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Geometric Spatial Transformations and Image Registration

The document discusses geometric spatial transformations, which alter the spatial relationship between pixels in an image, including types such as translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shear. Each transformation is defined with mathematical representations and descriptions of how they affect the object's position, size, or orientation. These transformations are essential in computer graphics for repositioning and modifying graphics on the screen.

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14 views6 pages

Geometric Spatial Transformations and Image Registration

The document discusses geometric spatial transformations, which alter the spatial relationship between pixels in an image, including types such as translation, rotation, scaling, reflection, and shear. Each transformation is defined with mathematical representations and descriptions of how they affect the object's position, size, or orientation. These transformations are essential in computer graphics for repositioning and modifying graphics on the screen.

Uploaded by

Jinal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geometric spatial transformations and image registration

Geometric transformations modify the spatial relationship


between pixels in an image.
Transformation means changing some graphics into something
else by applying rules.
We can have various types of transformations such as
translation, scaling up or down, rotation, shearing, etc.
When a transformation takes place on a 2D plane, it is called
2D transformation.
Transformations play an important role in computer graphics to
reposition the graphics on the screen and change their size or
orientation.
1. Translation
A translation moves an object to a different position on the
screen.
You can translate a point in 2D by adding translation coordinate
(tx, ty) to the original coordinate X,Y to get the new
coordinate X′,Y′
From the above figure, you can write that −
X’ = X + tx
Y’ = Y + ty
2. Rotation
In rotation, we rotate the object at particular angle θ theta from
its origin.
From the following figure, we can see that the point P X,Y is
located at angle φ from the horizontal X coordinate with
distance r from the origin.
Let us suppose you want to rotate it at the angle θ.
After rotating it to a new location, you will get a new point
P’ X′,Y′
The rotation angle can be positive and negative.
3. Scaling
To change the size of an object, scaling transformation is used.
In the scaling process, you either expand or compress the
dimensions of the object.
Scaling can be achieved by multiplying the original coordinates
of the object with the scaling factor to get the desired result.
Let us assume that the original coordinates are X,Y the scaling
factors are (SX, SY), and the produced coordinates are X′,Y′

This can be mathematically represented as shown below −


X' = X . SX and Y' = Y . SY

ORIGINAL IMAGE

AFTER SCALING
4. Reflection
Reflection is the mirror image of original object. In other
words, we can say that it is a rotation operation with 180°. In
reflection transformation, the size of the object does not
change.
The following figures show reflections with respect to X and Y
axes, and about the origin respectively.
5. Shear
A transformation that slants the shape of an object is called the
shear transformation. There are two shear transformations X-
Shear and Y-Shear. One shifts X coordinates values and other
shifts Y coordinate values. However; in both the cases only one
coordinate changes its coordinates and other preserves its
values. Shearing is also termed as Skewing.
X-Shear
The X-Shear preserves the Y coordinate and changes are made
to X coordinates, which causes the vertical lines to tilt right or
left as shown in below figure.

Y-Shear
The Y-Shear preserves the X coordinates and changes the Y
coordinates which causes the horizontal lines to transform into
lines which slopes up or down as shown in the following figure.

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