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 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
millions horse power in 1895; while in Great STEAM.
Britain and Ireland it has increased from 2½-
to 13-millions; Germany from ⅞- to 7⅔-millions, and in France from
1 to 5-millions horse-power. The increase of this capital has been
most manifest in manufactures,” says Dr. Henderson.[51] But it should
be remarked at once that no one of the families worth below $5,000
could apply these millions of horsepower of steam force upon their
properties. This energy has all the time been a profitable source of
great income in favor of the families that made the wealthiest group
in the tables of statistics, whereas the others have had but little
crumbs of its increase of wealth. The mechanical force, as every one
knows, is in service of the capitalists.
But when we look into the limits of towns and cities, we find
millions of rentable properties of all possible kinds; and every
factory, every storehouse, every shop and
SOURCES OF every dwelling house there is a sure source of
INCOME.
income to the propertied man. The very sweat-
shops, where the working people can not, on
an average, live longer than 28 years—even these dens of poison
and pestilence are inexhaustible sources of income and profit to their
owners.
As to the town and city lots, they are all sources of greater or less
income to the men who own them. Whether these lots of land are
occupied by anything or are remaining waste,
SOURCES OF makes little difference, because as the town
INDIRECT INCOME.
population increases, their values also increase
in proportion as the city population and its
business increase; the owners of properties towards centers of the
cities are usually bound to be rich out of the resources of rent. Even
a simple house, somewhere about the marginal line of a city or town
is usually a source of indirect income to its owner, because he and
his family may have a comfortable shelter in it, without which they
would pay the rent for another’s house,[52] and would carry on all
other expenses of life, just as they do in their own house, in which
they save the rental money for some other purposes of living.
 Now then, whatever property you may think of—whether natural or
artificial, whether animate or inanimate, that a person has
possession of—it is always wealth, and a source of income in his
favor. The natural wealth is the land, wherever
it may be in convenient places, it may always WEALTH CREATED
BY LABOR.
provide one or more resources of income in
exchange for the application and expense of
strength or skill of labor upon it. The artificial wealth includes all
capital, whatever it may be, it is capital, if it can assist the labor
energy to double, triple or multiple the income and profit, drawn
from the natural resource to which the labor-strength is applied. The
rentable house or any other building is artificial wealth. And it is also
a source of income to its owner who, by a use of skill and by an
application of labor energy, can make his source of income give a
multiple yield, in return for the expense of his personal strength
upon it.
Thus, the indirect and direct resources of a propertied person,
therefore, are always many and complete when he works out the
wealth himself. By complete I mean this, that
COMPLETE AND whatever his intelligence and strength can
INCOMPLETE
INCOMES OF draw out of the source they are applied to, it is
PROPERTY always his and is always to his benefit. An
OWNERS. incomplete income or yield from a source of
wealth, to its owner, will be this, that, if he
hires the energy, or the skill of another person to apply upon his
property, then his income is incomplete, because he has to pay for
the hired labor energy as well as for hired skill. In this way an owner
of wealth of any kind may even divide the yield and the product of
the source of income into halves.
But as long as a person is an owner of wealth, an owner of capital,
and an owner of physical and mental energy, he is a possessor of
resources; his labor energy and his existence
PROPERTY are then fully guaranteed for himself, his wife,
GUARANTY OF LIFE.
and children by his wealth, because wealth or
property becomes a direct source of income,
when he himself labors on it, and an indirect, when he rents it to
others. A propertied man, therefore, is safe forever by the resources
of his property, which yield incomes and profits for sustenance of the
highest possible life, highest education, freedom, and enjoyment.
But what about the propertyless man? How many resources, or
how many sources of income has he for his
own life, the life of his wife and children? What HAS THE
PROPERTYLESS ANY
sources of income has he for education, for SOURCE OF INCOME,
bread and butter, for clothes and dress, for ETC.?
their shelter and his own? What resources has
he for his sustenance in this world, when the entire world tends
rapidly to be the property of a very few persons?
He has neither land, nor capital, nor house; he has neither natural,
nor artificial wealth to serve him, and hence, has not a single one of
the above described sources of income and
profit which the Creator provided for man’s THE PROPERTYLESS
HIMSELF IS A
enjoyment. On the contrary, the propertyless SOURCE OF
man himself is a source of multiple expense; MULTIPLE EXPENSE.
he has but a store of labor energy within
himself, which store must be supported by its own effort, and that
too while his life is guaranteed by nothing but by his physical
strength and natural mind. And it is only these two that unite to
support him who is the single source of the following manifold
expenses in favor of many owners of properties and wealth, who
sometimes make enormous fortunes by the efforts of the
propertyless.
If a propertyless man desires to exist at all in the sight of his God
in this quasi-civilized world, he must spend his life in the following
ways:
1. He must pay from it for a shelter to one or another property
owner, when this owner has a rentable house, which house serves
as a source of income and profit to the owner. So that the tenant of
his house becomes a permanent resource for the owner’s well-being,
because he cannot avoid paying rent to the one or the other.
 2. He must pay for his clothes to another property owner or an
owner of wealth, who gets income and profit from selling the goods,
and who gets incomes and profits for making
EXPENSES FOR and producing the goods. And as a consumer,
CLOTHES, ETC.
the propertyless man is relied upon as a source
of income by these owners of wealth, and
hence, he is a resource of their own well-being. He must also pay for
laundry to another owner of wealth and must be a real source of
income and profit for him, because he too is a propertied man and
has many resources for life.
3. He must pay for his board, whether in a boarding house or in a
restaurant, it makes some difference; but by boarding in either one
or the other, he must be a source of income
EXPENSES FOR and profit to servants and waiters every day,
NOURISHMENT.
and to a crowd of owners of wealth who are
ever ready to draw all from him they can. But if
he boards in the house he rents, and if his wife performs the
domestic duties in his case, then the expense of his life is reduced
through this channel in favor of the wife. Nevertheless, he must
continue to be a source of income in favor of the butcher, the baker
and grocer, and some other propertied men who derive their profits
from him at a certain per cent in the way of his nourishment.
4. The propertyless man is another source of expense in favor of
the support of the general government of the nation, a state
government, a county government, and perhaps a municipal one.
And he pays the taxes in the prices of the
goods and clothing he wears; in the prices of EXPENSES FOR
GOVERNMENT, ETC.
food and the drinks he consumes,—these
expenses make him a sure source of income to
many other owners of wealth, and so on. And to this channel of
drain must be added his expenses for education, for different
asylums, for churches and other institutions; expenses for the books
and newspapers he reads; expenses for the carfare, etc., he cannot
avoid; expenses for the physicians he is cured by, and the drugs his
strength is invigorated with, and so on. Thus every one of these
propertied persons obtains his own percentage of income from the
resourceless man. And certainly there are many other channels of
expense for him in the society he comes into contact with. It is really
impossible to number here even the unavoidable expenses of the
propertyless man.
It is then in the above directions that the physical and mental
energy must run out of the propertyless person. And of course it
runs out in the form of currency or the money by which he pays for
shelter, for clothing, etc., for services and all
HIS ENERGY IS utilities, to the owners of wealth. But, if the
DRAINED BY THE
PROPERTIED MEN. propertyless man himself is only a source to be
drained by the others, and if he has neither
land, nor capital, nor any other natural or artificial wealth to draw an
income from, then his very strength is good for nothing. For the
strength itself can neither be eaten nor can he pay with it any one
who has the right to draw on it. His energy must, therefore, be first
exchanged either for money or for some other utilities of value which
are derived out of wealth, out of property that he does not possess.
How then can this persistently drained source become filled or
supplied again? Where is the resource of his own income? Surely he
can not exist without one at least. And, being propertyless, he
naturally does not have even the single one outside of himself. Yet
he has to live from without or he must die of starvation from within.
Now, the only chance for the propertyless man to live is to go
again to an owner of wealth, and to hire some one or another
resource of income from him and to apply his
HE MAY HAVE BUT energy to it, paying for the permission. Again
ONE CHANCE FOR A
PAYMENT. paying, paying is the only hope for the
propertyless man. And this is the most
important point after all, because he must pay even for the
application of his personal energy to all natural and artificial
resources of wealth, or income. Has any one understood what it
means—to pay for an application of labor energy to wealth that the
merciful Creator provided for man? I am sure that the politico-
economists do not understand it. A few of them hit this point,
sometimes, but unconsciously, without conceiving its significance.
The propertyless person, then, who is drained in all directions, and
who has but one chance to restore his expended energy from a
single source of income—this man again becomes an additional
source of expense in favor of an owner of wealth, an additional
source of income and profit to propertied men.
But where, and how, can this unfortunate creature of God, this
multiple source of income and profit for men, further pay and
expend his strength, for becoming a still further source of income in
favor of the propertied men?
This question, after the four previously explained series of drains of
the propertyless man, demands the next point.
5. The propertyless man can not even make himself the source of
income and profit to others without paying an exorbitant price for it
to an owner of wealth. If, for instance, he labors for wages, his
employer and others finally obtain from 25 to 50 or 75 per cent or
even more profit out of the results of his labor. If he works on a
farm, in a plant, or any other wealth with
HIS EXPENSES FOR capital, or works in making capital, he must in
EMPLOYMENT IN
ANY SPHERE. any way divide the results of his work between
the owner of wealth and himself. His portion is
usually paid by time in money, as wages, as a salary, or in some
other way; while the whole result of his work remains, and is
dispensed by the owner of wealth who is profited by him. If the
propertyless person serves to an owner of wealth as a clerk, a
bookkeeper, salesman, or in any other capacity, he cannot serve
unless he or she is a profitable source of income to the propertied
master who gives him the chance to supply his ever drained source
of multiple expenses. If, further, the propertyless man leases a farm
or any other wealth of a propertied person, he has always to divide
the results of his labor between himself and the owner of wealth.
Whereas, if the owner of it himself labors on his wealth, then, the
whole result of his toil must remain as a reward to himself. And
there is the difference: The tenant or the lessee is obliged to labor
twice as hard as the propertied man in order to derive so much
income for himself, as the owner of wealth can derive by working
half as hard; and that is because the owner of property is drawing
all income of his labor for himself, while the propertyless man is
drawing income for himself and for the propertied man, to whom the
former is a source of income by paying rent. If, finally, the
propertyless man labors upon a rentable source of income, and then
borrows money for improvements, in addition to the paying for that
source, he thereby makes himself a source of income in favor of the
creditor, by paying per cents for the loan; and, consequently, he
must divide the results of his toil between himself and between two
owners of wealth. The improvements, being a capital, must aid him
to produce more wealth than he can produce without it; but the high
rate of percentage which exists in America must surely ruin the
debtor, because per cents in favor of lenders of money, etc.,
generally run from 6 to 12 per cent per annum; and in some cases
the money sharks obtain even from 15 to 18 per cent.
What then are the advantages of the propertied person and the
disadvantages of the propertyless man?
From the preceding it is clearly seen that both men are on an
equality merely in the physical energy. And the propertied person
has an absolute advantage for developing his mental energy or skill.
We have, therefore, to regard their physical
energy as an equal in both. But, with the ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES.
propertied man, this energy is surrounded by
multiple resources of income; so that to
whatever resource he applies his energy, it always yields him the
whole results of his labor. An application of capital in his power
multiplies the yield in his favor. An application of the hired labor
energy still farther multiplies the yield and increases his income. His
physical energy, therefore, must be regarded
A PROPERTIED IS A as a source of multiple income even in relation
MAN OF MULTIPLE
INCOMES. to a small amount of wealth or income-bearing
property.[53] On the contrary, when there is
plenty of employment, the energy of the propertyless person is itself
a source of multiple expense in favor of the propertied men. And
again, when there is employment, he is
A PROPERTYLESS IS permitted to apply his energy but to a single
A MAN OF MULTIPLE
EXPENSES. resource of income; and when permitted to do
so, the propertyless man can only draw about
half the income that this resource can yield to his energy, while the
other half of it must go to the multiple incomes of the propertied
men who employ him as the people call it. Hence, being surrounded
with the inexhaustible wealth of nature, with innumerable resources
of income, the propertyless man is only a semi-sourced man—a man
of semi-sourced income. He is a man who is entitled to a portion of
the yield, for the expense of energy which is equal to two or more
portions of it. And there is nothing more in the whole realm of
wealth than a semi-income from one source for the man who himself
is a source of multiple expenses in the favor of many owners of
wealth. A greater injustice than this could not be fabricated by
mankind under the heavens.
But what about the propertyless, when there is no employment at
all? Or, when the caprice of the propertied is not satisfied by the
halves of the yields produced by the labor
energy and skill of the propertyless people? PROPERTYLESS OUT
OF EMPLOYMENT.
What, when they demand still more impossible
efficiency in product from the emaciated
energy of their victims? The answer is clear and but one. These
economic slaves, these victims of the greatest injustice and
absurdity are thrown back by thousands into the sphere of
humiliation under public relief. And who constitutes this public?
Nearly all the same propertyless millions, who relieve the others,
when they themselves are not yet on the point of starvation.
And who is after all accused? Who is searched? Whose character
and history of life is mercilessly scrutinized at the bars of charity?
Again the same propertyless victims, the same
economic slaves, whose lives have been spent HE IS REGARDED AS
INFERIOR.
in working for the owners of wealth, owners of property, of fortunes.
It is certainly not with Japan, nor even civilized England, where
primogeniture persists to reign, and where the hereditary noblemen
equally continue to suck the energy of the
PRINCIPLES OF British and Irish people and of the peoples of
INJUSTICE.
their colonies that we have to deal with. “In
1891 Great Britain and Ireland had had nearly
6,000,000 propertyless families[54];” and they have been accustomed
for centuries to spend more than half of their energy in favor of the
lords of property, who are the lords of nearly all resources of wealth
in Britain and in many other parts of the world. But we have to deal
with the people of the United States, whose fathers tried by all
means to escape the influence of primogeniture, and whose children
have now reached the same economic
DIVIDOGENESURE. condition of slavery, but under a different title,
viz., that of dividogenesure.[55] As its definition
here shows, the principle of dividogenesure involves both the
individual and class dependence of the needy upon the wealthy and
applies to the entire millions of the group of tenant families, as well
as to the group of mortgagor families of the 2d table.[56] For all these
families have been dividing the sole results of their labor or toil, in
one way or another, between themselves and their economic
masters that they wholly or partly depend upon. The subsequent
chapters, however, will better explain the situation of their
dependence.
While here we shall but briefly indicate that dividogenesure, as a
principle of tacit reality, separates the people into two classes: 1st,
into individuals of multiple expenditure in each case, but with a
possible semi-income for supplying this
expenditure; and 2d, into individuals of also ECONOMIC
CLASSES.
multiple expenditure for living, but at the same
time of multiple incomes sufficient to leave a
considerable net profit or balance for their future. This balance or
profit, in some cases, gradually amounts to millions of dollars’ worth
of wealth, remultiplying further incomes most rapidly; while the
individuals of the first class become absolutely dependent upon the
second even for the semi-income which may at any time be refused
them on account of too many individuals in need of resources for
incomes belonging to the second class.
And it further follows, that when the resourceless are admitted into
the sphere of dividogenesure, then their
ONE SPHERE. multiple expenditure is meagerly supplied. But
when they are refused admittance into this
sphere, then their unavoidable fate is starvation or falling back into
the realm of public relief for the unemployed.
As to their fate under the public relief, Dr. Amos G. Warner says:
“The most difficult problem in the whole realm
CHARITIES of poor-relief is this of Providing for the
ANOTHER SPHERE.
unemployed. England has worked at it
intermittently from the time of Elizabeth”
(1558-1603) up to date without success. For there were more than
30-millions of individuals without property in Great Britain and
Ireland, when Dr. Warner was writing, and he continued as follows:
“The most careful investigation made in this country regarding
enforced idleness was probably that conducted by the Massachusetts
Bureau of Labor during the depression of 1885.
LOSS OF TIME. There were during that year in Massachusetts
816,470 persons engaged in gainful
occupations; of these 241,589 were unemployed during part of the
year. The time lost, if we consider only the principal occupation of
each individual, was 82,744 years; but many persons, when unable
to work at their principal occupation, had some subsidiary work.
Making the proper deductions for the time thus put in, the net
absolute loss of working-time amounted to 78,717.76 years. * * *
Averaged among those who lost a certain amount of time, the loss
per man was 3.91 months.”[57] or nearly four months.
This description shows the absolute helplessness of the
resourceless people in the State of Massachusetts alone, while there
were 48 other States and Territories besides Massachusetts in this
country. In all these States and Territories,
therefore, not only millions of years of working- LOSS OF MONEY.
time must have been lost during the depression
of 1882 to 1885, but millions of dollars of public and private money
was unproductively spent for the relief of the propertyless from
starvation, cold and from other distresses. And after all, that was a
comparatively mild reality. For the same Dr. Warner further writes:
“This present chapter passes from my hand in March, 1894, when
special relief-work for the unemployed is being carried forward on a
scale never before known or needed in this
country.[58] It is therefore not possible to give HOMELESS
CONSTANT FACTOR.
the results of this emergency work.” * * * But
the relief must be given. “The present chapter
is concerned especially with the problem of the homeless poor as a
constant factor in the administration of charities.[59] The question of
how to deal with the tramp is said to be of special urgency in every
locality in the United States with which I am at all acquainted. From
Boston to San Francisco, and from St. Paul to New Orleans,
complaints come of a number of tramps, which is alleged to be
‘especially’ large in each case.”[60]
In fact, Dr. Warner’s book of more than 400 pages is one that
represents the saddest spectacle of human
TWO SISTERS OF misery on the largest scale. It treats all
INIQUITY.
possible causes of the misery, excepting the
main, and all-powerful, cause of all the minor
causes, which I have named dividogenesure, because it is the sister
of primogeniture, the one being as iniquitous for millions of families
as the other.
As a universally pernicious principle, dividogenesure is always
working in behalf of a few favorites. It has always been unjust to the
employees, even when those favorites
IMPLIES DEGREES commanded an equal number of places of
OF INJUSTICE.
employment to the number of the employees in
a nation, because the latter have always been
obliged to divide the results of their toil at an unjust rate of per cent
with the former. The injustice of dividogenesure, however, intensifies
as soon as the number of the employees becomes greater than the
number of the places of employment, and this injustice grows
especially intense when these employees appear to be the
propertyless individuals. And when a nation has so many
propertyless individuals as to outnumber by millions the places of
employment, then, the great injustice of dividogenesure changes
into the very foundation of iniquity. For its favorites, then, make all
possible devices, like the blanks with tens of scrutinizing questions,
and other humiliating devices for the purpose of selecting the most
efficient applicants for employment at the cheapest possible rates of
payment. Thus, the employed ones become harder and harder
economic slaves of these favorites, while the unemployed are cast
out of the sphere of the slavery without bread, etc., into the sphere
of starvation and the public relief.
Further, dividogenesure is not a system of ordinary slavery, where
the slaves are dependent upon their masters for living and dying. It
is not the slavery that imposes a moral obligation upon the masters
in favor of the slaves who are subject to them.
No, no, dividogenesure has made millions of IT IS NOT AN
ORDINARY
families absolutely dependent on its favorites, SLAVERY.
but it has removed from these favorites all
moral obligations in favor of the modern economic slaves. The
modern master of hundreds of the slaves can extort the last inch of
labor energy from each of them, and yet can live in perfect peace
under the shield of dividogenesure without responsibility and without
the slightest remorse of conscience. He does not compel any of the
slaves to make applications for employment, for working out his
wealth and fortune. But he knows very well that there are invisible,
omnipotent and omnipresent forces, namely:
UNSEEN FORCES. Hunger and thirst, or the multiple expenditure
in every individual case, which mightily push
the slaves to his commanding mastership. And the only duty
dividogenesure bids him to perform, is to choose the most efficient
applicants for the lowest pay, as they would seem to be the most
profitable for himself. As to the rejected ones, it is neither his
business nor his duty to care whether they live or perish by fire, by
cold, by disease, wither away or starve to death.
 CHAPTER IV.

ABNORMITY OF THE SOCIAL SITUATION.

The preceding chapter has shown the differences between the

conditions of life of the propertied and of the
propertyless people. It has explained the DIFFERENCES IN
CONDITIONS OF
multiple expenditures of the resourceless, and LIFE.
how they are obliged to labor under the
principle of dividogenesure without ever being able to appropriate
the full results of their labor to themselves. The present chapter will
reveal the astonishing number of the propertyless in the United
States, and the places where they are mostly to be found.
However, before proceeding to examine the investigations about
the people without property, we must add here, that the
propertyless are those that occupy houses, or
rooms, or simply little cells in the rentable THE PROPERTYLESS
PAY RENT OR ARE
properties of the propertied, paying rent for EXPELLED.
them. They are, therefore, regarded as the
tenants of homes, and when occupying rentable farms, they are
regarded as the tenants of farms. And as long as they are able to
earn and to pay the rents on time, they are regarded as good
people, good families and respectable persons, because they
constitute the real sources of income to the owners of the rentable
properties. But as soon as they cannot find a situation, cannot find
employment, cannot find work, cannot find a job, cannot borrow
money, cannot pawn anything, hence cannot pay rent at the well
defined times, then they are gently or ruthlessly kicked out of the
rooms, and regarded as “no good,” as degenerates.
Expelling them from the tenement houses or farms, some
gentlemen or lady-proprietors sometimes even express sympathy or
sorrow to lose their tenants; and sometimes
CANNOT HELP THE they anticipate further sufferings and privations
SITUATION.
for their unfortunate roomers, etc., but cannot
help them under the existing conditions. The
expelled tenant then wanders about, suffers privations, humiliations,
till he falls into prison, or she falls into prostitution, and into all the
miseries of the world. And it is only at the point where these
propertyless lose their real manhood and womanhood that they
cease to be the sources of income for the propertied.
Now let us deal with the homeless and landless in the statistical
accounts, where the tenants and mortgagors are described together,
but with greater details in respect to the mortgagors than to the
tenants. For the sake of clearness, therefore, I must prominently
represent here the tenant families, as the propertyless, and must
leave the mortgagor families for the next chapter.
The following census statistics represent only percentages of
families occupying farms and homes in the United States, while I
have supplied the figures implied in the relative percentages of these
families.

STATISTICS OF THE TENANTS.

“Extra Bulletin No. 98 of the United States Census, 1890, says:

“There are 12,690,152 families in the United States, and of these
families 52.20 per cent,” or 6,624,259 families, “hire their farms or
homes, and 47.80 per cent own them.”[61]
“In regard to the families occupying farms the
conclusion is, that 34.08 per cent,” or FARM FAMILIES.
1,624,655 families, “hire, and 65.92[62] per cent
own, the farms cultivated by them.” So that “among every 100 farm
families 34 hire their farms,” being landless.
“The corresponding facts for the families occupying homes are,
that 63.10 per cent,” i. e., 4,999,396 families
“hire, and 36.90[62] per cent,” i. e., 2,923,560, HOME FAMILIES.
[62]
families, “own their homes.” So that “in
every 100 home families, on the average, 63 hire their homes, and
37[63] own them.”
“There are 420 cities and towns that have a population of 8,000 to
100,000, and in these cities and towns 64.04
CITIES 64.004 PER per cent of the home-families hire and 35.96[63]
CENT. HIRE.
per cent own their homes.” So that in these
cities and towns, 64 out of every 100 families
hire their homes, and 36 own them, or as the Bulletin states: “in 100
home families, on the average, are found 64 that hire their homes,
and 36[63] own them.”
Besides this, “the cities that have a population of 100,000 and
over,” i. e., cities up to millions, like Philadelphia, Chicago, New York
and so on, “number 28, and in these cities
LARGE CITIES 77.17 77.17 per cent of the home families hire their
PER CENT. HIRE.
homes and 22.83[63] per cent own them.” It
follows, that in these large and very populous
cities of the United States more than 77 families out of every 100
are tenant families or those that hire their homes, and 23[63] own
them. Or, as the Bulletin says: “In these cities among 100 home
families, on the average, 77 hire and 23[63] own their homes.”[64]
Now then, what this Extra Bulletin reveals to us is as follows:
1. That in 1890 we had 1,624,655 families hiring farms. The
difference between hiring a farm and owning a farm is this, that an
owner of a farm reaps all the benefits of his
own farm; whatever amount of energy he NUMBER OF
FAMILIES HIRING
spends upon his farm, he obtains all the results FARMS.
of it by himself and for himself, remaining all
the time an independent man. A farm tenant is just the contrary. He
is a dependent being and is a subject to dividogenesure. He works
upon a rentable property and must first of all satisfy the rightful
owner of the farm. He must divide the results of his labor between
his master and himself, by paying rent. And in order to be equally
well off with the farmer that works upon his own farm, the tenant
must exert almost twice as much of labor energy as the owner of a
farm. But this is impossible. And this impossibility rests upon all the
tenants of farms. They are economic slaves of their masters, slaves
under the principle of dividogenesure. If they don’t wish to divide
the sole results of their labor, then they must starve, and there is no
other alternative for them, because they are propertyless and hence
resourceless.
2. That at the same time we had 4,999,412 other families that
were hiring not the farms but rentable homes of the propertied men.
And these nearly 5-million families were not
only the sources of income and profit in favor NUMBER OF
FAMILIES HIRING
of the owners of the homes, but also the HOMES.
sources of income for the employers that
permit them to labor. So that a farm tenant is a direct[65] source of
income to one lord of property; while a home tenant is a direct[66]
source of income for two owners of wealth. And a great injustice
hangs on the neck of every one of these millions, because they have
no property of their own. But the principal point is this, that neither
one of them has the right to expend or apply his labor energy
anywhere without paying for it to those that may not labor at all and
live.
Adding now the two classes of tenant families, we have 6,624,259
of them; and regarding their numbers
NUMBERS individually, we have 32,656,808 propertyless
COMBINED.
persons who are in bondage of dividogenesure,
because they have neither the right to expend
their strength nor to restore it without paying for both to the
propertied.
 The question now is, Do these numbers show that we had “less
than half the families in the United States without property?”[67] Even
without examining the numbers of the propertyless in cities and
towns, the Extra Bulletin proves that there were 279,023 more of the
propertyless families than the half of the entire population. And this
little more than the half represents 1,345,683
propertyless individuals who could build and COULD BUILD A
LARGE CITY.
could inhabit yet another one of the largest
cities in the world, while under the unjust
principle of dividogenesure they have neither a farm, nor a lot, nor a
single house of their own.
But what do you think about the whole number of the
propertyless? We had fully 32,656,808 individuals of them in 1890,
according to this Bulletin, and they could
likewise build and inhabit 32 great cities having COULD BUILD 32
LARGE CITIES.
in each more than a million of good citizens. A
million population in one city, as you know,
constitutes one of the most populous cities in the world; and we
could have thirty-two such cities in the possession of these now
propertyless people. These millions of people could make one of the
finest nations on earth with 32 of most populous cities which they
could erect by their labor energy. How is it, then, that they are
obliged to remain homeless, landless, propertyless, resourceless?
Have they been lazy to work? Have they been incapable of doing
anything for themselves? Have they been degenerates? No, no,
these tens of millions have been working hard, but they have been
deprived of the results of their labor by the unjust principle of
dividogenesure that compelled them to labor for the few families of
the wealthy group of the two tables on p. 47, which own the results
of their labor and toil.
And do you realize what it means to have 420 cities and towns
with the population of 8,000 to 100,000 individuals in each? Do you
know what it means to have nearly seven-
CITIES BUILT BY tenths of their population without property,
LABORERS.
when they cannot exist without it? And what it
means to have 28 cities whose population is above 100,000, and
which goes up to millions in some of them; and yet nearly four-fifths
of their people are without homes, without property, and without
any resources of their own? And do you know that these very cities
(and towns) have almost all been built out of the realized labor
energy or on account of the results of labor of these slaves of
dividogenesure?
And this is not all, for, according to the Bulletin, we had 32,656,808
of the propertyless individuals, while the 2d R. table, p. 36, which
resulted from the 2d table on p. 32, and which
COULD BUILD 33 was published in 1897—this table
GREAT CITIES.
authoritatively demands that we should add
1,251,469 more propertyless people to the
number found in the Bulletin. This additional number of the
propertyless could make yet another one of the most populous cities
in the world. And, being added together, these people could inhabit
not 32 but 33 cities, with the total population of 33,908,277
individuals or nearly 34-millions of souls.
Imagine! The whole nation in 1865 was made
up of this number of people, whose wealth WHOLE NATION OF
1865 PROPERTYLESS
aggregated over $24,000,000,000 worth. Now IN 1890.
the principle of dividogenesure required but 25
years to render the number of the propertyless
equal to the entire nation of 1865. Is it not an BY INCREASING
PROPERTY MEN LOST
astonishing fact that while this great number of PROPERTY.
the propertyless people grew up, the national
wealth actually increased by the worth of about $41,877,475,129?
For in 1860 the total aggregate of it was $16,159,616,068, whereas
in 1890 it aggregated to $65,037,091,197 worth of wealth.
In view of these contrasting facts, can any one say that the 33-
millions of the property-losers were idle? or that the phenomenal
increase of the wealth was produced by the
very few owners of it because they had the HUMAN ENERGY IS
THE INITIAL
most effective capital at their own hands? No,
sir, the capital itself is dead in every respect OPERATOR IN
PRODUCTION.
and form, and not a single piece of it can
produce anything by itself. But, being effective
aid, assistant in production, capital only helps the living human
energy to increase the results of its labor. And it follows that
whatever the increase in production due to mechanical forces or to
other capital may be, it must be attributed to the activity of human
energy which manipulates all invented forms of capital. And surely
the blessings of the various inventions consist in the fact that the
inventions can aid the labor energy to produce more wealth than it
can produce without them. Hence the real blessings of the invented
capital ought to have been preëminently in the fact of its increasing
the well-being of the millions of laborers in the various grades of
industry.
How is it, then, that the wealth of the United States nation, from
1865 to 1890, increased by more than 42-billion dollars worth, while
the well-being of its producers greatly
IS IT LOGICALLY decreased? How is it that the tens of millions of
CORRECT OR
MORALLY RIGHT? the workers not only could not obtain the due
share of the wealth they increased, but many
millions of them in addition lost their own properties? How is it that
the great blessings of the inventors have been changed into great
curses against their well-being, because now they appeared to be
absolutely dependent for life on the wealthy few, having nothing of
their own? No explanations of minor causes can answer these
questions, but the great injustice of dividogenesure explains them.
But what can the propertyless people do when they increase and
when all the wealth and capital produced by the people are
monopolized by a few families, as even the 1st and 2d tables, p. 47,
show the facts? What can the 33,908,277 individuals without
property do, when they have nothing to hope for but labor under the
principle of dividogenesure for the wealthy few that consist of less
than a million families in the enlarged nation?
 It is evident that their fate condemns them to labor, as slaves, on
permission, and to satisfy first the demands of dividogenesure and
afterward take for themselves what may be
allowed from the results of their toil on the THE CLAIMS OF
DIVIDOGENESURE
rentable farms, while the millions of families REGARDED FIRST.
which hire homes in the 448 cities and towns
are still harder slaves of dividogenesure than the families that hire
their farms. They are harder slaves because they are more liable to
be freed even from the oppression of dividogenesure, and liable to
remain months and months in the sphere of starvation without
employment.
Can there be a greater iniquity in the world than the iniquity that
proceeds from the abnormal system of dividogenesure?
No! No nation in human history has seen an iniquity that can be
compared with the results of dividogenesure as they are at present,
for it now deprives men of their fruits of toil to
the utmost degree; it deprives them of their DIVIDOGENESURE
IS A FOUNTAIN OF
energy, of their rights, and of their property; it GREAT EVILS.
deceives them by the medium of exchange of
commodities and products; it makes them economic slaves of the
very few masters or throws them out of the region of the slavery
into the region of resourceless starvation and degeneration; it
concentrates masses of the people’s wealth into a few hands,
leaving millions of families without income in despair and casts them
out of the rentable homes; it drags them into the courts, throws
them into prisons, drives them into penitentiaries, fits them for and
chases them into the lunatic and insane asylums. And not only this,
but nearly all causes of murders, of parricides, of infanticides, etc.,
and of the suicides perpetrated by the people, can indirectly be
traced to the abnormal system of dividogenesure, which most
fundamentally conditions almost all national, social and private
crimes, because sound life always depends upon sound economic
basis of a nation.
 The system of dividogenesure, however, is pernicious not only to
the tens of millions of the propertyless people alone, but it has
enslaved millions of families that have homes
IT COMPRISES THE and have other little properties not bearing
PROPERTIED
EMPLOYEES. direct incomes for subsistence. These families
therefore are also compelled to be in gainful
pursuits under the same conditions with the landless and homeless.
And Mr. Carroll D. Wright, onesided and severely criticised, wrote
about some of them as the American bread-winners, as follows:
“Bread-winners in 1870 engaged in supporting themselves were
12,505,923, or 32.43 per cent” of the population. “The bread-
winners in 1880 were 17,392,099, or 34.67 per cent of the total
population” of that time. “The bread-winners in 1890 were
22,735,661, or 36.31 per cent.” By “bread-winners” he meant “wage
earners, salary receivers ... or any one who was engaged in gainful
pursuit,” including “proprietors of whatever grade or description, and
all professional persons.”[68]
I must here make a diversion to examine this author’s argument.
For the purpose of proving that the poor, the producers of wealth,
were getting better off from 1870 to 1890 by their gainful pursuits,
Mr. Wright has placed in the same class
individuals of incomparable description, and, by MR. C. D. WRIGHT.
making averages upon equally incomparable
basis of their gains, logically arrived at the false conclusion that the
wages in general had risen during that period of time. And hence, he
added that “the rich are growing richer and the poor are getting
better off.” He thus arrived at the same nominal conclusion at which
Mr. Shearman has arrived in making nearly 56-millions of individuals
appear to be in possession of $209 each.[69] And it is exactly in the
same way Mr. Wright himself made the per capita wealth in the
United States, as a whole, amount to $1,036 for every inhabitant of
the nation. The rules of arithmetic are accurate in every calculation.
But the nominal distribution of wealth has never made the millions
of the people better off; and it has never altered the fact, that in
1890 we had nearly 34-millions of them without property; and we
had a little over 7-millions of other individuals owning more than
55½-billion dollars worth of wealth.[70] Whereas, at the same time,
there were more than 27-millions of individuals whose aggregate
wealth was only $825-millions, which is but $30 to each person.[71]
This little diversion from our main thought once more testifies that
the increase of the 42-billion dollars worth of wealth which accrued
from 1865 to 1890 did not in the least raise the wages of those
producers of the wealth who were compelled even to lose their own
properties. On the contrary, while the salaries and incomes of some
professional persons had decidedly increased, the wages in general
had fallen, as we shall see later on. Consequently, the tens of
millions of the creators of that wealth appeared to be all the worse
off, as we have seen on pp. 85, 86.
And when Mr. Wright adds “that the transportation has been so
perfected,” during the same time, “as to bring to the door of the
poor man and the rich the results of industry of
far away people” in order that they may buy THE PROPERTYLESS
HAVE NEITHER DOOR
them from different monopolists; this sentence NOR WINDOW.
really sounds like a mockery to the 34-millions
of individuals who had in 1890 neither their own door nor even
window, and who were absolutely dependent upon chances for a
semi-income under the oppressive dividogenesure.
But as to how many people were engaged in the gainful pursuits
and how many of them were entirely subject to the system of
dividogenesure, we can better know from the researches of Prof.
Mayo Smith. He says as follows:
“Persons in gainful pursuits, United States 1890, by classes of
occupations, in ten years of age and over, were 47,413,559. Out of
them 24,352,659 were males and 23,060,900
were females.” After this statement he PROF. MAYO
SMITH.
innumerates their respective occupations and
adds “That 9,013,201 persons were in gainful
pursuits in agriculture, fisheries and mining, and that 8,333,692 of
these last are males and 679,509 are females.”[72] So that out of
62,622,250 inhabitants of the country 47,413,559 individuals of 10
years of age and upwards were engaged in the gainful pursuits.
Now these nearly 47½-millions of persons in gainful pursuits could
not all be the slaves of dividogenesure. For some of these persons
serve its favorites for very high salaries and
FAVORITES OF their services are well remunerated. Nor could
DIVIDOGENESURE
SPECULATE. this number include many of the favorites of
this unjust principle. For its real favorites are
those that possess extensive rights in natural and artificial resources
of wealth; they are those that earn their enormous incomes even in
their comfortable beds, by simply speculating on and relying upon
the energy and productivity of the subjects to dividogenesure. And
as the productivity of the American people is very high, it therefore
becomes as easy for them to grow very wealthy under the favor of
dividogenesure as for the millions of makers of their fortunes to
grow very poor and emaciated.
Reviewing then the various occupations of the people in the United
States as these are represented by different authorities, we have
sufficient reason to judge that since the year
1,000,000 FAMILIES 1890 there have been about 38,837,849
AND 38,837,849
INDIVIDUALS. persons who may be regarded as positive
slaves to dividogenesure on the one hand. And
there have been about one million families that were more or less
profited by their highly productive labor and skillful energy on the
other hand. The above number includes nearly all the homeless and
landless of the last census, and includes about six millions of those
who had their little homes and other properties of no importance.
The productivity of these people may be exemplified by the
following reports:
“Mr. Mulhall, in the ‘North American Review,’ for June, 1895, says:
“An ordinary farm-hand in the United States raises as much grain
as three in England, four in France, five in Germany, or six in Austria,
which shows what an enormous waste of labor
occurs in Europe, because farmers are not PRODUCTIVITY OF
FARMERS.
possessed of the same mechanical appliances
as in the United States.” (Enc. of Soc. Ref. p.
1093.)
“Mr. Edward Atkinson gives the following statements on the
industrial productivity of the United States.” He says:
“One thousand barrels of flour, the annual ration of 1,000 people,
can be placed in the city of New York from a point 1,700 or 2,000
miles distant with the exertion of human labor
equivalent to that of only four men, working 7 PERSONS SERVE
1,000 WITH BREAD.
one year in producing, milling and moving the
wheat. It can then be baked and distributed by
the work of three more persons, so that seven persons serve 1,000
with bread.”[73]
“The average crop of wheat in the United States and Canada would
give one person in every 20 of the population of the globe a barrel
of flour in each year, with enough to spare for
ENOUGH TO FEED seed. The land capable of producing wheat is
THE WORLD.
not occupied to anything like one-twentieth of
its extent. We can raise grain enough on a
small part of territory of the United States to feed the world.”[74]
“The general conclusion at which I have arrived is that in the year
1880, the census year, when the population of
GROSS INCOME IN the United States numbered a little over
YEAR 1880.
50,000,000, the annual product had a value of
nearly, or quite $10,000,000,000 at points of
final consumption, including, at market prices, that portion which
was consumed upon the farm, but which was never sold. Omitting
that consumed upon the farm, it was about $9,000,000,000.”[75]
“At an average of 200 pounds per head in the United States, the
largest consumption of iron of any nation, we
ONE OPERATOR may yet find that the equivalent of one man’s
SERVES HUNDREDS
 WITH GOODS. work for one year, divided between the coal-
mine, the iron-mine and the iron-furnace,
suffices for the supply of 500 persons. One operator in the cotton
factory makes cloth for 250; in the woolen factory for 300; one
modern cobbler (who is anything but a cobbler), working in a boot
or shoe factory, furnishes 1,000 men or more than 1,000 women
with all the boots and shoes they require for a year.”[76]
These paragraphs sufficiently indicate the general capability of the
American people for production under the existing conditions.
If an Austrian wine-producer or a farmer is six times less capable
to produce than an American farmer; and if this Austrian farmer can
easily defray the multiple expenses of his
family and his own out of the results of his less POVERTY IS
IMPOSSIBLE.
capable labor and live comfortably every year,
the American farmer ought to have five times
as much of net profit from the results of his capable labor energy as
the Austrian farmer can spend every year for his living. So that,
living in the same way as the Austrian, the American farmer ought to
be in six years fully thirty times wealthier than an Austrian farmer of
an ordinary type.
How is it then that the wealth of the sturdy American farm tenant
consists on the average of but $360 per family of nearly five
members each; while an Austrian farmer is incomparably better off,
being almost always a propertied man?
And if seven American laborers are able to serve 1,000 persons
with bread and feed themselves every year, it is perfectly legitimate,
then, that every one of them should have a yearly profit of his labor,
which is equal to the value of bread, yearly consumed by nearly 143
men. And this yearly profit must quickly make a considerable
amount of wealth in his store.
How is it then that the millions of American producers of bread,
each supplying hundreds of persons, are
POVERTY EXISTS. obliged to live from hand to mouth, having
neither property nor land, nor any other wealth in store for their
future? And if their productivity testifies that they are able to feed
and clothe the world, as Mr. Atkinson very reasonably affirms, is it
not highly important to find out who profits by their remarkably
efficient labor energy? Or, who yearly devours the surplus of their
products, leaving them in poverty?
Further, the work of one American miner, “for one year, divided
between the coal-mine, the iron-mine and the iron-furnace,”
ultimately “suffices for the supply of 500
NO ROOM FOR persons” with the metallic goods and utilities
POVERTY.
they consume in a year. “One operator in the
cotton factory can provide goods for 250, in the
woolen factory for 300, in a boot or shoe factory for 1,000 men or
more than 1,000 women”—one worker in any of these industries, in
one year, can work out the respective goods these numbers of
consumers require for a year, thus showing that the productivity of
every operator is simply phenomenal.
How is it then that these very operators who can and do supply
hundreds and even thousands of consumers with different utilities
for living and enjoying, are unable to support
their own families for six months after they YET POVERTY
EXISTS IN THE
cease to be in their exceedingly productive ABSENCE OF
employment? And why are nearly all of them JUSTICE, ETC.
homeless? Is it the essential and necessary
demand of modern ethics, that the more one produces the poorer
one must be? Or is it exactly the demand of modern justice that
millions of human beings should only toil and work for others,
without having the right to work for themselves and to partake of
the fruits of their own labor? And where is the court of justice to be
found which can vindicate their cause in view of their unusual
productivity?
Many consumers are convinced that these operators as well as all
other American laborers are always paid what they deserve, though
they cannot provide for their future. Many other consumers think
that they could not be so productive if it were
not for the highly efficient aid of costly capital ILL-BASED
REASONING.
under their operations. And as a logical
inference, these consumers further think that
this capital must be highly paid for its own productivity. Hence the
capitalist must have a lion’s share from the results of the active
energy of every operator with the mechanical forces in production.
And, although the error of such reasoning is transparent from
beginning to end, yet it seems that justice itself is thus often
satisfied.
These reasoners seem to never ask, Whose energy is embodied in
the capital that the inventors have left as great
JUSTICE CLAIMS A blessing for working humanity? And whose
DEEPER BASIS FOR
REASONING. energy has realized, or rather materialized, the
existing inventions after they had been created
in the minds of the great men? Has all this been done by inanimate
dollars or money, or by the same animate and intelligent beings
whom we now regard as the mere operators in every sphere of
human activity? Is it not their energy that flows like a river into all
things of utility?
Then they say that the organizers, the managers, the
superintendents must be paid manifold for their superior work and
intelligence. All right, nobody denies that.
But will you show me a single article in use, in existence, or an
object in the process toward use and existence, which does not
represent the energy of the laborers in need of
some of the necessaries of mere existence? THE WHOLE
ARTISTIC WORLD
Show me a brick or a stone in its use, an iron- IMPLIES EXPENDED
bar, a steel-rail, a machine or an engine, a HUMAN ENERGY.
steamer or cable, or whatever you please,
which has not been washed with the sweat of the brow of their
makers in need? Show me that building, that palace or mansion, a
house or home, which does not directly imply, or does not testify of
the energy of the propertied poor and the homeless?
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