a larger percentage of growth than in this, and the
excellence of the work done was a factor of importance in attracting
the wealthy and refined. They were an optimistic people, and if the
years did not always bring the financial results of which they had
dreamed, they lived most happy lives under the cloudless skies, and
largely drew their inspiration and pleasure from ** joy's anticipated
hour." In the succeeding winter there were found upon the orange
trees first planted a half dozen or more of perfect seedling oranges.
This was an event of inmiense importance to those who had waited
for years for the maturing of their trees. It was a small beginning for
a crop which now fills annually over 6,000 cars. The quality of these
first specimens proved gratifyingly superior, even when sampled in
comparison with the best grown elsewhere, and this first evidence of
the fitness of both soil and climate gave great encouragement. The
orange production of the entire state at that time did not amount to
three hundred cars. It was estimated that there were then planted in
Riverside some 400,000 grape vines, 75,000 orange trees, 20,000
lemons, 5,000 each of the walnut, almond, apple and pear. This
estimate suggests by the varieties planted how uncertain the settlers
still were as to what crop would prove the most successful. It was
anticipated that there would be five hundred orange trees in bearing
the coming winter. It was encouraging to find that the snow and the
hail, which had covered the ground to the hilltops in the preceding
January, had not done the harm that was feared at the time. If some
of the winters were cooler than was anticipated, the summers were
warm enough, and ice was a luxury, and cost three cents a pound.
Hundreds of Digitized by Google
 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY 51 tons were stored in
the San Bernardino mountains and hauled down for use in the
heated term. Up to this year the Riverside hotel, located about
where the library building now stands on Seventh street, had been
the only public house in the place. Built in 1871 by Dr.' William Craig
and managed by him the first year, it was transferred first to the
care of A. R. Smith, and in 1872 to T. J. Wood, and in 1873 Henry
Fox became the landlord, resigning it, in 1877, into the hands of Dr.
Craig, who kept it until destroyed by fire in 1888. But the needs of
better hotel accommodations were evident, and the company
erected a two-story brick hotel on Main street, extending the second
story over the Burt Brothers' store, which it adjoined. The lower
story was fitted for stores and the upper for the guests. R. F.
Cunningham was the first landlord, and was succeeded by W. B.
Wood. This building was sold, in 1888, to John Boyd, who called it
the St. George hotel. It is still used as a rooming-house. Sunnyside
school district was organized out of the territory south of Jurupa
avenue in 1875. A. J. Twogood, T. W. Cover and M. F. Bixler were the
first trustees. They erected a school building at a cost of some $700
on Central avenue. Rev. M. V. Wright was the first teacher. A few
years later the increase in population made larger quarters
necessary, and this building was sold to the Swedenborgian
denomination, who used it as a church for many years. The name of
the district was changed to Arlington and a larger school building
built, under the supervision of Trustee A. S. White, on the comer of
Palm avenue and Sierra street. In recent years this property was
disposed of, and, under George N. Reynolds' trusteeship, fine new
buildings were located for the school's use on a site near the line of
the new Magnolia avenue. Meanwhile, the growth of the original
Riverside school had compelled, first, the building of a second house
like the original building; and very soon both these were so
overcrowded as to make necessary the construction of a four-room
schoolhouse in their place on the Sixth street grounds, and this has
since been enlarged to a modern eight-room building. One of the
original buildings was moved to where the Southern Pacific station
now stands on Market street, where for a time it was used as a
church by the Universalist people, and the other was moved to- the
southeast corner of Eighth and Orange streets and used for years as
a blackDigitized by Google
 .\ 52 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY smith shop, until
wrecked to give place to the beautiful business block which now
occupies that corner. The conditions have indeed changed since 76,
when the chronicles mention the fact that a herd of antelope were
one day seen from town upon the foothills near, and that on another
occasion a band of some fifty mounted Indians had one day gone
trooping through the village. In those days there were no cemented
irrigating canals, and often the irrigator found his water supply cut
oflf because the gophers had undermined the main canal banks and
let floods of water out upon the streets, instead of allowing it to flow
for use in the orchard furrows provided. It was in this year that the
second church was erected — a little brick chapel built on Sixth
street for the use of the Methodists. Some of the labor upon it, as
well as the funds, were contributed by citizens who were not
members of that denomination. This being the Nation's centennial
year, the citizens felt that patriotism demanded that they should
have a Fourth of July celebration, and the desire resulted in quite a
grand aflfair for those primitive times. Fifty carriages and wagons
formed in procession to take the company to the cottonwood grove
in the river bottom, where H. J. Rudisill acted as president of the
day, Rev. C. Day Noble delivered the oration, E. G. Brown read the
Declaration of Independence and Judge North, R. W. Daniels, and
others, responded to toasts. In the evening there were fireworks and
a dance in town. \ The population of the village was now about
1,000, and that of the county (San Bernardino) about 16,000. Up to
this time Riverside had had only a tri-weekly mail, but in response to
a petition forwarded, the government gave the people a daily mail
which was brought over from Colton each evening on the stage. An
unsuccessful attempt was made by the San Bernardino people to get
the Southern Pacific railroad to remove the line from Colton to the
county seat, the expense to be met by taxation of the entire county,
of which this section was then a part. A bill was introduced in the
legislature to legalize such action. This attempt aroused the
indignation of the Riverside people, and a large meeting was held
and strong resolutions passed protesting against such a proposition,
and the attempt failed. The year 1877 opened dry and dusty. The
winds were espeDigitized by Google
 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY 53 cially trying, and only
about three inches of rain fell during the entire season. It is usually
the case in such a winter that frost is heavy, but no other winter in
the history of Riverside has been so free from injurious frosts. The
dry, warm air seemed to have a strange effect upon all the
deciduous trees, for peaches, apples and apricots failed to leaf out,
only starting a stunted foliage in many cases by July, and setting
little or no fruit. The summer was extremely hot and dry, the
mercury going to 112° at times, and many mountain streams dried
up. Many citizens sunk wells to provide themselves with better
domestic water, finding it at a depth of from fifty-five to eighty feet,
and generally containing traces of alkali. Most of the water
previously used had been taken from the canals, and after being
purified of its most objectionable qualities by cutting into it cactus
leaves, for the purpose of clearing it, it was kept in ollas after the
Indian method, the process furnishing a cool, if not healthful drink.
Another source of water was Spring brook, from which a citizen
regularly supplied customers, until the time came when piped
artesian water was introduced. Up to this time there had been many
cases of fever prevalent, especially during the hot season, but since
the introduction of pure artesian water these epidemics have ceased.
The local merchants still found it difficult to compete against the
larger stocks carried by the San Bernardino establishments, but
trade was gradually improving as the population increased. Magnolia
avenue was already a fine drive, and as far down as the Crawford's
corner was practically all improved. The magnolias on the street
corners were small, but the pepper and eucalyptus trees were
growing fast, and the palms and grevilleas were ornamental even
then. The year 1878 opened with plenty of rain, and the hillsides
were green and flower-decked, the great masses of the California
poppy being especially beautiful. Orchards first planted were now
coming into bearing, and the prices for oranges were as high as
three or four cents apiece. George North, whose ten acres was
planted to a variety of fruit, contracted to sell his crop for three
years for $2,000, and everybody looked forward hopefully in
consequence. It was during this season that the Odd Fellows'
building was erected. It was originally a two-story brick building, and
only Digitized by Google
 54 HISTORY OF RIVERSIDE COUNTY about one-half its
present length. The lower floor was used as a public hall, and
furnished a place for public fairs and gatherings until other and
larger buildings were built exclusively for such use. Among the
arrivals this season were many who became conspicuous later. The
Chaflfey Brothers, Dr. Joseph Jarvis, and others, from Canada,
settled west of Arlington, between Magnolia and California avenues.
The Chaffeys, after apprenticeship at orcharding in Riverside for
several years, became convinced of the possibilities everywhere
offered where a water supply could be developed, organized the
successful fruit-growing colony of Etiwanda, and the magnificent
settlement, which has developed into the cities now known as
Ontario and Uplands. Dr. Jarvis and brother, John T. Jarvis, have
remained prominent citizens of Riverside. Two wealthy New York
families located soon after on **the avenue," J. H. Benedict building
the first expensive residence in the city, the one now owned by Mrs.
Gillilan, and Mrs. Le Grand Lockwood the fine ranch house known as
Casa Blanca. It was the husband of Mrs. Lockwood who fitted out
the Hall polar expedition. The government surveyors this year
finished the survey of the government lands around Riverside, and
titles were at last obtained by those who had so long waited. Those
who had occupied railroad lands were compelled to pay the
Southern Pacific company for the increased value their own
improvements had created. Mr. Roe made a list of the business and
professional men in Riverside this year, who numbered thirty-five in
all, including in this class nurserymen and tree-budders. Of these
there are now but three still living in Riverside, these being L. C.
Waite, John A. Simms and W. W. Carr. It was during this season that
an end was put to the long delay in providing a bridge across the
Santa Ana river. The San Bernardino officials seemed to think that
since there never had been a bridge across that uncertain stream
there was no need for it, even though the population had grown so
rapidly, and had repeatedly refused to provide one. There were very
heavy rains in April, and the water ran deep and swiftly. One day a
party consisting of Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Tibbetts and Mrs. Tibbetts' little
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