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 I.B.Tauris – Songs from my heart – Cover – Paperback –
128 pages – Trim size 198 x 129 mm – Spine 10.5 mm

Da isa ku Ik eda is the President of For many years Daisaku Ikeda has

Daisaku Ikeda Songs from my heart

Songs
Soka Gakkai International, a Buddhist used poetry to express his innermost
network with some 12 million members observations and sensations. He has given
in over 190 countries throughout the ‘As the crimson sun of evening dips and sinks from sight, poetic voice to feelings that have emerged
world. An accomplished poet, and bell crickets sing from real life, and from the activities of an
the author of over a hundred books
on Buddhist themes, he received the
United Nations Peace Award in 1983. His
collection Journey of Life: Selected Poems of
and the autumn wind departs’
—from ‘Autumn wind’ from my heart internationally known champion of peace
and education and the leader of a worldwide
lay Buddhist movement.
With a vigour and simplicity that derive
Daisaku Ikeda was published by I.B.Tauris
from a style rooted in classical rather than
in 2014.
colloquial traditions, his poems celebrate
the themes of youth and of progress, and
the mysteries of the natural world: whether
a wind that sighs ‘with its melancholy
chant to the traveller’, or a ‘great sky with
its transcendent beauty and stillness’, or
a moon that shines with the light of the
‘silver monarch’.
These are poignant meditations above
all on time, transience and the eternal –
rendered visible through a palette of diverse
poetic colour, and framed within a universe
where all people are called to strive for a
better world. Such a world is characterized
not by division, but by peace and love. In
that sense, these are verses expressive of the
author’s deepest hopes and sentiments: not

Poems of merely poems, but keenly felt songs from

his heart.

ISBN 978-1-78453-090-7
life and nature
Cover designed by Lucy Morton at illuminati,
based on a photograph by Louis Gill 9 781784 530907 www.ibtauris.com Daisaku Ikeda
About the author

Daisaku Ikeda was born in Tokyo, Japan, on 2 January

1928, to a family of seaweed farmers. He lived through the
devastation of World War II as a teenager and witnessed its
senseless horror, which left an indelible mark on his life. His
four older brothers were drafted into military service, and
the eldest was killed in action. These experiences fuelled his
lifelong quest and passion to work for peace and people’s hap-
piness, rooting out the fundamental causes of human conflict.
In 1947, at the age of nineteen, he met Josei Toda, educator
and leader of the Soka Gakkai lay Buddhist society, whose
activities are based on the teachings of the thirteenth-century
Buddhist reformer Nichiren. Ikeda found Toda to be a man
of conviction with a gift for explaining profound Buddhist
concepts in logical, accessible terms. Challenging poverty and
ill health, he continued his education under the tutelage of
Toda, who became his mentor in life.
In May 1960, two years after Toda’s death, Ikeda, then
thirty-two, succeeded him as president of the Soka Gakkai.
He dedicated himself to encouraging the group’s members in
the process of personal transformation and societal contribu-
tion. Under his leadership, the movement began an era of
innovation and expansion, fostering individuals committed to
the promotion of peace, culture and education. In 1975, Ikeda
became the first president of the Soka Gakkai International
(SGI), now a global network linking some twelve million
members in over 190 countries and territories.
Ikeda is a prolific author of some 100 works ranging from
discourses on Buddhism to children’s books, poetry and
essays. He was named Poet Laureate by the World Academy
of Arts and Culture in 1981, and an English-language volume
of his antiwar poems, Fighting for Peace, was a finalist in the
US-based Publishers Marketing Association’s 2005 Benjamin
Franklin Awards. He is also an avid photographer with a
particular love of scenic landscapes and natural beauty. In
recognition of his contributions as peacebuilder and educator,
Ikeda has been awarded over three hundred academic
honours from universities in more than forty countries.
Songs from my heart
Poems of life and nature

Daisaku Ikeda
Translated by Burton Watson
Published in  by I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd
 Salem Road, London W B
 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 
www.ibtauris.com
Distributed in the United States and Canada
exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan
 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 
First published in Japanese and English language editions
in Japan in  by Seikyo Press.
English edition published in  by Weatherhill, Inc., New York.
This I.B.Tauris edition is based on the  Weatherhill edition
with the inclusion of additional poems.
Copyright © , ,  Daisaku Ikeda
The right of Daisaku Ikeda to be identified as the author
of this work has been asserted by them in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act .
All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this
book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
BN     
eBN     
ePDF ISBN 978 0 85772 500 4

A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available
Contents

Preface to the first edition vii

Translator’s note viii

Song of youth 1

Looking at nature 17
Morigasaki beach 19
Spring breezes 21
Atsuta village: thinking of my master’s
childhood home 22
Blossoms that scatter 24
The sea in May 26
Praying to Mount Fuji 27
Dreams 30
The traveller 31
The road to Katano 32

The heart of the moon 37

Moonlight 39
The universe 41
Autumn wind 44
Pampas grass 45
Night 48
Mount Fuji and the poet 49
Parting on a clear day 51
 Time 52
Theme 55

Songs of the revolution 57

A believer 59
Springing from the earth 60
Weeds 61
The people 66
The truth of Melos 70
In the river of revolution 74
Burning with ambition 80
Ambition 81
Youth 83
Song of building 85
Sounds of innovation 89
Uncrowned friends 93
Culture and the great earth 95
To those who guard the dignity of life 101
Mother 103

Words of encouragement 107

Index of first lines 115

Preface to the first edition

For some years now it has been my custom to record in the

form of poems various ideas and emotions that come to
me, giving them as free expression as possible. Goethe once
remarked: ‘All my poems are occasional poems, suggested
by real life, and having therein a firm foundation.’ My own
poems too may be said to spring from real life, or more
specifically, from the daily whirlwind of activities that I, like
any ordinary person, find myself engaged in.
Embodying feelings that have come to me in the course of
my association with friends or my talks with young people,
these poems have been jotted down over the years in my
diary or in odd corners of my notes. Most were composed
while I was travelling about in the cause of peace, or in
moments of leisure before retiring at night.
For this reason, I suppose there are some that, in form
at least, hardly seem like poems at all. And yet they are all
frank expressions of basic human emotions, and I wonder
if that is not the true definition of poetry, regardless of the
form it happens to take.
I confess I have considerable qualms when I think that
these poems of mine in English translation will come
before the eyes of readers in numerous countries around the
world. But if they are read merely as messages from a plain
individual who strives at all times to be an honest human
being, then I will be gratified.
In closing I would like to express my thanks to Burton
Watson, adjunct professor at Columbia University, for the
pains he has taken in making the translations, and to the
editorial staff we have liaised with, for their labours and
patience in producing the book.
Daisaku Ikeda, 1978
Translator’s note

Since I am not a specialist in Japanese poetry, I do not feel

competent to comment on the literary significance of these
poems. But I would like to say a word about how the trans­
lations were prepared.
The editors of the original volume selected the poems and
supplied me with texts, from which I made the first tentative
translations. I then met with them and discussed the trans­
lation of technical terms and other key words. Mr Ikeda often
writes in classical Japanese, which is quite different from the
modern written and spoken language, and he also employs a
highly poetic and elliptical style. Consequently, there are pas-
sages in his works that are capable of varying interpretations.
In my translations, I have attempted to convey as faithfully as
possible the interpretation that was explained to me.
I could probably have made things somewhat easier for the
English reader if I had been freer in my rendering—if I had,
that is, paraphrased the meaning of the Japanese rather than
sticking to the exact wording of the original. But it seems to
me that poetry, unlike prose, depends not so much upon the
ideas themselves as upon the precise words and images used
to embody them. I have therefore tried in most cases to be as
literal as possible.
The originals contain almost no punctuation, and I have
consequently kept punctuation of the English to the bare
minimum needed to prevent misunderstanding. In a few
cases notes have been added at the end of a poem to assist
the English reader in understanding allusions and unfamiliar
terms; these are based on information supplied me by the
original editors.
Burton Watson
Song of youth
Song of youth

Though clouds dot the sky

and the wind blows
the sun rises again today
The eight a.m. sun of youth
holding within itself limitless power
as it spreads its light abroad, advances on correct course

Never deviating from its strict orbit,

beyond mansions of the sky, filling the heavens,
a king in glory
the sun advances wordless, unspeaking

Wisdom that is in fact ignorance, decline of culture

mechanization of man, death of philosophy
scheming authority, deceit, trickery—
is it not to dispel these
that it sends forth its golden rays
that it advances in this lordly manner?

A sculpture of men and women in their entanglements

a globe whose contentions never cease
a world caught in the agony of indecision and revolt
human existence, the brilliance of its life all but extinguished
beneath the machinery of oppression—
the sun advances through the heavens
drawing forth a new vitality

The Buddhism of Nichiren is like the sun

our faith too shall be the sun
To give true proof of regeneration

Songs from my Heart 3

filled with inner anger we advance
upon the great road of reason, sincerity, and wisdom

At last we have come to recognize it—

the challenge to become a true human being
It is the fight for the human revolution
that begins with one individual
and swells now to a multitude of seven million

In that region, in this region,

in that office, in this family
friends fight, friends win
The delight in these open faces, rolling forth in countless
waves,
has become a third force

Friends who walk proudly in a life of self-affirming joy

friends of unlimited creativity, singing of the culture of the
common people
friends who fight bravely to transcend the theory of class
friends who struggle tirelessly and without end to give shape
to the new life
friends who tread an unshakable path, in a glory rooted
in society
friends who are victorious in the family revolution, who jingle
the bells of good fortune

Steadfastly we advance
in the sincere and bloodless battle of the century
The forces of emotionalism, panic, and envy
have become three cowardly enemies
blocking the path of our lordly peace
Their jealousy
churns like sand, rages like a storm

4 Daisaku Ikeda
But we will never be afraid
We bear the banners of eternal life
and we shall advance once more
We lift high the banners of revolution

Oh
the Buddhism of Nichiren is the philosophy of youth
Facing the strongholds of reaction and hatred
mounted on white horses
dauntlessly the columns will go forward

The curtain has opened on the second decade

Moving no longer in a line but over a broad surface
you work to build the towering and fruitful
culture of the twenty-first century
This will be the stage upon which you perform!
This will be your debut!

I have my mission which is mine alone

You too
have a mission which only you can fulfil

Without the strength of youthful activity

what can the older generation accomplish?
Upon the slope of construction, from incompletion
to completion
with songs of youth
melodies of culture
surrounding the gongs of innovation
heroically, rain-battered, let us work on

With bright eyes

soft smiles
brawny muscles

Songs from my Heart 5

red-cheeked, clean-browed
tenacious in individuality
clad in the work clothes of steadfast determination
you commence the construction of the total revolution

The steel is cold and there are lashing winds

The steel is heavy—your sweat pours out

But only out of this labour and mission

will the true value of human life be born
and the music of a magnificent fruition ring forth

We young people will fight

Striding through the storms of meanness, flattery and
carping
along the road of true belief
so that a myriad flowers may bloom,
out of the valleys of darkness
so that we may reach the high peaks of justice,
from the rigid society of our times with its sighs
to create a splendid era of human flowering
like that of Man’yōshū times
we will move forward, we will work!

The formula for the enrichment of human nature—

it exists nowhere but in
a complete and all-embracing faith
The profound search for a meaningful life—
it exists
in a faith that is lofty

The self-won victory over anguish—

it is none other than
the religion of the Lion King

6 Daisaku Ikeda
A life unshakable in the face of strong winds—
it can be attained
only through a faith that is pure

These are difficult paths of error

mazes of mistaken belief
young people who subscribe to no theories
arrogant scholars—
But the inevitable, the finest achievement
lies in a proven religion alone

Facing the eastern sky for the morning prayer

pressing palms together solemnly
to the source of the myriad beings,
an awesome epitome of the universe in miniature

With this act as the point of origin for growth and

development
in the midst of the varied forms of reality
in the midst of mankind’s variety and complexity
like the eagle, king of creatures that soar the sky
like the lion, king of creatures that walk the earth
we advance, mounted on the winged horses of freedom
In our right hands gripping the profound principles of the
holy wisdom
in our left embracing the compassion of the Lotus, racing,
strengthening the ranks of our solidarity,
through freedom of choice and conviction, once more
we advance

What is our goal?

It is kōsen-rufu
In pursuing it we must surmount countless obstacles

Songs from my Heart 7

This dedication and the long campaign to spread the
teachings
shall be our lifelong journey

For us, there is no stopping—

we are like the flow of a mighty river
There may be those who,
beguiled by pleasant dreams, turn back along the way
There may be those who,
shunning the steep path to the peak,
blithely return to the lights of the bright city

We, though,
will go forward gallantly in the face of the storm
In order to build the city of Eternal Truth
bravely we will work to clear the great dense forest
Valiant youthful seekers of the Way
we put aside hesitant feelings, boldly push ahead
Without undue optimism, without sentiment
we advance ever towards the ultimate point of our destination

Now, along the true path, bringing Buddhism to society

flanking our column
many are the friends who soar aloft

In the anger-filled world of politics

in the culture of the heavenly beings
in the scholarly world of the shōmon

there are many paths, branching many ways,

yet all come together at the rugged mountain of kōsen-rufu

Despite skirmishes and retreats

the main body of troops never falters but advances in order

8 Daisaku Ikeda
Laying down the foundation for the total revolution
our main force advances earnestly, imposingly

At times quietly observing

the movements of society
at times working in harmony with society
deeply, broadly advancing
at times advancing in fury
through the river of slander and abuse
at times, putting on the armour of endurance,
we advance to the duet of silence and dialogue
And at other times
to defend our doctrine
we risk death in a fight of pure and utter resistance
The progress of good health
wild dance of peace
in time to the march of the revolution of new life
we move

My friends!
we have been brothers from the infinite past
My friends!
we, each in our lives, are brothers and sisters
The latent bonds of comradeship that bind us
no man
no stratagems of any kind
can ever sunder

Now the curtain has fallen on one act of the century

Factionalism and clashing interest
egoists and trickery
shadow figures and irresponsibility
injustice and domineering authority

Songs from my Heart 9

foul politics, visible and invisible—
can young people in their purity go along with these?

Only the beauty

of naturally formed solidarity
which transcends these,
the wheels that roll forward towards the happiness of
mankind,
from these splendid wheels
these wheels that revolve with life’s vitality,
from them shall come the society of the true human republic

Solidarity of the common people to preserve the dignity

of life
solidarity of blood and tears that fights off every form of
oppression
solidarity of hearts built out of idealism and good faith
true wheels of mankind—
though we face the criticisms of prejudice and ignorance
we stand tall in our pride

These worthy groups built

by men themselves, for the sake of men,
through the power of fundamental law and the ultimate
truth

Never playing up to authority,

never compromising with the powers of wealth,
blueprints for a great popular current
brilliant with philosophy, science, and culture—
this will be the final chapter of our human building

To liberate society from confrontations,

responding to all cultural demands,

10 Daisaku Ikeda
a renaissance of the twenty-first century—
this we proclaim as
our great cultural movement

In the past there have been different kinds of revolution

political, economic, educational
But when one type of revolution is carried out in isolation
it lacks solidity, gives rise to strain and onesidedness
A political revolution alone
calls forth bloodshed, insures no safety for the populace
and once again those in authority lord it over the masses

Likewise economic revolution

fails to fulfil the hopes of the people,
the penniless commoners are trampled underfoot in a process
of meaningless change
A revolution in education only
again is no blessing to the people—
it cannot bear up before the turmoil of the world’s shifts
and movements

What the people long for

to carry them through the twenty-first century
is no reorganization of external forms alone
They desire a sound revolution
carried out within themselves
gradually and in an atmosphere of peace
founded upon the philosophy and beliefs of each individual
This calls for far-sighted judgements
and a profound system of principles

This is what I would name a total revolution

and it is this
we call kōsen-rufu

Songs from my Heart 11

If there are those who would laugh
let them laugh
if there are those who would disparage
let them disparage

For us at the end of the broad road we travel

the history of countless centuries of the future waits to give
its proof
A monument to mankind’s far-off glory and victory
waits for us

Dear comrades!
my beloved young people!
in this belief together we will advance with joy!

In the land of freedom

in America too
hundreds of thousands of friends are at work

In the countries of the future

on the African continent too
thousands of friends are coming to join us
In our brother lands
of Southeast Asia too
we have many friends waiting
To India too, land of neutrality
to South America, to the country of the Incas
to Australia, the island continent
the True Buddhism of the world has spread
In the countries of Europe with their age-old culture
we have friends who fight
In the Soviet Union, republic of the people
and finally in our neighbouring land of China
friends will soon appear

12 Daisaku Ikeda
Passively, actively
the world awaits us

With the ideologies

of all races, all countries
as a gateway and means of understanding,
the religious movement of renovation shall go forward

The support of complete knowledge

the foundation of complete democracy
the soil of a complete culture—
to complete the task of bringing these about,
Young people!
wave the banners of the world religion of freedom and peace

Never forget that these banners

must wave only upon foundations
that day after day are firm and unyielding

To accomplish this, young people,

I ask you today again to carry on friendly dialogues in the
very midst of the people

My young people!
take time from your busy schedules,
listen carefully to the voice of your friend in trouble

because to be clear and full of confidence

like the blue sky and the sun
is what qualifies you to be glorious young revolutionaries
There are other banners, renowned but false in name—
in time their colours will fade
There are medals adorning the societies of false goodness
but their glow is lifeless, not a bright human light

Songs from my Heart 13

There are politicians, false figures
who sooner or later will be unmasked by the perceptive
young

There are those who see only the reality of the present
and those who see the eternal in the present reality
We choose to be the latter, and from that standpoint
manifest ourselves, shining in glory

Fame, medals we have no use for

Simple human beings, in the palace of our flesh
we walk the pleasure-filled road of life
Along the golden road that will never crumble for eternity
as unfamed, uncrowned human beings we walk on

Once more, young people, my friends!

With the present century as our stairway

let us go forward towards that mountain of the twenty-first
century
stoutly, vigorously pulling our way up
we will open again the curtain
upon a new century’s development

Young people!
you must go on living
Above all, you must go on living

As chief figures in the brilliant total revolution

resolutely you will achieve your victory in history

The eight a.m. sun of youth

today again is rising!
It is rising in time to the beat of youth!

14 Daisaku Ikeda
Man’yōshū times indicates the period in early Japanese history reflected in the
Man’yōshū (The Collection of Myriad Leaves), the earliest anthology of Japanese
poetry, compiled in the eighth century. The poet is thinking in particular of
the Nara period (710–84), an era of great cultural and artistic achievement.
The lion, king of the beasts, is often employed in Buddhism to symbolize
persons or writings of the highest eminence.
Kōsen-rufu means to secure lasting global peace by propagating true Buddhism
and bringing people to enjoy indestructible happiness.
The shōmon or sravaka is one who attains enlightenment by listening to the
Buddha’s teachings. He represents the seventh of the ten stages of existence
and is characterized as a scholar. Though some Mahayana sutras deny that
shōmon and engaku, or pratyeka-buddha (the eighth of the ten states), can
attain true buddhahood, the Lotus Sutra insists that they can.

Songs from my Heart 15

Looking at nature
Morigasaki beach

With my friend by the shore

Morigasaki
pungent seaside smell
waves withdrawing

nineteen-year-old boys
pondering what path to choose
philosophical talk
as the hours go by

My friend troubled
always so poor
‘The way of Christ is the one I’ll follow!’
eyes flashing keen in the moonlight—
to that firm heartbeat
the waves roll in

On the crumbling embankment

grasses grow thick
voices of insects—what kind I don’t know
Tonight shall we fashion
poems and songs?
music with a tone
of ancient court times?

But my friend stands silent

What way should I choose,
that my life may wing away
to far-off gardens of the moon?
He wipes away the tears, sighing

Songs from my Heart 19

My friend in lonely sorrow
I too
but with one boundless aspiration:
Make a promise with me
we’ll face life
whatever pain it brings!
My friend smiles
‘I’ll go along with that!’

That far-off world

my friend is seeking—
a different one
but I too have my Way
A long song on a stage
that never ends
till hair turns white,
talking with the moon

I wish you all luck

my friend!
Next time we meet—
when will it be?
Wordless we depart
upon our separate journeys
silver waves sway gently
Morigasaki

This poem was written in August 1947, when the poet was nineteen.
Morigasaki beach, on Tokyo bay near the poet’s home in Ota ward, Tokyo, was
at that time a quiet, pine-grown shore area where he often went walking. The
friend in the poem worked at the same ironworks as did the poet.

20 Daisaku Ikeda
Spring breezes

The sudden shower has passed,

the spring breezes rustle

Blossoms of the cherry-apple

wake from sleep,
one petal dancing

By the rocks in the garden

the shimmering
heat waves rise

On the surface of the pond

a leaf boat
glides quietly along

I pray that
the spring breezes of good fortune
blow in the hearts of all

Songs from my Heart 21

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The Ecclesiastical Cabildo showed itself to be in sympathy with the
Archbishop's opinion. As to the Ayuntamiento of the city of
Guatemala, it resolved that before giving expression to its views, it
would obtain evidence on the subject, and, to this end, asked for
reports from the Governors of Costa Rica and Veragua, the missions
of this last named province having been confided also to the
missionaries of Guatemala ever since 1765. The Governor of Costa
Rica, Don Juan Fernández de Bobadilla, replied that, in order to
reduce the Talamanca Indians, it would be necessary to send out
with the missionaries each year in the dry season an escort of one
hundred and fifty soldiers by way of Térraba. The Governor of
Veragua, Don Félix Francisco Be jarano, stated that he believed one
hundred men, armed with guns, bayonets and sabers, accompanied
by one hundred Indian auxiliaries with spears and machets, were
sufficient for the purpose.
 398 HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND To enable one to form
an idea of the difficulties with which the missionaries had to contend
in their dealings with the administrative authorities, it is enough to
say that these negotiations which were initiated by them
immediately after the destruction of the village of Cabagra — that is,
in 1761 — were not concluded until the 19th of November, 1787,
twenty-six years thereafter. On that date the King signed a royal
decree wherein he said that he had resolved that the extension of
the conquest of Talamanca should be proceeded with seriously, and
that, for that purpose, such numbers of soldiers should be recruited
at opportune times each year as might be considered necessary as
escorts for the missionaries, who, he said, must enter the forests,
gather together the Indians and establish them in settlements
appropriately located. While reports and papers came and went
between Madrid and Guatemala, the missionaries were not idle.
They diligently pursued their task of enticing the Indians from the
mountains of Talamanca ; though it is undoubtedly true that the
missions, left to their own resources, made small progress. However,
the Padre Jáuregui had considerably augmented the population of
Térraba by the year 1774. The Indians began also to come in
voluntarily, fleeing from the terrible persecutions of the ferocious
Mosquitos
The text on this page is estimated to be only 10.00%
accurate

i
 CONQUEST OF COSTA RICA 399 and their friends the
Enghsh. In 1780 forty Talamancas presented themselves to the
Commandant of the garrison at Matina, who forwarded them to
Cartago, where they were gathered into the fold by the missionaries.
During this same year a number of Viceitas also were brought in
from the mountains. During the year 1774, the missionaries labored
with much success and were enabled with two hundred Talamanca
Indians to found the village of Guadalupe three leagues from San
Francisco de Térraba towards the Chiriqui frontier. Yet,
notwithstanding the favorable determination of the King, nothing
was carried into effect with respect to Talamanca, and, even though
the missionaries had to wait twenty-six years for the royal decree of
November 19, 1787, they are still waiting for the escort granted
them therein ! In 1794 Don José Domas y Valle, President of the
Audiencia of Guatemala, ordered the Governor of Costa Rica, Don
José Vázquez y Téllez, to give them soldiers to enable them to make
incursions such as were made by Fernández de la Pastora. This
order the Governor undertook to obey but found compliance
impossible because of the war then waging between Spain and the
Republic of France. So, as before, the missionaries were compelled
to go on with their work alone, or accompanied only by Indians
 400 HISTORY OF DISCOVERY AND who had professed
Christianity. In April, 1804, Pray Ramón Rojas entered the country of
the Terbis of the North and brought out a few other Indians. In the
following year the inhabitants of the village of Guadalupe, which was
very unhealthful — so much so, indeed, that at the end of nineteen
years six missionaries and more than a hundred Indians had died
there — were removed to San Francisco de Térraba. From the year
1802 the Governor, Don Tomás de Acosta, had urged this transfer
upon the Audiencia of Guatemala. Nevertheless the Indians of
Guadalupe had prospered much; they possessed fields of cotton,
cocliineal dying works and herds of cattle. Indeed, until the ultimate
day of Spanish domination, and even for a number of years after
independence was proclaimed, the Guatemala missionaries labored
indefatigably for the uplift and Christianizing of the Talamancas, and,
as tenaciously, the latter persisted in their rebelliousness. In 1815,
Fray Apolinar Moreno and a Christianized Indian who accompanied
him were waylaid and beaten by them. In June, 1816, some Indians
coming to Matina from Chirripó informed the Commandant of the
garrison that the Talamancas had sent word to Fray Vicente Quesada
demanding the return of the Indians who had been enticed away
from their country
 CONQUEST OF COSTA RICA 401 and warning him that if he
ever came among them again they would kill him as well as any
Christianized Indians who might accompany him. Yet, however
incommensm*ate the results obtained were with their efforts, the
work of the missionaries was by no means fruitless; a large number
of descendants of the Indians brought in from the mountains of
Talamanca to-day enjoy the benefits of civilization. The many
accoimts written * of this region and its inhabitants constitute a
veritable treasure house for history. The rugged surface of
Talamanca, during past centuries the theater of so many fierce
struggles, is already beginning to be covered by plantations ; the
railroad now crosses the Sixaola River not far from the site of the
legendary city of Santiago, and the descendants of the dreaded
warriors of former times have become inoffensive Costa Rican
citizens. But in spite of every effort they are still rebellious in spirit,
as are all indomitable races that refuse to accept civilization. *León
Fernández — Documentos, Vols. V and IX; Manuel M. de Peralta—
Cosío Rica y Colombia and Limites de Costa Rica y Colombia.
 INDEX Abangares Indians, 188-189. Abeyro, duchess of,
357. Abito, village of, 122. Aburená Bay (Chiriqui Lagoon), discovery
of by Columbus, 41. Acerri, cacique of Guetares. 223 ff. Acia, port of,
72. Acosta, Don Tomás de, 400. Acuña, Alvaro de, 271-285. Acuña,
Juan de, 340. Adelantado, office of, 2S n. Agriculture as practiced by
native races of Costa Rica. 19. Agua Key, question of Nicuesa's
shipwreck and adventures on, 53-54. Aguilar Alfaro, Christóbal de,
322. Aguilar, Marcos de, 49. Alba, dukes of Alba, 346. Alcalá, duke
of, 269. Alcalde mayor, office of, 49 n. Alguacil mayor, office of, 164J
215 n. Almagro, Diego de, 95, 139. Almirante Bay, discovery of, by
Columbus, 39^0. Almojarifazgo, duty of, defined, 305 n. Alvarado,
Don José de, 355. Alvarado, Don Jorge de, 354. Alvarado, Garcia de,
354-355 Alvarado, Don Pedro de, 100* Alvarez de Coy, Bartolomé.
230. Amazon warriors among Brunca Indians, 6. Anaya, Doña
Catalina de, 215. 403 Andrade, Fray Antonio de, in rebellion of
Talamanca Indians, 381; continued work of, in establishing missions
385, 388. Anguciana de Gamboa, 194 ff 208, 256, 257, 258; work
of] as temporary Governor of Costa Rica, 302-303. Ara, province of,
arrival of Vázquez de Coronado in. 248-249. Aranjuez, town of, 270,
296. Arari River, 249 n. Arariba, village of, 283, 284. Arcos, duke of,
357. Arias Dávila, Gaspar, 215. Arias Dávila, Doña Isabel, 215. Arias
Gonzalo, Count, 91. Arias Maldonado, Don Andrés, 346. Arias
Maldonado y Velasco, Rodrigo, attempted conquest of Talamanca by,
346355; subsequent career of 355-357. Artieda Chirino, Diego de,
capitulacióyi delivered to,' by Philip II., relative to settlement of
Costa Rica, 304; powers, privileges, and obligations of, 305-306;
expedition to the Guaymi Valley, 30.S-311 ; difficulties of, with the
Audiencia of Guatemala, 311 ff. ; downfall and death of 314-316.
Artieda del Nuevo Reino de Navarra, city of, 310, 312. Art
productions of Indians of Costa Rica, 20, 37.
 404 INDEX Atahualpa, Inca of Peru, 108, 139. Atirro,
rebellion of Indians of, 253-254. Audiencia, defined, 98 n. ; creation
and jurisdiction of, of Panama, 134-135; of Panama, superseded by
Audiencia of Los Confines or of Guatemala, 186 n. ; again
established in Panama ( 1563 ) , 274 ; reinstatement of, in
Guatemala (1570), 294 n. Austria, Don Juan de, 216. Austria, Dofía
Maria Ana de, 357. Auyaque, village of, 252. Avancari, village of, 81.
Ayón, Tomás, estimate of Rodrigo de Contreras by, 159. Aztec
Indians in Costa Rica, 3, 10-11; numbers of, 21. Badajoz, city of,
founded, 141. Badajoz, Gonzalo de, 101. Baena, Alonso de, 166,
169. Bagaces Indians, 10, 217. Bajo, Padre Francisco, chaplain of
Diego Gutiérrez, 183. Balboa. See Núñez de Balboa. Balsas River, 74,
75. Balsas, defined, 79 n. Balsillas Islands, the, 120. Bancroft, H. H.,
wrong estimate of Rodrigo de Contreras by, 159; cited, 215.
Barahona, Doña Leonor, 190. Barahona, Sancho, 190. Barahona,
Juan, 193, 202. Barahona, Sancho, 193. Barrientos, captain, 172.
Bastidas, Juan de, 150. Bastidas, Rodrigo de, 43. Bastimentos, port
of, 308. Becerra, Alonso, 63. Belén River, 110, 114. Beuavente,
counts, dukes of, 346. Benzoni, Milanese historian, with Diego
Gutiérrez' expedition, 172, 182. Berlanga, Tomás de, bishop of
Panama, 137. Bernabé de San Francisco, Fray, 378. Betanzos, Pedro
de, Franciscan friar, 239. Bethencourt. Pedro de, 356. Bethlehem
House of Charity and Order of, 35G-357. Bienvenida, Frav Lorenzo
de, 260, 264, 279. 314. Biritecas, Indian amazons, 236. Bobadilla,
Comendador Francisco de, 25, 26. Bobadilla, Doña Isabel de, the
wife of Pedrarias, 61, 64. Bocas del Toro, 365, 369. Bocas del Toro,
Estrada Rávago at, 196. Bolivar, José de, 362. Bonilla, Alonso de,
lieutenantgovernor of Santiago de Talamanca, 322. Bonilla, Alonso
de, grandson of the conquistador of that name, fight of, against the
buccaneers, 362-366. Bonilla, Fray Martin de, 225, 280, 368. Bonilla,
Juan de, 374. Boruca, 291. Boruca (Brunca) Indians, 3, 5-6;
language of, 16; numbers, 21. Broadley, Joseph, buccaneer, 361.
Bruselas, town of, founded, 95; brief existence of, 98102.
 INDEX 405 Buccaneers, the, in Costa Rica, 358-368. Burica,
67, 77. Cabral, Juan, exploration of Almirante Bay by, 315. Cacao,
introduction of, into Costa Rica, 11. Cagxi, Francisco, cacique of
Talamanca, 344. Cajamarca, 139. Calado, Francisco, 166, 169.
Caldera, bay of, 80. Calero, Alonso, expedition of, in search of the
Desaguadero, 118 ff. ; frustration of plans of, by Dr. Robles, 134-137
; treacherous dealings of Contreras with, 145148; application by
Machuca de Zuazo and, for governorship of Costa Rica, 185-186.
Calobebora River, 298. Calvo, Tomás, Alcalde at Cartago, 355.
Camaquire, cacique, and Diego Gutiérrez, 176 ff. Camarón, cape,
131. Camp of the Horses, Perafán's, 282-284. Campañón, Francisco,
95. Cano, Pedro Alonso, 234. Cannibalism, among native Indian
races, 17; practiced by members of Felipe Gutiérrez' expedition to
Veragua, 111 ; of Chichimeca Indians with Rodrigo de Contreras,
154-155. Capitulación of Philip II., fixing boundaries of Costa Rica,
304. Carebe, Don Antonio, cacique of Tariaca, 339. Cariay, village of,
14-15; conditions in village at time of Columbus' visit, 29-38. Carlos
II, King Don, 356. Carib Indians, 3, 11-15; language, 16; numbers,
21. Caro de Mesa, Diego, 246, 249, 262-263. Carrasco, Lázaro,
bishop of Nicaragua, 198. Carrillo de Figueroa, Luis, 169. Carrillo
Gutiérrez, captain, 110. Cartago, name of province of Veragua
changed to, and Diego Gutiérrez made Governor of, 163-104;
attempted exploration and colonization of, by Cavallón and Estrada
Ravage, 191-208. Cartago, city of, founded by Vázquez de Coronado,
242243 ; danger of, from uprising of Indians, 269; removal of, to the
site of Mata Redonda (Sabana), 294 ; reéstablishment of, in valley of
the Guarco, 295. Casasola y Córdoba, Don José de, 383. Castañeda,
Diego de, 138, 160. Castañeda, Juan de, expedition of, to Gulfs of
Dulce and Nicoya, 66-68. Castaño, Fray Juan, 370. Castilla del Oro,
62, 102. Castillo de Austria, Estrada Ravage's, 196; founded by
Anguciana de Gamboa, 303. Castillo rapids, 122. Castillo y Guzman,
Don Alonso del, Governor of Costa Rica, 342-344. Castillo, Vicente
del, mutinous soldier with Perafán de Ribera, 283 ff. Castroverde,
Julián de, 348. Catholic Kings, explanation of name, 27 n. Catiba,
Columbus at. 42-43. Cavallón. Juan de, 189-191; commissioned by
Audiencia
 406 INDEX of Guatemala to engage in colonization and
discovery in Nueva Cartago and Costa Rica, 191-193 ; expedition of,
193 ff. ; explorations of, 199-208 ; later appointments and career of,
20S ; Estrada Rávago contrasted with, 210. Cayo de Agua, island of,
tlie true island in which Nicuesa remained for a long time after his
shipwreck on the coast of Veragua, 54. Ceballos, Fray Augustin de,
memorial of, 37 n., 40 n. ; mentioned, 282 ; labors of, in Talamanca,
369. Cereceda, Andrés de, 77, 89, 95-96. Cervantes Saavedra,
Miguel de, quoted and cited, 329. Chacón de Luna, Don Sebastian,
327, 333, 337, 338. Changuinola River, discovery of, 249. Chichimeca
Indians, 10-11; in expedition of Rodrigo de Contreras, 148, 153, 154
ff., 162. Chiricamola (or Cricamola) River, 310. Chiriqui Lagoon, visit
of Columbus to. 41-42, Chiriqui, plains of, 290. Chiriqui Point, 52.
Chirripó, village of, 281. Chomes Indians, 81 n. ; voluntary
submission of, 188189. Chorotega Indians, 3, 6-10; language, 16;
numbers, 21. Chorotega Malalacá, 100. Cíbola, the Seven Cities of,
215. Ciudad del Lodo, 294. Climate of Costa Rica, 2. Co, volcano of,
256. Coaza, valley of, 10-11, 142, 144. Code river, 359. Cocori,
cacique, and Diego Gutiérrez, 176 ff. Cojerán, village of, 251.
Colmenares, R. de, 56, 57, Columbus, Christopher, fourth voyage of,
24 ff. ; explorations along coast of Costa Rica, 28-44; Costa Rica
believed to be the Aurea Chersonesus (Malacca Peninsula) by, 44;
return to Spain and death of, 45-46. Columbus, Don Diego, suit
brought by, for rights in Costa Rica, 46, 107. Columbus, Don
Fernando, quoted and cited, 31 n., 33, 107. Columbus, Don
Francisco, 115, Columbus, Don Luis, 107; created Duke of Veragua,
114 ; surrenders dukedom for a pension, 115. Comendador, defined,
25 n. Communism among early Indians of Costa Rica, 19. Conamari,
San Francisco de, 352. Concepción, city of, 110, 111. Confines,
audiencia of, 186. Contreras, Hernando de, uprising of, 216.
Contreras, Pedro de, uprising of, 216. Contreras, Rodrigo de.
Governor of Nicaragua, 11 n., 117; rival expedition to that of Hernán
Sánchez de Badajoz despatched by, 146; Hernán Sánchez captured
by, 150 ; cruel treatment of natives by, 151 ff. ; conflicting estimates
of, 158-159 ; controversies between Diego Gutiérrez and, 166-168.
Coquiba, cacique, 203. Córdoba, in Argentina, 113, Corobici, village
of, 82. Corobicis Indians, 3-5, 16, 21.
 INDEX 407 Coronado, port of, 245. Coronado. See Vázquez
de Coronado. Corotapa, hill of, 143. Correque, prince of the Eastern
Guetares, 240. Corrobore, cacique of Quepo, 229. Corros!, village of,
211. Cortés, Hernán, capture of González Dávila by, 97. Corzo, Pablo,
victim of Contreras, 156-158. Cosa, Juan de la, 48, 50. Costa Rica,
location and area, 1 ; surface features, 1-2 ; climate, 2 ; fauna and
flora, 2-3; Indians inhabiting, in 16th century, 3 ff. ; population at
period of discovery, 21-22; voyage of Columbus along Atlantic coast
of, 28-44 ; Bruselas the first town founded in, by Spanish, 95; first
appearance of name, in official documents of 1539, 137-138; contest
for possession of, between Hernán Sánchez de Badajoz and Rodrigo
de Contreras. Governor of Nicaragua, 145-162; boundaries of, as
fixed under Capitulación delivered to Diego de Artieda by Philip II.,
304. Cota, Ignacio, 193, 200, 203, 208, 228, 241. Coto, fort of,
scene of defeat of Marmolejo, 230-232. Cotori, village of, 81. Cotos
tribe, 5 ; fortifications Coyoche, valley of, 201. Cozabolca, the Indian
name of Lake Nicaragua, 85. of. 232-233; account of the, 235-236.
Criado de Castilla, Dr. Alonso, president of the audiencia of
Guatemala, 325, 328, 329. Cubillo, Diego del, 333, 334, 341-342.
Cueva, Don Fernando de la, 316-317. Culebras River, 299.
Curridabat, village of, 224 n. Cuzco, city of, 139. D Darién, gulf of,
50, 62. Darién, town of, 64, 72. Dávila, Juan, 222. Davis, John,
buccaneer, 358359. Desaguadero, discovery of the, by Ruy Díaz, 105
; interest in exploration of the, 116; exploration of, by Alonso Calero
and Machuca de Zuazo, 121 ff. Dianes, Hernán, 111. Díaz, Ruy, 95,
105. Díaz del Castillo, B., cited, 32. Diriagen, cacique, 87-88. Domas
y Valle, Don José, 399. Doraces River, 299. Drake, Francis, on the
west coast of Guatemala, 312314. Dudoso Strait, 96. Dulce, Gulf of,
1, 67, 96. Dulce Sea, 96. Dulcehe, Indian princess, 230. Duqueiba,
San Bartolomé de, 347, 349, 352, 354. Duy, valley of, 250. E Eaglets
of gold worn by Indians, 39-40. Encinasola, Pedro de, 110. Enriquez,
Cristóbal, 110. Embalming practiced by Costa Rican Indians, 37.
Eraso, Don Cristóbal de, 264. Escobedo, F. F. de, quoted, 30 n.
Escribanos, arrival of Columbus at, 43.
 408 INDEX Escudo, island of the, Columbus at, 41^2; 52-
53. Española, island of, 24. Espinosa, favorite of Pedrarias, 65, 66.
Estete, Martin, 100; explorations in Nicaragua by, 106. Estrada,
Alonso de, treasurer of Mexico, 354 n. Estrada, Doña Luisa de, 354
n. Estrada Rávago, Juan de, cited, 104 ; joins Cavallón in expedition
into Nueva Cartago and Costa Rica, 192 ff. ; services of, in
expedition, 194 ff. ; failure of efforts of, 197-198 ; made lieutenant
of the Alcalde mayor, 208; high character of, and work of, among the
Indians, 208211 ; dissensions betvpeen Vázquez de Coronado and,
213; neglect of, by Philip II., 263. Estrella River, discovery of, by Caro
de Mesa, 249; finding of gold washings in, 250-251. F Fajardo,
conspirator against Vázquez de Coronado, 241242. Falces, marqués
de, 215 n. Fernández de Bobadilla, Don Juan, Governor of Costa
Rica, 397. Fernández de Cordova, Gonzalo, the " Gran Capitán," 61.
Fernández de Cordova, Francisco, 95; destruction of, by Pedrarias,
101 ; search made by, for outlet of lake of Nicaragua, 105.
Fernández de Enciso, 57, 58. Fernández de Heredia, Don Alonso,
Governor of Nicaragua and Comandante of Costa Rica, 389 ff.
Fernández, Leon, cited and quoted, 11, 13-14, 15, 29, 30, 37 n., 40
n., 47, 48, 67, 77, 103, 112, 121, 123, 137, 140, 161, 164, 188, 192,
201, 202, 213, 215, 237, 248, 252, 272, 275, 282, 284, 288, 291,
294, 306, 310, 319, 320, 323, 331, 342, 351, 363, 367, 369, 401.
Fernández de la Pastora, Don Francisco, expeditions of, into
Talamanca, 390-395. Fernández Guardia, R., cited, 14, 212, 231,
232, 258, 272. Fernández, Juan, alcalde of the city of Santiago de
Talamanca, 331. Fernández de Rebolledo, 115. Fernández de
Salinas, Don Juan, 345, 346. Festivals, religious, among native Costa
Ricans, 17. Feudal seigniories among Chorotega Indians, 6-7. Fiesta
de cañas, 105. Figueredo, Don Francisco José de, archbishop of
Guatemala, 396. Figueroa, Fray Pedro de, 370. Florez, captain Pedro,
315. Fonseca, Bay of, discovered by Andrés Niño, 90. Fragata,
defined, 127. Franciscan friars in Talamanca, 368-401. Fuentes, Don
Luis de, bishop of Nicaragua, 263. Fuerte island, 62. Funnell,
William, cited, 9. G Gabb, William M., explorations of. in Talamanca,
298-299 ; cited, 331 ; relic of church of San José de Cabécar found
by, 382. Gaitán, Juan, uprising of, 190-191. Gálvez Caballero,
captain, 336.
 INDEX 409 Gámez, José D., on Rodrigo de Contreras, 159.
Garabito, Andrés, 95; excursion of, into Costa Rica, 104-105.
Garabito, Guetar cacique, 12, 204, 205, 206; war between Vázquez
de Coronado and, 221. García, Fray Josef, cited, 211-213 ; return of,
to Spain, 357. García de Loayza. cardinal, bishop of Sigiienza and
president of the Council of the Indies, 113, 114. Garcia Peláez,
Francisco de Paula, archbishop of Guatemala and historian, 396.
Garcimufíoz, founding of city of, by Cavallón, 201, 202; entry of
Vázquez de Coronado into, 239. Garret y Arlovi, Fray Benito, bishop
of Nicaragua, 384. Gelves, conde de, 215 n. Gomara, F. L. de, cited
and quoted, 4, 5, 85 n. González, Alonso, 111. González Dávila, Gil,
7, 10; expedition of, 70 ff. ; magnitude of achievements of 92-93;
second expedition of, 95-96; capture by Cortés and death of, 97-98.
González Víquez, C, cited, 29, 190, 201, 204, 242, 256. Gracias á
Dios, Cape, named by Columbus, 29. Gramalxo, Lorenzo, 372.
Granada, city of, founded, 95. Granda y Balbín, Lorenzo de,
Governor of Costa Rica, 382. Greytown, founding of, 160. Guaiga
River, 41-42. Guanacaste, province of, 299. Guanahani, island of, the
first American land discovered by Columbus, 23. Guanaja, island of,
Columbus' discovery of, 27-28. Guarco, Guetar cacique, 12. Guarco,
submission of caciques of, to Vázquez de Coronado, 240-241.
Guarco, valley of, 242. Guatusos Indians, language of, 15-16.
Guaycorá, cacique of Sucaca, 331. Guaymi River and Valley, 281,
310, 311. Guaymura, 137. Guerrero, Fray Francisco, 378. Guetares
branch of Carib race of Indians, 12-14, 21 ; friendly terms between
Vazquez de Coronado and, 221222. Guevara, Don Jo.sé de, 362.
Guido, Alonso Hernández de, 202. Guillen, Alonso, 193. Gutiérrez,
Alonso, 108. Gutiérrez, Diego, appointed Governor of Royal Veragua,
163-164 ; controversies between Contreras and, 166168 ; greed,
cruelty to Indians, and retreat of, 176184 ; defeat and death of, at
Tayutic, 184. Gutiérrez, Felipe, expedition of, to Veragua, 107-112 ;
end of, 113. Gutiérrez de Ayala, Don Pedro, 186. Guzman, Don
Diego de, 313. Guzman, captain Don Juan de, 343. H Haro, Cristóbal
de. 71. Haya Fernández, Don Diego de la. Governor of Costa Rica,
387. Hayti, Columbus at, 26-27.
 410 INDEX Hebena, Diego, cacique of Talamanca, 344.
Heredia, Pedro de, 111. Hermoso, Roque Jacinto, 360366.
Hernández, Fray Miguel, 378. Herrera, A. de, quoted, 4, 4S. Herrera,
Don Diego de, 313. Hiño josa, Agustín de, 256. Honduras, Columbus'
landing in, 28 ; González Davila's expedition by way of, 96;
disturbances between Spanisli adventurers in, 97 ff. Hurtado,
Bartolomé, 67. Hurtado, Benito, 95. Ibaczará, Juan, chief of
Talamanca Indians, 344. Indians of Costa Rica at beginning of 16tli
century, 3; five races and their branches, 3-15 ; languages of, 15-16;
religions of, 1618 ; social relations of, 1819 ; agriculture,
manufactures, art, and commerce of, 19-21 ; numbers of, at period
of discovery, 21-22. Illanes de Castro, Juan, oflficer with Vázquez de
Coronado, 225, 239, 243, 255256. Irazú, volcano of, 256. Irving,
Washington, date of Balboa's execution as given by, 65 n. Jauja,
139. Jerusalén, Fray Ricardo de, 370. Juan de Avila, mines of, 190.
Juarros, Domingo, errors in history by, 271. Jorquín River, 298.
Lacandón, 216. Landecho, Don Juan Martínez de, 201. Landecho,
port of, founded by Cavallón, 201-202. Las Alas, Fray Sebastián de,
371. Las Alas, Juan de, 339-340. Las Casas, B. de. cited, 28, 30, 32,
48; quoted, 74; on Rodrigo de Contreras, 159. Las Casas, Francisco
de, 9798. La Uvita, island of, 29. Ledesma, Fray Nicolás de, 347.
Léon, city of, founded, 95. Le Maire, Jean, French buccaneer, 361.
Lences, Bartolomé de, 316. León, Gabriel de, 160. León, Santiago
de, 336. Lepanto, battle of. 216. Limón, port of, 351. Limón River, 30
n. Lobo de Guzman, Martín, 327. López Cerrato, licenciado, 303.
López de la Flor, Don Juan, 361, 364, 367. López Carrillo, Iñigo, 112.
López, Diego, rebellion of, against Perafán de Ribera, 287-289.
López, Fray Melchor, 371. López de Legazpi, Miguel, 305. López de
Ribera, Don Ruy, 289. López de Ribera, Diego, 271, 281. López de
Salcedo, 101. López de Velasco, quoted, 104-105. Los Reyes,
founding of, by Cavallón, 201. Luque, Fernando de, 95. Luna, Fray
Juan de, 361. M Machuca de Zuazo, Diego, joins with Calero in
exploration of the Desa 
 INDEX 411 guadero, 118 ff . ; application by, for
governorship of Costa Rica, 185-186. Machuca Rapids, 122.
Macotela, Fray Diego, 371. Maize, production of, by Indians of Costa
Rica, 19, Mangues. See Chorotega Indians. Mangues River, 246.
Mansfield, Edward, buccaneer, 35.8-3G6. Mantas, defined, 28 n.
Manufactures of native Indians of Costa Rica, 20. Maravedí, defined,
70 n. Marbella, fortress of, built by Hernán Sánchez de Badajoz, 142;
Vázquez de Coronado at site of, 252. Marcos de Niza, Fray, 215.
Margil, Fray Antonio, 371, 378. Marmolejo, Francisco de, defeat of,
by Cotos Indians, 230. Márquez, Diego, 74. Márquez, Hernán, 126-
129. Marroquín, Don Francisco, bishop of Guatemala, 192. Mastate,
Indian clothing, 36. Mata Redonda, site of, 294. Matamoros, Fray
Juan de, 370. Matina River, 253. Matina, village of, 360. Medio
Queso River, discovery of, 121. Mena, Esteban de, 275 n., 276.
Meneos, general Don Martín Carlos de, president of the audiencia of
Guatemala, 354. Mendíjur, Fray Juan, 388, 391, 392, 393. Mendoza y
Medrano, Don Juan de, 341. Mestanza, Juan de, 328-329. Mexico,
immigration of Indians into Costa Rica from, 11; trade of Costa Rican
Indians with, 38. Missions, Franciscan, in Talamanca, 368-379 ;
overthrow of work of, by uprising of Indians, 380^84; efforts at
reestablishment of, 385-401. Moin, 351. Molina, Diego de, 100.
Montalvo, Don Francisco Antonio de, 357 n. Monterroso, Fray Juan
de, 370. Moreno, Fray Apolinar, 400. Moreno, Pedro, 98. Morgan,
Henry, in Costa Rica, 359-368. Morillo, Fray Lucas, 378. Mosquitos
Zambos, the, 372373. Mountains of Costa Rica, 1-2. Moya, condesa
de, 61. Muñoz Chacón, Francisco, 287. N Nahua Indians, 3, 10-11,
21. Nata, town of, founded by Espinosa, 68. Nature worship among
Indians of Costa Rica, 16-17. Navarrete, quoted and cited, 27, 33,
48. Nicaragua, cacique, dealings of, with González Dávila, 82-89.
Nicaragua, lake of, discovered by González Dávila, 85; the search for
communication between Atlantic and, 105106, 116. Nicoya, capital
city of Chorotega Indians, 6-7; expedition of González Dávila to 81.
Nicoya, Gulf of, 1, 67. Nicuesa, Diego de, government of Veragua
bestowed on, 46; character and quali 
 412 INDEX ties of, 47-48; expedition and experiences of,
49-57. Nino, Andrés, 70, 71, 73, 77, 80. Niño, Andrés, pilot,
discovered the bay of Fonseca and the gulf of Tehuantepec, 70, 71,
73, 77. Niza, Fray Marcos de, 215. Nochari, province of, 86-88.
Noguera y Moneada, Francisco de, 378. Nombre de Dios, Nicuesa at,
56. Nombre de Jesús, city of, founded by Perafán de Ribera, 291-
293. Nueva Andalucía, 48. Nueva Carta go, city of, founded by
Pereyra, 246. Nunez, Alonso, 56. Núñez de Balboa, Vasco, 57, 58 ;
discovery of Pacific Ocean by, 59; jealousy of Pedrarias tovs^ard,
resulting in execution of, 63-66; date of death of, 65 n. Núñez de
Temiño, Don Francisco, 345. Obregón, Don Juan de, 354,
Observantines, missions of the, 384. Ocón y Trillo, Don Juan de.
Governor of Costa Rica, 317 ff. Ocón y Trillo, Don Pedro de, 322.
Oexmelin, cited, 366. Ojeda, Alonso de, grant of government to, in
Colombia, 48; experiences of, in Cartagena, 50 ff. Olano, Lope de,
50, 51, 53, 55. Olid, Cristóbal de, 97-98. Oliver, Pedro de, 337.
Ordonez de Villaquirán, Pedro, Corregidor of Nicoya, 188189. Orosi,
village of, 204, 205. Orotina, province of, 81. Ortega, Fray Juan de,
321, 370. Ortiz Barriga, Juan, 308. Ortiz de Elgueta, Alonso, 189.
Osa, Gulf of, 230. See Dulce, Gulf of. Oses, Fray Pedro de, 352.
Osorio, Garcia, 169. Otálora, Fray Pablo de, 371. Otaolaurruchi, Fray
José, 388. Ovalle, Juan de, 218. Ovalle, Juan de. 221. Ovando, Fray
Nicolás de, 25, 47. Oviedo, G. F. de. quoted and cited, 3-4, 7, 104,
164; mistaken estimate of Rodrigo de Contreras by, 159; friendship
between Diego Gutiérrez and, 165. Pacaca, village of, 203. Pacheco,
Don Antonio, 370. Pacheco, Juan Garcia, 169. Palacios, Matías de.
290. Palma, Gonzalo de, 316. Papagayo, 82. Paraná River, 113.
Pavón, Francisco, 310-311. Pearl fisheries in Gulf of Nicoya, 9. Pearl
Islands, González Dávila at the. 75-76. Pedrarias Dávila, advent of, in
New "World affairs. 59 character and career of, 60 atrocities
practiced by, 62 jealousy of, toward Nunez de Balboa, 63-64 ;
execution of Balboa by, 65-66; dealings with González Dávila, 72-76,
91-92; rebellion of Spanish captains against, 98-101; destruction of
Cordova by, 101 ; ap 
 INDEX 413 pointed Governor of Nicaragua, and death of,
104. Peña, Cristobal de, 115. Peñalosa, Doña María de, daughter of
Pedrarias who married Balboa by proxy and was later the wife of
Rodrigo de Contreras, 65, 117. Peñalosa, Rodrigo de, 161. Pérez de
Guzman, Don Juan, 362. Perafán de Ribera, succeeds Vázquez de
Coronado as Governor of Costa Rica, 269 ; steps leading to illegal
distribution of the Indians by, 274-2S0; expedition of, to the Estrella
River, 280 fC. ; crossing of the Great Cordillera by, 289-290; city of
Nombre de Jesús founded by, 291-293; goes to Guatemala and
renounces governorship, 295 ; failure of efforts of, 295. Peralta,
Manuel M. de, cited and quoted, 3, 41, 83, 99, 103, 116, 121, 131,
141, 162, 164, 184, 185, 187, 195, 201, 207, 213, 218, 237, 240,
242, 263, 269, 272, 278, 289, 312, 401. Pereyra, Antonio Alvarez,
200, 203, 208, 270, 280; expedition of, to Coto and Turucaca, 242;
the downfall of, 247. Pérez de Guzman, Francisco, 138. Pérez, Fray
Rodrigo, murder of, by Indians, 340. Pérez de Cabrera, Juan,
appointed Governor of Carta go or Veragua, 186-187. Peso, defined,
82 n. Pinole, native drink, 228. Pisa, Alonso de, nephew of Diego
Gutiérrez, 171, 172, 173, 179, 183. Pittier, H., cited, 3, 319 n.
Pizarro, Francisco, 66. Pizarro, Fray Juan, 280. Pizarro, Gonzalo, 113.
Pochutla, 216. Pocosol River, 122. Ponce de León, H., expedition of,
to Gulfs of Dulce and Nicoya, 66-68. Porras, Diego de, quoted, 36;
cited, 41. Pórtete, 351. Pozobueno, Don Jacinto, 387. Presbere,
Pablo, leader in revolt of Talamanca Indians, 380 ff. ; execution of,
384. Puente, Alonso de la, 74, 91. Puñon rostro, count of, Redarlas'
brother, 60. Q Quepo, village of, 80 n. ; expedition of Vázquez de
Coronado to, 226-230. Quepos Indians, 5. Quesada, Fray Vicente,
400. Quevedo, Fray Juan de, first bishop of Tierra Firme, 64.
Quiribrí, island of, 29. Quitao, cacique of the Guáreos, 239-241.
Quizarco, Indian ill-treated by Cavallón, 203. R Ramírez, Alonso. 121.
Ramírez de Quiñones, Pedro, 217. Rebullida, Fray Pablo de, 373-378;
murder of, by Indians, 381. Reclus, E., cited, 1. Redes river, 63.
Religions of Indians of Costa Rica, 16-18. Retrete, port of, Columbus
arrives at, 43. Reventazón River. 148, ISO. Ribera. Pedro Afán de.
See Perafán de Ribera.
 414 INDEX Ríos, Pedro de los, governor of Castilla del Oro,
101. Rivera, Fray Lucas de, 378. Rivers of Costa Rica, 2. Robles,
Francisco Pérez de, President of Audiencia of Panama, 135 ff.
Rodríguez, Damián. 122, 124. Rodríguez de Fonseca, Don Juan,
bishop of Burgos, 59, 60. Rodríguez Franco, Alonso, 284. Rojas,
Diego de, 113. Rojas, Gabriel de, 95, 106, 138. Rojas, Fray Ramón,
400. Romo, Juan, 219. Ronquillo, Juan, 139. Ruiz, Pedro, 169.
Sábalos del Norte River, exploration of, 124. Sabandí, village of, 81.
Sacrifices, human, among Costa Rican Indians, 17. Saenz Vázquez,
Don Juan Francisco, 366, 367. Salazar, Don Pedro de, 395. Salazar,
Fernando de, Lieutenant-Governor of Costa Rica, 348-350. Salazar,
Melchor de, 260, 288. Salinas, Fray Diego de, 260. Samamará,
usékar or high priest of Cabécar, 331. San Antonio, Fray Juan de,
352, 353. San Carlos (Cutris) River, 122 n. Sánchez Araque, 335-338.
Sánchez de Badajoz, Hernán, expedition of, 135 ff. ; plans of Rodrigo
de Contreras against, 145 ff. ; taken prisoner by Contreras, 150; fate
of, 160, 161-162. Sánchez de Guido, Miguel, Governor ad interim of
Costa Rica, 204, 266. Sandoval, Don Gregorio de, 345. San
Francisco, city of, named by Diego Gutiérrez, 173. San Gil de
Buenavista, city of, founded, 96. San Ildefonso, fort of, built by
Alonso de Bonilla, 332. San José, Fray Francisco de, 373-377. San
Juan de la Cruz, founding of, 100. San Juan River, discovery of, 128
ff. San Marcos, establishment of port of, 141. San Miguel, gulf of, 74.
San Miguel, town of, in San Salvador, 190. Santa Maria de Belén,
attempted founding of colony of, by Columbus, 43-44. Santa Maria
del Antigua del Darién, colony of, 57, 59. Santa Marta, village of, 62.
Santiago, town of, established by Diego Gutiérrez, 169. Santiago de
Talamanca, city of, founded, 319 ; abandonment and ruin of, 334-
335. Santo Domingo, visit of Columbus to, 25. Santo Domingo,
plains of, 201. San Vicente, gulf of. See Caldera, bay of. Sarapiqui
River, 126. Sepulchers, gold relics found in, 5 ; art in vessels taken
from. 20. 37. Serraba, Juan, cacique of Talamanca, 344. Serrano,
Manuel, 392. Sibú, Talamanca name for Supreme Being, 17, 3SS n.
Sixaola River, the. 298. Social relations among Indians of Costa Rica.
18-19. So jo y Peñaranda, Diego de.
 INDEX 415 activities of, in Talamanca, 317-322, 329-334 ;
retirement of, 336. Solano, Juan, son of the conquistador of that
name, 338, 343. Solano, Juan, 271, 276, 280; expedition of, into the
valley of the Guaymi, 281 fE. Sosa, Juan de, 108. Sosa, Lope de, 65,
72. Soto, Hernando de, 95, 96; explorations in Nicaragua by, 105.
Suerre, entrance of Martin Estete into, 106; expedition of Diego
Gutiérrez to, 169. Suerre River. See Reventazón. Sun worship by
Costa Rican Indians, 16. T Tabiquiri, village of, 290, Talamanca,
march of "Vázquez de Coronado into, 248249 ; location and
character of, 297-301 ; the " King " of, 301; Marquisate of, 356;
rising of Indians in, against Spanish, 380-384; struggles of
missionaries to Christianize natives of, 380-401. Taque, Guetar
cacique, 221. Tariaca, garrisoning of, 338. Tarire River, 298-299;
exploration of, by Pedro Flórez, 319. Tattooing among Nicoya
Indians, 7. Taure, mouth of the, 161. Tayutic, scene of defeat and
death of Diego Gutiérrez, 184; arrival of Vásquez de Coronado at.
253. Tehuantepec, Gulf of, discovered by Andrés Niño, 90. Térraba,
Rio Grande de, 78. Thiel, Bishop, cited, 3, 12, 21, 29, 30, 200, 253,
368. Tierra Adentro, rebellions of Indians of, 339 ff. Tierra Firme, 62,
134. Tivives, bay of, 201. Toledo, Doña María de, expedition to
Veragua sent out by, 107 ff. Tomín, defined, 82 n. Toro rapids, 105,
122, 125-126. Tortuguero, province of, 106. Trexo, Diego de, 193.
Trexo, Luis Diaz, 205-206. Trujillo, town of, in Honduras, 187. Tudor,
queen Mary, 216. Turichiqui, cacique, rebellion of, 268 ff. Turrialba,
volcano of, 180. Turrialba, rebellion of, 254. Turrúcares, plains of,
201. U Ujarraci, village of, 204. Ujarraz, image of Virgin in convent
church of, 368. Ujarraz Indians, rebellion of, 254, 266. Urabá, gulf of,
also called gulf of Darién, 49. Usabarú Indians, 318, 319. Valdivieso,
Fray Antonio de, bishop of Nicaragua, assassinated by Hernando and
Pedro de Contreras, 216. Valiente, Cape, 52, 53. Vallejo, captain, 63.
Vázquez, Alonso, governor of Veragua, 247. Vázquez, Fray Francisco,
quoted, 300. Vázquez de Coronado, Don Gonzalo, father of the
conqueror of Costa Rica, 215. Vázquez de Coronado, Don Gonzalo,
son of the conqueror of Costa Rica, 317.
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