|—— Nationhood — Conception and Abortion ——__J This second collection of the Constantino Ser jicated to th punan, In line with his historical revisionism as ast Revisitedand The Continuing Past, Dr. Constantino has n some articles and columns which explode myths that have been accepted as history. The materials in this collection have been di id into subjects that belong to history proper, those that relate to heroes andthe role of individuals in history and those thatconstantly remind us of the coming centennials of the revolutionary decade of the last century Each antcle is preceded by quotations from his other writings. The articles appear as originally published in order to give the reader the flavor of the background for each article, thus some overlapping of discuss unavoidable LIBRARY dee Bt \Contents Nationhood — Conception and Abortion Assense of nationhood ‘The making of the Filipino 6 From the horse’s mouth 13 ‘The inadequacy of June 12 7 “Raking up” the past 20 A non-event: (1) warped perceptions 23 A non-event: (2) exposing myths 27 Episodes in the Phil-Am War 30 4 Ithappened here, too 35. 1 Soldier Blue 39 The altemative anthem 42 Japanese advice 44 » Bits of colonial history a7 Telephone conversations 51 Ending an old “partnership” 55 The Individual and History 59 The making of heroes 61 Repudiated ‘hero’ 4 The trial 7 Ill-used heroes 70 7 Unsung Heroes B Blumentritt: going beyond Rizal nN Rizal's real detractors 80 Recto and activistsUsing Recto against Recto Centenary of a nationalist Uncritical adoration Religious cults Nationalism and the Lost Centennials Nationalist revival ‘The Decade of Nationalism Which centennial? The centennials (1) The centennials (2) Planning for the centennials Nationalism and communism Js nationalism irrelevant? Subverting nationalism legislating history Nationalism and history 94 97 103 106 109 112 115 119 122 126 129 133 136 101EEE “Its the task of the historian to weave particular events into al view s0 that historical experience can be summed ¥P analyzed....A truly Filipina history becomes 4 weapon 8 people who have to learn lessons from the past in order to apply them to the present so that they may act correctly t0 secure their future....A people's history is one that combats and defends, glorifies and condemns, criticizes and advocates... tistory should show how a nation was born where previously there was none....it must seek to uncover the emerging forces concealed by prevailing myths and obstructed by forces of reaction.” The Phippemes: A Past Revsiad, 1975, a A sense of nationhood Daily Globe, ly 19,199 While a growing number of Filipinos are becoming militant in the defense of their rights, still a majority of our countrymen regard the discussion of many issues affecting their daily lives as abstractions. They are unable to seact to the bigger issues because they are customarily concemed with the narrow horizons of their individual existence never having acquired a sense of national history. Theirsense of nationhood hasall butdisappeared because they are captives of an ersatz history that has fostered mendicancy and lack of regard for the collectivity. A disaster like the eruption of Mt, Pinatubo could have provided the ‘Opportunity to recapture the sense of nationhood and to concretize the real meaning of Philippine-American relations which has been the basis of national policies, The Americans just left Clark Air Base, without giving a dasmn for the Filipinos they left behind, While American cars with one or two Passengers were passing in the midst of fleeing Filipinos, not one offered to ive the walking refugees a if Maliseofangeranddiszust acts rents tat showed ‘this should have beet appr oir refusal © reve’ ee me ae “Americans in theif true colo anoand their refusal to open the parr mucear weaPONS ON mn ipinos seek safer ground at eae ares of bic 0 ive PA e 10 FP yor Richard Gordon has publicly FF Pinatubo's wrath. B pro-bases my insensitiviY But these incidents berated Admiral tg passed without @ strong natior ‘A people with @ stronger ‘Americans their walking papers long time 260 oe nit that weasa people sorely ack. Satya fewofushave an Inire ete of how the Americans stole OUT independence atthe mam ofthe century and how they used the Krag rifle, the water cure and other tortures and quasi- se petcsintne pinot: dune Philippine-American i. ‘be reduced further asa consequence not only of the as down of time allocation for history when during the Marcos regime = we subsumed under social studies but more SO by the presentatic Four co nization as a beneficent experience. Itis good thal eel tip asa sept subject has been restored Le an. am caetnieeramratrae Ne tus hope thatit is taught in ceptions that blinded past generations. pee ae ace of American brainwashing coupled with our extremely weak recollection of the truly signil ly significant lessons of our historical past, ha ve thisshould have’ Mercer for ‘his mo! | reaction. ; . his would have given the itis this sense of history with our ional in individual concem byacommen a ly andathean dee Ss if . There isa Motfeel we are Fig ipinos boundsues, OW regarded by many as at which have laid the ground for their eme ical approach is essential for an understand For example, we are now confronted by _ catholic hutch in Philippine pli, conser nal principle of separation of State and Church. Why 5 are more familiar with our history so wary of this d are deeply aware of the fact that the Philippine Revc ggainst the frailocracy, so we are extremely sensitive 10 t petween what the Church is doing now and what it had done in = jyse such a national revolution to take place. ‘The same may be said of the increasing Japanese pene domination of the Philippine economy. Generations like ours WhO through the Second World War are already a minority ut because of our historical experience, we can connect Japanese imperialism today to militarism it display« id half a century ago. Younger generations, if they o1 hadastrong historical grc sunding, wouldalsobejustas vig! lantandasalarm about Japanese pillage of our natural resources, their export of pollution- causing industries, their purchases of even smuggled logs, that hasten the denudation of our forests, their exploitation of our women. We w ould feela and collective anger, which isthe firststep towards: redressing our grievances restoring our patrimony and dignity We need our history to guard against those who have taken advan- to identify and pursue our inte asts as a people, and feel our the core of our beings. ned tage of us, nationhood toA past ibe a Ur heomena no present P or theoretical wom i pistory ta - rust help 8 Meco PFO yee.” . Sig Yay be AE ne HOI, cr tangs UP NI FF iets ean en 7% Devel jor soci society rae jlipino ing of tte Fi re making 1. Peninsulares and Insulares ‘The term Filipino which now identifies the totality of the native 1, Itdid not apply to all the inhabitants of this nation began as a class concept o natives. Rather, the term Filipino grew as 4 concept and was applied to a greater number of individuals first according to race, later according to property qualifications, andstill ater, to social prestige. Only very much later did it become a term of national identification breaking all racial, economic, and social barriers. : Philippine society during the latter part of the Spani: i ; ; panish period saw the emergence of an elite group—the ilustrados, As the choice of the term im- racial connotations, Fiping sen uP stated ae Fi en the Spani: Ipino was - an elitist We Sand bon in te hip seo designate the creer inna ver bom nthe erin pening 2S he pei insulares) or Thenaives were cae Indios. Theae | : ; ; -olonialelite was lin eal mited to th . the soc mn Ne Peninsy oer s ae id Political oe insula though the fnsulareswho nader spectrum of the ry iphery wer \ tt ing clase considered as part of the Deca th heir race assured them social pe sat’ is just below the penins r ares These insulare, rea : sper Iberian brothers in the polit At have the same opportunities a8 mare al aspirations v Te often thwar teligious, and economic fields. Their rethren Their grievances pave risetofeet, the policies of their peninsular eFilipino-Spaniards, like theircreote icclings of resentment. Consequently, smbivalentattitude toward both Spainandthe itn oe ean hades felt sentimental pull toward \poainandthe Piippines. sSpaniarts they ‘ perisulares, they also developed ‘mother county, but in contrast the ! where they had grown roots ertain loyalty to their place of birth \ w ees the couny 8 Ina very real sense they had become hijos det \\ fom to his native a his Peninsularknew that soonerorlaterhe would “a ty. His interests ; that he was at most on an extended visit in this county. Hs in S and family ties were mainly in Spain. The Filipino- ee aad See and emotionally based in the Philippines. While a in lya Spaniard, he realized thathe was more at home inthe philippines than in Spain. Moreover, here he was considered by the populace sspartofthe ruling elements. In Spain he would atbest be among equals and therefore possibly a non-entity Their economic position and the liberalizing influence of education onthem broughtthe leading creoles into conflict with the religious oligarchy and the exponents of Spanish restrictive policies over the colonies. The inal “Filipino” was therefore both a colonial: and an anti-colonial. He was ' original a of Catholicism and at the same time anti-clerical. He was for the progress of his class. Yetthis \ progress of the Philippines because it meantthe same class position did not allow him in the beginning to toy with ideas of because this might mean the elimination of his group as @ participantin the ruling process. He was therefore essentially only for reforms \ that would enable him and his group to prosper. r, was the world of the ilippines, to the creole or insular, ll the Chinese mesios andthe native ete as ales atem of spanish rule an sys ; es oft authoritarian odification® neficaries O pa Both the latter ee a a at appt pt and were in favor of its continua 2 Chinese Mest =. - . ios, except for the prince pala pe ; 0se' : ncipalia was ‘compe ae, eh easly Janus: vecendanis of te tn strados jzos and The natives or indi ey early ities they came adjuncts of anofthetribureand the polo it . neireventual acquisition ‘ements, they wereabletoacquife 07°" ealth. TI ‘ 7 by formal ownership of vast landho rmerly belonged to the barangays added to their social prestige. rom mere administrators of socially-owned land during the pre- Magellanic period, they eventually became formal owners of these lands. They became auxiliary members of the ruling class composed of the Spanish ea the missionary orders, and other Spaniards who were given Chinese eee Ber the emerging Philippine elite was composed of refers to those fruits of torical tracts of Spanish chronicles, the term mestizo 5 of Sino-indio marriages. They wet L i considered more producti y were a Class which was i in te el luctive than the indios, a fact confi ‘ in the wibute lists, ; a fact confirmed by thei because they were supp They paid double the tribute levied o re Supposed to have twice the earnin; os the indio \g capacity of the latter, lO prosperity, They took the place of the Chi 2 Chinese inth : ete inthe economy of sede the ChzsinPilpine fe by, i ie Pet ‘acquin a Vit » by the first half of = mnt. “irtual NOpoly of wholesale aa ft ; tail tradere ven emt rt «tc APRS Coca the em Sining cnet SS From the horse's mouth tomate put notes aking tant nes een se Ameteanoli oc mo han yc conse Faas ses uplifted a he ors ale cus" = Abe} Bee US Sein “Since wade ina aon rund an te mana ins on hing the word make agofisrasonmatoow im, and th doo of ena wich cre panstin mustered down Concesions bined faanes utterly ies of sae, cen fhe woverigy of ulig ais be xine he process Colonies mute bined orp inocerhatso whom ‘ofthe work! may be ovedooked ort unused” = Woodow Win Unde dle pein is cot ou coud wee nie prodcioncfthe county inthe ted Ses Thatwouldcomplee change ‘ur Consituion, ou elton to propery, husan bey, and our verypst Te mecsenti andy ome Saeko ne dora nag ees ato major-generl amie sone Soccernet Sicermieeetsgioae amon I mnt conn eet supecterer neta Toe see sor me See cies ao = Majoc General Smedley D. Buler lve ta fw hada woul kepow diy, Bloody, dolar. cox ngs Df te bases teas lt pee d “exploned will ative ata soltion oftheir own.” ao — General David M. Shoup “Hoe in Veneoel youkvete ight do what youlke with your pal Tihs eae mean al te pola gtsinthe word” = AUS bsizessman oth ol ia Vesemele—T, September 21, 1952 oy eve mi ppm ee he et of he United Sates, can ite approved” = card M. Nikon ~ Thaw Pape ay "Waite doe baer wo ‘mao pve. What we ae om dom ‘on nd wh ped cre ale were paces Spec Deamameat Ae Pree Fese’y “The Areca de a hese ads — and by at | mean te demand of Anes fo goods a5 sop — can never exec at ‘weny hound peopl natn betes who maybe he “The derandofte Fanpop wile sera, winced and encunge, of tren and nha lia pons Theo he he oat posse sours, ralbuinssandofeltade cate enti he sane, hihthe Used Ss orany of ur means, wee: the United Sates or in hese lands, can hae i wih the Fin people. The Promotion ofthe mtr and ined wear wi sath develop ‘ancatie paring niches prey yeah,= le ie atl eae of Be nd 6 eo an PS mellres ipcreetecem tags on Sere ren ea oo ma itera stereo at ‘pine nrc edt pane compe oe ond naa si Ts ‘Scania ot micas et oe stn ows rece ea e r ee efegepemner enone swipe asf PUTS eaegene ene epee ‘oneotay pao Wrutrer oer adran i taps in spt ona tha purpose e1 ‘eum td tegrty hat the ay represens what we Seo Pind wc ann irene are Persea i Sinatra ds Sage) See, sce My iew nas tens Po conection Y Wit we Sey tnd Gay ath eset one mera ropes ond aero tw acl PS aes ate avd Loa SSepdrateacmane ee ayaa pss Nom tbe expendture — SS The inadequacy of June 12 detect ‘Thecanclaion othe eos cero ty hich 196 we hadaeay been celebraingas American independence ay Wasa step inthe right diecton. waa mnie course ase ox tora deity Buin doings wetaphararly sled a da wich in realty doesnot disso som be Ameren a. Apia sans ofune 12,1958 wsinded a ecariont {independence fom pint made the county an Ameen roto _Aginald ced the "ight ad Hamase Noo Anescan Nata the ‘roecor and guaran four independence. Among he sige ofthat proclamation was Gl LM, Johason of te US ary ‘Whatwe ned mstndaysadecation ofinependencefromibe nied Stes sncethe Amescan resenceand the Ansan cont funy phases of outa eae what cas dot onthe ay of freedom. June 12cannotsymblize anything mor than the resumption of our souraking up” the past moaneon Se eta aie ote teromed wa “Fr gulshcoun ee vec beset noun heer boat inter try ces, Hoes and menos of he cr Jigme aies awd ‘ute ex coal Aneian cones asfortoolong been ‘united by cenobip, ection and dstrton Bigg it up is only ‘a de wg a ge i eho memo. Tepaxcanoat ake ganedulesits wel unfesoodor nips ht pascontavendso or preps othe preset 1 do ot gall enpyaking up bt cals, do not relish tans of be mateo, essen ase tis commited by “serrata Se Deraacentet ccat nce pene ee SRL chin ncesnbepacon ae mee ig» arg cnn ota poe Seinirrcrt ames eee ae aes eee eSpace be Aner te sori! shontnaghccindlsindeohengeamseett mmc ent be pave deuce, -Amescan Wu, witht bonendous canes, was snr oo ast but feo typ apr wo sand up mee chpes ht tae Mace worl base en 0 age seat wither cpm occ bas extend 0 tidy 1 : , Seat ano es wag Sanit Send Work wee i a aC BHO hy - - from gar toemenlOrs, eres oe re bmg eee Shenae er i Sa eee ec a ect See et ocr pee iano) radii carte bases retin o ASE Seno sae bth sont and suv for ar pe et manyf emi unin and unpeubod. ‘Wine nay ofusae bled wth core ofthat carrot andy the highema pce ewan pay fort Ard wi? Because we ‘na, we bles ahaa aed eons of hisory sisson aon wba upthe hot cca ssucha hoa sate faethe A non-event: (1) warped perceptions nc ee Tomorow, Febnay 4, marks the sinetth annincray of the Phiippine-Amerian War. This was he day when the United Ses army tacked the Philippine forces on Sn an ge Ninety-one yeas ag, we sw thc bth ofa aanon ae coma ‘struggle which began as ited uprisings ans colonia oppression and ‘ater escalated into a national revlon.mag ORS pate od or of that war, 6 mee sei 2 gy pas nc a ip yt ails NY Fle Pe roo ea Ps can an te Pn a _ ena eel an be ata marked by February 4 a ok Ae we oat ea ce = sos Ep esta he ponds 1 downgrading of out i-end ofthe Philippine Revolution, a ene ee re dai at ea ease eaal ! Tem nce iPaper fp coequiperart tere our 4 q ase pr cs tbs peeps, Present ae oe Dade beraiy po coal over nal * J cower cpl byte Pipe Revolution o beter appre © cette pie Anekan War wasaight forthe defense at se ve Re enkgaeiesea ree terhoes axed bewcen to soreig aos The Americans false this reality conscioustess hgh te ebucanal syne lnsially even the welcome vet celeb une 12 ther than July as cucindependenceay,henghbem of atcnals pubes ‘inhi ow for on the Philippe Revhaion aginst Span, a ban won cur independence then, we dd at subsequently se tote Unie Sates The fects simartottu fou veneration of ial as ur national ‘ero which, ike it oro, we: must admit was shrewdly encouraged by ‘Amefican colonial admisraos serve their own ends — to focus Out ‘terion and admiration on one who fought Spanish colonial mule sothat we would forget our ant-Amencan resszance, eal tefl af cholas who tave capes rom te on pip i ‘have comeced the more Magrantmisconcepioas ofthat peti, There have been some valuable sues on vanous pects of Philippine resistance to American ule and some enlightening accoutsofthe ‘warinvaruslaltesbut onthe who, this heroic peodofour history as, ‘otyet been given the atention it deserves especialy in connection withthe. problems. Apparently, this warisstll considered, roots ‘eately peripheral compared wo the defense of Susan oven the min aREDSA, ‘The motives ofthe United Sates during tat adventure, reroral ‘been treated in vaious wos Sil the spec Phllppnes and ean inoe nn pal 10 American qe cee * vari Pe eascLour SON Spon ocr ede ny pod ad rs Tt ‘epee Reva wn prtess pce sa Spa sme ae ‘the Nar athe rans wap nina es ‘petmaete paraxial vton wot asic team, ‘Raed he harden acing tig Tend pent yt ie ed i rabineeto Aneran span ab payed Meee Renate ie en Stpecigewecetatage one, te A non-event: (2) exposing myths ‘my rediscovery ofthe pst s necessary exp he presen then an intensive stay of the erly petiod of American colonization begining, ‘whe hile Ames Wa shoul being othe realty of Piping ‘amesan rts. Our eet se nan oration of Ox cay ‘which continues this day and wl est robbly comin the ture = ova ot seen [oe eapellptes lessante Ta eas mecemte sesi e, le enn were pe ese ee Ouran ok vm Pla donee wei bg ate, ey (Se ‘ge nd eed w He cee ad ‘ech wane st by we ote 2 “heaton Trerpteone da heads ol pee 1 ee week edhe ees wich lh orb a Soe feats tnd oe oe ene othe pes ea xp en 0 TrmiierAA tans bafta ew Yor The wach ws saree few 29a at costs pees, May - await lo ac cop OAR! Tg great pe ho eb at he = sive methods of ex —~ Inthe American Civd War there were five wounded for every soldier killed, ce pede Paes nb Sates sede my noon bate elon eee ee ee ae ‘excerps from a tener of a young soldier who retained his humanity and acy anapcrngtb bt te es ery eta al hind aN one eat ay hel reise eet eer os rom Corporal tard Tren eter, pblited by he New York ‘Word ao inseed in the Congressional Recor: Seep i een anoon fepormanete creda ippine story than an Ikyasonthe 2 of Decent ane teehee an bid sal ave forget tec need at j sipeaetrd woe av te amos ok Oe Gen ay. seweapproxcedtc bwathe wo pascddongthe ie Satna 2 "nt vn mand: line that thre would be no psec taten. meant we ehian dex erie ses cone sricestetcoyhing ting anghe—non womenst “top hyo db: te oa spud ne wpe me Tish wsfdby ites Seat cout et beagle Soh, coxgany, Hs twas ce boy, who wes com ame down the mountain path into tin aside acarbao, The atten ta lvoe $e ky kb a st sumed comnacd oer Batyas anounced: i fear boysic fmentaeback ot hiseaaluoand Retin tor uphe went ee ala Alconstertion and regard forthe inhabitants ofthis place ceae fromthe day I become commander. have the foc od hate scons ome good and oven shots wer fred afer him.st ge ts cr ae eet te soe bm nl ty enn ees a oes sae nee ee ee eee ei i nd asada ie oes They perished sey hse dah ie house —it was leh fhe eid Ste aed he Ameria solders, were, sethantes, ‘Ths waste war tat Ge, Abr MacAnur pina sd ho ald “the a amare ware condone feo he eat” It happened here, too -Tue een epost bythe New York Tomes the plan fr esi fe Vian wat — ans wich wee het to fm eet peopl bata ome policy-making ranch ofthe SorNNESS ‘fas ceaty demons what American fica 0} statements of policy and purpose “The Time repo whic taed on cal document reve the the American people fever would have approved i they had en in possesion of he Fc popes surely onzin many shocking,stacey lea oc. Er ea ery N20 ay, mane al APOE, th ee pa rics ste eta = Fo oaccJUel TENCE nen sandy ofan sh dente Ys SOURS tg osc 9 POS A a edn waa dregs as. ralteciqusthat were lize coy she mor sue polices tha beled waa : ae a ra eese psd te penal cleo ofthat rs note tole ere then) ots ey oes ome fan ey ad pride. For aera be ser of ages ade ska twee waged not only on te rll bt cet cutaland gic oats swell ‘Wher warnaspragon th Americas Wereimpesingtheiona ‘nstraions and language on the conquered areas. Thus, we were not only efeated physically but abo cual, ‘sto beret an impoanaskforscholas to ook Kteray sag of te pe a saga f to decades when Out wrote nou languages depicting he injustices commited by the inte ser ofr isin vce become pan of present experince again ‘pne-Aneica War and wo dey Spaninls oso he Aneto? Tosti a aed ts bu serbecane patel alin The wk cme ey case tanttatof exposing cera mand apcryal soem abot be Pine-American War, ee fa cay, MEMEO wee aM dso Teaco acon le sce ae yet agen lorry ete hgpac techn toscana pate dw oaalw tence san clomsas rr ea mn a inde for which our forefathers fought od ded taste bern alaeete reared tren cane wy toe eu ctel at ee er ar Pa pes fopaen Tey ‘The Vetnamespost pancreas sete wise re AR eee spe cae Ieppeneer te tnt cect tht wer responsible forthe Sepia aaya pooecdreeeeeie : The cng ey and pont which ated is fet sing 1s report Wain hares Kinky wha was then una fre-lecion. Bo “revealed at Os hadtold bum, Myers role na woes Gan rtd adrinsaion” ‘And wat could bun a ecco Presiden? News ofthe ressunce mounted by thauands Flin patios who nantes 0 rash theienewly- on reedeen "the usk of the American ary here therefore was to crush is ‘opposion while caiing tat tee was no opposticn tal. Or 0sanci00 ecKinley'sexpansoast policy, the American publichadtobe permacedtat the American presence hee was somehow in accord with the Gemocrae tradions ofthe Union This concealment of ans helped McKinley wo dese the Ames public he was reelected and the Americans accepted what they 80% believed nether ty to tain the Flipinos inthe ant of sl-govermen, ‘They did nt welize that they had been fooled into supporingan impish undertaking. “Thus was bom the radional bebe thatthe Filipinos welcomed the Americans and sought American wtelagebecase they were not prepared Og self-government, 4 ‘Commenting on the New York Timesexpost, Rep, Paul McCloskeys ai "the government wield the wuthon the wa, nto keep trom Hanhesa 28 ne sexsi erst ied sean eae cee cce e emer rca a tt Beeman moe =e sebeei ece Tenn ene ceo nan ont opactes se pas omy ES ectatapemnebeoertey tone ectrclccnyantpege Bearers Figce wc nlc or en 08, it ‘erect more pes wih nan anaes ng cn nn bt PAI Wa ooeot tec tate haces pee ch bie SORE coiwinasees nics oe pale bard be Vamenta he ec cc gfe ton acta eres iy wah hs moi mah come ‘Dotecterhenee wepmaoptc ‘Pet sheck bt uo ot esc eget. te =n _Shrtceenepce nm edo ee ead cone eed ras commited on Finns eg in a aay a ap Fx org ety rao Amecan oat, Yet aan, TY Titers tem amescanscle emacs ich wisbow har Pipi bye wands fle ese lis. fan tices lene: pblishe in be apse en io bl ey “The following passage fom ‘Philadeia Leger of November 11, 901 wil suey reid many of the ‘massacre scene in"Sokler Bl"; ‘The present war no bloodless fae, opera boule engagement. Our men have been relentless, have killed to ‘erteminate men, women, and children, psones andae 0 has ae Pail same i a tanatomaeridence penile» all eee Se aati iv ‘ npr Stems otal Ve Ameen mary reco bere had ot (pen set hare eared hea epi wether the’ rasan ete ‘iho eh (quand Ay ws hen rob eee pen ened wh oer omic ogg PR octet ny SERS pnts pine cbr popes hat Fee Spardeind ore Vidmanesand belie SESE a cdontent yan ly bee ae ‘odes ea esa bie detachent lesen the see of ctl the peta ofthese crimes, The pth ote Anenan publ was premised on the exten, Ie ora pe pop xe oe Sa saves atts swe poe by expo millon of peoples of i Sn nn tampa ae he aha sera Paes lg peroty anongsoanyof

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