EE 207 DC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

and DESIGN

Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok

E-mail: [email protected]
 Contents
• Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method
• The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources
• The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special Cases
• Introduction to the Mesh-Current Method
Chapter 4 •
•
The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent Sources
The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special Cases
Techniques • The Node-Voltage Method Versus the Mesh-Current
Method
of Circuit • Source Transformations
• Thévenin and Norton Equivalents
Analysis • More on Deriving a Thévenin Equivalent
• Maximum Power Transfer
• Superposition

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 TERMINOLOGY
Planar circuits: A circuit that can be drawn on a plane with no crossing branches is
considered as a planar circuit. In addition to this, a circuit that is drawn with crossing
branches still is considered planar if it can be redrawn with no crossover branches.
Non-planar circuits: A circuit that cannot be redrawn in such a way that all the node
connections are maintained and no branches overlap.

node-voltage method can be used in both cases

mesh-current method can be used in planar case

Non-planar circuit
Planar circuit
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 TERMINOLOGY
Node: A point where two or more circuit elements join a, b,
c, d, e, f, g
Essential node: A node where three or more circuit
elements join b, e, c, g
Branch: A path that connects two nodes
𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 , 𝑅7 , 𝐼
Essential branch: A path which connects two essential nodes
without passing through an essential node 𝑣1 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 −
𝑅3 , 𝑣2 − 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 , 𝑅7 , 𝐼
Mesh: A loop that does not enclose any other loops 𝑣1 −
𝑅1 − 𝑅5 − 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 , 𝑣2 − 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 − 𝑅6 − 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 − 𝑅7 − 𝑅6
and 𝑅7 − 𝐼
Path: A trace of adjoining basic elements with no elements
included more than once ex: 𝑣1 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅5 − 𝑅6
Loop: A path whose last node is the same as the starting
node start wity node c;
ex: 𝑣1 − 𝑅1 − 𝑅5 − 𝑅6 − 𝑅4 −𝑣2

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Simultaneous Equations: How Many?
In a given circuit :
• the number of currents to be determined = the number of branches with unknown currents
• we must have b independent equations to solve a circuit with b unknown currents
• we can obtain of b independent equations from Kirchhoff’s laws

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Simultaneous Equations: How Many?
• Let be present the number of the essential branches where current is
unknown and ne present the number of essential nodes in the circuit
• ne−1 independent equations are derived by applying Kirchhoff’s current
law and apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law to loops or meshes to obtain the
remaining be−(ne−1) equations
• (ne-1) KCL equations at the essential nodes
• [be-(ne-1)] KVL equations at the loops or meshes

Branch: A path that connects two nodes: 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 , 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 , 𝑅7

Essential branch: A path which connects two essential nodes without passing through an
essential node: 𝑣1 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 , 𝑣2 − 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 , 𝑅7 , 𝐼
Node: A point where two or more circuit elements join: a, b, c, d, e, f, g
Essential node: A node where three or more circuit elements join: b, e, c, g

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Systematic Approach—An Illustration
Let us write equations by considering essential nodes and branches. The circuit has four essential
nodes and six essential branches for which the current is unknown.
essential nodes (ne): b, e, c, g
essential branches (be): 𝑣1 −𝑅1 , 𝑅2 − 𝑅3 , 𝑣2 − 𝑅4 , 𝑅5 , 𝑅6 , 𝑅7

• (ne-1=3) KCL equations at the essential nodes

• [be-(ne-1)=6-3=3] KVL equations at the loops or meshes

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Systematic Approach—An Illustration
KCL equations at the essential nodes (ne-1=3)
The circuit has 4 meshes but we don’t know the voltage across 𝐼 so we dismiss mesh 𝑅7 − 𝐼

−𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖6 − 𝐼 = 0 Essential Node b (1)

𝑖1 − 𝑖3 − 𝑖5 = 0 Essential Node c (2)
𝑖3 + 𝑖4 − 𝑖2 = 0 Essential Node e (3)
𝑖5 − 𝑖4 − 𝑖6 + 𝐼 = 0 Essential Node g (4)

Eq. 4 is not independent because we can derive it by summing Eqs (1-2-3) and then multiplying the
sum by (-1)

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Systematic Approach—An Illustration
KVL equations at the loops or meshes [be-(ne-1)=6-3=3]

𝑅1 𝑖1 + 𝑅5 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 − 𝑣1 = 0
−𝑖3 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑖4 𝑅6 + 𝑖5 𝑅4 − 𝑣2 = 0
−𝑖2 𝑅5 + 𝑖6 𝑅7 − 𝑖4 𝑅6 = 0

By applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law around three meshes, remaining three equations are calculated.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Systematic Approach—An Illustration
−𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖6 − 𝐼 = 0
𝑖1 − 𝑖3 − 𝑖5 = 0
𝑖3 + 𝑖4 − 𝑖2 = 0
We can solve these equations by introducing new variables; NODE VOLTAGE and MESH
CURRENTS methods.
NODE-VOLTAGE method: enables us to evaluate the circuit by considering ne-1 equations
MESH-CURRENTS method :enables us to evaluate the circuit by considering be-(ne-1) equations

𝑅1 𝑖1 + 𝑅5 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 − 𝑣1 = 0
−𝑖3 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + 𝑖4 𝑅6 + 𝑖5 𝑅4 − 𝑣2 = 0
−𝑖2 𝑅5 + 𝑖6 𝑅7 − 𝑖4 𝑅6 = 0

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Node-Voltage Method
• The node-voltage method is based on determining the voltages of the nodes in the circuit
(relative to a chosen reference node).

• We use the essential nodes in the node-voltage method.

• Select one node as a reference node (depends on the number of connected branches)

• Define the node voltages for the remaining nodes.

• Write down the node-voltage equations, i.e., write down KCL equations at the nodes in terms of
the defined node voltages.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Ex 1: The Node-Voltage Method
a) For the circuit shown, use the node-voltage method to find 𝑣1 , 𝑣2 ,
and 𝑖1 .
b) How much power is delivered to the circuit by the 15𝐴 source?

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Ex 2: The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent Sources
a) Use the node-voltage method to find the power associated with each
source in the circuit shown.
b) State whether the source is delivering power to the circit or extracting
power from the circuit.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 The Concept of a Supernode
When a voltage source is between two essential nodes, we can combine those nodes to form a
supernode. 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 𝑣2 𝑣3
+ + −4=0
5 50 100
𝑣1 = 50𝑉
𝑣3 = 𝑣2 + 10𝑖𝜙
𝑣2 − 50
𝑖𝜙 =
5
1 1 1 10
𝑣2 + + + = 10 + 4 + 1
5 50 100 500
𝑣2 0.25 = 15
60 − 50
𝑖𝜙 = = 2𝐴
5
𝑣3 = 60 + 20 = 80𝑉

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
 Ex 3: The Concept of a Supernode

Use the node-voltage method to find 𝑣𝑜 in the circuit.

Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design
Altınbaş Üniversitesi Yasa Ekşioğlu Özok [email protected] EE 207 DC Circuit Analysis and Design