10.

Solar and lunar Eclipse

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. ________________________ is the darkest or the completely dark central portion of a shadow

cast by the Earth or Moon during an eclipse.

2. ________________________ is a partial shadow between regions of complete shadow and

complete illumination cast by the Earth or the Moon during an eclipse.

3. The term eclipse is derived from the Greek word "ekleipsis" meaning _______________________
or downfall.

4. The eclipses do not occur frequently because the orbit of the _______________________ is tilted
away from the orbit of the Earth.

5. An eclipse that occurs on Earth involves the three celestial bodies, the ______________,
___________________________ and __________________________.

B. State true or false.

1. When one celestial body moves into the shadow of another celestial body, an eclipse occurs. ____

2. A lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon appears between the Earth and the Sun. _______________

3. A solar eclipse lasts for a few hours. _____________________

4. A solar eclipse occurs when the Earth appears between the Sun and the Moon. _______________

C. Choose the correct answer.

1. Which eclipse forms a ring around the Moon?

a) partial solar eclipse b) annular solar eclipse c) total lunar eclipse d) partial lunar eclipse

2. When can a lunar eclipse be seen from the Earth?

a) morning b) afternoon c) evening d) night

3. In which type of eclipse does the lunar surface appear rust or charcoal grey in colour?

a) partial lunar eclipse b) penumbral lunar eclipse

c) total solar eclipse d) annular solar eclipse
4. Which solar eclipse leads to darkening of the sky?

a) partial lunar eclipse b) penumbral lunar eclipse

c) total solar eclipse d) annular solar eclipse

5. In which type of eclipse do the Sun and the Moon appear on exactly opposite sides of the Earth?

a) penumbral lunar eclipse b) total lunar eclipse

c) annular solar eclipse d) partial solar eclipse

D. Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the reasons for the occurrence of eclipses.

An eclipse that occurs on Earth involves the three celestial bodies-the Sun, Earth and Moon.Their
specific alignment is responsible for causing eclipses. The other reason behind a solar or a lunar
eclipse is the unique and interesting interplay of the rotations of the Earth and Moon around the
Sun.

2. What causes a solar eclipse?

A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon appears between the Earth and the Sun. It partially blocks the
sunlight. A solar eclipse can be seen only from the locations where the Moon's shadow falls. As the
Moon is revolving around the Earth, the solar eclipses do not last long. A solar eclipse lasts only for a
few minutes, until the Moon is displaced from its position.

3. Differentiate between a total and a partial solar eclipse.

Total solar eclipse Partial solar eclipse

It occurs When the Sun is completely blocked It occurs when the positions of the Sun, Moon
by the Moon and Earth are not exactly in a straight line
During this type of eclipse, the Moon's dark In this type of solar eclipse, only a small part of
umbral shadow sweeps across Earth's surface. the Sun is covered . by the Moon's shadow.
the Sun is completely blocked by the Moon only a small part of the Sun is covered . by the
Moon's shadow

4. Why doesn't the Moon appear completely dark during a total lunar eclipse?

In total lunar eclipse, the Sun and the Moon appear on exactly opposite sides of the Earth. In this
type, even though the Earth's shadow entirely covers the Moon, some sunlight manages to reach the
Moon. When the sunlight passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the Earth's atmosphere filters out
most of the blue light. Due to this, the Moon appears red in colour and doesn’t appear completely
dark.
5. What causes lunar eclipse?

A lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth appears between the Sun and the Moon. The Earth restricts
the sunlight from reaching the Moon.

The Earth orbits the Sun and the Moon orbits the Earth. These processes are carried out
simultaneously. When the Earth comes between the Sun and the Moon, it prevents the sunlight
from reaching the Moon. The Earth's shadow falls on the Moon's surface. This causes the lunar
eclipse.

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2. A settled Life
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. According to _____________________. prehistory is divided into three major periods

2. The time period in history when early humans used stone to make their tools is known as the
____________________________ Age.

3. The time period in history when early humans discovered metals and used bronze to make their
tools is known as the _____________________________age.

4. The time period in history when bronze was replaced with iron for making weapons and tools is
known as the ______________________________________ Age

5. In the Mesolithic Period, flint tools were refined and small stone tools called
____________________________________ were discovered.

B. State true or false.

1. Neolithic Age saw the production of highly polished stone tools with fine cutting edges. ________

2. At the beginning of the Bronze Age, copper was used along with stone to make tools and
weapons. ____________________________

3. Copper was a hard metal and useful for making sharp tools. _____________________

4. Fire was discovered in the Bronze Age. ___________________________

5. In the New Stone Age, early humans made sickles, digging sticks, hoes, mortar, pestle and more.
___________________

C. Answer the following questions.

1. How did the early humans evolve with time?

__________________________________________________________________________________

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2. How did agriculture help in the development of human settlements?

__________________________________________________________________________________

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3. Write a short note on the following:

a) Palaeolithic Age

__________________________________________________________________________________

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b) Mesolithic Age

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c) Neolithic Age

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4. How was the Stone Age different from the Bronze Age?

__________________________________________________________________________________

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 6. Election in India
A. Fill in the blanks.

1. Voting in India is done with a ______________________________________ ballot.

2. Electronic Voting Machines were introduced by the __________________________________ .

3. A political party is a group of people having common political ______________________________

4. An electoral constituency is also referred to as an electoral _______________________________

5. The right to vote is a __________________________________ Right for every citizen.

B. State true or false.

1. To be able to vote, Indian citizens are required to register themselves as electors. ____________

2. Each registered party is also a recognised party. ____________

3. Elections decide the composition of the government. ____________

4. The Constitution of India provides voting rights to all Indian citizens above the age of 20 years. ___

5. Voting is a medium of expression. ____________

C. Answer the following questions.

1. Describe the process of voting on the day of an election.

1. Voting in India is done through a secret ballot process. This means that no person can know whom
you voted for.

2. Voting ballots are placed in polling stations, such as schools and community halls across India.

3. The Election Commission works to ensure that for every elector,

4. There is a polling station within 2 km.

Normally, a polling station covers not more than 1200 electors. Each polling station is kept open for
at least 8 hours on the day of voting.

2. Who are allowed to vote by post?

1. In a few special cases, electors are allowed to vote by post. This is done in case the elector is
unable to visit a polling booth.

2.The facility to vote using postal ballot is allowed for the members of the armed forces who are
posted away from their respective constituencies.

3. It is also acceptable in case of individuals on election duty, such as electoral officers, policemen on
duty, etc. A person under preventive detention can also be allowed to vote by post.
3. Explain the concept of registration of a political party in India.

For any candidate or political party to contest the elections, they have to register with the Election
Commission. To check for eligibility, the Election Commission validates the individual's/party's
commitment to the principles of democracy. The independent candidate/political party should be in
line with the secular and socialist values as the Constitution of India and uphold the sovereignty,
unity and integrity of India

4. What is electronic voting?

1. Electronic voting can be done by using Electronic Voting Machines.

2. Electronic Voting Machines (EVM) were introduced by the Election Commission of India. These
machines reduced the time taken to cast votes and declare the results.

3. For each verified elector, the electronic ballot unit is activated for a single vote. Inside a
partitioned compartment, the elector presses the button that is labelled with the desired
candidate's name, along with their party symbol.

4.At the time of counting the votes, the results are simply displayed using the 'Result' button on the
EVM.

5. Why is voting a necessary part of democracy?

1. Voting forms the basis of democratic elections.

2.The right to vote is a constitutional right for every citizen.

3. It is particularly important as voting allows an elector to become an agent of change.

4. Voting helps an elector to promote change in the ruling government or replace it entirely.

5. Voting is a medium of expression.

6. It allows the elector to convey their concerns and priorities.

7. Voting provides the elector an opportunity to indirectly control the functioning of the
government.

8. Voting is an important responsibility and a commitment to democracy.

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12. Climate of India

A.Fill in the blanks.

1. The day-to-day change in the atmospheric conditions is called ____________________________

2. Northern Plains experience intense heat in the __________________________________ season.

3. Hot and dry winds that blow across the Northern Plains during summer are called _____________

4. Winds full of moisture that bring rain to India are called _____________________________
5. The extended period of dry weather, with little or no rain is called _________________________

B. State true or false.

1. The climate of a place depends on its location and rainfall.

2. The summer season starts in June and ends in September.

3. The humidity rises during the monsoon season.

4. Flowers bloom during the autumn season.

5. Seasons follow a pattern every year.

C. Match the following.

1. Summer a. Western disturbance

2. Winter b. Shedding of leaves

3. Monsoon c. Loo

4. Autumn d. March and April

5. Spring e. Rainfall in Tamil Nadu

D. Answer the following questions.

1. What are the different factors that affect the climate of India?

Besides temperature, wind, rainfall and sunshine, there are various factors that affect the climate of
India.

1. Location: The Tropic of Cancer passes through India. This makes it a tropical country,
characterised by hot and humid climate.

2. Distance from the sea: The distance from the sea largely determines its wind and rainfall pattern.

3. The Himalayas: Due to their great height, the Himalayas behave as a climatic barrier in the north.
They confine the monsoon to India.

4. Physical features: The different physical features cause variations in climate. For example, the
sea-facing side of the Western Ghats receives heavy rainfall whereas the areas behind it remain dry.

5.Altitude: Places located at higher attitudes, like hill stations or mountain tops, experience
relatively colder climate.

India's climate is determined by all these factors playing together.

2. Why does South India experience mild winters?

South India experience mild winter due to its proximity to equator and its location surrounded by
water bodies on three sides.

3. Describe the importance of monsoon in India. Give some characteristic features of the season.

importance of monsoon in India : The monsoon plays a major role in the agriculture in India. The
sowing and harvesting time of crops is calculated by the cycle of the monsoon. So if the monsoon is
late in arriving or does not carry adequate rain, it causes a huge loss.

characteristic features of monsoon in india : The main characteristic features of this season are the
heavy moisture-laden, rain-bearing winds that blow towards the Indian mainland from the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal.

4. Name the different climatic regions in India and write their characteristics.

climatic regions characteristics.

Tropical wet Hot summers and heavy rainfall during the monsoon season

Tropical wet and dry Hot summers and heavy rains in monsoon; southeastern coastal
region receives rain in winter
Subtropical humid Hot summers with monsoon rains, heavier in the east than in the
west, winters are cool, hills are colder

Highland Very cold winters and cool summers; rain in the monsoon

Arid Summers are hot, little or no rain received during monsoon and cold
winters

Semi-arid Hot summers, slightly more rainfall than the arid regions and some
regions experience a cool winter

5. Explain briefly the summer and winter seasons in the Northern Plains.

Summer season in northern plains

Hot dry winds called 'loo' blow in the afternoons through the Northern Plains. Dust storms are
common during this time. The Northern Plains record the highest temperature.

Winter season in Northern plains

States in the northern mountains get snowfall and northern plains experience low temperature.

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 11. India – Location and Extent

A. Fill in the blanks.

1. India has the ________________________________ Sea on its west.

2. ________________________ and _____________________________ are our neighbouring

countries in the south.

3. India is located in the southern part of the continent of ________________________________

4. India is the __________________________________________ largest country in the world.

B. Match the following.

1. Latitudinal Extent a. 68°7'E to 97°25′E

2. Longitudinal Extent b. 8°4'N to 37°6′N

3. East-West Extent c. 2,933 km

4. North-South Extent d. 3,214 km

C. Answer the following questions.

1. Where is India located?

India is the seventh largest country in the world. It is located in the southern part of the continent of
Asia.India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in the west, the Bay of Bengal in the east and the Indian
Ocean in the south. The natural boundary in the north is formed by the Himalayas.

2. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?

India lies wholly in the northern and eastern hemispheres. The latitudinal extent of India is between
8°4'N and 37°6'N. India's longitudinal extent is between 68°7'E and 97°25'E.

The north-south extent of India from Ladakh in the north to Kanyakumari in the south is 3,214 km.
India's east-west extent from the Rann of Kutch in the west to Arunachal Pradesh in the east is 2,933
km.

3. Name the neighbouring countries of India.

India has several neighbouring countries. Pakistan and Afghanistan lie to the west. Nepal, Bhutan
and China lie to the north. To the south, we have Sri Lanka and Maldives. Bangladesh and Myanmar
are located on the eastern boundary.