DIGVIJAY ECONOMICA

Topic - Sequence and Series

➢ What is Sequence
➢ What is a Series
➢ Difference between Sequence and Series
➢ Arithmetic Progression
➢ Notations in Arithmetic Progression
➢ Common Difference of an Arithmetic Progression
➢ Sum of an Arithmetic Progression
➢ Properties of Arithmetic Sequence
➢ Geometric Progression
➢ Types of Geometric Progression
➢ Harmonic Progression Definition
➢ Harmonic Progression Formula
➢ nth Term of the Harmonic Progression
➢ Sum of the Harmonic Progression
➢ Harmonic Mean

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What is Sequence?

A sequence is an arrangement of a set of numbers in a particular order defined by

some rule. If a1, a2, a3 . . . is a sequence then 1, 2, 3 denotes the position of the elements
in the sequence. A sequence can be finite or infinite.

What is a Series?

A series is formed by adding the elements of the sequence. If a1, a2, a3 . . . is a

sequence then the series is given as a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . Note that the series refers to the
indicated sum of the sequence, not the sum itself.

Difference between Sequence and Series:

SL. SEQUENCE SERIES

NO.

1 It is a set of elements that follow A Series is the sum of the elements of a

a particular pattern. sequence.
2 Order of the element is very Order of the elements is not so important.
important.
3 Finite Sequence: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Finite Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5
Infinite Sequence: 1, 2, 3, . . . Infinite Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + . . .

Arithmetic Progression
Arithmetic Progression (AP) is a sequence of numbers in which the difference
between any two consecutive numbers is a constant value. In other words,
arithmetic progression can be defined as “A mathematical sequence in which the
difference between two consecutive terms is always a constant“. For example,
the series of numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,… are in Arithmetic Progression, which has a
common difference (d) between two successive terms (say 1 and 2) equal to 1 (2 –
1). A common difference can be seen between two successive terms, even for odd
numbers and even numbers that 2 is equal to. In AP, three main terms are Common
difference (d), nth Term (an), and Sum of the first n terms (S n); all three terms
represent the properties of AP.

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Notations in Arithmetic Progression

We will come across the following notations in arithmetic progression:

• First term ⇢ a
• Common difference ⇢ d
• Nth term ⇢ an
• Sum of first n terms ⇢ Sn

General form of arithmetic progression is a, a + d, a + 2d … a + (n – 1)d

Here are some examples of AP:

• 6, 13, 20, 27, 34,41,…
• 91, 81, 71, 61, 51, 41,…
• π, 2π, 3π, 4π, 5π,6π ,…
• -√3, −2√3, −3√3, −4√3, −5√3, – 6√3,…

Common Difference of an Arithmetic Progression

The common difference is denoted by d in arithmetic progression. It’s the

difference between the next term and the one before it. For arithmetic progression,
it is always constant or the same. In a word, if the common difference is constant
in a certain sequence, we can say that this is A.P. If the sequence is a 1, a2, a3, a4,
and so on.
In other words, the common difference in the arithmetic progression is denoted by
d. The difference between the successive term and its preceding term. It is always
constant or the same for arithmetic progression. In other words, we can say that, in
a given sequence, if the common difference is constant or the same, then we can
say that the given sequence is in Arithmetic Progression (AP).

The formula to find the common difference is,

d = (an + 1 – an) or d = (an – an-1).

➢ If the common difference is positive, then AP increases. For Example 4, 8, 12, 16…
in these series, AP increases
➢ If the common difference is negative then AP decreases. For Example -4, -6, -8…,
here AP decreases.

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➢ If the common difference is zero then AP will be constant. For Example 1, 2, 3, 4,

5…, here AP is constant.

The sequence of Arithmetic Progression will be like a1, a2, a3, a4,…

Common difference (d) = a2 – a1 = d

a3 – a2 = d
a4 – a3 = d and so on.

First Term of Arithmetic Progression

The Arithmetic Progression can be written in terms of common difference (d) as:
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, …., a + (n – 1)d
Where,
a = first term of AP

Nth term of Arithmetic Progression

The nth term can be found by using the formula mentioned below,
an = a + (n − 1)d
Where,
a = First term of AP
d = Common difference
n = number of terms
an = nth term

Note: The sequence’s behavior is based on the value of a shared difference.

• If “d” is positive, the terms will increase to positive infinity.
• If “d” is negative, the terms of the members increase to negative infinity

Sum of an Arithmetic Progression

The Arithmetic progression sum formula is explained below; consider an AP

consisting of “n” terms.

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S = n/2 [2a + (n − 1) d]

Sum of Arithmetic progression when the First and Last Term is Given,
S = n/2 (first term of AP + last term of AP)
Or
S = N/2[a+ an]

Example 1: Find the AP if the first term is 15 and the common difference is 4.
Solution:
As we know,
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, …
Here, a = 15 and d = 4
= 15, (15 + 4), (15 + 2 × 4), (15 + 3 × 4), (15 + 4 × 4),
= 15, 19, (15 + 8), (15 + 12), (15 + 16), …
= 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, …and so on.
So the AP is 15, 19, 23, 27, 31…

Example 2: Find the 20th term for the given AP: 3, 5, 7, 9, …

Solution:
Given, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11……
Here,
a = 3, d = 5 – 3 = 2, n = 20
an = a + (n − 1)d
a20 = 3 + (20− 1)2
a20 = 3 + 38
a20 = 41
here 20th term is a20 = 41

Properties of Arithmetic Sequence

There are some properties of Arithmetic Sequence, some of which are as follows:
➢ If a constant is added or subtracted to each term of an Arithmetic Sequence then
the resulting sequence is also an Arithmetic Sequence.

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➢ If each term of an Arithmetic Sequence is multiplied or divided (not by 0) by a

constant number. Then the resulting sequence is also an Arithmetic Sequence.
➢ For any three consecutive terms of an Arithmetic Sequence sum of the first and
last term is always twice the middle term.
➢ We can observe a symmetry about the mean in the arithmetic sequence.
➢ An arithmetic sequence can be extended to infinity by adding a common
difference to the last term.
➢ If we multiply or divide two A.P. series then resulting will not a A.P Series.

Geometric Progression

A geometric sequence is one in which the ratio between two consecutive terms is
constant. This ratio is known as the common ratio denoted by ‘r’, where r ≠ 0. Let
the elements of the sequence be denoted by:
a1, a2, a3, a4, …, an

Given sequence is a geometric sequence if:

a2/a1 = a3/a2 = … = an/an-1 = r (common ratio)

The given sequence can also be written as:

a, ar, ar2, ar3, … , arn-1

Here, r is the common ratio and a is the scale factor

The common ratio is given by:
r = successive term/preceding term = ar n-1 / arn-2

Types of Geometric Progression

Geometric progression is further classified on the basis of whether they are ending
or continuing infinitely. So, a GP is further classified into two parts which are:
• Finite Geometric Progression (Finite GP)
• Infinite Geometric Progression (Infinite GP)

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The two types of GP are further explained below in this article

Finite Geometric Progression

Finite G.P. is a sequence that contains finite terms in a sequence and can be written
as a, ar, ar2, ar3,……arn-1, arn.
Examples of Finite GP is 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,……512

Infinite Geometric Progression

Infinite G.P. is a sequence that contains infinite terms in a sequence and can be
written as a, ar, ar2, ar3,……arn-1, arn……, i.e. it is a sequence that never ends.
Examples of Infinite GP is
• 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,……..
• 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16,………

Geometric Progression Formulas

The list of formulas related to GP is given below which will help in solving
different types of problems. The general form of terms of a GP is a, ar, ar2, ar3,
and so on. Here, a is the first term and r is the common ratio.
• nth term of a GP is Tn = arn-1
• Common ratio = r = Tn/ Tn-1

The formula to calculate the sum of the first n terms of a GP is given by:
• Sn = a[(rn – 1)/(r – 1)] if r ≠ 1and r > 1
• Sn = a[(1 – rn)/(1 – r)] if r ≠ 1 and r < 1
• nth term from the end of the GP with the last term l and common ratio r =
l/ [r(n – 1)]
• Sum of infinite, i.e. the sum of a GP with infinite terms is S ∞= a/(1 – r)
such that 0 < r < 1.

For three quantities in GP, the middle quantity is called the Geometric Mean of the
other two terms. If a, b and c are three quantities in GP, then and b is the geometric
mean of a and c then,
Now, b2 = ac or b =√(ac)

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If a is the first term and r is the common ratio respectively of a finite GP with n
terms. Then, kth term from the end of the GP will be T k = arn-k.

Nth Term of a Geometric Progression

To find the nth term of a Geometric Sequence, if the given series is in the form of
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4………. then
The nth term is denoted by an. Thus, to find the nth term of a Geometric Sequence
will be :
an = arn-1

Derivation of the Formula

Given each term of GP as a1, a2, a3, a4, …, an, expressing all these terms according
to the first term a1, we get
a1 = a
a 2 = a1 r
a3 = a2r = (a1r)r = a1r2
a4 = a3r = (a1r2)r = a1r3
…
am = a1rm−1
…
Similarly,
a n = a1r n – 1
an = arn – 1
where,
a1 = first term,
a2 = second term
an = last term (or the nth term)
am = any term before the last term

nth term from the last term is given by:

an = l/rn-1
where,
l is the last term
Sum of the First n Terms of a Geometric Progression
Sum of the First n Terms of a Geometric Sequence is given by:
Sn = a(1 – rn)/(1 – r), if r < 1
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Sn = a(rn -1)/(r – 1), if r > 1

Derivation of the Formula

The sum in geometric progression (known as geometric series) is given by

S = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + … + a n
S = a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + … + a1rn−1 ….equation (1)

Multiply both sides of Equation (1) by r (common ratio), and we get

S × r= a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + a1r4 + … + a1rn ….equation (2)

Subtract Equation (2) from Equation (1)

S – Sr = a1 – a1rn
(1 – r)S = a1(1 – rn)
Sn = a1(1 – rn)/(1 – r), if r<1

Now, Subtracting Equation (1) from Equation (2) will give

Sr – S = a1rn – a1
(r – 1)S = a1(rn-1)
Hence,
Sn = a1(rn -1)/(r – 1), if r > 1

Geometric Progression Sum to Infinite Terms

The number of terms in infinite geometric progression will approach infinity (n =

∞). The sum of infinite geometric progression can only be defined at the range of
|r| < 1.
S = a(1 – rn)/(1 – r)
S = (a – arn)/(1 – r)
S = a/(1 – r) – arn/(1 – r)
For n -> ∞, the quantity (arn) / (1 – r) → 0 for |r| < 1,
Thus,
S∞= a/(1-r), where |r| < 1

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Derivation of Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression

Take a geometric sequence a, ar, ar2, … which has infinite terms. S∞ denotes the
sum of infinite terms of that sequence, then

S∞ = a + ar + ar2 + ar3+ … + arn +..(1)

Multiply both sides by r,

rS∞ = ar + ar2 + ar3+ … … (2)

subtracting eq (2) from eq (1),

S∞ – rS∞ = a
S∞ (1 – r) = a

S∞ = a / (1 – r)

Thus by the above formula sum of infinite terms of an infinite GP is found,

Note: This formula only works if |r| < 1
Properties of Geometric Progression
2
➢ a k = ak-1 × ak+1
➢ a1 × an = a2 × an-1 =…= ak × an-k+1
➢ If we multiply or divide a non-zero quantity to each term of the GP, then the
resulting sequence is also in GP with the same common difference.
➢ Reciprocal of all the terms in GP also forms a GP.
➢ If all the terms in a GP are raised to the same power, then the new series is
also in GP.
2
➢ If y = xz, then the three non-zero terms x, y, and z are in GP.

Recursive Formula

A recursive formula defines the terms of a sequence in relation to the previous

value. As opposed to an explicit formula, which defines it in relation to the term
number.
As a simple example, let’s look at the sequence: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
The pattern is to multiply 2 repeatedly. So the recursive formula is

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term(n) = term(n – 1) × 2
Notice, in order to find any term you must know the previous one. Each term is the
product of the common ratio and the previous term.
term(n) = term(n – 1) × r

Example: Write a recursive formula for the following geometric sequence: 8,

12, 18, 27, …

Solution:
The first term is given as 6. The common ratio can be found by dividing the second
term by the first term.
r = 12/8 = 1.5
Substitute the common ratio into the recursive formula for geometric sequences
and define a1
term(n) = term(n – 1) × r
= term(n -1) × 1.5 for n>=2
a1 = 6
Solved Example on Geometric Progression

Example 1: Suppose the first term of a GP is 4 and the common ratio is 5, then
the first five terms of GP are?
Solution:
First term, a = 4
Common ratio, r = 5
Now, the first five term of GP is
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4
a=4
ar = 4 × 5 = 20
ar2 = 4 × 25 = 100
ar3 = 4 × 125 = 500
ar4 = 4 × 625 = 2500
Thus, the first five terms of GP with first term 4 and common ratio 5 are:
4, 20, 100, 500, and 2500

Example 2: Find the sum of GP: 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.

Solution:

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Given GP is 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
First term, a = 1
Common ratio, r = 2/1 = 2 > 1
Number of terms, n = 5
Sum of GP is given by;
Sn = a[(rn – 1)/(r – 1)]
S5 = 1[(25 – 1)/(2 – 1)]
= 1[(32 – 1)/1]
= 1[31/2]
= 1 × 15.5
= 15.5

Example 3: If 3, 9, 27,…., is the GP, then find its 9th term.

Solution:
nth term of GP is given by:
an = arn-1
given, GP 3, 9, 27,….
Here, a = 3 and r = 9/3 = 3
Therefore,
a 9 = 3 x 39 – 1
= 3 × 6561
= 19683

Harmonic Progression Definition

A Harmonic Progression (HP) is defined as a sequence of real numbers obtained

by taking the reciprocals of an Arithmetic Progression that excludes 0. In this
progression, each term is calculated as the Harmonic Mean of its two adjacent
terms. For example, if we have a sequence like a, b, c, d, … forming an Arithmetic
Progression, the corresponding Harmonic Progression is represented as 1/a, 1/b,
1/c, 1/d, …

Harmonic Progression Example

There are infinitely many examples of Harmonic Progression. Some of the

examples of Harmonic Progression are mentioned below:
• Harmonic Progression of Natural Numbers: 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4…..
• Leaning Tower of Lire: 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10,…..

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Some Other Examples of Harmonic Progression are mentioned below:

• 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9….
• 1/4, 1/8, 1/12, 1/16….
• 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, 1/20….

Harmonic Progression Formula

When expressing the Arithmetic Progression in the format a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, …,
a+(n−1)d, the formula for the Harmonic Progression can be stated as follows: 1/a,
1/(a+d), 1/(a+2d), 1/(a+3d), and so on. The initial term is denoted by ‘a’ and the
common difference by ‘d’.
In order to approach Harmonic Progression problems, the first step involves
calculating the sum of the corresponding Arithmetic Progression. This calculation
says that the nth term in the Harmonic Progression is the reciprocal of the nth term
in the analogous Arithmetic Progression.

nth Term of the Harmonic Progression

The general term (an) or nth term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.) is given by
the formula
an = 1 / [a + (n−1)d]
Where
• “a” represents the initial term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
• “d” stands for the common difference between successive terms,
• “n” denotes the total number of terms in the Harmonic Progression
(H.P.)

Sum of Harmonic Progression

An Arithmetic Progression (AP), also known as an Arithmetic sequence, is a set of

numbers characterized by a constant difference between successive terms. On the
other hand, a Harmonic Progression (HP) or Harmonic Sequence is generated by
taking the reciprocals of an Arithmetic Progression.
Creating a Harmonic Progression or 1/AP is a straightforward process. Using the
formula for the nth term in an Arithmetic Progression, a + (n-1)d, we can quickly
generate the Harmonic Progression sequence.
However, calculating the sum of this progression can be tedious. One approach
involves either iterating through the sequence or employing approximations to
create a formula that provides an accurate value up to a few decimal places.

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To find the Sum of n terms in a Harmonic Progression (Sn) for the sequence 1/a,
1/a+d, 1/a+2d, …, 1/a+(n−1)d, the formula is:
Sn= 1/d.ln{2a+(2n−1)d}/(2a − d)}
where,
• “a” denotes the first term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
• “d” represents the common difference in the Harmonic Progression
(H.P.)
• “ln” stands for the natural logarithm.

What is Harmonic Sequence?

A Sequence is classified as a Harmonic Sequence when the reciprocals of its

elements or numbers create an Arithmetic Sequence.
In a Harmonic Sequence, the progression takes the form of reciprocals: 1/a1, 1/a2,
1/a3, …, 1/an.

For Example, consider the Harmonic Sequence: 1/3, 1/6, 1/9, 1/12, 1/15.
• In this example, the reciprocals of the terms yield an Arithmetic
sequence: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
• Also, if the sequence a, b, c, d, … is assumed to be an Arithmetic
sequence,
• Then the corresponding Harmonic Sequence will be expressed as : 1/a,
1/b, 1/c, 1/d, …

Harmonic Mean

In a Harmonic Progression, each term of the series is the Harmonic Mean of its
adjacent terms. The Harmonic Mean is computed as the reciprocal of the
Arithmetic Mean of the reciprocals.
To calculate the Harmonic Mean, you can use the formula:

Harmonic Mean = n /[1/a + 1/(a + d) + 1/(a + 2d) + 1/(a + 3d) + ….]

Where
• a is initial value
• d is common difference,
• n is number of terms in the sequence.

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The Harmonic Mean between two terms, a and b, can be determined using the
formula:

Harmonic Mean between Two Terms = (2ab) / (a + b)

Similarly, the Harmonic Mean for three terms, a, b, and c, is calculated by

Harmonic Mean for Three terms = (3abc) / (ab + bc + ca)

Where a, d, and n represent the values and the number of values present.

Arithmetic Mean (AM), Geometric Mean (GM) and Harmonic Mean (HM)

To know the relation between the AM, GM and HM, we need the formulas of all
these three types of mean.

Suppose that “r” and “s” are the two numbers and the number of values = 2, then
AM = (r+s)/2
⇒ 1/AM = 2/(r+s) ……. (1)
GM = √(rs)

Taking square both side

⇒GM2 = rs ……. (2)
HM= 2/[(1/r) + (1/s)]
⇒ HM = 2/[(r+s)/rs]
⇒ HM = 2rs/(r+s) ….. (3)

Now, put (1) and (2) in (3), we get

HM = GM2 /AM
⇒GM2 = AM × HM
GM = √[ AM × HM]

Hence, the relation between AM, GM and HM is

GM2 = AM × HM

Therefore the square of the Geometric Mean is equal to the product of the
Arithmetic Mean and the Harmonic Mean.

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Topic - Sequence and Series

➢ अनुक्रम क्या है?
➢ श्रृंखला क्या है
➢ अनुक्रम और श्रृंखला के बीच अृंतर
➢ समाृंतर आरोहण
➢ समाृंतर आरोहण में अृंकन
➢ समाृंतर आरोहण का सामान्य अृंतर
➢ समाृंतर आरोहण का योग
➢ समाृंतर अनुक्रम के गुण
➢ ज्याममतीय आरोहण
➢ ज्याममतीय आरोहण के प्रकार
➢ हामोमनक आरोहण पररभाषा
➢ हामोमनक आरोहण सूत्र
➢ हामोमनक आरोहण का nवााँ पद
➢ हामोमनक आरोहण का योग
➢ हामोमनक माध्य

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What is Sequence / अनुक्रम क्या है ?

अनुक्रम किसी कनयम द्वारा पररभाकित एि किशेि क्रम में संख्याओं िे समूह िी व्यिस्था है।
यकि a1, a2, a3. . . एि अनुक्रम है तो 1, 2, 3 अनुक्रम में तत्ों िी स्स्थकत िो िशाा ता है ।
एि अनुक्रम पररकमत या अनंत हो सिता है ।

What is a Series / श्रृंखला क्या है?

अनुक्रम िे तत्ों िो जोड़िर एि श्रंखला बनाई जाती है । यकि a1, a2, a3. . . एि अनुक्रम
है तो श्रंखला a1 + a2 + a3 + िे रूप में िी गई है । . . ध्यान िें कि श्रंखला अनुक्रम िे
संिेकतत योग िो संिकभात िरती है , न कि स्वयं योग िो।

Difference between Sequence and Series अनुक्रम और श्रृंखला के बीच अृंतर:

SL. SEQUENCE SERIES

NO.

1 यह तत्ों िा एि समूह है जो एि एि श्रंखला एि अनुक्रम िे तत्ों िा योग है .

किशेि पैटना िा पालन िरता है .
2 तत्ों िा क्रम बहुत महत्पूर्ा है . तत्ों िा क्रम इतना महत्पूर्ा नहीं है .

3 Finite Sequence: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Finite Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5

Infinite Sequence: 1, 2, 3, . . . Infinite Series: 1 + 2 + 3 + . . .

Arithmetic Progression समाृं तर आरोहण

समां तर आरोहर् (एपी) संख्याओं िा एि क्रम है कजसमें किन्ीं िो लगातार संख्याओं िे

बीच िा अंतर एि स्स्थर मान होता है । िू सरे शब्ों में , समां तर आरोहर् िो "एि गकर्तीय
अनुक्रम कजसमें िो लगातार पिों िे बीच िा अंतर हमेशा स्स्थर रहता है " िे रूप में
पररभाकित किया जा सिता है । उिाहरर् िे कलए, संख्याओं िी श्रंखला: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,…
समां तर आरोहर् में हैं , कजसमें िो क्रकमि पिों (जैसे 1 और 2) िे बीच एि सामान्य अंतर
(डी) (2 -1) 1 िे बराबर है । िो क्रकमि पिों िे बीच एि सामान्य अंतर िे खा जा सिता है ,
सम संख्याओं िे कलए जो 2 िे बराबर है। AP में, तीन मुख्य पि हैं सामान्य अंतर (d), nिााँ

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पि (an), और पहले n पिों िा योग (Sn); सभी तीन पि एपी िे गुर्ों िा प्रकतकनकित् िरते
हैं ।

Notations in Arithmetic Progression / समाृं तर आरोहण में सृंकेतन

हम समां तर आरोहर् में कनम्नकलस्खत अं िन िे खेंगे:

• First term ⇢ a
• Common difference ⇢ d
• Nth term ⇢ an
• Sum of first n terms ⇢ Sn

समां तर आरोहर् िा सामान्य रूप है a, a + d, a + 2d … a + (n – 1)d

Here are some examples of AP:

• 6, 13, 20, 27, 34,41,…
• 91, 81, 71, 61, 51, 41,…
• π, 2π, 3π, 4π, 5π,6π ,…
• -√3, −2√3, −3√3, −4√3, −5√3, – 6√3,…

Common Difference of an Arithmetic Progression समां तर आरोहर् िा सामान्य

अं तर

समां तर आरोहर् में सामान्य अंतर िो d द्वारा िशाा या जाता है । यह अगले पि और उसिे
पहले िाले पि िे बीच िा अंतर है । समां तर आरोहर् िे कलए, यह हमे शा स्स्थर या समान
होती है । एि शब् में , यकि सामान्य अंतर एि कनकित क्रम में स्स्थर है , तो हम िह सिते हैं
कि यह A.P. है । यकि अनु क्रम a1, a2, a3, a4, इत्याकि है ।

िू सरे शब्ों में , समां तर आरोहर् में सामान्य अंतर िो d द्वारा िशाा या जाता है । क्रकमि पि
और उसिे पूिािती पि िे बीच िा अंतर. समां तर आरोहर् िे कलए यह हमेशा स्स्थर या
समान होता है । िू सरे शब्ों में , हम िह सिते हैं कि, किसी किए गए अनु क्रम में , यकि
सामान्य अंतर स्स्थर या समान है , तो हम िह सिते हैं कि किया गया अनु क्रम समां तर
आरोहर् (एपी) में है ।

The formula to find the common difference is,

d = (an + 1 – an) or d = (an – an-1).

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➢ यकि सािा अंतर िनात्मि है , तो AP बढ़ जाती है । For Example 4, 8, 12, 16… in these
series, AP increases
➢ यकि सािा अं तर ऋर्ात्मि है तो AP घट जाती है . For Example -4, -6, -8…, here AP
decreases.
➢ यकि सािा अंतर शून्य है तो AP स्स्थर रहे गा. For Example 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…, here AP is
constant.

समां तर आरोहर् िा क्रम इस प्रिार होगा a1, a2, a3, a4,…

Common difference (d) = a2 – a1 = d

a3 – a2 = d
a4 – a3 = d and so on.

First Term of Arithmetic Progression समाृं तर आरोहण का पहला पद

समां तर आरोहर् िो सामान्य अं तर (डी) िे रूप में कलखा जा सिता है :

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, …., a + (n – 1)d
Where,
a = first term of AP

Nth term of Arithmetic Progression समाृं तर आरोहण का Nth पद

नीचे उस्िस्खत सू त्र िा उपयोग िरिे nिााँ पि ज्ञात किया जा सिता है ,

an = a + (n − 1)d
Where,
a = First term of AP
d = Common difference
n = number of terms
an = nth term

Note: अनुक्रम िा व्यिहार साझा अं तर िे मूल्य पर आिाररत है .

• यकि "डी" सिारात्मि है , तो पि सिारात्मि अनंत ति बढ़ जाएं गे ।

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• यकि "डी" निारात्मि है , तो पि िी शतें निारात्मि अनंत ति बढ़ जाती हैं

Sum of an Arithmetic Progression समाृंतर आरोहण का योग

समां तर आरोहर् योग सू त्र नीचे समझाया गया है ; "एन" शब्ों से युक्त एि एपी पर किचार
िरें ।
S = n/2 [2a + (n − 1) d]

पहला और अं कतम पि किए जाने पर समां तर आरोहर् िा योग होगा ,

S = n/2 (first term of AP + last term of AP)
Or
S = N/2[a+ an]

Example 1: Find the AP if the first term is 15 and the common difference is 4.
Solution:
As we know,
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d, …
Here, a = 15 and d = 4
= 15, (15 + 4), (15 + 2 × 4), (15 + 3 × 4), (15 + 4 × 4),
= 15, 19, (15 + 8), (15 + 12), (15 + 16), …
= 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, …and so on.
So the AP is 15, 19, 23, 27, 31…

Example 2: Find the 20th term for the given AP: 3, 5, 7, 9, …

Solution:
Given, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11……
Here,
a = 3, d = 5 – 3 = 2, n = 20
an = a + (n − 1)d
a20 = 3 + (20− 1)2
a20 = 3 + 38
a20 = 41
here 20th term is a20 = 41

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Properties of Arithmetic Sequence अृं कगमणतीय अनु क्रमोृं के गुण

अं िगकर्तीय अनु क्रम िे िुछ गु र् हैं , कजनमें से िुछ इस प्रिार हैं :
• यकि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम िे प्रत्येि पि में एि स्स्थरां ि जोड़ा या घटाया जाता है तो
पररर्ामी अनुक्रम भी एि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम होता है ।
• यकि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम िे प्रत्येि पि िो एि स्स्थर संख्या से गुर्ा या किभाकजत किया
जाता है (0 से नहीं)। किर पररर्ामी अनुक्रम भी एि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम है ।
• अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम िे किन्ीं तीन लगातार पिों िे कलए पहले और अंकतम पि िा योग
हमेशा मध्य पि िा िोगुना होता है ।
• हम अंिगकर्त अनुक्रम में माध्य िे बारे में एि समरूपता िे ख सिते हैं ।
• एि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम िो अंकतम पि में एि सामान्य अंतर जोड़िर अनंत ति
बढ़ाया जा सिता है ।
• यकि हम िो A.P. िो गुर्ा या भाग िरें तो पररर्ामी श्रंखला A.P श्रंखला नहीं होगी.

Geometric Progression ज्याममतीय अनु क्रम

ज्याकमतीय अनुक्रम िह है कजसमें िो लगातार पिों िे बीच िा अनु पात स्स्थर होता है । इस
अनु पात िो 'r' द्वारा कनरूकपत सामान्य अनु पात िे रूप में जाना जाता है , जहां r ≠ 0. मान
लीकजए कि अनु क्रम िे तत्ों िो 'r' द्वारा कनरूकपत किया जाता है :
a1, a2, a3, a4, …, an

यकि किया गया अनुक्रम एि ज्याकमतीय अनु क्रम है :

a2/a1 = a3/a2 = … = an/an-1 = r (common ratio)

किए गए अनु क्रम िो इस प्रिार भी कलखा जा सिता है :

a, ar, ar2, ar3, … , arn-1

यहााँ , r सामान्य अनुपात है और a स्केल फैक्टर है

सामान्य अनुपात द्वारा किया गया है :

r = successive term/preceding term = ar n-1 / arn-2

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Types of Geometric Progression ज्याममतीय आरोहण के प्रकार

ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् िो आगे इस आिार पर िगीिरत किया जाता है कि िे समाप्त हो रहे हैं
या अनंत िाल ति जारी हैं । तो, एि जीपी िो आगे िो भागों में िगीिरत किया गया है :
• Finite Geometric Progression पररममत ज्याममतीय आरोहण (Finite GP)
• Infinite Geometric Progression अनृंत ज्याममतीय आरोहण (Infinite GP)

The two types of GP are further explained below in this article

Finite Geometric Progression पररममत ज्याममतीय आरोहण

पररकमत जी.पी. एि अनु क्रम है कजसमें एि क्रम में सीकमत पि होते हैं और कलखा जा सिता
है
as a, ar, ar2, ar3,……arn-1, arn.
Examples of Finite GP is 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,……512

Infinite Geometric Progression अनृं त ज्याममतीय आरोहण

अनंत जी.पी. एि अनुक्रम है कजसमें एि क्रम में अनंत पि होते हैं और इसे इस प्रिार कलखा
जा सिता है a, ar, ar2, ar3,……arn-1, arn……, i.e. it is a sequence that never ends.
Examples of Infinite GP is
• 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,……..
• 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16,………

Geometric Progression Formulas ज्याममतीय आरोहण सू त्र

जीपी से सं बंकित सू त्रों िी सू ची नीचे िी गई है जो किकभन्न प्रिार िे प्रश्न िो हल िरने में

मिि िरे गी। GP िे पिों िा सामान्य रूप a, ar, ar2, ar3 इत्याकि है । यहााँ , a पहला पि
है और r सामान्य अनु पात है .
• nth term of a GP is Tn = arn-1
• Common ratio = r = Tn/ Tn-1

GP िे प्रथम n पिों िे योग िी गर्ना िरने िा सू त्र इस प्रिार किया गया है :

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• Sn = a[(rn – 1)/(r – 1)] if r ≠ 1and r > 1

• Sn = a[(1 – rn)/(1 – r)] if r ≠ 1 and r < 1
• nth term from the end of the GP with the last term l and common ratio r =
l/ [r(n – 1)]
• Sum of infinite, i.e. the sum of a GP with infinite terms is S ∞= a/(1 – r)
such that 0 < r < 1.

जीपी में तीन मात्राओं िे कलए, मध्य मात्रा िो अन्य िो पिों िा ज्याकमतीय माध्य िहा जाता
है । यकि GP में a, b और c तीन मात्राएाँ हैं , तो और b, a और c िा ज्याकमतीय माध्य है ,
Now, b2 = ac or b =√(ac)
यकि a पहला पि है और r, n पिों िे साथ एि पररकमत GP िा क्रमशः सामान्य अनु पात
है । किर, GP िे अंत से kिााँ पि होगा Tk = arn-k.

Nth Term of a Geometric Progression एक ज्याममतीय आरोहण का Nth पद

किसी ज्याकमतीय अनुक्रम िा nिााँ पि ज्ञात िरने िे कलए, यकि िी गई श्रंखला इस रूप में
है a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4………. then
nिााँ पि a द्वारा कनरूकपत किया जाता है । इस प्रिार, एि ज्याकमतीय अनु क्रम िा nिााँ पि
ज्ञात िरना होगा:
an = arn-1

Derivation of the Formula सूत्र की व्युत्पमि

GP िे प्रत्येि पि िो a1, a2, a3, a4,…, an िे रूप में िे खते हुए, इन सभी पिों िो
पहले पि a1 िे अनु सार व्यक्त िरने पर, हमें कमलता है
a1 = a
a 2 = a1 r
a3 = a2r = (a1r)r = a1r2
a4 = a3r = (a1r2)r = a1r3
…
am = a1rm−1
…
Similarly,
a n = a1r n – 1
an = arn – 1
where,

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a1 = first term,
a2 = second term
an = last term (or the nth term)
am = any term before the last term

nth term from the last term is given by/ अृं मतम पद से nवााँ पद मदया गया है:

an = l/rn-1
where,
l is the last term
एि ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् िे पहले n पिों िा योग
किसी ज्याकमतीय अनुक्रम िे प्रथम n पिों िा योग किसिे द्वारा किया जाता है :
Sn = a(1 – rn)/(1 – r), if r < 1
Sn = a(rn -1)/(r – 1), if r > 1

Derivation of the Formula / सू त्र की व्यु त्पमि

The sum in geometric progression (known as geometric series) is given by

ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् में योग (ज्याकमतीय श्रं खला िे रूप में जाना जाता है ) द्वारा किया जाता
है
S = a1 + a 2 + a 3 + … + a n
S = a1 + a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + … + a1rn−1 ….equation (1)

Multiply both sides of Equation (1) by r (common ratio), and we get समीिरर् (1)
िे िोनों पक्ों िो r (सामान्य अनु पात) से गुर्ा िरें , और हमें कमलता है
S × r= a1r + a1r2 + a1r3 + a1r4 + … + a1rn ….equation (2)

Subtract Equation (2) from Equation (1) समीिरर् (1) से समीिरर् (2) घटाएाँ
S – Sr = a1 – a1rn
(1 – r)S = a1(1 – rn)
Sn = a1(1 – rn)/(1 – r), if r<1

Now, Subtracting Equation (1) from Equation (2) will give अब समीिरर् (2) में से
समीिरर् (1) घटाने पर प्राप्त होगा
Sr – S = a1rn – a1
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(r – 1)S = a1(rn-1)
Hence,
Sn = a1(rn -1)/(r – 1), if r > 1

Geometric Progression Sum to Infinite Terms अनृं त पदोृं का ज्याममतीय आरोहण

योग

अनंत ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् में पिों िी सं ख्या अनंत ति पहुं च जाएगी (n = ∞)। अनंत
ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् िा योग िेिल |r| िी सीमा पर ही पररभाकित किया जा सिता है <1.
S = a(1 – rn)/(1 – r)
S = (a – arn)/(1 – r)
S = a/(1 – r) – arn/(1 – r)
For n -> ∞, the quantity (arn) / (1 – r) → 0 for |r| < 1,
Thus,
S∞= a/(1-r), where |r| < 1

Derivation of Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression अनृं त ज्याममतीय आरोहण

के योग की व्युत्पमि

Take a geometric sequence a, ar, ar2, … which has infinite terms. S∞ denotes the
sum of infinite terms of that sequence, then ज्याकमतीय अनु क्रम a, ar, ar2,… लें कजसमें
अनंत पि हों। तब S∞ उस अनु क्रम िे अनं त पिों िे योग िो िशाा ता है

S∞ = a + ar + ar2 + ar3+ … + arn +..(1)

Multiply both sides by r,

rS∞ = ar + ar2 + ar3+ … … (2)

subtracting eq (2) from eq (1),

S∞ – rS∞ = a
S∞ (1 – r) = a

S∞ = a / (1 – r)

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इस प्रिार उपरोक्त सूत्र द्वारा एि अनं त जीपी िे अनं त पिों िा योग ज्ञात किया जाता है ,
Note: This formula only works if |r| < 1
Properties of Geometric Progression ज्याकमतीय आरोहर् िे गुर्
2
➢ a k = ak-1 × ak+1
➢ a1 × an = a2 × an-1 =…= ak × an-k+1
➢ If we multiply or divide a non-zero quantity to each term of the GP, then the
resulting sequence is also in GP with the same common difference.
➢ Reciprocal of all the terms in GP also forms a GP.
➢ If all the terms in a GP are raised to the same power, then the new series is
also in GP.
2
➢ If y = xz, then the three non-zero terms x, y, and z are in GP.

Recursive Formula पु नरावती सूत्र

एि पु नरािती सू त्र कपछले मान िे संबंि में अनुक्रम िी शतों िो पररभाकित िरता है । एि
स्पष्ट सू त्र िे किपरीत, जो इसे शब् सं ख्या िे संबंि में पररभाकित िरता है ।
As a simple example, let’s look at the sequence: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
पै टना 2 िो बार-बार गुर्ा िरने िा है । तो पु नरािती सू त्र है
term(n) = term(n – 1) × 2
ध्यान िें , किसी भी शब् िो खोजने िे कलए आपिो कपछले शब् िो जानना होगा। प्रत्येि
पि सामान्य अनु पात और कपछले पि िा गुर्निल है .
term(n) = term(n – 1) × r

Example: Write a recursive formula for the following geometric sequence: 8,

12, 18, 27, …

Solution:
The first term is given as 6. The common ratio can be found by dividing the second
term by the first term.
r = 12/8 = 1.5
Substitute the common ratio into the recursive formula for geometric sequences
and define a1
term(n) = term(n – 1) × r
= term(n -1) × 1.5 for n>=2
a1 = 6
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Solved Example on Geometric Progression

Example 1: Suppose the first term of a GP is 4 and the common ratio is 5, then
the first five terms of GP are?
Solution:
First term, a = 4
Common ratio, r = 5
Now, the first five term of GP is
a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4
a=4
ar = 4 × 5 = 20
ar2 = 4 × 25 = 100
ar3 = 4 × 125 = 500
ar4 = 4 × 625 = 2500
Thus, the first five terms of GP with first term 4 and common ratio 5 are:
4, 20, 100, 500, and 2500

Example 2: Find the sum of GP: 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16.

Solution:
Given GP is 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
First term, a = 1
Common ratio, r = 2/1 = 2 > 1
Number of terms, n = 5
Sum of GP is given by;
Sn = a[(rn – 1)/(r – 1)]
S5 = 1[(25 – 1)/(2 – 1)]
= 1[(32 – 1)/1]
= 1[31/2]
= 1 × 15.5
= 15.5

Example 3: If 3, 9, 27,…., is the GP, then find its 9th term.

Solution:
nth term of GP is given by:
an = arn-1
given, GP 3, 9, 27,….
Here, a = 3 and r = 9/3 = 3
Therefore,
a 9 = 3 x 39 – 1

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= 3 × 6561
= 19683

Harmonic Progression Definition हामोमनक आरोहण पररभाषा

एि हामोकनि आरोहर् (एचपी) िो समां तर आरोहर् िे व्युत्क्रमों िो ले िर प्राप्त

िास्तकिि सं ख्याओं िे अनु क्रम िे रूप में पररभाकित किया गया है कजसमें 0 शाकमल नहीं
है । इस आरोहर् में , प्रत्ये ि शब् िी गर्ना उसिे िो आसन्न शब्ों िे हामोकनि माध्य िे
रूप में िी जाती है । उिाहरर् िे कलए, यकि हमारे पास समां तर आरोहर् बनाने िाला ए,
बी, सी, डी, ... जै सा अनु क्रम है , तो सं बंकित हामोकनि आरोहर् िो 1/ए, 1/बी, 1/सी, 1/डी
िे रूप में िशाा या जाता है ।, …

Harmonic Progression Example हामोमनक आरोहण उदाहरण

हामोकनि प्रोग्रे सन िे अनकगनत उिाहरर् हैं । हामोकनि प्रोग्रे सन िे िुछ उिाहरर् नीचे
उस्िस्खत हैं :
• Harmonic Progression of Natural Numbers: 1/1, 1/2, 1/3, 1/4…..
• Leaning Tower of Lire: 1/2, 1/4, 1/6, 1/8, 1/10,…..

हामोकनि आरोहर् िे िुछ अन्य उिाहरर् नीचे उस्िस्खत हैं :

• 1/3, 1/5, 1/7, 1/9….
• 1/4, 1/8, 1/12, 1/16….
• 1/5, 1/10, 1/15, 1/20….

Harmonic Progression Formula हामोमनक आरोहण सू त्र

समां तर आरोहर् िो a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d, ..., a+(n−1)d प्रारूप में व्यक्त िरते समय,
हामोकनि आरोहर् िा सू त्र इस प्रिार बताया जा सिता है : 1/a, 1/ (ए+डी), 1/(ए+2डी),
1/(ए+3डी), इत्याकि। प्रारं कभि पि िो 'ए' और सामान्य अंतर िो 'डी' से िशाा या जाता है ।

हामोकनि प्रोग्रे कसि समस्याओं से कनपटने िे कलए, पहले चरर् में सं बंकित अंिगकर्तीय
प्रोग्रे कसि िे योग िी गर्ना िरना शाकमल है । यह गर्ना िहती है कि हामोकनि आरोहर्
में nिााँ पि अनु रूप समां तर आरोहर् में nिें पि िा व्युत्क्रम है ।

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nth Term of the Harmonic Progression हामोमनक आरोहण का nवााँ पद

The general term (an) or nth term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.) is given by
the formula हामोकनि प्रोग्रे सन (एच.पी.) िा सामान्य पि (ए) या एनिााँ पि सू त्र द्वारा किया
गया है
an = 1 / [a + (n−1)d]
Where
• “a” represents the initial term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
• “d” stands for the common difference between successive terms,
• “n” denotes the total number of terms in the Harmonic Progression
(H.P.)

Sum of Harmonic Progression हामोमनक आरोहण का योग

समां तर आरोहर् (एपी), कजसे अं िगकर्तीय अनु क्रम िे रूप में भी जाना जाता है , सं ख्याओं
िा एि समू ह है जो क्रकमि पिों िे बीच कनरं तर अंतर िी किशे िता रखता है । िू सरी ओर,
एि समां तर आरोहर् िे व्युत्क्रमों िो ले िर एि हामोकनि आरोहर् (एचपी) या हामोकनि
अनु क्रम उत्पन्न होता है ।

हामोकनि प्रोग्रे सन या 1/एपी बनाना एि सीिी प्रकक्रया है । समां तर आरोहर् में nिें पि िे
कलए सू त्र िा उपयोग िरिे, a + (n-1)d, हम जल्दी से हामोकनि आरोहर् अनुक्रम उत्पन्न
िर सिते हैं ।

हालााँ कि, इस आरोहर् िे योग िी गर्ना िरना िकिन हो सिता है । एि दृकष्टिोर् में या
तो अनुक्रम िे माध्यम से पु नरािर कि िरना या एि सू त्र बनाने िे कलए अनु मानों िो कनयोकजत
िरना शाकमल है जो िुछ िशमलि स्थानों ति सटीि मान प्रिान िरता है ।

अनु क्रम 1/a, 1/a+d, 1/a+2d, …, 1/a+(n−1)d िे कलए हामोकनि प्रोग्रे कसि (Sn) में n
पिों िा योग ज्ञात िरने िे कलए, सूत्र है :
Sn= 1/d.ln{2a+(2n−1)d}/(2a − d)}
where,
• “a” denotes the first term of the Harmonic Progression (H.P.)
• “d” represents the common difference in the Harmonic Progression
(H.P.)
• “ln” stands for the natural logarithm.

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What is Harmonic Sequence हामोमनक अनु क्रम क्या है ?

एि अनुक्रम िो हामोकनि अनु क्रम िे रूप में िगीिरत किया जाता है जब उसिे तत्ों या
सं ख्याओं िे व्युत्क्रम एि अंिगकर्तीय अनुक्रम बनाते हैं ।

एि हामोकनि अनु क्रम में , आरोहर् व्युत्क्रम िा रूप लेती है : 1/a1, 1/a2, 1/a3, …, 1/an।

For Example, consider the Harmonic Sequence: 1/3, 1/6, 1/9, 1/12, 1/15.
• In this example, the reciprocals of the terms yield an Arithmetic
sequence: 3, 6, 9, 12, 15.
• Also, if the sequence a, b, c, d, … is assumed to be an Arithmetic
sequence,
• Then the corresponding Harmonic Sequence will be expressed as : 1/a,
1/b, 1/c, 1/d, …

Harmonic Mean हामोमनक माध्य

एि हामोकनि आरोहर् में , श्रं खला िा प्रत्येि पि उसिे आसन्न पिों िा हामोकनि माध्य
है । हामोकनि माध्य िी गर्ना व्यु त्क्रमों िे अंिगकर्तीय माध्य िे व्यु त्क्रम िे रूप में िी
जाती है .
हामोकनि माध्य िी गर्ना िरने िे कलए, आप सू त्र िा उपयोग िर सिते हैं :

Harmonic Mean = n /[1/a + 1/(a + d) + 1/(a + 2d) + 1/(a + 3d) + ….]

Where
• a is initial value
• d is common difference,
• n is number of terms in the sequence.

िो पिों, ए और बी िे बीच हामोकनि माध्य, सू त्र िा उपयोग िरिे कनिाा ररत किया जा
सिता है :

Harmonic Mean between Two Terms/ दो पदोृं के बीच हामोमनक माध्य = (2ab) / (a
+ b)

इसी प्रिार, तीन पिों, ए, बी और सी िे कलए हामोकनि माध्य िी गर्ना िी जाती है

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Harmonic Mean for Three terms = (3abc) / (ab + bc + ca)

जहां a, d, और n मानों और मौजू ि मानों िी सं ख्या िा प्रकतकनकित् िरते हैं .

Arithmetic Mean (AM), Geometric Mean (GM) and Harmonic Mean (HM)
अृं कगमणतीय माध्य (एएम), ज्याममतीय माध्य (जीएम) और हामोमनक माध्य (एचएम)

AM, GM और HM िे बीच सं बंि जानने िे कलए हमें इन तीनों प्रिार िे माध्यों िे सू त्रों िी
आिश्यिता है .

मान लीकजए कि "r" और "s" िो सं ख्याएाँ और मानों िी सं ख्या हैं = 2, then

AM = (r+s)/2
⇒ 1/AM = 2/(r+s) ……. (1)
GM = √(rs)

Taking square both side

⇒GM2 = rs ……. (2)
HM= 2/[(1/r) + (1/s)]
⇒ HM = 2/[(r+s)/rs]
⇒ HM = 2rs/(r+s) ….. (3)

Now, put (1) and (2) in (3), we get

HM = GM2 /AM
⇒GM2 = AM × HM
GM = √[ AM × HM]

Hence, the relation between AM, GM and HM is

GM2 = AM × HM

इसकलए ज्याकमतीय माध्य िा िगा अंिगकर्त माध्य और हामोकनि माध्य िे उत्पाि िे बराबर
है .

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