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Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
and I collected plant-fossils, this last being an argillaceous shale. A
third place where Dr. Koettlitz tells me that he nfound similar plant
fossils was upon the summit of the rocks of Cape Flora cliff, upon
almost » See Newton and Teall, 1. c. 1898, p. 649. a L. c. 1898, p.
649. » Cf. Newton and Teall's description 1. c. 1898, p. 649.
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N0. 2.] GEOLOGICAL SKETCH BY NANSEN. 25 the highest

part, about 900 feet (275 m.) or 950 feet above sea-level (see fig. 1,
k and fig. 3, k). These were in fragments of brown sandy rock which
Mr. Teall found to be composed of ngrains of quartz, fragments
showing plant structure, and a few flakes of white and brown mica".
These pieces were loose, in a slight hollow, as though caused by a
runlet of water. They appeared to have been washed loose out of a
bed of similar, but frozen rock underlying them" 1. These fossils may
perhaps belong to a stratum which is situated higher in the basalt
than the bed before mentioned, perhaps between the third and
fourth or between the fourth and fifth tiers of basalt (counting from
below). Judging from Newton and Teall's description, this brown
sandy rock seems to be more like that of the plant-bed on the
nunatak to the north, visited by Kosttlitz and myself, though it nis
somewhat coarser", and then our shale to the north contains very
little sand. That they are found at different heights may be
accounted for by the possibility that there has been a dislocation just
north of the place where these fossils were found; and as we know
nothing as to the height above the base of the basalt, of the
plantbearing bed overlying the nunatak to the north, it may very well
be that it has been situated between the same, or nearly the same
tiers. The fossils from these two localities can hardly, however,
belong to exactly the same horizon, as I think the distance between
them (see fig. 1) is too small to account for the difference in the
deposit in which they are preserved. I quite agree with Koettlitz
when he does not consider it probable that these plant-bearing
strata have been lifted by intrusive sheets in such extensive and
horizontal thin beds; nor can I understand how the flows of basalt
could have become so regular and horizontal, if they had been
intrusive masses extending themselves in soft clay, like that of Cape
Flora. A glance at the regular, horizontal basalt-beds in figs. 2 and 3
will hardly, I think, make one feel inclined a priori to assume such a
possibility. It would also be extremely difficult, as Kosttlitz points out,
to explain how the tree- trunks and branches now carbonized or „
charred into charcoal" (also partly silicified) could have been
enclosed in the basalt sheets which underlie the plant-bearing beds,
if the basalt is intrusive. I think with Koettlitz that there cannot be
much doubt that these tree-trunks have chiefly belonged 1 See also
Newton and Teall, 1. c. 1898, p. 648 (a).
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26 POMPECKJ JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. to conifers growing on the soil over which these basalt
flows were discharged during the Upper Jurassic or Lower
Cretaceous Age; and they have nbeen charred by being
overwhelmed in a surface-flowing mass of lava". Some of this wood
must, according to Koettlitz, have been growing on the first or
lowest tier of basalt1. A conclusive proof that at any rate the lowest
tier of the basalt cannot be intrusive and consequently must be
Jurassic, seems to me to be given by Teall himself, when he says
that „ evidence that pauses occurred during the formation of the
plateau-basalt ... is furnished by a specimen of a conglomeratic rock,
mainly composed of basaltic debris, and containing rounded pebbles,
found some 50 feet above lowest rock near Cape Flora"2. This is on
the top of the lowest tier of basalt, and this basalt, as well as the
basaltic conglomerate, is consequently lower than the plant-bearing
beds mentioned, and must also be older, as the basaltic
conglomerate cannot be intrusive. Moreover, it may also be
remembered that neither the clay, or shale, immediately below the
basalt, nor the plantbearing strata between the tiers of basalt, show
any appreciable alteration by heat, or any contact-metamorphosis
(see pp. 15, 17, 21). Taken together, these facts appear to me to be
conclusive, and we must assume with Dr. Koettlitz, that these plant-
bearing beds have actually been deposited, probably as lake-
deposits, between the different discharges of the flows of basalt. If
then, these beds are Upper Jurassic or transition beds to the Lower
Cretaceous, the greater part of the basalt is also of Upper Jurassic or
Lower Cretaceous age. It is extremely interesting to learn that Prof.
Nathorst has apparently found the same basaltic and Jurassic
formations on Kong Karl's Land (Wiche Land) during his expedition
last summer. Nathorst tells me that he believes the basaltic beds of
Kong Karls Land to be Upper Jurassic or Lower Cretaceous and that
they are not intrusive. He says: nl°, the basalt forms real flows or
beds, being remains of old lava streams". 1 Koettlitz, Geogr. Journal,
1898, p. 134. a Newton and Teall, 1. c. 1897, p. 490.
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NO. a.] GEOLOGICAL SKETCH BY NANSEN 27 n2°, the

basalt in some places is so intimately connected with the
fossiliferous strata, that it is impossible to assume that the lava flows
could have extended over these strata in the manner they have
done, if they had been discharged as late as during Tertiary times". I
have said before that the tiers of basalt at Cape Flora are possibly
not quite horizontal, but dip perhaps a little towards the north. This
seems to be still more the case a little farther east, in the Gully
Rocks and on Cape Gertrude, which is only 3 or 4 miles (6—7
kilometres) east of Cape Flora. Fig. 5. Cape Gertrude. Drawn from a
photograph by F. N. That such is the case is indicated in a rough
sketch, by Dr. Kcettlitz, of Cape Flora, Gully Rocks, and Cape
Gertrude, taken from near Windward Island, 6 miles to the north
(fig. 4, p. 6), which sketch he has kindly placed at my disposal
together with a good many others. Fig. 5, which is a drawing I have
made from one of my photographs of Cape Gertrude, shows
distinctly this dip of the basalt, and its exact dimensions. This dip of
the basalt flows may perhaps be sufficient to account for the fact
that, according to Koettlitz, the basalt reaches down to the sea, on
the North side of the peninsula, at the bay (fig. 6, 6) -- nthe head of
Gilnther Bay" -- north-east of Cape Gertrude1, at the north end of
the valley separating the hill of Cape Gertrude from the east part of
Northbrook Island. If we assume the distance between these two
places to be as much as 5 or 6 kilometres (3 miles) and the base of
the basalt at Cape Gertrude to be 180 metres (600 feet) above the
sea the dip found in the photograph represented in fig. 5, which is
about 33 metres for every kilometre in a northerly direction, would
alone be sufficient to account, for this fact. 1 See Koettlitz, Quart.
Journ. Geol. Soc., 1898, p. 635.
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28 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. Farther south in this valley east of Cape Gertrude,
however, (on the east side of the valley) there is „& line and ridge of
detached nunataks, composed of basalt, and averaging 320 feet
above sea-level". nThis line of nunataks continues through the whole
of this valley, about 2 or 3 miles" l. Possibly the low position of the
basalt here, may be owing to a dislocation of some kind. Upon the
whole there is apparently not much regularity in the position of the
basalt, and the height of its base above sea-level on Northbrook
Island. At Cape Gertrude, according to Kcettlitz, its base is masked
by the talus heaps but may be some 180 to 210 m. (600—700 feet)
above sea-level. At an exposed rock (fig. 6, 3) some seven
kilometres farther east along the south Fig. 6. Northbrook Island,
based on Mr. F. Jackson's map of Frane Josef Land. The places
where the underlying rock projects through the ice-covering are
indicated in dark colour. 1 Cape Flora. 2 Cape Gertrude. 3 Cliffs east
of C. Gertrude. 4 Cape Barentz. 5 Camp Point. 6 Valley east of C.
Gertrude. 7 Valley east of Gully Rocks. 8 Windy Gully. coast, feast of
the valley mentioned above) there are „ several bosses of basaltic
rock protruding from the general talus-slope, and apparently in situ"
l. They are perhaps some 90 or 120 m. (300 or 400 feet) above the
sea. At Cape Barentz, at the south-east corner of the island, and at
Camp Point, at its northern extremity, the basalt cliffs reach the sea.
In both these places, the upper edge of the basalt is only some 45
m. (150 feet) above sealevel 2. The probability is that various
dislocations have occurred in the neighbourhood of Northbrook
Island, as elsewhere in Franz Josef Land, and that this, to some
extent, is the cause of this land being broken up, as it is, into
islands, with numerous sounds and fjords. But then it ought also to
be remembered, that it is not a priori probable, that the basalt flows
were poured out over 1 Communicated by Dr. Kcettlitz. » Koettlitz, 1.
c. 1898, p. 625.
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NO. 2.] GEOLOGICAL SKETCH BY NANSEN. 29 absolutely

horizontal ground, and that thus the basalt flows were originally
absolutely horizontal. The Jurassic deposits of Northbrook Island
beyond Cape Flora, are very little known. They have been examined
almost exclusively at Cape Gertrude1. The sedimentary beds here
were investigated by Dr. Kcettlitz at various heights where they are
exposed, from sea-level to 24 m. (80 feet) above, and again from 75
to 150 m. (250 to 500 feet) above. These strata differ remarkably
from the strata (clay-beds) underlying the basalt at Cape Flora.
nThey yield no fossils except fossil wood and lignite, and are for the
most part composed of sand in thin layers, extraordinarily variable in
colour. Among the sand layers are many strata containing pebbles of
quartzite, radiolarian chert, jaspis, nironstone-nodules", etc. nThin
strata of soft clay-shales also occur frequently. Bands of lignite, or of
brown, decomposed fossil wood, an inch or two thick, are frequent.
Here and there the sand-strata seem to harden locally into a very
hard, calcareous, grey sandstone, in which ripple-marks were found.
These sandstone masses protrude from the inclined section in great
bosses2". The only part of the Jurassic beds at Cape Flora to which
in my opinion these sediments of Cape Gertrude may correspond, is
the strata of sand with black carboniferous seams (fig. 7,6) in the
bank above the shore south of Elmwood (see p. 12 (b)), which are
probably underlying the 150 to J 75 m. (500 to 570 feet) thick clay
beds containing Jurassic marine fossils. As far as we know, the
horizon of these clay beds does not seem to be represented at Cape
Gertrude, the sediments of which, in my opinion, may be of an
earlier age, and the horizon of the highest of them the same or
similar to that of the sand strata with carboniferous seams south of
Elmwood3. This would imply either a fault or a dip in the lower
Jurassic strata (which has also actually been observed going NNW.
see p. 13.) which has been anterior to the discharges of the basalt
above. The dip or fault in these deposits, which have evidently been
formed in very shallow water, or to some extent perhaps in
freshwater, may also very well be anterior to the deposition of the
Jurassic clay beds containing numerous marine fossils, found at Cape
Flora. Newton and Teall, 1. c. 1897, p. 503. 8 Communicated by Dr.
Koettlitz. 8 Seams of lignite, or similar strata of sand (possibly of
freshwater origin) have not been found at any higher level (45 feet
above the sea) or in any other locality at Cape Flora, as far as I
know.
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30 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. The composition of these two formations also seems to
point to quite different conditions of deposition, which in my opinion
makes it impossible that they should belong to the same horizon.
The clay beds at Cape Flora, as far as I have seen, are, compared
with these sand strata, considerably more uniform in their
composition all through, from sea-level up to the base of the basalt ;
and the conditions of deposition, though varying, seem to have been
considerably less so during their formation. They seem to have been
deposited in comparatively shallow sea, and there is little indication
of great oscillations of level. Not so with the sand strata south of
Elmwood, and the sediments at Cape Gertrude. The extraordinary
number of thin beds of diverse character in these formations points,
as Newton and Teall say1, nto rapidly varying condition of
depositions, and possibly to oscillations of level, while the beds of
lignite indicate, to some extent at least, a fresh-water origin". I do
not consider it possible, if the conditions of deposition varied so
rapidly at Cape Gertrude, that there should be no indication of this
rapid variation in the corresponding deposits at Cape Flora hardly 4
miles (7 kilometres) off; and if there have been oscillations of level,
they must have occurred in both places. 350*. Fig 7. Diagrammatic
section through the southern face of Cape Flora, illustrating the
succession of geological formations, a Lowest fossiliferous horizon
(see p. 11). 6 Thin alternating strata of sand with black
carboniferous seams, probubly underlying the former horizon a (see
p. 12). c Medium fossiliferous horizon (see p. 13). d Upper
fossiliferous horizon (see p. 14). / Strata immediately underlying the
basalt (see pp. 15, 16—17). I— VII Successive tiers of basalt. /
Plant-bearing bed between second and third tiers (see p. 24>. k
Plant-bearing bed probably between third and fourth, or between
fourth and fifth tiers (see p. 25). /. C. Ice-Cap. » L. c. 1897, p. 503.
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NO. 2.] GEOLOGICAL SKETCH BY NANSEN. 31 According to

what has been said before in this sketch, there should probably be
the following succession of Jurassic sedimentary strata at Cape
Flora, in descending order (cf. fig. 7): 280 m. A plant-bearing bed of
sandstone, (900 feet) probably between fourth and third, or
betweeu fifth and fourth tiers of basalt (fig. 7, fc). 210 m. A plant-
bearing bed, principally of (700 feet) silicious rock, between third
and second tiers of basalt (fig. 7, I). 200 m. (660 feet) 175 m. (575
feet) In the soil on top of the first or lowest tier of basalt, a Jurassic
forest has been growing, branches and trunks of which have been
found, in a carbonized or charred condition, enclosed in the second
tier of basalt (fig. 7, between I and II). Base of the basalt. 175 m.
Black shale * inches (in contact with' (575 feet) the basalt and
somewhat hardened). Black shale I'/a inch (not so much hardened).
Greenish grey shale 3 inches (not so much hardened). A lighter
coloured brownish soft clay, the depth of which was masked by the
talus heaps (fig. 7, f). 175 m. Soft clay 3 feet thick, immediately
(575 feet) below the basalt (fig. 7, f); and under this clay a bed of
basalt with lavalike structure, 6 feet thick. ;168 m. Soft clay beds of
great thickness, with (550 feet) bands of nodules of clay-sandstone
(fig. 7, d). On top of Cape Flora cliffs, north of Elmwood (fig. 1, fc),
(The plant-fossils found on a nunatake farther north (fig. 1, i) belong
perhaps to nearly the same horizon). In the cliffs above Windy Gully
(fig. 1,1). On the south face of Cape Flora cliffs. A specimen of
Ammonites Lamberti (Newton) was found (by Kcettlitz) enclosed in
the basaltNo fossils found. Above Elmwood (near fig. 1 d). East of
Elmwood (fig- 1. f, f). No fossils found, but Quenstedtoceras (see
Pompeckj) and Amtn. Lamberti possibly originate somewhere near
this horizon. Fossils found in situ, described by Newton as Amm.
(Cadoc.) Tshefhini etc., see Pompeckj's descriptions later. Above
Elmwood (fig. 1, d). Above Elmwood (fig. 1, d).
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32 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. 137 m. Soft stratified clay with bands of con(450 feet)
cretionary nodules of hard, very calto careous, (to some extent
sandy) stone113 m. marl and hard phosphatic and cal(370 feet)
careous clay (fig. 7, c). Fossils found in situ, described by Newton as
Atnm. Ismae var. arcWctts, see Pompeckj later. South end of Windy
Gully (fig. 1, c). ? m. Marly limestone with cone-in-cone (? feet)
structure. Not found in situ, but may probably come in somewhere
here (if not above the last horizon). Found loose on the talus in
various places round Cape Flora. 10m. (33 feet) to 7 m. (23 feet)
Soft clay with nodules of sandy marl (fig. 7, a). Fossils found in situ.
Pseudomonotis, Lingvia, Discinea, Ostrea, Belemnites, see
Pompeckj's descriptions later. Some 300 m. north of Elmwood (fig. 1,
a). 14 m. Thin alternating strata of sand of No fossils found except
About (45 feet) varying colours (with pebbles), inter- carbonized
wood. to stratified with thin black carboniferous 0 m. seams.
Probably underlying the hori(0 feet) zon above, and jpossibly
corresponding to the upper sedimentary strata [at Cape Gertrude (?)
(fig. 7, &). 100 m. south of Elmwood (fig. 1, 6). Lysaker, December,
1898. FRIDTJOF NANSEN.
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THE JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA.

The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.16%
accurate

PREFACE. During his stay on Northbrook Island in the Franz

Josef Land Archipelago -- from June 17th until August 7th 1896 --
Professor Fridtjof Nansen collected a large number of rocks and
fossils. Part of this collection comprising Jurassic marine fossils, was
submitted to me for examination. The results of the investigation of
this valuable material are described in the following pages. MUNICH,
September 1898. J. F. POMPECKJ.
The text on this page is estimated to be only 28.45%
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i. PREVIOUS LITERATURE REFERRING TO THE JURA OF

FRANZ JOSEF LAND. From what we know at present about the
geology of the arctic archipelago, known by the name of Franz Josef
Land, strata of Jurassic age have only been observed in the southern
parts of these islands. On Northbrook Island, at least on its narrow
southwestern peninsula, Jurassic deposits have a considerable share
in the geological structure of the country. Owing to the researches
and collections of the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition and Prof.
Nansen, this part of Northbrook Island may be considered the best
known district of the Franz Josef Land Archipelago with regard to its
geological structure. Except on Northbrook Island, Jurassic strata
have probably only been found in the neighbourhood of Eira
Harbour, situated between Mabel and Bell Islands. In other more
westerly and easterly parts of the archipelago, the occurrence of
Jurassic strata is not yet proved with certainty. The following
examination of the publications referring to the Jura of Franz Josef
Land shows that the successful expeditions of recent years have
contributed very considerably to the extension of our knowledge of
the geology of this archipelago. 1876 (1873). It cannot be positively
ascertained whether Julius Payer, the discoverer of Franz Josef Land,
found Jurassic sediments in the southeastern and eastern parts of
the archipelago, which were visited by him. Payer uses the following
expressions1 concerning the sedimentary rocks which he found on
Franz Josef Land : 1 J. Payer, 'Die Oesterreichisch-ungurische
Nordpol Expedition in den Jahren 1872— 1874'. Wien 1876, p. 268.
English edition, 'New Lands within the Arctic Circle'. London 1876,
vol. II, p. 82.
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38 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. Whitish sandstone with small grains of quartz, and a white
clayey cement, _ pale gray, very finely grained sandstone --
yellowish gray, finely laminated clay slate, with numerous small
scales of white mica and small lignitic particles with plant-structure,
— sandstone containing lignite. Payer mentions no fossils except
silicified wood. The sandstones with clayey cement might possibly be
of Jurassic age. Blocks of clay-ironstone with Jurassic fossils have
been found in abundance in the district of Cape Flora (Northbrook
Island) both by the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition and by Nansen.
But, as no fossils in any way characteristic were found among the
specimens of rocks collected by Payer, it is of course almost useless
to try and find the age of these rocks from their petrographic
resemblance. 1881 (1880). The first certain information of the
occurrence of Jurassic strata on Franz Josef Land we find in the
account of the Eira polar expedition under Leigh Smith1. In the
neighbourhood of Eira Harbour, about 10 miles west of Northbrook
Island, Mr. W. G. A. GRANT found silicified wood and some other
fossils on the hill overhanging the harbour. (August 22, 1880).
Among these fossils Etheridge identified two belemnites as
belonging to the Oxford Clay. Unfortunately, the exact locality of
these, the first recorded Jurassic fossils from Franz Josef Land,
cannot be ascertained. Judging from the description of the
surroundings of Eira Harbour (1. c. p. 133) the locality might be
Mabel Island, situated to the north of the harbour; while according
to the statement of the height of the hill where the fossils were
found, (1040 feet) Bell Island, situated to the south of the harbour,
might also be the place (the mountain forming the apex of Bell
Island is reported to be 1400 feet). 1895. Fifteen years after the
discovery of the first Jurassic fossils on Franz Josef Land, the '
Windward' brought to London some geological material from the
Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition. The specimens had been collected
at Cape Flora on Northbrook Island. Among these specimens were
some 1 C. A. Markham, 'The voyage of the Eira, und Mr. Leigh
Smith's Arctic Discoveries in 1880'. Proceed, of The Roy. Geogr. Soc.
London 1881, vol. III. p. 134, 135, 147. M. Neumayr, 'Die
Geographische Verhreitung der Jura-formation'. Denkschr. d. Wiener
Akad. 1885. vol L. p. 90. A. Montefiore. 'A note on the Geography of
Franz Josef Land". Geograph. Journ. London 1894, vol. III. p. 495.
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NO. 2.] PREVIOUS LITERATURE. 39 pieces of a coarse

calcareous grit in which Mr. E. T. Newton * identified petrified wood
and other plant-remains, "probably coniferous, but for the most part
too much altered to speak of with certainty". Newton also mentions
a fragment of a belemnite which cannot be determined, and the
impression of an ammonite which is said to resemble Amm.
macrocephalus2. No exact statements of the age of these first fossils
sent home by the Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition could be made.
1897. After his safe return from his great North Polar Expedition,
Prof. Fridtjof Nansen gave an account of his expedition and its
results before The Geographical Society in London on February 8th
1897s. In the report printed in the Geographical Journal he also
mentions the occurrence of Jurassic deposits in the Franz Josef Land
Archipelago. At Cape Flora, on Northbrook-Island, he says the
Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition had discovered, under a heavy cap
of basalt, "an immense formation of clay" unquestionably of
mesozoic age. The fossils found in it point to the Lamberti-zone, with
a development resembling that of the Russian Jura. At the same
time, Nansen called attention to a discovery made by Dr. Reginald
Kcettlitz, the physician and geologist of the Jackson-Harmsworth
Expedition. Mr. Jackson and Dr. Koettlitz found, on a basalt rock
protruding from a glacier on the north side of Cape Flora, pieces of
sandstone containing numerous fossil plant-remains. Nansen and his
bold companion, Lieut. Johansen, collected a large number of these
plant-fossils, which, after their return, were submitted to Prof.
Nathorst in Stockholm for examination. Prof. Nathorst identified
these plant-remains as "belonging to the upper, White Jura, rather
than to the more medium Brown Jura". In the same year (1897)
Nansen gave some further particulars about the occurrence of Jura
at Cape Flora, in his book on the expedition, the German Edition of
which: 'Durch Nacht und Eis', is before me. From this report, and
from the Norwegian edition4 of the same book, we learn that 1
Arthur Montefiore, 'The Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition : An
Account of its first winter and of some discoveries in Franz Josef
Lano\ Geograph. Journ. London 1895, vol. VI. p. 519 (Note by Mr. E.
T. Newton). 2 Newton has since (1897) identified this piece with
Macrocephalites tnacrocephalns Schloth sp. 8 Fridtjof Nansen, 'Some
Results of the Norwegian Arctic Expedition 1893—96'. Geograph.
Journ. London 1897, vol. IX. pp. 489-490. * The details taken from
the Norwegian edition I owe to a communication which Dr. Job.
Riser of Christiania kindly made to me.
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40 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. under the basalt at Cape Flora, there is a soft gray-blue
day of 500—600 feet in thickness, in which numerous large and
small nodules of reddishbrown day sandstone are imbedded. Nansen
noticed solitary thin strata of basalt in the clay. The occurrence of
thin strata of lignite is also mentioned as having been observed by
Koettlitz in several places1. Judging from the fossils, mostly included
in the sandstone-nodules, but also lying free in the clay, Prof.
Nansen characterises the age of the day, underlying the basalt of
Cape Flora, as approximately identical with that of the Oxford Clay*.
In December 1897 Messrs. E. T. Newton and I. I. H. Teall3 published
their investigations of the new material sent to England by the
Jackson-Harmsworth Expedition; and this paper is of great
importance to our knowledge of the geology of Franz Josef Land. By
help of this collection, and statements by Dr. Koettlitz, Newton
ascertained that in the neighbourhood of Cape Flora on Northbrook
Island, Jurassic deposits "chiefly clay interstratified with shales and
bands of ironstone, lignite etc." of a considerable thickness (about
600 feet) underlie a cap of basalt extending over the whole district.
Enormous heaps of talus debris and gravel almost entirely cover the
strata underlying the basalt, and very seldom allow of an
examination of the outcrop of these strata in situ. Newton describes
Jurassic fossils from different localities in the neighbourhood of Cape
Flora. 1. Elmwood, on the south side of Cape Flora (station of the
JacksonHarmsworth Expedition): Amm. (Cadoceras) Tchefkini?
d'Orb4. Amm. (Cadoceras) modiolaris Luid. — — var. 1 This
statement may refer specially to the district round Cape Gertrude,
east of Cape Flora. At Cape Flora lignite is found only in the lowest
horizon — 1 (b) — south of Elmwood ; cf. the geological sketch by
Prof. Nansen, p. 12 and 28. * See the Norwegian edition and also
the second edition of the German translation. vol. II p. 482 et seq. 8
E.T.Newton and 1. 1. H. Teall, 'Notes on a collection of Rocks and
Fossils from Franz Josef Land made by the Jackson-Harinsworth
Expedition during 1894-1896,' Quart. Journ. of The Geolog. Soc.
London 1897. vol. LIV p. 477-518. 4 I quote here the names used by
Newton. From the remarks in the descriptive part of this paper, it
may be seen how far the determination of the fossils, published by
Newton, is to be changed or accepted.
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NO. 2.] PREVIOUS LITERATURE. 41 Amm.

(Macrocephalites) macrocephalus, Schloth. Belemnites Panderi,
d'Orb. Pecten cf. demissus. Gorgonia(?) 2. Windy Gully, north-east of
Elmwood. Amm. (Macrocephalites) Ishmce (Keys.) var. arcticus.
Amm. (Macrocephalites) Ishmce, Keys, inflated variety. Amm.
(Macrocephalites) Ishmce, Keys, smooth variety. Belemnites 3 sp.
indet. 3. 500 yards west of Elmwood. Ammonites sp. (fragment of an
ammonite allied to Amm. Gowerianus, but too imperfect to be
determined). Belemnites div. sp. indet. Avicula sp. cf. incequivalws.
4. On the north side of Cape Flora: Fossil plants (cf. 1. c. pp. 493 —
495). This is the same locality as that in which Nansen made the
collection of fossil plants, which was examined by Prof. Nathorst. It
is worthy of notice that Newton also mentions cycads from this place
(Podozamites sp. probably allied to P. lanceolatus) while Prof.
Nathorst, in the material examined by him, only found conifers and
ferns *. In addition to these, silicified wood is also mentioned as
having been found in several places, but it is not yet proved with
certainty that these pieces, generally found loose on the talus, are of
Jurassic age. The greater number of the fossil forms described by
Newton were included in loose blocks picked up from the talus. Only
some few specimens are reported as having been found in situ.
Amm. (Cadoceras) Tchefkini?, d'Orb. (1. c. PI. XXXIX Fig. 5) from
Elmwood, 50 feet below the basalt. Avicula sp. cf. incequivalvis \ 500
yards west of Elmwood, 30— Amm. sp. (?? Amm. Gotverianus)} 40
feet above the sea. Belemnites sp. sp. indet. 1 A new publication by
Prof. Nathorst proves, that the material collected by Prof. Nansen
also contains cycad-remains; cf. A, G. Nathorst, 'Zur mesozoischen
Flora Spitsbergens'. K. Svenska Vet.— Akad. Handl., vol. 30, No. 1.
1897, p. 74. 6
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42 POMPECKJ. JURASSIC FAUNA OF CAPE FLORA. [NORW.

POL. EXP. Atnm. (Macrocephalites} Ishmce, Keys. var. arcticus of
Newton, from the locality of Windy Gully (300 feet, or according to
Kcettlitz, more than 400 feet above the sea) is perhaps also found in
situ. Judging from the occurrence of Am m. (Gadoceras) Tchefkini?,
d'Orb. and Amm. (Macrocephalites) macrocephalus, Schloth. Newton
concluded that the "Lower Oxfordian and probably the equivalent of
the British Kellaways Rocks" is represented in the Jurassic strata
underlying the basalt at Gape Flora. He is of opinion that Amm.
(Macrocephalites) Ishmce Keys, var. arcticus of Newton may possibly
correspond with the Cornbrash. As to the age of the fragments of
Avicula and Belemnites found west of Elmwood, Newton could draw
no certain conclusions. Nor does he express any very certain opinion
with regard to the age of the plant-remains found on the north side
of Cape Flora, and which Prof. Nathorst declared to be probably
Upper Jurassic (White Jura). The age of other strata containing
plant-remains in the Franz Josef Land Archipelago, Newton1 also
leaves undecided. West of Cape Flora, at Cape Stephen, and
between this place and Cape Grant (in the South of Alexandra Land),
hard calcareous sandstone with carbonized plants, bituminous
paper-shales and lignite occur. The flora of this horizon, perhaps the
lowest of the Franz Josef Land Archipelago, according to Newton,
most resembles that of the lower Tunguska district described by
Schmalhausen "as of Oolitic age". According to later researches2 the
plants of the lower Tunguska are perhaps however of Permian age.
Thus the plant-bearing strata of Cape Stephen are possibly also of
Permian and not of Jurassic age, provided that they correspond with
those of the lower Tunguska. 1898. Dr. Reginald Kcettlitz gave in 'a
brief sketch of the Geology'3 a report of the results of the geological
researches which he had made as a member of the Jackson-
Harmsworth Expedition. According to his observations, sandstones
and shales containing plant remains, "beds of lignite, and other
evidences of littoral and estuarine conditions" are among the lowest
of the 1 E. T. Newton and I. I. H. Teall, 1. c. pp. 503-506, 513. • R.
Zeiller, 'Remarques sur les flores fossiles de 1'Altai etc'. Bull, de la
Soc. geol. de France S. 3. vol. XXIV, 1896, pp 471-482, 484. ' F. G.
Jackson, 'Three years exploration in Franz Josef Land. Appendix : Dr.
Reginald Koettlitz : Brief sketch of the Geology'. Geograph. Jouru.
London 1898, vol. XI, pp. 132— 13T..
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