Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

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June 2024

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

Index
A. Polity & Governance  (3-26) C. Security  (39-43)
1. Return of Coalition Government in India............... 3 1. M
 inilateralism: A Rising Force in Global
2. Parliamentary Oath and Council of Ministers....... 5 Governance.......................................................... 39
3. Joint Sitting of Parliament..................................... 7 2. Why India Needs 3rd Aircraft Carrier?................ 40
4. First Past The Post (FPTP) vs. Proportional
Representation electoral system............................. 8 3. Joint Doctrine For Cyberspace Operations.......... 42
5. Constitutional Morality: Principles, Challenges, and 4. N
 AGASTRA-1: Indian Army’s First Indigenous

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Indian Case Studies...............................................11 Loitering Munition............................................... 43
6. Mercy Petition: Pardoning Power of President & 5. Exercises/Operations In News............................. 43
Governor.............................................................. 14
D. economy  (44-63)

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7. Donald Trump becomes 1st ex-U.S. President
convicted of felony crimes................................... 16
1. RBI’s Repatriation of Gold from UK to India..... 44
8. The Delayed 2021 Census................................... 17
9. Enemy Agents Ordinance vs. UAPA................... 18 2. Container Port Performance Index 2023.............. 46
10. Patna High Court Strikes Down 65% Quota in 3. F
 intech companies leading India’s startup
Bihar................................................................... 20 ecosystem............................................................. 49
11. Kerala or Keralam? Resolution to change the 4. Project Nexus of Bank for International
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State’s Name...................................................... 21
12. e-Shram Portal Showcased at International Labour Settlements........................................................... 52
Conference......................................................... 22 5. Digital Payments Intelligence Platform............... 54
13. Post Office Act, 2023: Replacing Colonial 6. I ndia leads the fastest-growing major economy as
Legislation.......................................................... 23 per GEP Report 2024........................................... 54
14. Is Pakistan using a Firewall to censor social media
platforms?.......................................................... 24 7. Trends in Remittances Inflow.............................. 56
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15. FSSAI Cracks Down on Misleading “100% Fruit 8. National Health Claim Exchange......................... 58
Juice” Claims......................................................26 9. E-commerce As Export Hub................................. 59
B. International Relations  (27-38) 10. Base Erosion and Profit Shifting........................ 62
1. 50th G7 Summit................................................... 27 E. science & technology  (64-80)
2. R
 ussia Sends First Coal Trains to India
1. C
 hang’e-6: 1st Mission to return samples from the
via INSTC............................................................ 28
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far side of the Moon............................................. 64

3. India-Russia Relation : RELOS Deal Finalized... 30 2. Armenia joined the Artemis Accords................... 65
4. Fast Track Immigration - Trusted Traveler
3. 2 025: International Year of Quantum Science And
Program............................................................... 31 Technology........................................................... 66
5. Issues of Indian Migrants in Gulf Countries........ 32 4. Kavli Prize 2024.................................................. 67
6. New Non-Permanent Members of UNSC............ 34 5. Pushpak, ISRO’s Reusable Launch Vehicle......... 68
7. India’s Leadership in the Colombo Process......... 36
6. A
 I Model Predicts Alzheimer’s with 80%
8. B
 iopharmaceutical Alliance: A Strategic Partnership Accuracy ............................................................ 69
for Global Health................................................. 37
7. W
 orld First Epilepsy Device Fitted in UK Boy’s
9. Protests and Riots in New Caledonia................... 37
Skull..................................................................... 70
10. M
 aitri Setu: A Bridge to Strengthen India-
Bangladesh Ties................................................. 38 8. Progress towards HIV vaccine............................. 71

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
9. GMO Mosquitoes Released in Djibouti to Fight G. Society And Culture  (98-110)
Malaria................................................................. 73
1. India Slips to 129 on Global Gender Gap Index.. 98
10. I ndia Plans to Start Large-Scale Production of
Bio-Bitumen....................................................... 74 2. T
 he Marriage Penalty in India: Barriers to Women’s
Employment......................................................... 99
11. Superhydrophobic Catalyst: For Affordable
Biodiesel............................................................. 76 3. Six Months Maternity Leave for Surrogates...... 102
4. Nata Pratha: Human Rights Concerns .............. 105
12. Optical Atomic Clock........................................ 77
5. Tamil Nadu’s Hooch Tragedy............................ 106
13. KAVACH: India’s Shield for Railway Safety.... 79
6. N
 alanda University: An Ancient Centre of
14. T
 RISHNA: Indo-French Thermal Imaging
Learning............................................................. 107
Mission............................................................... 80
7. P
 ortion of Hampi’s Virupaksha Temple
F. Geography & Environment  (81-97) Collapses............................................................ 108

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1. E
 U’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism 8. K
 ozhikode: India’s first UNESCO ‘City of
(CBAM)............................................................... 81 Literature’........................................................... 109

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2. I ndia is World’s 2nd largest emitter of Nitrous 9. Srinagar: India’s 4th World Craft City .............. 109
Oxide.................................................................... 82 10. 3 50th Anniversary Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
Coronation.........................................................110
3. No Outcome in Bonn Meeting............................. 82
4. Environmental Performance Index 2024............. 83 H. Ethics  (111-114)
5. UNESCO State of the Ocean Report 2024.......... 85 1. Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence..........................111
6. Urban Flooding in India: A Growing Crisis......... 87 2. Lawyer Advertising Online: Ethical Concerns...112
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7. Cold Lava............................................................. 88 3. P
 uja Khedkar Controversy and Rules for Civil
8. I ndia’s Largest Leopard Safari Opens at Servants...............................................................113
Bannerghatta........................................................ 89
4. Suhas Yathiraj: Triumph Over Adversity............114
9. C
 onservation Breeding in Indira Gandhi Zoological
Park...................................................................... 90 I. Essay  (115-116)
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10. N
 agi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries Recognised as Thinking is Like a Game, It Does Not Begin Unless
Ramsar Sites....................................................... 91
There is an Opposite Team.......................................115
11. Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary: India’s Second
Home for Cheetahs............................................. 92 J. Scheme  (117-120)
12. R
 hisotope Project: Radioisotopes into the Horns 1. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) -
of live Rhinos..................................................... 94 Boost for ‘Ease of Living’ and Dignity for Crores
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13. I ndian House Crows and Kenya’s Plan to of Indians...........................................................117

Eliminate Them.................................................. 95
2. R
 estructuring AB-PMJAY to elevating health
14. Paraparatrechina neela: A New Ant Species...... 96 budget..................................................................118
15. P
 rotecting India’s Only Ape: Canopy Bridges to 3. N
 ational Forensic Infrastructure Enhancement
Safeguard Hoolock Gibbons in Assam.............. 96 Scheme (NFIES).................................................119
16. R
 are 4-Horned Antelope Sighted In Veerangana 4. Saubhagya Scheme: Empowering Households with
Durgavati Tiger Reserve.................................... 97
Electricity............................................................ 120
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

A. Polity & Governance

1. Return of Coalition Government in India 2. Coalitions are formed for the sake of some reward,
material, or psychic motive. A coalition implies the
1. After a decade in power, the Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP) was unable to secure a majority in the Lok existence of at least two partners.
Sabha (Lower House of Parliament) in the recent 3. The underlying principle of a coalition system stands
elections. on the simple fact of temporary conjunction of specific
2. However, they are set to form a government with interest.
the support of coalition partners under the National 4. Coalition politics is not a static but a dynamic affair

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Democratic Alliance (NDA). This marks a return to as coalition players and groups dissolve and form new
coalition Government in India. ones.

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Understanding Coalition Government 5. A coalition government works based on a minimum
programme, which may not be ideal for each partner
1. Etymology: The term coalition is derived from the
Latin word coalitio meaning to grow together. of the coalition.
2. Definition: When several political parties join 6. The purpose of coalition adjustment is to seize
hands to form a government and exercise political power.
power based on a common agreed programme/ Coalitions are of two types:

coalition government.
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agenda, we describe the system as coalition politics or
Pre-Poll Coalition: A pre- Post Poll Coalition: A
poll alliance is a political post-poll alliance is a
3. Purpose: Coalitions usually Occur in modern
arrangement where two political arrangement
parliaments when no single political party can
muster a majority of votes. ‘Two or more parties, or more political parties where two or more
who have enough elected members, between them agree to cooperate and political parties agree
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to form a majority, may then be able to agree on a support each other before to cooperate and form
common manifesto that does not require too many an election. This alliance a coalition after the
drastic compromises with their individual policies, is typically formed with election results have
and can proceed to form a government. the aim of improving been announced.
4. Cooperative Arrangement: Coalition denotes a co- their chances of winning This type of alliance
operative arrangement under which distinct political by consolidating votes, is typically formed
parties, or at all events members of such parties, unite
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avoiding vote splitting, and when no single party

to form a government or ministry.
presenting a united front secures an outright
Features of coalition politics against common opponents. majority, necessitating
The features or implications of coalition politics or - The pre-poll coalition is collaboration to achieve
coalition government are summarized by J.C. Johari in considerably advantageous the numbers required to
the following ways:
because it provides a govern.
1. It is a phenomenon of a multi-party government
common platform to the -The post-election union
where several minority parties join hands for the
parties to woo the electorate is intended to enable
purpose of running the government. A coalition is
based on a joint manifesto. constituents to share
formed when many splinter groups in a House agree
to join hands on a common platform by sinking their political power and run
broad differences and form a majority. the government.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Coalition Politics in India: the emergency imposed by the Congress government.
Which became the reason for the debacle of congress.
Phase 1: 1947-67
1. Indian politics in the period between 1947 to 1967 Phase 4: Decline of coalition Politics (1980-89)
was coalitional in nature. Political scientists like Rajni 1. The failure of coalition experiment (failure of Janata
Kothari, Morris Jones and Myron Weiner developed coalition government to complete its full term) gave
a theoretical model for this level in the late sixties an opportunity to Congress-recovering from a split in
through the idea of a one-party dominant system or 1978 under the leadership of Indira Gandhi to capture
Congress system. power in the 1980 elections.
2. Rajni Kothari has also highlighted the consensual 2. Congress received a massive victory in 1984 general
politics based on pluralism, accommodation and elections also. Thus, for a decade the coalition politics
bargaining followed by Congress party. came to an end at the center. It however continued at

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the state level.
Phase 2: 1967-77 Coalition at state level
1. Coalition by non-congress opposition parties, and Phase 5: 1989-99
1. Further decline of coalition politics, immature

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formation of government in 9 states.
2. Morris Jones calls that coalition led to the emergence coalitions leading to hung assemblies and minority
of a ‘market polity’ leading to a ‘pretty regular and government at the Centre and rise of bipolar regional
continuous defectors market’. politics at state assemblies.
3. Divergent ideologies helped in winning elections Phase 6: 1999-2014
by providing a mass base, but also led to crisis in 1. Mature coalitions that are stable.
governance.
Phase 3: 1977-79
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1. Return of single party dominant system, the
1. Defeat of the Congress in 1977 parliamentary as well coalition exists, but since BJP had a majority on floor,
as assembly elections (in six States). it was not dependent on coalition partners to fulfill
2. The introduction of populist, bureaucratic and its manifesto commitments, and not committed to a
authoritarian mode of politics in the party had led to common minimum programme.
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Merits and demerits of coalition form of government:
Feature Merits Demerits

1. Diversity and Accommodates diverse interests and ensures Can lead to instability due to disagreements
Representation broader representation of various groups and among coalition partners and potential for
regions. smaller parties to act as “kingmakers.”
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2. Decision- Promotes consensus-based politics and Can slow down decision-making due to
Making reduces the risk of abrupt policy changes. the need for consultations and compromises
among coalition partners.

3. Federalism Strengthens the federal structure by being Regional parties may prioritize regional
more sensitive to regional demands and interests over national ones, potentially
concerns. hindering national unity.

4. Accountability Checks on the concentration of power and May lead to lack of accountability and blame
reduces the risk of authoritarian rule. games among coalition partners, eroding
public trust.

5. Leadership May encourage collaborative leadership and Can curtail the Prime Minister’s power and
shared responsibility. lead to less decisive leadership.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Conclusion What is an Anti-Defection Law?
The return of coalition politics in India signals a shift 1. The anti-defection law penalizes Members of
in the political landscape. While coalitions offer several Parliament (MPs) and Members of the Legislative
advantages, such as broader representation and consensus- Assembly (MLAs) for switching from one party to
based decision-making, they also come with challenges, another.
such as instability and potential policy gridlock. The 2. Parliament introduced this law into the Constitution
success of the new government will depend on the ability as the 10th Schedule in 1985 to ensure government
stability by preventing legislators from changing
of its coalition partners to cooperate effectively and
parties frequently.
address the nation’s challenges.
3. Commonly referred to as the Anti-Defection Act,
2. P
 arliamentary Oath and Council of the 10th Schedule was added to the Constitution

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Ministers through the 52nd Amendment Act, 1985.
4. This law provides the grounds for disqualifying
In June 2024, the 1st session of the 18th Lok Sabha

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elected members who defect to another political
begins. Before the House starts its legislative activities, party.
newly elected members must take the oath of Members of 5. It was enacted in response to the frequent toppling
Parliament (MP), as outlined in the Constitution. of state governments by party-switching MLAs
Bhartruhari Mahtab’s Role following the 1967 general elections.

1. Bhartruhari Mahtab is re-elected for the seventh Parliamentary Oath

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time from Cuttack, Odisha, was the first to take the 1. Definition: The parliamentary oath is the pledge
oath as a Lok Sabha MP at Rashtrapati Bhavan in taken by elected representatives to the Parliament.
front of President Droupadi Murmu. 2. Constitutional Provision: The 3rd Schedule of
the Indian Constitution includes the text of the
2. The President appointed him as the Speaker (pro
parliamentary oath.
tem) under Article 95(1) of the Constitution until a
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a. This schedule outlines the forms of oaths and
new Speaker is elected.
affirmations for various constitutional roles, such
3. Mahtab will preside over the House during the
as the President, Ministers, Judges, and Members
oath-taking of his colleagues. of Parliament and State Legislatures.
b. Through this oath, members swear or affirm to
Term of an MP
uphold the Constitution of India, maintain India’s
1. The five-year term of a Lok Sabha MP starts when
sovereignty and integrity, and fulfil their duties
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the Election Commission of India (ECI) declares the

faithfully.
results, according to Section 73 of the Representation
How Has the Oath Evolved Over the Years?
of the People Act, 1951.
1. Initial Draft Constitution: The original draft did not
2. MPs receive their salary and allowances from the date
include the invocation (mention) of God in any oaths.
of the ECI notification. For instance, after the 2024
It was prepared by the drafting committee, chaired by
general elections, the ECI declared the results on June
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
6. 2. Invocation of God: During the discussion on
3. MPs must also follow the anti-defection law; the President’s oath in the Constituent Assembly,
switching party allegiance can lead to disqualification members like K.T. Shah and Mahavir Tyagi
if requested by their political party. proposed amendments to include God in the oath.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
a. Despite disagreements, the inclusion of God was Council of Ministers
accepted in the final draft. 1. In June 2024, the President Droupadi Murmu
3. Recent Amendments: The last amendment to the administered oaths to the Central Council of
oath was the Constitution (16th Amendment) Act Ministers of the new NDA government.
1963, which added the commitment to uphold 2. The council is led by PM Narendra Modi.
India’s sovereignty and integrity. 3. The new Council of Ministers is larger in size
compared to the previous term.
Authority 4. It includes: 30 Cabinet Ministers; 5 Ministers of State
1. Traditionally, the MP with the most terms served is (Independent Charge); 36 Ministers of State.
appointed as the pro-tem Speaker for the first two About Union Council of Ministers (CoM)
days to administer the oath to all newly elected MPs. 1. The Union Council of Ministers (CoM), also known as
2. This was not followed in the 18th Lok Sabha. the Central Council of Ministers, is a key component

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3. The President assigns the duties of the Speaker (pro- of the executive branch of the Union Government.
2. It functions as the real executive authority within
tem) under Article 95(1) of the Constitution until a

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India’s Parliamentary System, as established by the
new Speaker is elected.
Constitution.
4. MPs take their oath or affirmation in the presence of
3. The Council advises the President of India and plays
the pro-tem Speaker. a crucial role in decision-making, policy formulation,
Prerequisite and implementation.
1. Before taking the oath, MPs must present their election Constitutional Provisions Related to the Union
Council of Ministers (CoM)
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certificate to the Lok Sabha staff.
2. This safeguard was introduced after a 1957 incident Article Subject-Matter
where a mentally unsound individual posed as an MP Article 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise the
and took the oath in the House. President of India.
3. MPs must use the name on their election certificate Article 75 Other provisions for Ministers
and follow the exact text of the oath; deviations are Article 77 Conduct of business of the Government of
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not recorded, and MPs may be asked to retake the India
Article 78 Duties of the Prime Minister regarding the
oath.
furnishing of information to the President
4. In 2019, when an MP added a suffix to her name while
Article 88 Rights of Ministers regarding the Houses
reading the oath, the presiding officer ruled that only
the name on the election certificate would be recorded. Composition of the Union Council of Ministers
The Union Council of Ministers is headed by the Prime
Multilingualism in Oath Taking
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Minister and includes the following categories of ministers:

1. After verification, MPs can take the oath or affirmation 1. Cabinet Ministers
in English or any of the 22 languages specified in the a. Lead major ministries such as Home, Defence,
Constitution. and Finance.
2. About half the MPs take their oath in Hindi or English. b. Participate in Cabinet meetings and are
3. In the last two Lok Sabhas, Sanskrit has also been a instrumental in policy decisions.
2. Ministers of State (MoS)
popular language for taking oaths.
a. Can be attached to Cabinet Ministers or have
4. While oaths and affirmations are a personal choice,
independent charge of Ministries/Departments.
87% of MPs swore in the name of God in the last Lok b. When attached:
Sabha, with the remaining 13% affirming allegiance · May oversee departments within ministries
to the Constitution. led by Cabinet Ministers.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
· Handle specific tasks related to those 3. Oath of Secrecy: In his/her Oath of Secrecy, the
ministries. Minister swears:
c. In both cases, they work under the supervision of a. that he/she will not directly or indirectly
Cabinet Ministers. communicate or reveal to any person any matter
d. With independent charge: that is brought under his consideration or becomes
· Perform similar functions and exercise known to him as a Union Minister, except as may
similar powers as Cabinet Ministers but are be required for the due discharge of his duties as
not part of the Cabinet and attend its meetings such minister.
only if invited. Collective Responsibility
3. Deputy Ministers 1. Article 75 states that the CoM is collectively
a. Do not have independent charge of Ministries or responsible to the Lok Sabha.

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Departments. 2. If a No-Confidence Motion is passed, all ministers
b. Assist Cabinet Ministers or Ministers of State. must resign.
c. Are not Cabinet members and do not attend 3. Can advise the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha for

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Cabinet meetings. fresh elections.
4. Parliamentary Secretaries 4. Decisions bind all ministers; dissenting ministers
d. Not part of the Central Council of Ministers must resign if they cannot support decisions.
(CoM).
e. Appointed by the Prime Minister.
3. Joint Sitting of Parliament
f. Do not control any departments but assist senior 1. In June 2024, the President of India addressed the
ministers in their duties.
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1st address to the newly elected 18th Lok Sabha.
Appointment of Ministers
1. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of
About the Joint Sitting of Parliament
India. 1. A joint sitting involves both houses of Parliament
2. Other ministers are appointed by the President on the (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) meeting together.
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advice of the Prime Minister. 2. Types of Joint Sittings in the Constitution: There
3. Only those recommended by the Prime Minister can are two main types of joint sittings in the Indian
be appointed as ministers. parliamentary system:
4. A non-member of Parliament can be appointed as a. Presidential address under Article 87
b. Resolution of legislative deadlocks under Article
a minister but must become a member within six
108
months to retain the position.
3. Article 87:
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Oaths and Affirmations of Ministers a. It outlines when the President addresses both
1. Administered by the President of India. Houses of Parliament.
2. Oath of Office: In his/her Oath of Office, the Minister b. Constitution (1st Amendment) Act of 1951
swears: modified Article 87 to specify that the President
a. to bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution addresses the Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha at the
b. to uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India beginning of the 1st session after each general
c. to faithfully and conscientiously discharge the election and at the beginning of the 1st session of
duties of his office each year.
d. to do right to all manner of people in accordance 4. Significance of Joint Sitting:
with the Constitution and the law, without fear or a. Allows the President to outline the government’s
favour, affection or ill-will. policy priorities and legislative agenda.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. The address after general elections is especially 7. Exceptions to Joint Sittings:
important as it reflects the mandate and a. Money Bills (Article 110)
priorities of the newly elected government. b. Constitution Amendment Bills (Article 368)
5. Article 108 can be invoked in the following Leader of the House (LOH)
scenarios: 1. Current LOH in Rajya Sabha: On the first day of
a. When a bill is passed by one house but rejected or the Rajya Sabha’s 264th session, Health Minister
not returned by the other. Jagat Prakash Nadda was officially designated as
b. When the President returns a bill for the Leader of the House in the Rajya Sabha.
reconsideration. 2. Legal Backing: The term Leader of the House is
c. When more than six months have passed since defined in the Rules of Procedure for both the Lok
the bill was received by the other House without Sabha and the Rajya Sabha.

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3. Appointment Process:
being passed.
a. The Leader of the House is a minister and a
6. Key Provisions for Joint Sittings:
Rajya Sabha member, nominated by the

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a. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the
Prime Minister.
session. b. The Leader of the House can also appoint a
b. If the Speaker is absent, the Deputy Speaker of the Deputy Leader of the House.
Lok Sabha takes over. If both are unavailable, the c. In the United States, a similar position is called
Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha presides. the ‘majority leader.’
c. The Chairman of the Rajya Sabha does 4. Responsibilities:
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not preside over the joint session under any
circumstances.
a. Conducts overall proceedings, especially de-
bates and discussions
d. The Secretary-General issues summons to each b. Maintains harmony among members
c. Upholds the dignity of the Rajya Sabha
member, specifying the time and place for the
d. Ensures standard procedures during parliamen-
joint sitting.
tary debates
e. The duration and adjournment of the joint sitting
LOH in Lok Sabha:
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5.
are determined by the Speaker. a. In the Lok Sabha, the Leader of the House
Previous instances of Joint sittings is typically the Prime Minister if they are a
Only 3 bills have been passed through joint sittings member. If not, a Minister who is a member
and is nominated by the Prime Minister takes
since 1950:
on this role.
1. Dowry Prohibition Bill, 1960
b. By convention, the Prime Minister is always
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2. Banking Service Commission (Repeal) Bill, 1977 the Leader of the Lok Sabha.
3. Prevention of Terrorism Bill, 2002
f. Follows Lok Sabha rules of procedure. 4. F
 irst Past The Post (FPTP) vs. Proportional
g. The procedures followed during joint sessions Representation electoral system
can be modified or varied as deemed necessary or In June 2024, many citizens and political parties
appropriate by the Speaker. in India have agreed that the current First-Past-The-
h. A quorum for a joint sitting requires the presence Post (FPTP) electoral system should be replaced with a
of one-tenth of the total number of members of Proportional Representation (PR) electoral system.
both Houses. About First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) Electoral System
i. Used as a last resort to resolve legislative 1. Voters cast a vote for a single candidate, and the
deadlocks. candidate with the most votes wins the election.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Also called the simple majority system or plurality 2. Features:
system. a. It represents political parties fairly based on their
3. One of the oldest and simplest electoral systems, vote share.
used in the UK, the US, Canada, and India. b. It ensures every vote contributes to seat allocation
Features of FPTP in Parliament or other elected bodies.
1. Voters are given a list of candidates from various Types of the Proportional Representation
political parties or independent candidates. Systems
2. Voters select one candidate by marking their ballot 1. Single Transferable Vote (STV):
paper or using an electronic voting machine. a. Voters rank candidates in order of preference and
3. The candidate with the most votes in a constituency cast only one vote.
wins. b. PR by STV allows voters to select their preferred

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4. The winner does not need a majority (over 50%) of party candidate and vote for independents.
votes but just a plurality (the largest number) of votes. c. The President of India is elected through PR by
5. This system often results in disproportionate outcomes STV, using a secret ballot.

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in assemblies or the Parliament, where parties may not d. The electoral college, including State Legislative
be represented according to their share of the overall Assemblies, the Council of States, and members
vote. of Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, participates in
Advantages of FPTP this process.
2. Party-List PR:
1. Simplicity: Easy for voters to understand and for
a. Voters cast their vote for a party rather than

efficient.
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officials to manage, making it cost-effective and
individual candidates, and seats are allocated to
parties based on their vote share.
2. Clear and Decisive Winners: Provides results with
b. A minimum threshold of 3-5% vote share is
a definitive winner, contributing to stability and
usually required for a party to win a seat.
credibility in the electoral system.
3. Mixed-Member Proportional Representation
3. Accountability: Candidates directly represent
(MMP):
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constituents, offering better accountability compared
a. MMP balances stability and proportional
to Proportional Representation (PR) systems where
representation in a political system.
candidates may be less known.
b. One candidate is elected from each territorial
4. Candidate Selection: Voters can choose between
constituency through the First-Past-the-Post
parties and specific candidates, whereas the PR system
(FPTP) system, with additional seats allocated to
requires selecting a party, with representatives elected
parties based on their national vote percentage.
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based on party lists.

c. This system allows for diverse representation
5. Coalition-Building: Encourages different social
while maintaining individual representatives
groups to unite locally, promoting broader unity and
from specific areas.
preventing fragmentation into numerous community-
d. Countries like New Zealand, South Korea, and
based parties.
Germany use MMP.
About the Proportional Representation (PR) Advantages of Proportional Representation
Systems Systems
1. Proportional Representation (PR) is an electoral 1. Ensures Every Vote Counts: In proportional
system where political parties receive seats in the representation (PR), each vote is counted when
legislature proportional to the votes they get in allocating seats in Parliament. This boosts voter
elections. engagement in the democratic process.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Diverse and Representative Government: PR c. If the PR system is applied for the 2024
promotes representation of smaller parties and elections, then:
minority groups, leading to a broader range of Political % of Actual Seats as per
perspectives and ideas in Parliament. formation votes number of PR
3. Reduces Manipulation: PR systems minimize seats
gerrymandering (manipulation) because seats are National 43.3% 293* 243
distributed based on the proportion of votes received Democratic
by each party, rather than manipulated district Alliance
boundaries. (NDA)
a. This prevents parties from unfairly altering the INDIA bloc 41.6% 234 225
electoral map to their benefit. Others/ 15.1% 16 75

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Disadvantages of Proportional Representation independents
Systems Total 100% 543 543

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1. Unstable Governments: PR can result in unstable Lack of Representation for Minority Groups:
governments as it increases the likelihood of smaller In a two-party FPTP system, a party with a small
parties and minority groups being represented, percentage of votes may not win any seats, leaving a
making it difficult to form stable coalitions and govern significant portion of the population unrepresented in the
effectively. government.
2. More Complex: PR systems are often more complex a. While countries like the UK and Canada also use
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than First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) systems, which can
be harder for voters to understand and for governments
FPTP, their Members of Parliament (MPs) have
greater accountability to their local constituencies.
to implement. 2. Strategic Voting: Voters may feel compelled to vote
3. Expensive: Operating PR systems can be costly, for a candidate they do not fully support to prevent
requiring significant resources and funds to conduct a disliked candidate from winning. This can result in
elections. voters not truly expressing their preferences.
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4. Neglect of Local Needs: PR can cause leaders 3. Disadvantage for Smaller Parties: Smaller parties
to prioritize party agendas over local needs since struggle to win in the FPTP system and often have to
multiple representatives share a constituency. align with national parties, which can undermine local
a. This diffusion of accountability may result in self-government and federalism.
selfish political behaviour and neglect of specific
Other Alternative Electoral Systems
constituency concerns.
1. Ranked Voting Systems: These systems let voters
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Need to Shift from FPTP System to the PR System rank candidates in order of preference rather than
1. Over or Under Representation: The FPTP system selecting just one.
can lead to over or under representation of political 2. Score Voting Systems: These systems enable voters
parties in terms of seats compared to their vote share. to rate candidates on a numerical scale instead of
a. For example, in the first three elections after selecting or ranking them.
independence, the Congress party won nearly 3. International Practices
75% of seats in the Lok Sabha with just 45-47% a. Presidential democracies like Brazil and
of the vote share. Argentina, and parliamentary democracies
b. Similarly, in the 2019 Lok Sabha Elections, the such as South Africa, the Netherlands, Belgium,
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) received 37.36% of Spain, Germany, and New Zealand use various
the vote but won 55% of the seats. proportional representation (PR) systems.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. Germany: Uses the Mixed Member b. This would empower southern, northeastern, and
Proportional Representation (MMPR) smaller northern states by giving them a stronger
voice in Parliament, even with an increased total
system. Half of the 598 Bundestag seats are
number of seats.
filled from constituencies using the First-Past-
The-Post (FPTP) system, while the other half Conclusion
is allocated to parties that secure at least 5% of As India evolves as a democracy, exploring electoral
the votes. reforms like proportional representation and MMPR can
c. New Zealand: 60% of the 120 House of lead to a more balanced and fair system. Implementing
Representatives seats are filled through the these changes thoughtfully, considering India’s unique
FPTP system from territorial constituencies. federal and diverse nature, can enhance the democratic
The remaining 40% are distributed to parties process and ensure that every vote counts.

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with at least 5% of the votes. 5. C
 onstitutional Morality: Principles,
What can be done in future? Challenges, and Indian Case Studies

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1. Recommendations of the Law Commission The arrest of a serving chief minister on corruption
a. The Law Commission’s 170th report (1999) charges brings up several legal, political, and constitutional
proposed introducing the MMPR system on a questions. It also challenges the adherence to constitutional
trial basis. morality in a parliamentary democracy like India.
b. Suggested that 25% of Lok Sabha seats be filled Allahabad High Court Judgment in Kiran
using a PR system by increasing the Lok Sabha’s Rawat vs State of UP
size.
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c. It recommended considering the entire nation as
1. The Allahabad High Court’s ruling in the case of
Kiran Rawat vs State of UP is viewed as a breach
one unit for PR based on vote share.
of constitutional morality.
d. Alternatively, it suggested doing this at the state
2. The court denied protection to an inter-faith couple
or UT level, recognizing India’s federal structure.
in a live-in relationship from police harassment and
2. Upcoming Delimitation Exercise
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a. The upcoming delimitation exercise will redraw implied that their relationship was immoral, illegal,
constituencies based on population shifts. and against personal laws.
b. This could disadvantage states with slower About the Constitutional Morality
population growth, potentially violating federal 1. Constitutional morality refers to the principles and
principles and causing resentment in states losing values embedded (included) in a constitution that
representation. guide the actions of both the government and its
c. A mechanism is needed to ensure fair
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citizens.
representation for all states, regardless of 2. The concept was introduced by British Classicist
population growth: George Grote in the 19th century, who defined it
· Considering current representation levels to as a “paramount reverence for the forms of the
create a fair balance. Constitution.” [paramount = supreme]
· Exploring alternative systems like the 3. In India, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the 1st to use the
MMPR. term.
3. Recommendation for MMPR System
Core Elements of Constitutional Morality
a. To achieve a more equitable power distribution,
1. Constitutional Values: Uphold the core values
the MMPR system could be implemented for
enshrined in the Constitution, such as justice, liberty,
additional seats or at least a quarter of the existing
equality, fraternity, secularism, and individual dignity.
seats in each state/UT.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Rule of Law: Ensure that everyone, including 2. SP Gupta Case (First Judges Case), 1982: The
government officials, is subject to and accountable Supreme Court recognized a constitutional breach as
under the law. a severe violation of constitutional morality.
3. Democratic Principles: Facilitate the functioning of 3. Naz Foundation v. Government of NCT of
a representative democracy where citizens participate Delhi, 2009: Decriminalized consensual same-sex
in decision-making and hold their representatives relationships between adults.
accountable. a. The court emphasized that “constitutional
4. Fundamental Rights: Respect and protect the morality” should prevail over societal norms,
fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitution, protecting individual rights.
such as equality, freedom of speech, and the right to 4. Indian Young Lawyers Association v. State of
life and personal liberty. Kerala (Sabarimala Case), 2018: The court struck

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5. Separation of Powers: Maintain a balance of down the practice of excluding women of a certain
power among the legislative, executive, and judicial age group from the Sabarimala temple.
branches to prevent any single branch from becoming a. It highlighted that “constitutional morality”

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too powerful. encompasses justice, equality, liberty, and
6. Checks and Balances: Implement mechanisms and fraternity, which surpass religious customs that
institutions that prevent abuse of power and protect restrict women’s entry.
individual rights. 5. Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, 2018: This
7. Constitutional Interpretation: Interpret the judgment read down Section 377 of the Indian Penal
constitution in ways that promote its principles and Code, which criminalized homosexuality.
adapt to changing societal needs.
RE 6. Joseph Shine vs Union of India (2018): Struck down
8. Ethical Governance: Ensure ethical conduct, the law on adultery, declaring it an infringement on
transparency, accountability, and integrity in public the rights to equality, dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
service. 7. Shafin Jahan vs Asokan K.M. (2018): Upheld the
Constitutional Morality and the Indian Constitution right to marry a person of one’s choice regardless
of religion or caste, overturning the annulment of a
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1. The term “constitutional morality” is not explicitly
Hindu-Muslim marriage.
stated in the Indian Constitution.
8. Shakti Vahini vs Union of India (2018): Condemned
2. The concept is intrinsic (essential) to the Constitution’s
honour killings and violence against inter-caste and
core values, such as justice, equality, and liberty.
inter-religious couples, setting guidelines for their
3. These values are embedded in various sections of the
prevention and protection.
Constitution, including the Preamble, Fundamental
Rights, and Directive Principles of State Policy. Challenges of Upholding Constitutional
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4. The essence of constitutional morality is also evident Morality

in numerous Supreme Court judgments. 1. Absence of a Precise Definition: The concept of
constitutional morality lacks a precise definition,
Major Judgments Upholding Constitutional
causing diverse interpretations influenced by
Morality individual viewpoints.
1. Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973: 2. Encouragement of Judicial Dominance:
Established the “basic structure doctrine,” limiting Emphasizing constitutional morality can elevate (raise)
Parliament’s power to amend the Constitution and judicial authority, leading to judicial involvement in
ensuring its core principles remain intact. legislative functions.
a. This case is an early example of the court a. This involvement breaches the separation of
upholding the Constitution’s spirit. powers principle.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Clashes with Popular and Religious Values: Steps Need to be Taken to Uphold Constitutional
Constitutional morality can sometimes oppose Morality
popular morals or religious beliefs. 1. Clear Definition and Understanding: Establish a
a. Such clashes may trigger social unrest and clear and comprehensive definition of constitutional
opposition. morality to provide a solid foundation for its
b. Notable instances include the Supreme Court’s interpretation and application.
decisions on decriminalizing homosexuality and 2. Public Awareness and Education: Promote public
permitting women’s entry into the Sabarimala
awareness and education about constitutional
temple, which faced protests from certain societal
morality.
groups.
a. Enhance civic education, conduct public
4. Impact of Political and Personal Influences:
discussions, and engage with various stakeholders
Constitutional morality can be swayed (swing) by

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to foster a deeper understanding of its principles.
political motives or personal biases.
3. Judicial Restraint and Respect for Separation of
a. These influences can compromise the objectivity
Powers: Focus on judicial restraint and respect for

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and integrity of constitutional principles.
b. For instance, the recent changes to the appointment the separation of powers to address concerns about
committee for the Election Commission of India judicial supremacy.
and the amended IT Rules 2023 have faced a. The judiciary should exercise caution in
criticism for political interference. legislative matters and maintain a balance
5. Judicial Activism vs. Judicial Restraint: Finding between upholding constitutional values and
a balance between judicial activism and judicial respecting other branches of government.
restraint is challenging.
RE 4. Strengthening Institutions:
a. While judicial activism can uphold rights and a. Uphold constitutional morality by strengthening
constitutional values, excessive activism can the independence, integrity, and effectiveness
intrude on executive and legislative domains. of institutions like the Election Commission,
b. Judicial activism and Judicial restraint are the National Investigation Agency (NIA), and Central
two terms used to describe the philosophy and Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
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motivation behind some judicial decision. b. Ensure transparent appointments, reduce
c. Judicial activism refers to a theory of judgment political interference, and enhance accountability
that takes into account the spirit of the law and mechanisms.
the changing times, while judicial restraint 5. Promoting Civic Education: Increase public
relies on a strict interpretation of the law and the
awareness and understanding of constitutional rights
importance of legal precedent.
and values, especially among the youth.
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d. Judicial Restraint is a theory of judicial

a. Implement civic education programs in schools
interpretation that encourages judges to limit the
and colleges to instil (inculcate) a sense of
exercise of their own power. It asserts that judges
constitutional responsibility and empower
should hesitate to strike down laws unless they
citizens to participate meaningfully in democratic
are obviously unconstitutional.
processes.
6. Enforcement and Compliance Issues: Despite
a strong constitutional framework, effective 6. Enhancing Access to Justice: Improve access to
enforcement and adherence are challenging. justice, particularly for marginalized and vulnerable
a. Problems such as implementation gaps, delays communities, to uphold constitutional principles.
in justice delivery, and lack of public awareness a. Expand legal aid services, reduce judicial
about constitutional rights contribute to these backlog, simplify legal procedures, and promote
challenges. alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
7. Encouraging Ethical Leadership: Promote ethical 3. Arif had filed several petitions, including a review
leadership and governance practices at all levels to petition and a curative petition, which were rejected
uphold constitutional values. by the Supreme Court.
a. Leaders and public officials should demonstrate What is Mercy Petition?
integrity, accountability, and a commitment to 1. A mercy petition is a formal request made by someone
serving the public interest, setting a positive who has been sentenced to death or imprisonment
example for society. seeking mercy from the President or the Governor,
8. Adapting to Evolving Challenges as the case may be.
a. Continuously adapt legal and institutional 2. The idea of Mercy Petition is followed in many
frameworks to address emerging challenges to countries like the U.S., the U.K, Canada, and India
constitutional morality. Constitutional Provisions related to Mercy Petitions

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b. These include technological advancements, to the President.
globalization, and environmental concerns,
Process of making a Mercy Petition
ensuring relevance and effectiveness.

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1. There is no statutory written procedure for
Do Chief Ministers in India Lack Immunity dealing with mercy petitions, but in practice, after
from Arrests?
extinguishing all the reliefs in the court of law, either
1. Constitutionally, only the President of India and the convict in person or his relative on his behalf may
Governors of states have immunity from civil and submit a written petition to the President.
criminal proceedings until their terms conclude. 2. The petitions are received by the President’s
2.
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Article 361 of the Constitution states that these
officials are not liable to any court for acts performed
secretariat on behalf of the President, which is then
forwarded to the Ministry of Home Affairs for their
in their official duties. comments and recommendations.
3. This immunity does not extend to Prime Ministers
Constitutional Provisions related to Mercy Petitions
or Chief Ministers, who are subject to the principle
1. Article 72 of the Constitution empowers the
of equality before the law as advocated by the
President to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or
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Constitution.
remissions of punishment or to suspend, remit or
4. However, arrest alone does not lead to
commute the sentence of any person convicted of any
disqualification. offence –
● In all cases where the punishment or sentence is
6. M
 ercy Petition: Pardoning Power of by a Court Martial.
President & Governor ● In all cases where the punishment or sentence
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President of India Droupadi Murmu has rejected the is for an offence against any law relating to a
mercy petition of Mohammad Arif alias Ashfaq (Pakistani matter to which the executive power of the Union
national) who is a member of Lashkar-e-Taiba. He was extends.
sentenced to death in the December 2000 Red Fort attack ● In all cases where the sentence is a sentence of
where three Army personnel were killed. death.
Background 2. Similarly, the power to grant pardon is conferred
1. The Red Fort attack case dates back to 2000, in which upon the Governors of States under Article 161 of the
three Army personnel were killed. Constitution of India.
2. Arif was sentenced to death in 2005 by a trial court, a. Earlier, the Governor cannot pardon the death
which was confirmed by the Delhi High Court in 2007 sentence that was the exclusive power of the
and the Supreme Court in 2011. Indian President.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. But in August 2021, the Supreme Court held that the Governor of a State can pardon prisoners; including death
row ones, even before they have served a minimum of 14 years of a prison sentence.

Feature Article 72 (President) Article 161 (Governor) Key Differences

Extends to offenses against Extends to offenses against President’s power is broader
laws relating to matters under laws relating to matters in scope, covering Union
Scope of Power
the executive power of the under the executive power of matters, while Governor’s is
Union (central government). the State. limited to state matters.
Yes, can pardon/commute
No, does not have the power President holds exclusive
sentences in cases where
Court Martial Cases to pardon/commute sentences power in cases involving the
punishment is by a Court
in Court Martial cases military.

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Martial (military court)
Yes, can pardon/commute Yes, can pardon/commute Both have the power to grant
Death Sentence Cases

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death sentences death sentences mercy in death penalty cases.
No specific requirement for
No specific requirement for Both can pardon even before
Minimum Sentence minimum sentence served
minimum sentence served a minimum sentence is
Served before pardon (as per 2021
before pardon completed.
Supreme Court ruling)
Pardoning power is subject
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to judicial review on limited
Pardoning power is subject
to judicial review on similar
Both powers are not absolute
and can be reviewed by the
Judicial Review grounds (e.g., mala fide
grounds as the President’s courts, although the scope for
exercise, non-application of
power review is limited.
mind)
Grounds for filing Mercy Petition laid down the following principles:
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1. The mercy or clemency is granted on the grounds a. The petitioner for mercy has no right to an oral
based on his health, physical or mental fitness, and his hearing by the President:
family’s financial conditions considering if he is the b. The President Can examine the evidence afresh
only sole earner of bread or butter or not. and take a view different from the view taken by
● The Supreme Court in cases such as Shatrughna
the court.
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Chauhan vs Union of India (2014) held that

c. The power is to be exercised by the President on
Right to seek for mercy under Article 72/161 of
the advice of the union cabinet.
the Constitution is a constitutional right and not
d. There is no need for the Supreme Court to lay
at the discretion or whims of the executive.
down specific guidelines for the exercise of
Judicial Review:
power by the President.
1. President must act based on the advice of Council of
e. The exercise of power by the President is not
Ministers in mercy petititons (Maru Ram vs UOI case,
1981). subject to judicial review except where the

2. In Kehar Singh case (1988), the Supreme Court presidential decision is arbitrary, irrational, mala

examined the pardoning power of the President and fide or discriminatory.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
What are the Different Types of Pardoning Power?
Type of Pardoning
Description Example
Power
Completely absolves the convict of the crime,
The President grants a pardon to a person
Pardon erasing the conviction and all associated
wrongly convicted of treason.
penalties.
Substitutes a harsher punishment with a The President commutes a death sentence to
Commutation
lighter one life imprisonment.
Reduces the period of the sentence without The Governor remits one year from a two-
Remission
changing its nature year sentence of rigorous imprisonment.
The President grants a reprieve to a
Temporarily postpones the execution of a

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Reprieve condemned prisoner to allow time for the
sentence, usually for a short period.
filing of a mercy petition
The Governor grants a respite to a terminally

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Similar to reprieve, but for a longer period
Respite ill prisoner to allow them to spend their final
and often for medical reasons.
days at home.

What do the Laws of other Countries Provide? 5. The law also stipulates that the President’s decision
1. USA: The Constitution of America gives the on a mercy petition is final and cannot be appealed
President the similar powers to grant reprieves or against, which could severely restrict judicial
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pardon for offences under Federal law, except in cases
of impeachment. However, in cases of violation of
oversight and result in a violation of the convict’s
fundamental rights.
Conclusion:
state law, the power has been given to the concerned
The President’s power to pardon death sentences is
Governor of the state.
an important aspect of the Indian Constitution. However,
2. UK: In the UK, the Constitutional monarch can
it is essential to ensure that this power is exercised in a
pardon or reprieve for offences on ministerial advice. fair and transparent manner, and that the decision is not
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3. Canada: The National Parole Board under the Criminal arbitrary or mala fide .Judicial review plays a crucial role
Records Act is authorised to grant such reliefs. in ensuring that the President’s decision is in accordance
Proposed Changes under Bharatiya Nyaya with the Constitution and the law
Sanhita:
7. D
 onald Trump becomes 1 st ex-U.S.
1. The Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, 2023, which President convicted of felony crimes
is set to replace the Indian Penal Code, 1860, has
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1. Donald Trump has become the 1st former American

introduced several changes to the procedure for filing
President to be convicted of felony crimes.
mercy petitions. · In the U.S., a felony is a serious crime punishable
2. The new law limits the right to file a mercy petition to by death or imprisonment for more than one
the convicts or persons related to them, which could year.
adversely impact death row convicts. 2. New York jury found him guilty illegally influencing
3. The law provides for several time limits, including a the 2016 election through a hush money.
30-day limit for the convict to submit a mercy petition · Hush money is a payment made to someone to
to the Governor or the President. prevent them from disclosing embarrassing or
4. However, no time limits have been prescribed for damaging information.
consideration of mercy petitions by the President and 3. In this context, let us compare the eligibility conditions
Governor. for the office of President in case of USA and India.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Features United States of America Republic of India
1. Citizenship Natural-born citizen. Citizen of India
2. Age At least 35 years old. At least 35 years old
3. Residency Resident of the United States No specific residency requirement
for 14 years.
4. Other None specified in the a. Qualified for election as a member of the Lok Sabha (lower
qualifications Constitution. house of Parliament).
b. Must not hold any office of profit under the government.
5. Criminal No constitutional or federal bar a. Disqualified if convicted of an offense resulting in
record based on criminal history. imprisonment for two or more years.
b. Additional disqualifications under the Representation

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of People’s Act, 1951 (e.g., electoral offenses, corrupt
practices, etc.)

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6. Re-election Limited to 2 terms in office Eligible for re-election to the office any number of times (Article
(22nd Amendment). 57 of the Constitution).
7. Nomination Must register with the Federal a. Nomination must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as
requirements Election Commission once proposers and 50 electors as seconders.
campaign spending exceeds b. Must make a security deposit of Rs. 15,000 (forfeited if the
$5,000. candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled).

8. The Delayed 2021 Census

RE 5. Unique Features of the 2021 Census (as planned):
· Digital Census: This was planned to be the first
The postponement of India’s 2021 Census has raised digital census in India, using a mobile application
significant concerns across various sectors, sparking debate for data collection.
about its underlying motives and potential consequences. · More Languages: The census questionnaire
One plausible explanation offered is the strategic delay by was to be available in 16 of the 22 scheduled
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the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to influence the upcoming languages and English.
delimitation process in anticipation of the 2029 Lok Sabha Understanding Delimitation
elections. 1. Delimitation is the periodic readjustment of electoral
Understanding the Census constituencies to ensure equitable representation by
1. Definition: A census is a comprehensive enumeration considering population shares, geographical factors,
and reserved seats.
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of a country’s entire population, providing

essential data on size, distribution, socioeconomic · It is carried out by the Delimitation Commission

characteristics, and demographics. as per the Delimitation Commission Act, 1972,

and aims to uphold the principles enshrined in
2. Mandate: In India, the Office of the Registrar General
Article 81 of the Indian Constitution.
and Census Commissioner, under the Ministry of
Home Affairs, is responsible for conducting the Reasons for the Delay
decennial census (every 10 years). 1. Official Reasons: The government has cited the
3. Legal Framework: The Census Act, 1948, governs COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent disruptions as
the census process in India. the primary reason for the delay.
2. Strategic Timing: The 84th Amendment to the
4. Historical Context: India has successfully conducted
Constitution mandates that delimitation be based on
15 censuses since 1872.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
the first census after 2026. Delaying the census until The Way Forward
at least 2026 would align the delimitation process 1. Opposition’s Role: The opposition can play a crucial
with the 2029 Lok Sabha elections. role by advocating for a timely census, potentially
3. Electoral Advantage: The Bharatiya Janata Party seeking legal recourse if necessary.
(BJP), with a stronger base in the northern states, 2. Public Awareness: Raising public awareness about
may benefit from the expected shift in seat allocation the importance of the census and its potential impact
following delimitation. on governance and representation is essential.
Consequences of the Delay Conclusion
1. Impact on Welfare Schemes: The absence of updated The delay in the 2021 census is not merely a procedural
census data hampers the effective implementation of issue; it has profound implications for India’s democracy,

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welfare programs like the National Food Security governance, and development. It is imperative that the
Act, which relies on accurate population figures to census be conducted expeditiously to ensure accurate
determine beneficiary eligibility. data for policy formulation, resource allocation, and fair

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2. Legal Challenges: The prolonged delay could be representation for all citizens.
interpreted as an abuse of governmental privilege, 9. Enemy Agents Ordinance vs. UAPA
potentially violating fundamental rights and inviting
Recently, Jammu and Kashmir’s Director General
legal action.
of Police (DGP) proposed using the Enemy Agents
3. Impact on Women’s Reservation: The
Ordinance of 2005, which includes penalties such as life
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implementation of the 106th Amendment, mandating
one-third reservation of seats for women in Lok Sabha
imprisonment or the death penalty, to prosecute militant
supporters instead of the Unlawful Activities Prevention
and state assemblies, is also dependent on the census
Act (UAPA).
data.
• The Enemy Agents Ordinance is a more stringent
Also, the upcoming delimitation, ideally based on
law with harsher penalties and fewer procedural
the 2021 census, is expected to favour states with higher safeguards compared to the UAPA.
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population growth since 1973, potentially altering the
What is the Enemy Agent Ordinance?
balance of power between northern and southern states.
1. Origin and Evolution
Benefits of a Timely Census a. Introduced in 1917 by the Dogra Maharaja of
1. Comprehensive Data: The census provides a wealth Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
of information on demographics, socio-cultural i. The term ‘ordinance’ reflects the nomenclature
EN

factors, economic activities, and more, essential for for laws used during the Dogra era.
evidence-based policymaking. b. The ordinance was re-enacted in 1948 as a
2. Planning and Governance: Census data is the law by the Maharaja in exercise of his law-
bedrock for effective planning at all levels of making powers conferred by Section 5 of the
government, from national to local. Constitution Act of Kahmir, 1939.
3. Tracking Demographic Trends: Regular censuses c. Legal Basis: The Enemy Agent Ordinance was
enable the monitoring of demographic shifts, aiding subsequently protected by inclusion in the
in forecasting and long-term planning. Jammu and Kashmir Constitution of 1957,
4. Fair Representation: Accurate census data ensures particularly under Section 157.
equitable distribution of resources and political d. After Abrogation of Article 370 Enemy Agents
representation. Ordinance were retained.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Key Provisions of Enemy Ordinance: 5. Terrorism under the UAPA encompasses acts causing
a. Definition of Enemy Agent: or intending to cause harm to individuals, property
i. Enemy agent ordinance targets agents or damage, or threats to the unity, security, or
friends of the enemy rather than the enemy economic stability of India or any other nation.
itself. It defines the enemy in the context of Comparison between Enemy Agents Ordinance
the 1947 tribal invasion of Kashmir. and UAPA
ii. Anyone who conspires with another person to Unlawful
act intended to aid the enemy is regarded as an Enemy Agents Activities
Feature
enemy agent. Ordinance (J&K) Prevention Act
b. Punishment: (UAPA) (Central)
i. Enemy agents shall be punished with death or Year of 1948 (originally
1967

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rigorous imprisonment for life or with rigorous Enactment 1917)
imprisonment for a term which may extend to Jammu and
Jurisdiction Whole of India
Kashmir
10 years and shall also be liable to fine.

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Individuals aiding
c. Judicial Validation and Trial: Individuals
or conspiring
i. In Rehman Shagoo vs State of Jammu and involved in
with “enemies”
Kashmir Case, 1959, the Supreme Court “unlawful
as defined in
Target activities” that
upheld the enemy agent ordinance. the context of
threaten India’s
ii. The trial under the Enemy Agents Ordinance is the 1947 tribal
integrity and
conducted by a special government-appointed invasion of
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judge in consultation with the High Court. Kashmir
security

Broad and vague, More specific,

o Accused under the ordinance cannot Definition of
focusing on aiding defining various
engage a lawyer unless permitted by Offense
the enemy terrorist activities
the court and there is no provision for
Death penalty, life
appeal against the verdict. Death penalty, life
imprisonment,
imprisonment, or
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What is the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act Punishment
or rigorous
varying terms of
(UAPA)? imprisonment up
imprisonment based
to 10 years, along
1. The Unlawful Activities Prevention Act (UAPA), on the offense
with fines
enacted in 1967 and initially aimed at addressing
Special judges
secessionist movements and anti-national activities. appointed by
2. It has undergone multiple amendments, most recently the government; Regular courts;
EN

in 2019. These amendments include provisions no automatic right to legal

Trial Process
concerning terrorist financing, cyber-terrorism, right to legal representation;
individual designation, and asset seizure. representation; provision for appeal
no provision for
3. The UAPA grants authority to the National
appeal
Investigation Agency (NIA) for nationwide
Proposed by
investigation and prosecution under its purview and
J&K DGP as
imposes severe penalties such as the death penalty Amended in 2019
an alternative
and life imprisonment for terrorist acts. Recent to expand powers
to UAPA for
development of investigation and
4. It allows for the detention of suspects without charge prosecuting
prosecution.
or trial for up to 180 days and denies bail unless the militant
court finds the accused not guilty. supporters.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Conclusion Arguments Against the Reservation
The debate over the use of the Enemy Agents 1. Article 14 and 15(6)(b): Advocate Dinu Kumar
Ordinance highlights the complex challenges of balancing argued that cancelling 10% reservation for EWS
security concerns with human rights and the rule of law (Economically Weaker Sections) in the general
in Jammu and Kashmir. It is crucial for policymakers and category is against Article 14 and Article 15(6)(b) of
law enforcement agencies to carefully consider all aspects the Indian Constitution.
before deciding to rely on this controversial law. 2. Indira Sawhney Case: The Supreme Court had
imposed a restriction of 50% on the limit of reservation
10. P
 atna High Court Strikes Down 65% in the Indira Sawhney case.
Quota in Bihar 3. Caste Survey: The decision of reservation was taken
The Patna High Court has set aside the amendments on the basis of the proportion of castes, and not on the

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passed by the Bihar legislature in 2023 to increase the basis of adequate representation in government jobs.
reservation for Backward Classes (BC), Extremely Bihar Reservation Amendment Bill

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Backward Classes (EBC), Scheduled Caste (SC), and 1. Legislation: The Bihar Assembly unanimously passed
Scheduled Tribe (ST) from 50% to 65% in educational a Bill to increase reservation for Backward Classes,
institutions and government jobs. Extremely Backward Classes, Scheduled Castes, and
Background Scheduled Tribes from the existing 50% to 65%.
2. Quota Increase: The quota for Extremely Backward
1. Gazette Notifications: The Nitish Kumar Government
Classes (EBC) was raised from 18% to 25%; for
issued gazette notifications on November 21, 2023,
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raising the quota for deprived castes from 50% to
Backward Classes (BC) from 12% to 18%; for
Scheduled Castes (SC) from 16% to 20%; and for
65%.
Scheduled Tribes (ST), the quota was doubled from
2. Caste-Based Survey Report: The government
1% to 2%.
decided to increase the reservation based on the caste-
3. Governor’s Approval: Governor Rajendra
based survey report.
Vishwanath Arlekar approved the Bills on November
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3. PIL Petition: A Public Interest Litigation (PIL)
18, 2023, followed by the State Government issuing
petition was filed in the Patna High Court on
its notification in the gazette on November 21, 2023.
November 27, 2023, challenging the decision of the
Implications
Bihar Government to increase reservation in the State
1. Social Justice: The decision has implications for
from 50% to 65%.
social justice in Bihar, as it affects the representation
Patna High Court’s Decision
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of different castes and communities in government

1. Division Bench: A Division Bench of Chief Justice jobs and educational institutions.
K.V. Chandran heard the petitions filed by Gaurav 2. Governance: The decision also has implications for
Kumar and others. governance in Bihar, as it affects the way the State
2. Argument: Advocate General P.K. Shahi argued Government implements its reservation policy.
on behalf of the State Government, stating that the What are Reservations?
reservation was given due to a lack of adequate Reservations in India are governed by the Constitution
representation of these classes. of India, which provides for special provisions for the
3. Decision: The Patna High Court set aside the advancement of certain classes of citizens, including
amendments passed by the Bihar legislature in 2023 Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and
to increase the reservation from 50% to 65%. Other Backward Classes (OBCs).

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Constitutional Provisions 4. Jarnail Singh vs Union of India, 2018: The SC
1. Part XVI: Deals with the reservation of SC and ST in reversed its stance on data collection, ruling that states
Central and State legislatures. no longer needed to collect quantifiable data to prove
2. Article 15: Empowers the State to make special the backwardness of the SC/ST community when
provisions for the advancement of certain classes of implementing reservation quotas for promotions.
citizens, including women and children, SCs and STs, 5. 103rd Constitution (Amendment) Act, 2019:
and OBCs. Provides for reservation to EWS in jobs in central
3. Article 16: Provides for the grounds of positive government jobs as well as government educational
discrimination or Reservation in government jobs. institutions.
4. Article 16(4): Provides for the reservation of
6. Janhit Abhiyan v. Union of India, 2022: Challenged
appointments or posts in favour of any backward class
the 103rd Constitutional Amendment, but the Court
of citizens.

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upheld the amendment.
5. Article 16(4A): Provides for reservation in promotion
for SCs and STs. What Should Be Done

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6. Article 16(4B): Allows states to consider unfilled 1. Focus on Merit with Relaxation: Promoting a
reserved vacancies from a previous year meant for system that emphasizes merit while allowing for
SCs and STs. some relaxation in qualifying marks for SC/ST/OBC
7. Article 16(6): Provides for the reservation of candidates in promotions.
appointments or posts in favour of any Economically 2. Data-Driven Approach: Needed to assess the current
Weaker Sections (EWS).
representation of SC/ST/OBCs across different levels

and STs in every Municipality.

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8. Article 233T: Provides reservation of seats for SCs
and departments.
3. Addressing Concerns: Acknowledge concerns
9. Article 243D: Provides reservation of seats for SCs
about unqualified candidates getting promoted due
and STs in every Panchayat.
10. Article 335: Says that the claims of STs and STs to reservations and propose solutions like rigorous
shall be taken into consideration consistently with the training and mentorship programs.
4. Long-Term Vision: Emphasize that reservations are a
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maintenance of efficacy of the administration.
11. Articles 330 and 332: Provide for specific temporary measure to achieve long-term social justice
representation through the reservation of seats for SCs and equal opportunity in promotions.
and STs in the Parliament and in the State Legislative Conclusion
Assemblies respectively.
The Patna High Court’s decision to strike down the
Developments Related to Reservations in India 65% quota in Bihar has sparked a debate on the reservation
1. Indra Sawhney Judgment, 1992: The court upheld
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policy in the State. The decision has implications for

the constitutionality of the 27% reservation for social justice and governance in Bihar, and it remains to be
OBCs but put a ceiling of 50% unless exceptional seen how the State Government will respond to the High
circumstances warranted the breach.
Court’s order.
2. 85th Amendment Act (2001): Introduced the concept
of consequential seniority for SC/ST candidates 11. K
 erala or Keralam? Resolution to
promoted through reservations.
change the State’s Name
3. M. Nagaraj Judgment, 2006: Partially overturned
Indra Sawhney’s judgment and introduced a The Kerala Assembly has unanimously passed
conditional extension of the “creamy layer” concept a resolution urging the Centre to rename the state as
to SC/ST communities seeking promotions in “Keralam” in the Constitution. This is the 2nd time in the
government jobs. past year that such a resolution has been passed.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Pinarayi Vijayan (Kerala Chief Minister): “The name which included the district of Malabar and the taluk of
of our state in Malayalam is Keralam… However, the Kasargod to the Malayalam-speaking people’s state.
name of our state in the First Schedule of the Constitution Conclusion
has been written as Kerala. This Assembly is unanimously
The demand to rename Kerala as Keralam is a
requesting the Union Government to take immediate steps
significant development in the state’s history, reflecting
under Article 3 of the Constitution to change the name of
its cultural and linguistic identity. The resolution has
the state to Keralam.”
been passed unanimously by the Kerala Assembly, and
Background it remains to be seen how the Centre will respond to this
1. The word “Kerala” has its roots in Emperor Ashoka’s demand.
Rock Edict II, dated to 257 BCE, which mentions
“Ketalaputra” or “son of Kerala” in Sanskrit. 12. e -Shram Portal Showcased at
International Labour Conference

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2. Keralaputra: Refers to the dynasty of the Cheras,
one of the three main kingdoms of southern India. 1. The e-Shram portal, a “One-Stop-Solution” for
3. Linguistic Origins: The word “keram” is Canarese India’s unorganized workers, was recently showcased

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(or Kannada) for “cheram”, which is used to refer to by an Indian delegation led by the Secretary, Ministry
the coastal land between Gokarna (in Karnataka) of Labour & Employment.
and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu, India’s southern 2. This took place during the 112th International Labour
tip). Conference held on June 4th, 2024, in Geneva,
Demand for Renaming Switzerland.
1. Resolution: The resolution, moved by Kerala Chief e-Shram Portal: Key Features
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Minister, demands the Centre to rename the state as 1. Launched in 2021: e-Shram was launched as a
“Keralam” in the Constitution. comprehensive national database for migrant and
2. Technical Issues: The Chief Minister stated that the unorganized workers across India.
previous resolution, passed on August 9 last year, 2. Facilitates Access to Social Security: The portal
needed reintroduction due to some technical issues. aims to make it easier for workers to access various
3. Modified Resolution: The modified resolution seeks social security schemes.
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to amend the First Schedule of the Constitution (list 3. Integration with Other Platforms: e-Shram is
of various states) and the 8th Schedule (list of official integrated with the National Career Service (NCS)
languages). Portal, Skill India Digital Hub (SIDH), myScheme
portal, and the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Mandhaan
Story of Statehood
(PMSYM) scheme.
1. Demand for a United Malayalam-speaking State:
4. Future Integration: The government plans to
The demand for a united Malayalam-speaking state
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integrate additional schemes like Pradhan Mantri

first gathered momentum in the 1920s, aiming to
Jeevan Jyoti Bima Yojana (PMJJBY), Pradhan Mantri
integrate the princely states of Travancore and
Suraksha Bima Yojana (PMSBY), Ayushman Bharat
Cochin, and the Malabar district of the Madras
Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (AB-PMJAY),
Presidency.
and PM-SVANidhi into the e-Shram portal.
2. Integration of Travancore and Cochin: After
independence, on July 1, 1949, the two Malayalam-
India’s Informal Labour Market
speaking princely states were integrated to form the 1. Vast Majority: India’s informal labor market accounts
state of Travancore-Cochin. for approximately 85% of the nation’s workforce.
3. Creation of Kerala: The state of Kerala was finally 2. Self-Employed and Casual Laborers: Over 90%
created after the State Reorganisation Commission’s of these workers are self-employed or employed as
recommendation creating states on linguistic bases, casual laborers.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
a. The Act now explicitly brings private courier
13. P
 ost Office Act, 2023: Replacing services under its regulatory ambit, recognizing
Colonial Legislation the government’s loss of exclusivity while
1. The Post Office Act of 2023 came into force on June expanding the scope to intercept and detain any
18 repealing the 125-year-old Indian Post Office Act, postal article, not just letters.
1898. 6. Director General of Postal Services: The new Act
It had been passed in the Rajya Sabha last year, on authorises the Director General of Postal Services to
December 4, and in the Lok Sabha on December 18. make regulations pertaining to activities essential
Indian Post Office Act, 1898 for offering various additional services as may be
1. Came into force on 1st July 1898. prescribed by the central government, as well as for
2. Aimed to consolidate and amend laws relating to fixing charges for these services.

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Post Offices in India. a. It eliminates the need for parliamentary
3. Provided for the regulation of postal services of- approval while revising the set charges for any
fered by the central government. services provided by post offices.

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4. Granted the Central government exclusive privilege 7. Identifiers and Post Codes: Section 5(1) of the Act
over conveying letters, establishing a monopoly. states that “The Central Government may prescribe
What are the Key Highlights of the Post Office standards for addressing on the items, address
Act 2023? identifiers and usage of postcodes”.
1. Interception and Detention of Items: a. This provision is a forward-looking concept
and will replace physical addresses with digital
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a. Section 9: Allows the center to authorize
interception or detention of postal items for codes based on geographical coordinates for
reasons like state security, foreign relations, etc. precise identification of a premise.
b. Items suspected of containing prohibited goods or What are the Issues in the Post Office Act 2023?
items liable for customs duty can be handed over
1. Removal of all Offences and Penalties: The 2023
to customs authorities.
Act eliminates penalties for offenses like illegally
2. Exemption from Liability:
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opening mail, which were present in the 1898 Act.
a. Section 10: The Post Office and its officers are
exempt from liability for loss, misdelivery, This raises concerns about potential harm to privacy
delay, or damage during the course of providing rights.
services, except as prescribed. 2. Lack of Procedural Safeguards Violates
3. Removal of Penalties and Offences: The new Act Fundamental Rights: The Bill lacks specific
eliminates all penalties and offences outlined in procedural safeguards against intercepting postal
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the 1898 Act, including those related to misconduct, articles. This could violate the right to privacy and
fraud, and theft by postal officials. freedom of speech and expression.
a. It includes provisions to recover unpaid service • The Supreme Court in PUCL vs Union of India,
charges as arrears of land revenue. 1996 emphasized the necessity of fair procedures
4. Penalty under Section 7: Every person who avails of for interception to protect citizens’ rights under
a service provided by the Post Office shall be liable
Articles 19(1)(a) and 21.
to pay the charges in respect of such service.
3. The Ground of ‘Emergency’ is Beyond the
5. Removal of Centre’s Exclusivity: The new Act
Reasonable Restrictions: Like the 1898 Act, the
removes the exclusive privilege of the Centre to
2023 Act doesn’t explicitly define “emergency,”
convey letters, a privilege which was effectively
obsolete by the rise of private courier services in the potentially leading to misuse and exceeding reasonable
1980s. restrictions.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
4. Exemption from Liability for Lapses in Services: firewall to block access to social media platforms such
The Act’s framework contrasts with railway laws as X (formerly Twitter), Facebook, and YouTube.
that address service complaints through the Railway 2. The reports suggest that the government is setting
Claims Tribunal Act of 1987. This raises concerns up a ‘National Firewall’ to filter keywords and
about accountability for lapses in postal services. block unwanted content, even for users accessing the
5. Regulation of Postal Services Different from internet through virtual private networks (VPNs).
Courier Services: The Consumer Protection Act, What is firewall?
2019 applies to private courier services but not to
India Post. This disparity continues in the 2023 Act,
potentially affecting consumer rights.
Way Forward

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1. Strengthen Safeguards: Establish clear procedures
for interception of postal articles, including judicial
oversight and timely notification to affected parties.

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a. This should include oversight mechanisms,
judicial warrants, and adherence to
constitutional principles to protect the freedom
of speech, expression, and the right to privacy of
A firewall, in simple terms, is a security system for your
individuals.
computer network. Imagine it like a bouncer at a club. The
2. Clarify Definitions: Define “emergency” and other
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grounds for interception precisely, ensuring they align
firewall monitors all the incoming and outgoing traffic
(people entering and leaving the club), deciding whether
with constitutional principles.
to allow it or block it based on certain rules (like age
a. The Supreme Court in Distt. Registrar &
requirement at the club).
Collector, Hyderabad & Anr vs Canara Bank,
2005 ruled that the right to privacy remains How a firewall work?
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intact when confidential documents are given 1. Traffic monitoring: The firewall constantly checks
to a bank or personal items to a post office, all the data flowing through your network. This
and that privacy requires written reasons for any data is divided into packets, like individual pieces of
search and seizure. information being sent.
3. Balance Liability: Define clear liability rules 2. Rule-based filtering: The firewall has pre-defined
for the Post Office while providing an accessible security rules set by the user. These rules specify what
compensation mechanism for users. kind of traffic is allowed (like browsing safe websites)
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4. Protect Privacy: Enforce penalties for unauthorized and what’s blocked (like accessing suspicious sites).
opening of mail and establish whistleblower protection 3. Allowing or blocking: Based on the rules, the firewall
mechanisms. decides what happens to each data packet. It can either
5. Equal Consumer Protection: Extend consumer allow it to pass through (like letting someone enter
protections to India Post services to ensure fair the club), reject it with an error message (like telling
treatment for all users. someone they’re underage), or simply drop it without
any notification (like silently stopping a suspicious
14. I s Pakistan using a Firewall to censor program from connecting).
social media platforms? Firewalls typically operate between a trusted network
1. Pakistani media outlets have reported that the (like your home network) and an untrusted network (like
country is planning to implement a Chinese-style the internet). Their main purpose is to block unwanted
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
traffic from entering your network and potentially harming 2. Internet shutdowns and social media blocks also
your devices. This unwanted traffic could be malicious prevent governments or military authorities from
software (malware), hackers trying to steal information, being held accountable during periods of civil unrest
or even just spam emails. and violence.
History of Internet Censorship in Pakistan 3. Internet shutdowns can disrupt education, healthcare,
1. Pakistan has a history of curtailing people’s access and economic activities, resulting in significant
to the internet, either through website or social media economic losses.
blocks. 4. “Pakistani authorities have already imposed multiple
• Examples include a Twitter block in 2017, shutdowns that disrupted opposition activities during
internet disruptions during the country’s this election cycle. At least 11 Internet shutdowns
elections, and blocking of around 20,000 were imposed during the last election year of 2018,

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websites, including YouTube, in 2012.
and the authoritarian use of shutdowns has only
2. Talks of a Chinese-style national firewall in Pakistan
emboldened through 2022, 2023, and now 2024,”
have been making rounds since around 2012, though

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said digital rights advocacy group Access Now, in a
not much verified data is available regarding the status
statement in February.
of this project and its financial details.
3. In 2017, Jack Dorsey-led Twitter posted on its Global Pakistan’s Internet Shutdowns
Government Affairs account that it was aware of 1. According to estimates from the digital privacy
reports that the “Pakistani government has taken research group Top10VPN, Pakistan has shut down
action to block Twitter service, as well as other social
media services.”
RE the internet for 1,752 hours so far in 2024.
2. The economic cost of internet shutdowns worldwide
4. More recently, in the first two months of 2024, as last year was $9.13 billion, with Pakistan’s restrictions
Pakistan prepared for its elections and the results, the
being the costliest election-related shutdown, costing
government throttled access to Elon Musk-owned
$351 million.
X for days on end. Internet service was also largely
Concerns and Criticisms
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affected during this time period.
How Does a Digital Firewall Work? 1. Firewalls raise antitrust concerns as they hurt

1. A digital firewall is a security tool that stops online competition and can lead to the promotion of
traffic from reaching certain sites. government-approved alternatives with lower
2. It can prevent malicious actors from targeting privacy and service standards.
individual users’ computer systems or home networks, 2. Firewalls can also stifle innovation and limit access
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and even thwart cyber threats on specific websites. to information, leading to a degradation of the internet
3. A firewall can be a physical device or a software- user’s experience.
based tool, depending on the user’s needs. 3. Setting up and maintaining a firewall is a complex
4. Large firewalls like the Great Firewall of China are and expensive task, requiring constant monitoring to
highly complex cybersecurity tools maintained at thwart bad actors and patch security vulnerabilities.
scale to prevent people from accessing large sections 4. Firewalls also bring up antitrust concerns because they
of the internet. hurt competition. Well-performing companies and
Impact of Government-Imposed Firewalls businesses that would normally gain more users may
1. Government-imposed firewalls impede activists, be blocked and replaced by government-approved
journalists, dissidents, and regime critics from alternatives with lower privacy and service standards,
obtaining information critical of the government. degrading the Internet user’s experience even further.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Comparison with Other Countries Conclusion
1. India has also blocked access to the internet 116 The implementation of a digital firewall in Pakistan
times in 2023, according to a report by the Keep It raises concerns about censorship, internet freedom, and
On coalition. the impact on the country’s economy and citizens. The
2. Other countries, such as China, have also implemented lack of clarity regarding the current status of Pakistan’s
firewalls to control access to the internet and censor potential firewall and its implementation highlights the
online content. need for transparency and accountability in government
policies related to internet governance.
3. According to the 2023 Freedom House report,
India’s score on the internet freedom index was 50, 15. F
 SSAI Cracks Down on Misleading
which indicates a “partly free” internet. This is a “100% Fruit Juice” Claims
slight improvement from 2021, when India scored

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Recently, the Food Safety and Standards Authority of
51, but a decline from 2016 and 2017, when India
India (FSSAI) has directed manufacturers (Food Business
scored 59. The index is based on a scale of 1–100,
Operators (FBOs) to remove “100% fruit juice” claims

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with 100 representing the highest digital freedom
from products made with reconstituted juice.
and 1 representing the worst repression. Iceland, with
1. Reconstituted juices are made by adding water back
a score of 94, was ranked the country with the best to concentrated fruit juice.
internet freedom in 2023. 2. FSSAI aims to prevent misleading consumers who
Right to Internet in India: might believe they’re getting pure, undiluted juice.
1. In the Anuradha Bhasin v/s Union of India 2020, 3. Key Regulations:
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the Supreme Court ruled that the right to freedom of a. No “100% Juice” Claims: As per Advertising
speech and expression and the freedom to practise and Claims Regulations (2018), such claims
are not allowed for any fruit juice product.
any profession or carry on any occupation, trade
b. “Reconstituted” Labeling: Food Products
or business over the internet are protected under
Standards & Additives Regulations (2011)
Article 19 (1) (a) and Article 19 (1) (g) of the Indian
mandates that reconstituted juices must clearly
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Constitution, respectively.
state “reconstituted” in the ingredient list.
2. This essentially means that the court recognised
c. Sweetener Transparency: Juices with added
internet access as a fundamental right, integral to a
nutritive sweeteners exceeding 15 gm/kg must
democratic society for its proper functioning.
be labeled “Sweetened Juice.”
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

B. International Relations
c. IMEC Details:
1. 50th G7 Summit i. Signed at the G20 Summit, New Delhi,
In June 2024, the Prime Minister of India attended the September 2023.
historic 50th G7 Summit in Italy, marking his first foreign ii. Comprises two corridors: 1) East Corridor:
trip after securing a third term in office. This participation India to the Arabian Gulf. 2) Northern
underscores India’s growing importance in the global Corridor: Gulf to Europe.
arena. Let’s delve into the key highlights of the summit iii. I ncludes electricity cable, hydrogen pipeline,
and high-speed data cable.

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and their implications for India and the world.
iv. Signatories: India, US, Saudi Arabia, UAE,
What is the G7?
EU, Italy, France, Germany.
1. The G7 comprises 7 advanced economies: France,

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3. Support for Infrastructure Projects
Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the a. Lobito Corridor: Extends from Lobito (Angola)
United States, and Canada. to DRC and Zambia.
2. It operates as an informal grouping, with summits b. Luzon Corridor: Strategic corridor on Luzon
held annually and hosted by rotating members. island, Philippines.
3. The G7 originated in 1975 due to the oil crisis and c. Middle Corridor: also referred to as the
financial instability, initially with six members before Trans-Caspian International Transport
Canada joined in 1976.
RE Route (TITR) , Connects Europe and Asia, an
4. Russia was expelled in 2014 following its annexation alternative to traditional routes.
of Crimea. 4. Great Green Wall Initiative
a. Objective: Combat desertification in the Sahel
Key Highlights of the 50th G7 Summit:
region, Africa.
1. Partnership for Global Infrastructure and
b. Aim: Create a wall of trees across Africa to prevent
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Investment (PGII): Sahara Desert spread, improve biodiversity, and
a. The G7 pledged to accelerate PGII initiatives, provide economic opportunities.
a US-led program aimed at bridging the $40 5. Enhancing Interoperability of AI Governance
trillion infrastructure gap in developing a. Commitment: G7 leaders aim to enhance
nations. interoperability in AI governance.
b. G7 members will mobilize $600 billion by b. Focus: Manage risks to support innovation,
2027 for infrastructure projects in low and ensuring certainty, transparency, and
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middle-income countries. accountability for inclusive, sustainable growth.

2. Support for India-Middle East-Europe Economic 6. Extraordinary Revenue Acceleration (ERA) Loans
Corridor (IMEC) for Ukraine
a. G7 nations committed to advancing IMEC, a. Financial Support: G7 agreed to provide
a multi-modal corridor connecting India, the approximately $50 billion in additional funding
Middle East, and Europe through rail, road, and to Ukraine by the end of 2024.
sea routes. Why is India’s Role in the G7 Important?
b. Objective: Create a comprehensive 1. Economic Significance: India’s GDP surpasses that
transportation network connecting India, the of 4 G7 members, and it is a fast-growing economy
Middle East, and Europe via rail, road, and sea with a skilled workforce and favorable investment
routes. climate.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Strategic Importance in the Indo-Pacific: India
2. R
 ussia Sends First Coal Trains to India
is a key strategic partner for the West in countering
via INSTC
China’s influence in the region.
1. Russia has dispatched two trains loaded with coal to
3. Role in European Energy Crisis: India has helped
India through the International North-South Transport
alleviate the European energy crisis caused by the
Corridor (INSTC).
Ukraine war by refining and supplying Russian oil to
2. The INSTC, a 7,200 km (4,500 miles) multimodal
Europe.
route, connects St. Petersburg in Russia to Mumbai
4. Potential Mediator in Russia-Ukraine Conflict:
in India, traversing Iran and utilising a network of
India’s neutral stance and relationships with both
railways, roadways, and seaports.
Russia and the West make it a potential mediator in
Member countries
the conflict.

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INSTC membership has expanded to a total of 13
Challenges to India in Balancing Power Conflict
countries - India, Iran, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia,
Between West and China-Russia:
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine,

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1. Defence Dependence on Russia: Over 60% of India’s Syria, Belarus, and Oman.
military equipment comes from Russia, potentially
INSTC routes and Modes
leading to disruptions in supply chains if the West-
1. Central Corridor:
Russia relationship deteriorates further.
a. Starting Point: Jawaharlal Nehru Port in
2. Economic Interdependence: India’s economic ties
Mumbai, India
with both the US and China make it vulnerable to
decoupling pressures.
RE b. Route: Connects to Bandar Abbas port in Iran,
then passes through Nowshahr, Amirabad, and
3. Divergent Approaches: Disagreements within the
Bandar-e-Anzali in Iran.
West on how to handle Russia and China create
c. Path: Runs along the Caspian Sea to reach Olya
uncertainty for India’s strategic choices. and Astrakhan Ports in Russia.
4. Domestic Political Turmoil: Internal political
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divisions in Western democracies could lead to
policy inconsistencies, affecting India’s strategic
calculations.
5. Geopolitical Rivalry: The escalating US-China
rivalry in the Indo-Pacific may force India to take
sides on issues that might not align with its national
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interests.
Conclusion:
India’s participation in the G7 Summit underscores
its rising global influence and its importance as a bridge
between the West and the East. However, it also faces 2. Western Corridor:
complex challenges in navigating the geopolitical a. Rail Connection: Links the railway networks of
landscape amid the ongoing power struggles between Azerbaijan and Iran.
major powers. The future of international cooperation b. Cross-Border Points: Astara (Azerbaijan) to
hinges on India’s ability to leverage its unique position Astara (Iran).
and contribute to a more stable and prosperous global c. Sea Route: Extends to Jawaharlal Nehru Port in
order. India via the sea.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Eastern Corridor: Challenges to INSTC Materialization: Strategic
a. Connection: Links Russia to India.
Solutions
b. Through Central Asia: Passes through
Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan. Challenges Strategic Solution
Significance of INSTC for India 1. Lack of Founding members (India,
significant Russia and Iran) should
1. Diversification of Trade Routes
financial backing actively seek funding
a. Bypassing Chokepoints:
from major from diverse sources,
i. INSTC allows India to avoid strategic international including international
chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz and the institutions organizations, private
Red Sea (via the Suez Canal), enhancing trade investors, and member
security. states.
ii. Recent conflicts, such as the Israel-Hamas
2. Re-imposition of Founding members

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tensions and Houthi attacks in the Red Sea,
sanctions on Iran should engage in
emphasize the need for alternative routes. diplomatic efforts to
2. Bypassing Pakistan and Afghanistan: mitigate the impact

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a. The INSTC enables India to circumvent unstable of sanctions, explore
regions like Pakistan and Afghanistan, ensuring alternative financial
more reliable access to Central Asia. channels, and promote
3. Enhanced Connectivity with Central Asia trade through barter
a. Direct Market Access: systems.
i. The corridor connects India to Russia, the 3. Security threats Enhance security
Caucasus, and Eastern Europe, boosting trade
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and cooperation in energy, defense, counter-
from terrorist
organizations in
cooperation among
member states, including
terrorism, and culture with Central Asian Central Asia intelligence sharing, joint
Republics through initiatives like “Connect military exercises, and
Central Asia”. capacity building for
ii. It reduces transit time by 20 days and freight counterterrorism.
costs by 30% compared to the Suez Canal 4. Variations Establish a unified
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route. in customs customs system with
4. Energy Security regulations and standardized procedures
a. Access to Resources: tariff structures and documentation,
i. INSTC facilitates India’s access to energy harmonize tariff
resources in Russia and Central Asia, reducing structures, and
dependency on the Middle East. implement mutual
ii. Following the Russia-Ukraine war, India’s recognition agreements.
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imports of metallurgical coal from Russia have 5. Uneven Prioritize

tripled and are expected to grow amid declining infrastructure infrastructure
imports from Australia development, development along the
5. Strengthening Ties with Iran and Afghanistan particularly corridor, focusing on
a. Chabahar Port Investment: underdeveloped upgrading rail networks,
i. India’s investment in Chabahar Port in Iran’s rail networks in expanding port
Sistan-Balochistan province and its agreement Iran facilities, and improving
on the INSTC aim to enhance trade with road connectivity.
Central Asian countries. Explore public-
ii. Chabahar Port provides India, Iran, and private partnerships to
Afghanistan with direct sea access and trade attract investment in
opportunities in the region. infrastructure projects.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. India and France:
3. I ndia-Russia Relation : RELOS Deal a. Facilitates logistical support during joint
Finalized exercises, port visits, and humanitarian efforts
Recently, the India-Russia mutual logistics agreement i. Promotes stability in the Pacific and Indian
named the Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement Ocean regions.
(RELOS) is now ready for finalisation. It will facilitate ii. Enables maritime intelligence sharing.
military cooperation between India and Russia, including 3. India and Australia:
joint exercises, training, and disaster relief efforts. a. Comprehensive Mutual Logistics Support
What is Reciprocal Exchange of Logistics Agreement (MLSA), 2020.
Agreement (RELOS)? i. Emphasises shared vision for Indo-Pacific
1. About: An administrative arrangement facilitating maritime cooperation.

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military logistics support. 4. India and Japan:
2. Purpose: Streamline joint operations and long- a. Allows Close Coordination of Services
distance missions, making them more efficient and (ACSA), 2020 and supplies between armed

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cost-effective. forces.
3. Significance:
Evolution of India-Russia Relations
a. Enables sustained military operations by
replenishing essential supplies. 1. Historical Genesis:
b. Provides berthing facilities for troops, warships, a. The Indo-Soviet Friendship Treaty of 1971:
and aircraft during both peacetime and wartime In the wake of the Indo-Pak war (1971), Russia
missions.
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c. Enhances military reach and maritime domain
supported India while the US and China supported
Pakistan.
awareness, especially in strategically important b. Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic
regions. Partnership: In October 2000, India-Russia
d. Counterbalances India’s Quad agreements and ties acquired a qualitatively new character with
strengthens Russia’s presence in the Indo-Pacific. enhanced levels of cooperation in almost all areas
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e. Facilitates scientific collaboration in the Arctic. of the bilateral relationship.
What are India’s Logistics Agreements with c. Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership:
Various Countries? During the visit of the Russian President to India
1. India and USA: in December 2010, the Strategic Partnership
a. General Security of Military Information was elevated to the level of a “Special and
Agreement (GSOMIA): It was signed in 2002,
Privileged Strategic Partnership”.
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to facilitate sharing military intelligence between

2. Bilateral Trade: Bilateral trade reaching USD 13
India and the USA.
billion in 2021-22, with Russia as India’s seventh
b. Logistics Exchange Memorandum of
largest trading partner.
Agreement (LEMOA), 2016: Allows mutual
3. Political Engagement:
use of military logistics facilities.
c. Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement a. Politically, both countries engage through
(BECA), 2020: Provides India access to U.S. annual meetings of two Inter-Governmental
geospatial intelligence data. Commissions: One focused on Trade,
d. Communications Compatibility and Security Economic, Scientific, Technological, and
Agreement (COMCASA), 2018: Enables Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) and
the transfer of encrypted communication another on Military-Technical Cooperation
equipment. (IRIGC-MTC).

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
4. Defence and Security Relations: Both countries channels with both countries, clearly articulating
regularly conduct the Tri-Services exercise ‘INDRA‘. its stance on global issues, and finding areas of
a. The joint military programs between India and cooperation where possible.
Russia include: 3. Russia-Ukraine Crisis:
i. BrahMos cruise missile program • Challenge: India’s neutral stance on the Ukraine
ii. 5th generation fighter jet program crisis led to criticism from the West and strained
iii. Sukhoi Su-30MKI programme relations.
b. The military hardware purchased/leased by • Solution: India can emphasize its commitment to
India from Russia includes: international law and peaceful conflict resolution.
i. S-400 Triumf Engaging in diplomatic efforts to mediate between
ii. Kamov Ka-226 200 to be made in India under Russia and Ukraine could help improve its image
the Make in India initiative in the West.

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iii. T-90S Bhishma 4. Declining Defense Imports:
iv. INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier program • Challenge: India’s diversification of defense

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v. AK-203 Rifles imports poses a challenge for Russia’s defense
5. Science and Technology: industry.
a. The partnership dates back to the early days after • Solution: India and Russia can explore
India’s independence when Soviet assistance collaborative export strategies, leveraging India
was pivotal in establishing institutions like the as a manufacturing hub for Russian defense
Bhilai Steel Plant and supporting India’s space equipment. This would expand market reach for
program.
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b. Today, collaboration extends to advanced fields
both countries and strengthen their defense ties.
Way Forward:
such as nanotechnologies, quantum computing,
1. Enduring Defense Partnership: Maintaining and
and India’s manned spaceflight program
modernizing the existing defense cooperation while
(Gaganyaan).
exploring joint development and production of
Key Challenges in India-Russia Relations and advanced military technologies.
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Potential Solutions 2. Diversification of Economic Ties: Expanding
1. Strategic Shifts: collaboration beyond defense into sectors like energy,
• Challenge: Russia’s closer ties with China and technology, space, and trade.
improved relations with Pakistan affect India’s 3. Strategic Balancing: Continuing engagement with
regional strategy. multilateral forums like BRICS and SCO while
• Solution: India should continue its multi- strengthening ties with Quad nations.
4. Space Collaboration: Deepening cooperation in
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alignment policy, engaging with all major powers

while maintaining strategic autonomy. This space exploration and technology through joint
includes strengthening ties with other regional missions and research initiatives.
players like Japan and ASEAN to counterbalance
4. F
 ast Track Immigration - Trusted
China’s influence.
Traveler Program
2. India’s Diplomatic Balancing Act:
• Challenge: India’s close ties with both the US and In June,2024 Ministry of Home affairs (MHA) has
Russia create a diplomatic dilemma, especially launched Fast Track Immigration - Trusted Traveler
when their interests diverge. Program (FTI-TTP) with the aim to fast track the
• Solution: India needs to prioritize its national immigration process at airports for pre-verified Indian
interests and adopt a pragmatic approach. This nationals and people of Indian origin having the status of
involves maintaining open communication Overseas Citizens of India (OCI).

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
What is the Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) 5. I ssues of Indian Migrants in Gulf
Scheme?
Countries
1. The OCI scheme is for individuals of Indian
1. In June 2024, a devastating fire erupted in an apartment
origin who are foreign passport holders. It
building near Kuwait City, resulting in the tragic loss
provides long-term visa-free travel and stay in
of at least 49 lives, approximately 40 of whom were
India, along with various other privileges.
Indian nationals.
2. Introduced in 2005 by amending the Citizenship
2. The apartment complex housed over 195 employees,
Act, 1955, it does not grant Indian citizenship.
primarily Indian nationals hailing from various
About Fast Track Immigration - Trusted regions of India, including the northern states of Tamil
Traveler Program Nadu and Kerala.
• Others Similar incidents: Similar events have

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1. Purpose: To provide faster, smoother, and safer
happened in 2022, including the unfavourable
immigration clearance for Indian citizens and
working conditions and human rights violations
Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) cardholders.
during the FIFA World Cup in Qatar.

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2. Benefits:
What is the condition of Indian labourers in the
a. Free of cost Gulf countries?
b. Minimizes human intervention
1. Indian diaspora in the GCC nations - According to
c. Enhances travel convenience and efficiency a report, published in 2021, of the Ministry of External
d. Makes international travel easy and secure Affairs, there are 8.88 million Non-Resident Indians
3. Implementation: (NRIs) residing in 6 Gulf countries.
a. Two phases:
RE a. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), approximately
i. Phase 1: Indian citizens and OCI cardholders 2.59 million NRIs live, 1.02 million in Kuwait,
ii. Phase 2: Foreign travelers 0.74 million in Qatar, 0.77 million in Oman, and
b. Online portal managed by the Bureau of 0.32 million in Bahrain. In all, 3.41 million NRIs
Immigration live abroad.
2. With around 30% of the region’s overall expatriate
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c. White List of ‘Trusted Travellers’ generated
workforce, Indians make up the largest expatriate
after verification
community in the GCC countries.
d. TTP registration valid for 5 years or till passport
3. State-by-state worker migration trend: According
validity, whichever is earlier to the Kerala Migration Survey (KMS) 2023, 2.2
e. E-gates used for automated clearance million individuals have left the state, with 80% of
4. Airports: them now living in the Gulf Cooperation Council
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a. Launched at 21 major airports in India (GCC) nations.

b. First phase includes Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, a. Kerala, which was a major contributor of blue-
Kolkata, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Kochi, and collar workers from India to the Gulf Cooperation
Ahmedabad. Council (GCC) region, has been gradually
replaced by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.The UAE-
Additional Notes:
based organization Huntr has brought attention to
1. FTI-TTP is a visionary initiative of the Government this.
of India under the leadership of Prime Minister What is the GCC?
Narendra Modi. 1. Regional Alliance: The Gulf Cooperation Council
2. It is a key agenda for Viksit Bharat @2047. (GCC) is a political and economic alliance of six Arab
3. It reflects the government’s commitment to enhance nations: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia,
travel convenience and efficiency for all. and the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Established in 1981: Its main goals include fostering 5. Poor Living Environment:
economic cooperation and integration, promoting • Challenge: Migrants often live in overcrowded
political stability, and enhancing security in the and substandard housing, impacting their health
region. and well-being.
Challenges faced by Indian workers in Gulf • Solution: Enforce housing standards, provide
countries include: affordable housing options, and conduct regular
1. Exploitative Working Conditions: inspections of migrant accommodations. Ensure
• Challenge: Migrants face withheld pay, poor access to clean water, sanitation, and healthcare
working conditions, and labor rights violations. facilities.
• Solution: Strengthen labor law enforcement, 6. Legal Frameworks and Redressal Mechanisms:
conduct regular inspections, and ensure access • Challenge: Long legal processes, high costs, and
to legal aid for migrant workers. Establish clear

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lack of legal aid make it difficult for migrants to
minimum wage standards, overtime regulations, seek redress.
and mechanisms for anonymous reporting of • Solution: Simplify legal procedures, offer

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abuses.
free legal aid and interpreters, and establish
2. Recruitment Procedures:
specialized migrant courts. Create mechanisms
• Challenge: Recruitment agents charge excessive
for fast-track resolution of labor disputes and
fees, contracts are changed upon arrival, and
ensure access to compensation for victims of
passports are confiscated.
exploitation.
• Solution: Regulate recruitment agencies,
7. Cultural Barriers and Languages:
cap recruitment fees, and enforce transparent
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contracts with fixed terms. Educate migrants • Challenge: Language differences and cultural
gaps lead to social isolation and difficulties in
on their rights before departure and establish
mechanisms to hold agencies accountable for accessing support.
violations. • Solution: Offer language training programs and
3. Legal and Visa Issues: cultural orientation for both migrants and host
• Challenge: Issues with visas and work permits communities. Promote intercultural dialogue
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make migrants vulnerable to deportation threats and understanding through community events
and exploitation. The “kafala” system restricts and initiatives.
worker mobility. 8. Discrimination and Racism:
• Solution: Reform visa systems to delink them • Challenge: Migrants face discrimination and
from employers, abolish the “kafala” system,
racism in the workplace and society, limiting
and provide clear paths to legal residency. Offer
opportunities and well-being.
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accessible legal assistance and information on

• Solution: Enact and enforce anti-discrimination
migrant rights.
laws, conduct awareness campaigns, and provide
4. Lack of Data and Invisibilization:
diversity training in workplaces and communities.
• Challenge: Insufficient data on migrants hinders
Encourage reporting of discrimination and
effective policymaking and addressing their
needs. ensure access to redress mechanisms.
• Solution: Improve data collection and sharing 9. Mental and Cognitive Health:
between origin and destination countries, • Challenge: Migration-related stress leads to
focusing on disaggregated data by gender, mental health problems like anxiety, depression,
nationality, and sector. Invest in research to and isolation.
understand the specific challenges faced by • Solution: Provide accessible mental health
different migrant groups. support services, counseling, and community-

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
based programs for migrants. Raise awareness 4. Western European and Others Group (WEOG):
about mental health issues and reduce stigma Represented by Denmark and Greece in this election.
associated with seeking help. Each group typically agrees on candidates for a two-year
10. Strain in Family Relationships: term, presented to the General Assembly for voting.
• Challenge: Long separations due to sponsorship The Security Council’s Mandate and Functions
rules and financial pressures strain family bonds. The UNSC is the primary organ of the United
• Solution: Implement flexible family reunification Nations responsible for maintaining international peace
policies, offer affordable communication and security. Its mandate encompasses a wide range of
options, and provide financial literacy programs functions, including:
for migrants. 1. Maintaining International Peace and Security:
The Council can convene at any time when peace is
6. N
 ew Non-Permanent Members of

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threatened, recommending peaceful resolutions or
UNSC
enforcing measures like sanctions or military action.
1. In June 2024, Pakistan, Somalia, Denmark, Greece, 2. Investigating and Mediating Disputes: The Council

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and Panama were elected as non-permanent can investigate complaints, mediate disputes, and
members of the United Nations Security Council dispatch missions to promote peaceful settlements.
(UNSC). They will replace the following countries: 3. Authorizing Peacekeeping Operations: The Council
• Mozambique (African Group), Japan (Asia- can deploy military observers or peacekeeping forces
Pacific Group), Ecuador (Latin America and to reduce tensions and create conditions for peace.
Caribbean Group), Malta (Western European and 4. Enforcing Measures: The Council can impose
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Others Group), Switzerland (Western European economic sanctions, arms embargoes, financial
and Others Group). penalties, travel bans, and even authorize collective
• These outgoing members will complete their two- military action in extreme cases.
year terms on December 31, 2024. India’s Role and the Need for UNSC Reforms
2. Newly elected members two-year term will commence
1. India has been a non-permanent member of the
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on January 1, 2025, and conclude on December 31,
UNSC for 8 terms (periods of 1950-51, 1967-68,
2026.
1972-73, 1977-78, 1984-85, 1991-92, 2011-12, and
The UNSC comprises 15 members: 2021-22).
1. Five Permanent Members (P5): China, France, 2. India’s growing global influence, economic power,
Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, and the and commitment to multilateralism make it a strong
United States., and 10 Non-Permanent Members contender for a permanent seat on the UNSC.
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(Elected for Two-Year Terms) 3. However, the current structure of the UNSC has
Election Procedure and Regional Representation faced criticism for its lack of representation and
the veto power held by the P5 members. The call
The UNSC election process is based on regional
for UNSC reforms aims to address these issues and
groupings, ensuring diverse global representation. The
make the Council more democratic, transparent, and
four regional groups are:
representative of the 21st-century world order.
1. African Group: Represented by Somalia in this
election. Conclusion
2. Asia-Pacific Group: Represented by Pakistan in this The election of new non-permanent members to the
election. UNSC is a significant event in international diplomacy. It
3. Latin America and Caribbean Group (GRULAC): highlights the importance of regional representation and
Represented by Panama in this election. the ongoing efforts to reform the Council to better reflect

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
the changing global landscape. As India continues to play 2. E-Migrate System: An online system that facilitates
a prominent role on the global stage, its aspiration for a skilled and semi-skilled workers to get emigration
permanent seat on the UNSC remains a key foreign policy clearances and track their immigration status.
objective. It prevents exploitation by recruiting agents and
unregistered subagents.
What is KAFALA system?
• e- Migrate is also integrated with Bureau of
● The kafala system, a legal framework that has long
Immigration (BoI) system of MHA, used at
regulated the relationship between migrant workers Immigration Check Post (ICP) and airports for
and their employers in Jordan, Lebanon, and all online validation of the ECs granted by PoEs
Arab Gulf states except Iraq, was established to to ECR category of workers proceeding for
provide affordable and abundant labor during employment purposes to ECR Countries.
periods of significant economic growth. 3. Labor Mobility Partnerships :India has entered

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● Supporters claim it benefits local businesses and into multiple labor agreements and Memorandums
promotes development. of Understanding (MoUs) with Gulf Cooperation

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● However, the system has become increasingly Council (GCC) countries such as UAE, Saudi Arabia,
controversial due to its widespread exploitation. Kuwait, and Bahrain. These agreements aim to
The absence of regulations and protections for strengthen safeguards for workers and encompass
migrant workers often leads to low wages, poor aspects such as employment contracts, standard labor
policies, and the protection of worker rights.
working conditions, and abuse.
4. Pre-Departure Orientation Programs (PDOS): The
● Racial discrimination and gender-based violence
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are common issues. Global anti-racism movements,
the COVID-19 pandemic, and preparations for the
initiative concentrates on enhancing the soft skills of
Indian migrant workers, particularly those bound for
the Gulf region and Malaysia. This involves acquiring
2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar have highlighted knowledge about the culture, language, customs, and
the system’s flaws, but the prospects for reform legal framework of the destination country.
remain uncertain. 5. Indian Community Welfare Fund (ICWF):
● The kafala, or sponsorship, system defines the Established in 2009, the Indian Community Welfare
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relationship between foreign workers and their Fund (ICWF) is designed to aid Overseas Indian
local sponsor, or kafeel, typically their employer. nationals during periods of distress and emergencies,
It is utilized in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) prioritizing the ‘most deserving cases’ based on
countries—Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi financial need. The ICWF has played a crucial role in
Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates—as well facilitating emergency evacuations of Indian nationals
as in Jordan and Lebanon. Although Bahrain and from conflict areas, regions hit by natural disasters,
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Qatar assert that they have abolished the system, and other challenging circumstances. Recognizing
its significant utility, ICWF has been expanded to
critics argue that reforms are inadequately enforced
encompass all Indian Missions and Posts worldwide.
and do not truly eliminate it.
6. Awareness Campaign: A campaign titled ‘Surakshit
Initiative by the Indian government to ensure Jaaye Prasikshit Jaaye‘ (Go Safe, Go Trained) was
welfare of migrant workers? initiated to advocate for safe and lawful migration
practices.
1. Emigration Act of 1983: This Act provides the legal
framework to regulate emigration of Indian workers. The Way Forward
Except this, It also mandates recruitment agencies To ensure the well-being and rights of Indian migrant
to register and follow regulations on emigration workers in the Gulf countries, a multi-pronged approach is
procedures. crucial. This includes:

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
1. Strengthening legal and regulatory frameworks Why Does it Matter?
in both India and the Gulf countries to protect 1. Regional Leadership: India’s leadership of the
workers from exploitation and ensure fair recruitment Colombo Process signals its commitment to regional
practices. cooperation and its growing role in shaping migration
2. Enhancing diplomatic channels to advocate for policies in Asia.
the rights of Indian workers and negotiate bilateral 2. Migrant Worker Welfare: The Colombo Process
agreements for better protection and recourse. plays a crucial role in addressing the challenges
3. Improving grievance redressal mechanisms to faced by migrant workers, including ethical
make it easier for workers to file complaints and seek recruitment, skills recognition, and remittance flows.
justice. India’s leadership offers a unique opportunity to drive
4. Expanding welfare measures like the Indian progress in these areas.

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Community Welfare Fund and establishing more 3. Economic Implications: The large number of
Indian Workers Resource Centers to provide essential migrant workers from South and Southeast Asia

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support services. contributes significantly to the economies of both
5. Investing in skill development programs to improve origin and destination countries. India’s chairmanship
the employability and job prospects of migrant could promote policies that maximize the benefits of
workers. labor migration for all stakeholders.
6. Promoting social integration to foster a more What is the Colombo Process?
inclusive environment for migrant workers and bridge 1. Members: The Colombo Process comprises 12
cultural divides.
RE Asian member states, including major labor-sending
Conclusion countries like India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and the
Protecting the rights and welfare of Indian migrant Philippines.
workers in the Gulf is not just a moral imperative but 2. Objectives: The forum aims to share best practices,
also an economic necessity. By prioritizing their well- address challenges faced by migrant workers, and
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being and empowering them with the necessary tools promote ethical recruitment and fair treatment.
and resources, India can ensure that migration remains 3. Five Thematic Areas: The Colombo Process focuses
a mutually beneficial process for both the workers and on skills recognition, ethical recruitment, pre-
the host countries. A collaborative effort involving departure orientation, remittance transfer, and labor
governments, NGOs, and international organizations is market analysis.
essential to achieve this goal and build a more equitable India’s Priorities as Chair
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and sustainable migration ecosystem. India has outlined several priorities for its
chairmanship:
7. I ndia’s Leadership in the Colombo
1. Strengthening ethical recruitment practices to
Process
protect migrant workers from exploitation and abuse.
1. India has recently assumed the chairmanship of the 2. Enhancing skills development and recognition to
Colombo Process, a significant regional consultative improve employability and ensure fair wages.
forum focused on the rights and welfare of migrant 3. Facilitating faster and cheaper remittance flows to
workers from South and Southeast Asia. benefit migrant workers and their families.
2. This marks India’s first time leading the group since 4. Expanding collaboration with other regional and
its inception in 2003, and it will hold this leadership global forums to address cross-border migration
role for the period 2024-2026. challenges.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Key Points 3. Knowledge Sharing and Best Practices: Facilitate
1. The Colombo Process is a crucial platform for the exchange of knowledge, best practices, and
advancing the rights and well-being of migrant technological advancements to enhance manufacturing
workers in Asia. and distribution.
2. India’s chairmanship marks a pivotal moment in 4. Risk Mitigation: Diversify sources of raw materials
the forum’s history and presents a unique opportunity and ensure continuity of production to mitigate risks
for regional leadership. and prevent supply chain disruptions.
3. India’s priorities as chair align with its broader goals 5. Global Access to Biopharmaceuticals: Promote
of promoting safe, orderly, and regular migration. equitable distribution and affordability to improve
global access, particularly in underserved regions.
Way Ahead
India’s leadership of the Colombo Process is expected Significance

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to bring renewed focus and energy to the forum’s work. The Biopharmaceutical Alliance is crucial in
It could potentially lead to significant policy changes and addressing global healthcare challenges by ensuring the

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improvements in the lives of millions of migrant workers timely and equitable availability of biopharmaceuticals.
across the region. It provides a platform for international collaboration,
knowledge sharing, and innovation, advancing the
8. B
 iopharmaceutical Alliance: A Strategic healthcare sector and ultimately benefiting patients
Partnership for Global Health worldwide.
1. In June 2024, South Korea, India, the United States,
9. Protests and Riots in New Caledonia
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Japan, and the European Union (EU) formed the
Biopharmaceutical Alliance, aimed at creating a Widespread protests and riots erupted in New
resilient supply chain in the biopharmaceutical sector. Caledonia in response to the French parliament’s decision
2. The first meeting of the Alliance took place in San to amend the voters’ list.
Diego (USA) at the Bio International Convention
2024.
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Overview
1. The Biopharmaceutical Alliance aims to build
a resilient and sustainable supply chain for
biopharmaceuticals through collaborative efforts
among member countries.
2. It recognizes the importance of coordinating
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biopolicies, regulations, and research and development

support measures to ensure the availability of essential
medicines.
Key Objectives Why Are Protests Happening?
1. Resilient Supply Chain: Harmonize regulations, 1. The new amendment bill will pave the way for
policies, and research efforts to create a robust supply incorporating citizens who were either born or lived
chain for biopharmaceuticals. in the territory for at least 10 years.
2. Collaborative Research and Development: 2. Kanaks, the indigenous community of the territory,
Encourage collaboration to accelerate the discovery opposed this on claims that it diluted their electoral
and development of new biopharmaceuticals. power thus marginalising them.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
a. The Kanaks comprise 43% of the 1,45,000 i. NHIDCL is a government-owned company
population, while the European (French established in 2014 for the development
loyalists), Wallisians and Futunians comprise & maintenance of National Highways &
37%. Strategic Roads of India. It operates as a nodal
3. The new voting amendment will give majority agency of the Ministry of Road Transport and
to the loyalists undermining the Kanaks’ future Highways (MoRTH).
towards decolonisation.
Significance:
4. This would also mean an alteration of the internal
political environment towards French settlers. 1. The bridge will play a central role in allowing India
to transport goods from West Bengal to Northeast
Brief History of the Archipelago
India through the Chittagong and Mongla Ports in
1. New Caledonia had Kanaks as the original
Bangladesh.

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inhabitants.
a. Cargo movement through the bridge is
2. France gained control of the territory in 1853 and
strategically important as Bangladesh’s
governed the Kanaks with reservations.

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Chittagong port is just 80km from Tripura’s
3. After the Second World War, colonial laws were
abolished, and the Kanaks were granted French Sabroom.
citizenship. 2. It would serve as a new trade corridor between
4. In the 1960s, increased migration from France the two countries, helping in the development of
turned the Kanaks into a minority in New Northeastern states. It will also enhance people-
Caledonia. to-people connect between India’s northeast and
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5. Angered by their deteriorating socio-economic status
and lack of economic and political involvement, an
Bangladesh.
3. Bangladesh is the biggest trade partner of India in
independence movement grew in the island. South Asia and an integral part of India’s Act East
Policy.
10. M
 aitri Setu: A Bridge to Strengthen
a. The completion of Maitri Setu bridge will
India-Bangladesh Ties
strengthen India’s strategic ties as well as
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The Maitri Setu, also known as the India-Bangladesh bilateral trade with Bangladesh.
friendship bridge, is set to open by September, connecting
4. The new maritime route from Kolkata to
India’s landlocked Northeast to the Bay of Bengal.
Chittagong will provide the quickest way for the
Key Facts about the Maitri-Setu movement of goods and an alternative to the Sittwe
a. The bridge is 1.9 kilometres long and connects Port-Kaladan route.
Sabroom in Tripura with Ramgarh in Bangladesh.
Key Facts about Feni River
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b. Maitri Setu is constructed over the Feni River, which

1. It originates in the South Tripura district, passes
acts as a boundary between India (in Tripura) and
Bangladesh. through Sabroom town in India, and flows into
c. The name ‘Maitri Setu’ signifies the strengthening Bangladesh before meeting the Bay of Bengal.
of bilateral relations and friendly ties between India 2. The river is 116 kilometres long from its source to the
and Bangladesh. Bay of Bengal.
d. It is a pre-stressed concrete bridge with a single- 3. Some notable tributaries of the Feni River include
span structure that facilitates smooth traffic and cargo the Muhuri River, Raidak River, Chandkhira
flow. River, Ryang River, and Kushiyara River.
e. The construction of the bridge has been supervised Maitri Setu is not just a bridge; it’s a symbol of friendship,
by the National Highways and Infrastructure cooperation, and progress. It represents a significant step
Development Corporation Ltd. (NHIDCL). towards a more integrated and prosperous South Asia.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

C. Security
b. Minilateralism vs. Regional Organizations:
1. M
 inilateralism: A Rising Force in
Regional organizations address a wide range
Global Governance of issues through formal structures, while
Recently, the rise of Chinese aggression in the Indo- minilaterals are ad hoc coalitions formed to
Pacific region has prompted the formation of the ‘Squad’ address specific, often urgent, concerns.
highlighting the growing importance of “minilateralism.” Squad and QUAD
• A squad is a multilateral group consisting of the 1. Formation and Role of the ‘Squad’: The “Squad”

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US, Japan, Australia, and the Philippines. (US, Japan, Australia, Philippines) was formed to
What is Minilateralism? enhance maritime security in the South China Sea and
counter Chinese aggression.

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1. About: Minilaterals are informal, focused initiatives
involving a small group of states (usually three or 2. Comparison with the Quad: The Quad (US, Japan,
four) with shared interests. These collaborations aim Australia, India) focuses on broader Indo-Pacific
security, while the “Squad” addresses specific
to address specific threats or issues within a limited
concerns in the South China Sea.
timeframe. They lack a permanent or formal structure,
and outcomes are voluntary and non-binding. What are the Advantages of Minilaterals?
2. Reasons for Rise:
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a. The changing global order and threats challenge
1. Bypass Stagnation: Allow countries to circumvent
stalled multilateral frameworks and address pressing
the relevance of multilateral frameworks in issues.
resolving local conflicts. o For example, the Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-
b. Inconsistent US global leadership and a Nepal (BBIN) Motor Vehicles Agreement
multipolar world have exposed cracks in (MVA) was conceived even the SAARC failed to
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facilitate a similar initiative.
multilateral organizations like the UN Security
2. Flexibility: Offer a modular approach, enabling quick
Council and WTO.
formation and adaptation to changing circumstances.
c. Global problems often have regional variations,
o This flexibility is evident in trade agreements
and minilaterals can tailor solutions to specific
like the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)
challenges.
and the Regional Comprehensive Economic
3. Contrast with Multilateralism: Multilateralism
Partnership (RCEP), which were concluded as
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involves formal efforts by multiple states to build

minilateral agreements.
trust and avoid conflict through institutionalized rules 3. Rapid Decision-Making: Voluntary and non-binding
and norms. Multilateral frameworks emphasize broad nature facilitates swift decision-making.
participation, unlike the focused nature of minilaterals. 4. Targeted Partnerships: Enable the creation of issue-
4. Key Differences: specific partnerships and strategic alliances, especially
a. Minilateralism vs. Multilateralism: in regions like the Indo-Pacific.
Multilateralism involves formal agreements and a. Examples include the Quadrilateral Security
broader participation among states to build trust Dialogue (Quad) and the Trilateral Cooperation
and avoid conflict. Minilaterals are more flexible and Oversight Group (TCOG), which address
and focused on specific issues. regional security concerns more effectively than
larger, more formal organisations.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
5. Rapid Response to Crises: Regional minilateral 2. Forward-Looking Perspectives: Anticipate the
forums can promptly come to the rescue of affected impact of minilaterals on regional security and
nations. strategic outcomes.
a. For example, India has sent the Indian Naval a. Ensuring plurality and diversity in minilateral
Ship (INS) Kesari, carrying food items and institutions can help accommodate different
groupings’ needs, and address issues of shared
medical assistance teams, to countries in the
interest.
southern Indian Ocean to deal with Covid-19
b. For example, under Security and Growth for
pandemic as part of a Mission Sagar initiative.
All in the Region (SAGAR) India seeks to
What are the Issues Associated With Minilateralism?
deepen economic and security cooperation
1. Minilaterals can lead to forum shopping, undermining with its maritime neighbours and assist in
critical international organisations, and reducing building their maritime security capabilities.

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accountability in global governance. 3. Clear Objectives: Define concrete and measurable
• By promoting voluntary commitments rather than objectives to maximize effectiveness.
legally binding ones, minilaterals may weaken

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Conclusion
the enforcement of international norms and The rise of the “Squad” and similar minilateral
standards. groupings reflects a strategic adaptation to the evolving
2. Preference for minilaterals may reduce the geopolitical landscape. By integrating minilaterals with
incentive for countries to engage with multilateral multilateral frameworks, embracing a forward-looking
frameworks. perspective, and setting clear objectives, countries can
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• This can impact the relevance and effectiveness
of organizations like the World Health
leverage this tool effectively for addressing shared
challenges and promoting global cooperation.
Organization (WHO) and the United Nations
2. Why India Needs 3rd Aircraft Carrier?
Children’s Fund (UNICEF), which rely on
Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) is reportedly gearing
multilateral cooperation for their programs.
up to construct another Vikrant-class aircraft carrier,
3. Minilateral success often depends on leadership,
weighing approximately 40,000 tonnes, to fulfill the
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political will, and bilateral relations among members.
Indian Navy’s long-standing demand for a third carrier.
• Changes in political leadership or strained
Aircraft Carriers: Guardians of the Seas
relations can derail minilateral initiatives, as
Aircraft carriers are formidable warships that serve as
seen with the initial failure of the Quad due to
mobile airbases, equipped with a full-length flight deck and
leadership changes in Japan and Australia.
facilities for aircraft operations. They play a crucial role in
4. Minilateral alliances may have negative impacts on
projecting power, coordinating maritime operations, and
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countries not part of the negotiations, reducing their

ensuring national security.
incentive to engage with existing multilateral efforts.
History of Aircraft Carriers in India
• This was observed in the Doha trade
1. Since its independence, India recognized the
negotiations, where the focus on plurilateral
importance of aircraft carriers to establish itself as a
initiatives hindered broader multilateral progress.
blue-water navy. From the 1960s, the Indian Navy has
Way Forward uniquely operated all variants of aircraft launch and
To harness the benefits of minilateralism while recovery systems.
mitigating its risks: 2. INS Vikrant (R11)- India’s first aircraft carrier served
1. Integration with Multilaterals: Minilaterals from 1961 to 1997. Initially constructed by the British
should complement, not replace, the work of larger as HMS Hercules, this 19,500-tonne carrier played a
organizations. crucial role in the 1971 war.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. INS Viraat- Originally commissioned by the British 1. Enhance Maritime Security: Strengthen India’s
Royal Navy as HMS Hermes, it was pivotal in ability to protect its 7,500-kilometer coastline and
Operation Jupiter (1989, Peacekeeping Operations project power in the Indian Ocean region.
in Sri Lanka) and Operation Parakram (post-2013 2. Demonstrate Indigenous Capability: Showcase
terrorist attack on the Indian Parliament). It was India’s expertise in designing and building complex
decommissioned in 2017. warships.
4. INS Vikramaditya- This refurbished Russian Admiral 3. Boost Economic Growth: Stimulate domestic
industries, create jobs, and enhance technical skills.
Gorshkov was commissioned into the Indian Navy in
4. Safeguard Seaborne Trade: Protect India’s vital
November 2013. A state-of-the-art ship, it can operate
seaborne trade, which accounts for over 90% of its
a variety of high-performance aircraft, including
total trade volume.
MiG-29K fighters, KM 31 AEW helicopters, multi-
5. Counterbalance China’s Influence: Help

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role Seakings, and utility Chetaks.
counterbalance China’s growing naval presence in the
5. INS Vikrant (IAC-1)- India’s first indigenous
Indian Ocean.
aircraft carrier, inducted by 2020, can operate an air

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Associated Concerns
wing of 30 aircraft, including MiG-29K fighter jets,
1. Budgetary Constraints: The high cost of building
Kamov-31, MH-60R multi-role helicopters, Advanced
and operating IAC-2 raises concerns about resource
Light Helicopters, and Light Combat Aircraft (Navy).
allocation, particularly given competing defense
It employs the STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested
priorities.
Recovery) method with a ski-jump for launches and
2. Operational Vulnerabilities: The carrier’s large
three arrester wires for recovery.
6.
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IAC-II- A second indigenous aircraft carrier,
size and visibility make it susceptible to modern
anti-access/area denial (A2/AD) strategies, posing
similar to Vikrant but with modifications and newer challenges to its operational effectiveness.
technologies, often referred to as India’s third aircraft 3. Strategic Alignment: Questions persist about the
carrier. carrier’s relevance in addressing contemporary
The Future Scope of IAC-2 (India’s Third security threats, with some advocating for alternative
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Aircraft Carrier) defense investments.
1. Operational Versatility: IAC-2 would enhance the The Way Forward
Indian Navy’s operational flexibility, allowing it To ensure the successful integration of IAC-2, India must:
to conduct diverse missions like power projection, 1. Conduct a Strategic Assessment: Evaluate the
maritime security, and humanitarian assistance. necessity and impact of a third carrier on India’s
2. Technological Advancement: The construction maritime security.
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and operation of IAC-2 would drive technological 2. Embrace Technological Advancements: Incorporate
innovation in India’s defense industry, promoting cutting-edge technologies to enhance IAC-2’s
self-reliance and technological sovereignty. capabilities and counter emerging threats.
3. Strategic Deterrence: IAC-2 would serve as a 3. Foster International Collaboration: Explore
powerful deterrent against potential adversaries, partnerships for technology transfer, joint exercises,
and operational training.
reinforcing India’s maritime posture and commitment
4. Optimize Resource Allocation: Ensure efficient
to safeguarding its interests in the Indo-Pacific region.
allocation of resources to maintain a balanced fleet
The Need for a Third Aircraft Carrier composition.
India’s vast coastline, growing economic interests, 5. Develop Indigenous Capabilities: Focus on building
and increasing maritime challenges necessitate a robust domestic expertise in carrier construction and
naval capability. A third aircraft carrier would: maintenance.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
6. Strengthen Regional Cooperation: Collaborate 2. Jointness and Integration: Promotes Jointness and
with regional partners to enhance collective maritime Integration of three services (Army, Navy, and Air
security. Force), a pre-requisite to the creation of functional

The world’s top 10 biggest aircraft carriers integrated theatre commands.

3. Global Competition: Enables India to compete
Rank Name Country globally, as countries like China have developed
1 Gerald R. Ford Class United States significant cyberwarfare capabilities, including
cyberweapons to degrade or destroy adversaries’
2 Nimitz Class United States
military assets and strategic networks.
3 Queen Elizabeth Class United Kingdom 4. Prevention of Hostile Actions: Helps prevent hostile
4 Admiral Kuznetsov Russia actions in cyberspace, which can impact the nation’s

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economy, cohesion, political decision-making, and
5 Fujian China
ability to defend itself.
6 Shandong China

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More on the news
7 Liaoning China 1. The Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations (JDCO)
8 INS Vikramaditya India lays emphasis on understanding military aspects of
cyberspace operations.
9 Charles de Gaulle France
2. The move highlights how Cyberspace has emerged
10 INS Vikrant India as a crucial domain in modern warfare, in addition to
RE traditional domains of Land, Sea, and Air.
3. J oint Doctrine For Cyberspace Other Measures taken for Strengthening
Operations cyberspace capabilities in India
The Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) released India’s 1. Defence Cyber Agency (DCA): Established in
first Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations. 2019, the DCA is a tri-service agency responsible for
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About Cyber Space handling cybersecurity threats and coordinating cyber
1. Definition: Cyberspace refers to the global volume defense efforts across the three services.
of entities (such as Information and communication 2. Exercise Cyber Suraksha – 2024: Conducted by the
technology (ICT) systems) processing, storing, and Defence Cyber Agency to develop Cyber Defence
transmitting digital information and code, regardless Capability of all Cyber security organisations and
of whether they are connected or not. promote synergy amongst all stakeholders.
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2. Military Advantages: Real-time intelligence 3. Cyber Emergency Response Teams (CERTs):

gathering, offensive and defensive operations, Established by Defence Services to prevent and react
improved communication, signal intelligence, etc. to cyber attacks.
3. Vulnerabilities: Cyber warfare or cyber-attacks can 4. Cyber Security Operations Centre (CSOC):
disable official websites and networks, disrupt or Monitors and manages cyber threats, ensuring
disable essential services, steal or alter classified data, the protection of defense-related information and
cripple financial systems, etc. communication systems, especially in Assam Rifles.
Significance of the doctrine Conclusion
1. Guidance: Provides conceptual guidance to The doctrine is poised to shape future military
commanders of armed forces, staff, and practitioners strategies and operations, reinforcing the integral role of
in planning and conducting Cyberspace Operations. cyberspace in national defence.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

4. NAGASTRA-1: Indian Army’s First Indigenous Loitering Munition

The Indian Army has received its first batch of Nagastra-1, an indigenously developed loitering munition, also known as
a suicide drone.
About Nagastra-1
1. Developer: Solar Industries’ Economic Explosives Ltd (EEL), Nagpur
2. Precision Strikes: Can neutralize hostile threats in ‘kamikaze mode’ with GPS-enabled precision strikes, achieving
an accuracy of up to 2 meters.
3. Kamikaze Mode: While the term “kamikaze” refers to suicidal attacks, Nagastra-1 allows for precision strikes
without endangering soldiers’ lives.
4. Surveillance: Equipped with day-and-night surveillance cameras.

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5. Warhead: Carries a 1 kg high-explosive fragmenting warhead.
6. Unique Features: Offers abort, recover, and reuse capabilities, facilitated by a parachute recovery mechanism.

5. Exercises/Operations In News

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Name Type Participants Brief Description
1. JIMEX Maritime India & Japan ● Host Country: Japan
exercise ● Edition: 8th
● The Indian Navy was represented by INS Shivalik.

2. Red Flag Air exercise

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United
Conducted at Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska of the
United States Air Force.
Kingdom, ● Edition: 2nd (held four times in a year by the US Air
Netherlands, Force).
Germany, USA.
3. TARANG Air exercise India & 10 ● India has announced in June 2024 that it will conduct
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SHAKTI countries its 1st multinational air exercise which will be held
in August, 2024.
● Scheduled in 2 phases – 1st will be held in Southern
India and 2nd will be in the Western Sector.
● Inspired by the Red Flag exercise hosted by the US.
4. HOPEX Air exercise India & Egypt ● Host Country: Egypt
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● Edition: 4th
● IAF’s Rafale fighter jets, C-17 Globemaster and IL-
78 tankers participated.
5. FREEDOM Multi-domain South Korea, US ● Edition: 1st
EDGE exercise & Japan ● Held: South Korea’s southern island of Jeju.
6. RIMPAC Naval Exercise Multiple Nations ● Edition: 29th
● Biennial Rim of the Pacific exercise was held in
Hawaii (USA).
● World’s largest international multilateral exercise.
● The Indian Navy was represented by INS Shivalik.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

D. ECONOMY
How Much Gold Does RBI Have?
1. R
 BI’s Repatriation of Gold from UK
1. Gold Stock:
to India a. The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 provides
1. In July 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has the legal framework for the deployment of
taken a strategic step by bringing back over 100 reserves in foreign currency assets and gold
tonnes of gold from the UK to its domestic vaults. within parameters of currencies, instruments,
2. This is the largest repatriation since the early 1990s issuers, and counterparties.

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and reflects the RBI’s evolving approach to managing b. As of March 2024, the RBI held 820 tonnes of
its gold reserves. gold, with 410 tonnes stored domestically and 410

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Historical Background tonnes still held with foreign institutions like the
Bank of England and the Bank for International
1. During the 1990-91 foreign exchange crisis, India
Settlements (BIS).
pledged part of its gold reserves to the Bank of
c. As of April 2024, the share of gold is USD 54
England to secure a USD 405 million loan.
billion in India’s current forex reserve of USD
2. Although the loan was repaid by November 1991,
650 billion.
the RBI kept the gold in the UK for logistical
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reasons, as gold stored abroad can be easily used for
2. History of Gold Purchasing:
a. According to the World Gold Council, the RBI
trading, entering into swaps, and earning returns. is among the top five central banks buying gold.
3. Repatriation means to send or bring money or other b. The RBI purchased 200 tonnes of gold during the
property, back to the country. global financial crisis in 2009.
4. The repatriation of gold reserves does not affect c. In FY 2022, the RBI bought 65 tonnes of gold, 34
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India’s GDP, tax collections, or the RBI’s balance tonnes in FY 2023, and 19 tonnes in FY 2024.
sheet, as it only involves a change in the storage
Gold Reserves in India
location (the total gold asset of the RBI remains the
1. Total Reserves: According to the National Mineral
same).
Inventory, India had 500 million tonnes of gold ore
5. There are no customs or GST implications associated
reserves as of 2015.
with this transfer, as the gold being repatriated is
2. Distribution of Resources:
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already owned by India.

a. Bihar: 44%
Liability Asset
b. Rajasthan: 25%
• Currency • Gold
• Loans and advances c. Karnataka: 21%
• Deposits of
Government Banks to Government Banks d. West Bengal: 3%
• Loans (including • Investments in e. Andhra Pradesh: 3%
securities) Government f. Jharkhand: 2%
• Other Liabilities securities 3. Karnataka contributes around 80% of the
• Capital Account • Foreign Assets
country’s total gold production. The Kolar Gold
• Paid-up Capital • Other Assets
Fields (KGF) in Kolar district are among the
• Reserves
oldest and deepest gold mines globally.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Other Major Buyers of Gold Significance of Gold in the Economy
1. People’s Bank of China: This bank remains a 1. Limited Supply & Intrinsic Value: Gold has a finite
significant gold purchaser. As per the World Gold (limited) supply due to geological limitations, unlike
Council (WGC) report (April 2024), China led currencies that can be printed at will by central banks.
gold purchases among central banks in the first a. Its scarcity (shortage), unique physical properties,
quarter of 2024.
and historical significance give gold intrinsic
2. Central Bank of Turkey: By April 2024, the
value.
Central Bank of Turkey had bought 8 tonnes of
gold, increasing its total holdings to 578 tonnes. 2. Hedge Against Inflation: Gold holds its value well
3. Emerging Market Economies: Central banks from during inflation, making it a reliable hedge.
emerging economies consistently lead the gold- a. A 2023 World Gold Council study found a

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buying trend, as highlighted by the WGC report. positive correlation between gold prices and US
inflation over 50 years.
Why Did the RBI Decide to Move the Gold Back

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to India? 3. Diversification & Stability: Gold diversifies a
country’s foreign reserves, reducing dependence on a
1. Protection Against Inflation: Gold retains value
well during high inflation. Unlike currencies, gold can single currency and offering stability during economic

appreciate in price during inflation, offering the RBI challenges.

potential returns even in tough economic times. a. Holding gold reserves signals international
2. Hedge Against Geopolitical Uncertainty: Current investors’ confidence in a country’s economy.
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geopolitical events, like the Russia-Ukraine war and 4. Jewellery & Cultural Significance: The demand for
the subsequent sanctions on Russia, prompted the RBI gold in jewellery remains strong globally, especially
to secure its assets within India. in regions like India and China.
a. Gold is considered a safe haven during geopolitical a. Gold holds cultural significance in many societies,
uncertainties. further influencing its value and demand.
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3. Diversification and Liquidity: Adding gold to its
Historical Regime of Exchange Rate
reserves helps the RBI diversify its foreign exchange
Management
holdings.
a. Gold is a secure and liquid asset, easily traded on The Gold Standard (1870-1914)

the international market at transparent prices. a. Currencies were directly tied to the value of
b. This provides the RBI with flexibility and gold, and each country held gold reserves to
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additional options for managing its reserves. back their currency.

4. Strength and Confidence: Moving gold back b. Stable exchange rates made international trade
demonstrates India’s strong economic growth and its easier and more predictable.
capability to protect its financial assets. 1. Drawbacks:
a. It signifies confidence in the Indian economy’s a. Limited gold supply made it difficult to expand
stability, contrasting with the 1991 economic the money supply to meet economic growth.
crisis when India had to pledge gold reserves for b. Countries lost gold reserves when they had trade
foreign currency. deficits, potentially harming their economies.
5. Storage Charges: Returning the gold to India
c. Gold discoveries or losses could cause sudden
eliminates the storage costs paid to the Bank of
fluctuations in exchange rates.
England.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
The Bretton Woods System (1944-1971) Conclusion
Established after World War II, it aimed to
a. The RBI’s decision to repatriate over 100 tonnes of
create a stable and predictable international gold from the UK to its domestic vaults is a significant
financial system. strategic move. This reflects the central bank’s focus on
1. Key Feature: logistical efficiency, diversified storage, and confidence
a. Fixed exchange rates with the US dollar as the in the Indian economy’s stability. This action aligns with
reserve currency, and other currencies pegged global trends among central banks seeking to enhance
to the dollar at a fixed rate. the security of their foreign exchange reserves during
b. The US dollar was convertible to gold at a fixed uncertain times.
price of USD 35 per ounce.
2. Challenges:
2. C
 ontainer Port Performance Index

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a. The Triffin Dilemma: The US couldn’t
maintain its gold reserves to support the system 2023
as the global economy grew.
1. India’s port development program achieved significant

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b. US trade deficits created doubts about its ability
recognition as 9 Indian ports were included in the
to maintain the gold peg.
Global Top 100 for the first time in the Container Port
The Current Scenario (Multiple Regimes -
Performance Index (CPPI) 2023.
Post-1971)
2. Credit for this achievement has been given to
a. Exchange rates are determined by market forces
the Sagarmala programme, which focuses on
of supply and demand with various regimes.
modernising ports and enhancing their efficiency.
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b. Floating and Fixed Exchange Rates: A
floating exchange rate is determined by the Key Highlights of the CPPI 2023
private market through supply and demand. 1. The CPPI is a global index created by the World
• A fixed, or pegged, rate is a rate the Bank and S&P Global Market Intelligence.
government (central bank) sets and 2. It evaluates and compares the performance of
maintains as the official exchange rate. container ports worldwide.
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• The reasons to peg a currency are linked to 3. The index ranks 405 global container ports based on
stability. Especially in today’s developing efficiency, particularly the duration of port stays for
nations, a country may decide to peg its
container vessels.
currency to create a stable atmosphere for
4. The main objective is to identify areas for
foreign investment.
improvement to benefit stakeholders in the global
c. Pegged Rates: A country ties its currency to
trading system and supply chains, including ports,
a strong currency (e.g., USD) or a basket of
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shipping lines, national governments, and consumers.

currencies.
d. Dollarization: Some countries adopt the US Port Ranking
dollar, eliminating exchange rate risk but giving
Yangshan Port (China) 1st
up control over monetary policy.
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) Port of Salalah (Oman) 2nd
a. Created by the IMF as a supplement to gold Port of Cartagena (Spain) 3rd
reserves.
Tangier-Mediterranean 4th
b. SDRs are a basket of major currencies, not
directly convertible to gold. India’s Position
c. The price of gold is determined by supply and 1. Visakhapatnam Port climbed from 115 in 2022 to 19
demand in the free market, not by its connection in 2023, marking the 1st time an Indian port reached
to currencies. the Global Top 20.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Mundra Port improved its rank from 48 last year to 2. Major Ports: There are 13 Major Ports governed
27 this year. under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963, owned and
3. Seven other Indian ports in the top 100 are: managed by the Central Government.
a. Pipavav (41) 3. Minor Ports: Minor Ports are governed under the
b. Kamarajar (47) Indian Port Act, 1908, and are owned and managed
c. Cochin (63) by the State Governments.
d. Hazira (68)
4. National Perspective Plan for Sagarmala: Six new
e. Krishnapatnam (71)
mega ports are planned under this initiative.
f. Chennai (80)
a. The Sagarmala National Perspective Plan
g. Jawaharlal Nehru (96)
identifies specific opportunities for transportation
Sagarmala Programme of commodities such as thermal coal, fertilisers,

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1. Launched in 2015, the Sagarmala programme
foodgrains, cement and steel by coastal shipping
is a flagship initiative by the Ministry of Ports,
and inland waterways.
Shipping and Waterways.

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2. It aims to transform India’s maritime sector by
leveraging the country’s extensive coastline,
navigable waterways, and strategic trade routes.
3. The programme seeks to promote port-led
development and uplift coastal communities.
4. It aims to improve logistics performance by
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reducing costs for domestic and international trade.
5. By utilizing coastal and waterway transportation,
the it aims to minimize the need for extensive
infrastructure investments, thus enhancing logistics
efficiency and boosting the competitiveness of
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Indian exports.
Related Statistics
Scenario of India’s Port Ecosystem
1. Global Standing: India ranks as the 16th-largest
1. Maritime Transport: The Ministry of Shipping
maritime country with a coastline of 7,516 km.
states that maritime transport handles about 95% of
2. Economic Impact: The ports and shipping industry is
India’s trade by volume and 70% by value.
crucial for the growth of India’s trade and commerce.
2. In November 2020, the Ministry of Shipping was
3. Trade Growth: The Ports sector is driven by high
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renamed the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and

growth in external trade.
Waterways by the Prime Minister.
3. The Indian Government supports the ports sector by a. In FY23, major ports handled 780 million tonnes
allowing up to 100% Foreign Direct Investment of cargo, with a CAGR of 3.26% from FY16-23.
(FDI) under the automatic route for port and harbour b. In FY24 (April-January), major ports handled
construction and maintenance projects. 680 million tonnes of cargo.
Major Ports vs Minor Ports 4. Cost-effective Transport: Domestic waterways are
recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally
1. Classification: Ports in India are classified as Major
and Minor based on the jurisdiction of the Central sustainable mode of freight transportation.
and State governments under the Indian Ports Act, 5. Future Plans: The government aims to operationalize
1908. 23 inland waterways by 2030.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Major Initiatives b. Poor performance at ports disturbs schedules,
1. Indian Ports Bill 2023: Proposed to enhance increases import/export costs, reduces
transparency in port tariffs and update penalties. competitiveness, and hampers economic growth.
a. It empowers the Maritime States Development c. This particularly affect Landlocked Developing
Council (MSDC) for integrated planning Countries (LLDCs) and Small Island Developing
States (SIDS).
and introduces a three-tier dispute resolution
3. Infrastructure and Operational Inefficiencies:
mechanism for conflicts between state maritime
Ports face issues like poor road and rail connectivity
boards.
within the port area and lack of cargo handling
2. Shipbuilding Financial Assistance Policy (SBFAP):
equipment and machinery.
Launched to support the shipbuilding industry under
a. Insufficient hinterland (far from port area)
the Make in India initiative. connectivity and dredging capacity, along with

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a. The policy, operational until March 2026, a shortage of technical expertise, are significant
provides financial aid to Indian shipyards to challenges.

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enhance competitiveness and secure global b. Limited access to supporting infrastructure,
orders. such as insurance and financing companies
India’s Ship Breaking Industry predominantly based outside India.
1. Largest Ship Breaking Facilities: India has the c. For example, many marine insurance companies
largest ship breaking facilities globally, with over are headquartered in London, posing challenges
150 yards along its coast. for Indian shipping firms to access cost-effective
and reliable services domestically.
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2. Annual Scrapping: India scraps approximately 6.2
million GT (Gross Tonnage) each year, accounting What are the steps need to be taken to improve
for 33% of the world’s total scrapped tonnage. India’s shipping sector?
3. Recycling Statistics: India recycles around 70 lakh 1. Digitalisation: Integrating digital and physical
GT annually, followed closely by Bangladesh, Pa- connectivity can enhance port and shipping
kistan, and China. operations. Technologies like Artificial Intelligence
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4. Alang Ship Breaking Yard: Located in Gujarat, it (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and blockchain
is the world’s largest ship recycling facility. offer significant benefits.
2. Port Modernisation: Ports need to invest continuously
Challenges Faced by Port Sector in India
in technological, institutional, and human capacities
1. Limited Global Presence of Indian Fleet: Despite to provide fast, reliable, and cost-efficient services.
a vast coastline and strategic location, Indian ships a. Collaboration between public and private sectors
constitute less than 1% of the world’s shipping fleet. is crucial for achieving modernisation goals.
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In contrast, China holds around 19%. 3. Widen the Hinterland: Ports should aim to attract
a. Seafarer Supply: India ranks 3rd globally in cargo from neighbouring countries and domestic
supplying sailors, providing nearly 10% of the production centres.
world’s seafarers, following China and the · Investments in corridors, regional trucking
Philippines. markets, and cross-border trade and transit
2. High Turnaround Times at Indian Ports: High facilitation can help expand ports’ hinterlands.
turnaround times at Indian ports reduce efficiency 4. Promote Sustainability: Port stakeholders, including
and increase costs for shipping companies. shipping lines, traders, social partners, and the
a. The average turnaround time at major Indian ports port-city community, demand that ports fulfil their
was approximately 2.48 days in 2022, compared social, economic, and environmental sustainability
obligations.
to the global average of 0.97 days.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
State of the Fintech Industry in India
3. F
 intech companies leading India’s
1. FinTech Ecosystem: India is a global leader in
startup ecosystem
fintech, ranking 3rd globally after the US and UK,
Fintech companies remain a popular choice for with a combined valuation of over USD 155 billion.
entrepreneurs in the start-up ecosystem. According to data a. Nearly a 3rd of the soonicorn universe (soon to
from Tracxn, fintechs have secured over 15% of the total be unicorns) consists of fintechs.
equity funding into start-ups in FY24 so far. b. According to Startup India (Ministry of
Commerce and Industry), the market size of
About Fintechs
India’s fintech industry is projected to reach USD
1. Fintech is a combination of ‘financial’ and 150 billion by 2025.
‘technology,’ refers to businesses that use technology 2. High Adoption Rate: The Economic Survey 2022-23
to improve or automate financial services and reported that fintech companies in India experienced

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processes. an 87% adoption rate across various user bases,
compared to the global average of 64%.
Types

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3. Driving Digital Payments: Fintech companies
1. Digital Payments: These provide digital payment
in India account for 70% of digital payment
solutions such as mobile wallets, online payment transactions, doubling their share in FY22 compared
gateways, and peer-to-peer (P2P) payments. to FY19.
Examples include PhonePe and Paytm. 4. Financial Inclusion: More than 10 million people
2. Alternative Lending: Known as marketplace and small businesses gained access to savings
lending or Peer-2-Peer (P2P lending). accounts, insurance, investment options, and credit
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a. Peer-to-peer lending is a form of direct lending facilities through mobile-based services and digital
of money to individuals or businesses without an platforms.
5. Democratising Lending Process: Peer-to-peer
official financial institution participating as an
lending platforms are democratizing lending by
intermediary in the deal.
providing individuals and small businesses access to
b. P2P lending is generally done through online
funds without traditional financial institutions.
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platforms that match lenders with the potential 6. Rise in Public Investment: Investment platforms
borrowers, with investors seeking high-yield and robo-advisors are making investments in stocks,
investments. mutual funds, and other financial instruments more
c. Examples include Lending Club, Prosper, accessible.
PayPal Working Capital, and GoFundMe. a. A robo-advisor is a type of automated financial
3. Insurance: These offer digital insurance solutions advisor that provides algorithm-driven wealth
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such as health insurance, life insurance, and car management services with little to no human
insurance. Examples include Digit Insurance and intervention.

Policybazaar. Government Initiatives Driving the Growth of

FinTech
4. InvestmentTech: These provide digital investment
1. Digital Identity Infrastructure (JAM Trinity)
solutions such as stock trading, mutual funds, and
a. Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY): This financial
cryptocurrency trading.
inclusion program has provided bank accounts to
a. Examples include Zerodha and Groww. over 450 million people.
5. Other Types: These include crop loan risk • It creates a large customer base for FinTech
management (e.g., Satsure), online fraud detection companies to offer new financial products like
(e.g., Tutelar), debt management (Debt Nirvana), remittances, credit, insurance, and pensions
and Banking-as-a-Service platforms (e.g., FidPay). directly through these accounts.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. Aadhaar: A World Bank study reveals that Potential Growth Areas for the Fintech Sector
Aadhaar has enabled over 570 million previously in India
unbanked adults in India to open bank accounts. 1. SME Lending: Small and medium enterprises
• The Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (SMEs) face challenges accessing traditional credit
(AePS) allows users to conduct financial channels.
transactions using their Aadhaar number and a. Fintech solutions using alternative data sources
biometric authentication (fingerprint or iris and AI-powered credit scoring can streamline
scan). lending processes and make credit more accessible
c. Unified Payments Interface (UPI): UPI for SMEs.
transaction volume has increased by 49% year-
2. Supply Chain Financing: Traditional supply chain
on-year.
financing methods are often complicated and lack

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• The number of integrated banks has grown
transparency.
from 414 in April 2023 to 581 in April 2024,
a. Blockchain-based fintech solutions can streamline
boosting UPI transaction growth.

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payments, improve traceability, and enhance
2. Regulatory Support and Innovation: In 2017,
working capital management for businesses
the RBI recognized P2P lending platforms as Non-
within the supply chain.
Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs), which
b. Supply chain finance is a financing solution in
authorized the sector and expanded credit access for
which suppliers can receive early payment on
individuals and small businesses.
their invoices.
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3. Regulatory Sandbox (RS) and Fintech Repository:
The Regulatory Sandbox (established by the RBI in
c. It reduces the risk of supply chain disruption and
enables both buyers and suppliers to optimize
2017) allows FinTech companies to live test their
their working capital.
products or solutions before regulatory approval,
3. Agritech: Fintech solutions can provide crop loan risk
saving time and costs.
management, micro-insurance for farmers, and digital
a. The Fintech Repository (launched in 2021)
marketplaces for agricultural products, supporting
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serves as a centralized information hub for
and empowering rural communities.
fintech companies, promoting transparency and
4. Regulatory Landscape and Long-Term Stability:
regulatory compliance.
The RBI’s framework for managing “user harm”
4. Self-Regulatory Organizations (SRO) Framework:
within the fintech sector may create a cautious
Introduced by the RBI in 2023, this framework
investment climate in the short term.
promotes responsible growth and industry-led self-
a. However, clear and well-defined regulations will
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regulation.
a. SROs act as guardians within the industry, enhance consumer protection, build trust, attract
establishing and enforcing a code of conduct, long-term investors, and promote sustainable
grievance redressal mechanisms, and consumer growth.
protection standards. Steering Committee Recommendations Related
to Fintech
1. The Steering Committee led by Subhash Chandra
Garg on Fintech Related Issues, submitted its report
to the Finance Minister in 2019. It aimed to make
Fintech regulations more flexible and promote
entrepreneurship.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Recommendations Significance of Startups
1. Expanding Fintech Services: Encourage the use of 1. Employment Creation: Startups can generate
Fintech to strengthen cybersecurity, fraud control, and a substantial number of jobs, often more than
money laundering prevention. established companies. This is crucial for developing
a. Explore virtual banking and the dematerialisation nations like India, where high unemployment rates
of financial instruments (converting physical are common.
certificates to electronic form). 2. New Investments: Established companies often
2. Policy Actions for Promotion: Government and outsource tasks to startups, enabling them to focus
public sector institutions should use AI for back-end on their core competencies. This opens opportunities
automation. for new investments into the country.
a. Collaborate with MSMEs to implement 3. Boost to the Economy: Startups create jobs and

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blockchain solutions in trade finance. stimulate economic activity. By employing locals
3. Financial Inclusion: Develop a credit registry for and purchasing goods and services, they contribute

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farmers using AI/ML-based credit scoring to facilitate to economic growth and increased government
easier loan access. revenue.
a. Use Fintech to manage claims and premium 4. Fostering Entrepreneurship and Innovation:
payments in agricultural crop insurance schemes. The startup ecosystem promotes entrepreneurship
b. Create a common digital platform for small and promotes a culture of innovation, contributing
savings products, micro-pension schemes, to social capital and technological advancements,
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and government pensions to enable digital
subscriptions.
benefiting the economy.
What is a Unicorn?
4. Collaboration and Coordination: Form an advisory 1. A unicorn is a privately owned firm with a market
council on Fintech with industry experts for each capitalization exceeding $1 billion. Unicorns
financial sector regulator. develop innovative solutions and technologies,
a. Establish an inter-regulatory technical group for creating large-scale employment.
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better coordination between regulatory bodies. 2. One out of every ten unicorns globally originate
b. Set up an inter-ministerial group to explore from India. Unicorns are predominantly active in
potential applications of Fintech-enabling Tier I cities, with Bengaluru being India’s unicorn
technologies. capital.
c. Collaborate with other countries to share Startups in India
knowledge on Fintech risks and benefits. 1. The Indian startup ecosystem has dynamically
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5. Data Protection: Establish a task force within the evolved over the past two decades, emerging in
Ministry of Finance to address data protection fields such as IT, agriculture, aviation, education,
challenges specific to the financial sector. energy, health, and space sectors.
What are Startups? 2. Since the launch of the Startup India initiative in
1. Startups are newly established companies or 2016, the Department for Promotion of Industry
businesses characterized by innovative ideas, and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has recognized
scalable business models, and high growth potential. 92,683 entities as startups as of 28th February 2023.

2. These ventures are typically created by entrepreneurs Economic Survey 2021-22 Highlights
or small groups aiming to introduce new products, 1. India is the 3rd-largest startup ecosystem in the
services, or technologies to the market. world, following the US and China.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Most startups are in the services sector, with 49%
4. P
 roject Nexus of Bank for International
from tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Settlements
3. In 2021, 44 Indian startups achieved unicorn status,
1. In July 2024, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has
bringing the total number of startup unicorns in
joined Project Nexus. It is a multilateral initiative
India to 83.
to enable instant cross-border retail payments by
4. Notable Indian unicorns include Lenskart, Cred, interlinking domestic Fast Payments Systems
Meesho, PharmEasy, Licious, and Grofers. (FPSs).
Government Initiatives a. A faster payment is a payment that enables real-
Startup India Initiative: This flagship initiative by the time or near real-time availability of funds to
Union Government aims to catalyze startup culture and the payee and is available nearly 24x7 in most

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supported payment schemes and systems across
build a strong, inclusive ecosystem for innovation and
the globe.
entrepreneurship in India.
b. Fast payments are facilitated by the faster

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Fund of Funds for Startups (FFS) Scheme: The
payment scheme and faster payment systems
Union Government has established FFS with a corpus of
(FPS).
Rs. 10,000 crores to meet the funding needs of startups. c. An FPS is an electronic payments system which
Startup India Seed Fund Scheme: Provides financial facilitates inter-bank fund transfer and sends
assistance to startups for proof of concept, prototype confirmation of payment to the receiver and
development, product trials, market entry, and originator within a minute or less.
commercialization.
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International Market Access to Indian Startups: be reversed by the payer or the financial institution
Startup India has launched bridges with over 15 once the transaction has been successful.
countries, providing a soft-landing platform for startups 2. The RBI is collaborating bilaterally with various
from partner nations and promoting cross-collaboration. countries to link India’s Fast Payments System (FPS)
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Startup India Hub: An online platform for all – UPI, with their respective FPSs for cross-border
Person to Person (P2P) and Person to Merchant
stakeholders in India’s entrepreneurial ecosystem to
(P2M) payments.
discover, connect, and engage with each other.
3. A multilateral approach could further enhance the
National Startup Awards: Recognizes and rewards
RBI’s efforts to expand the international reach of
outstanding startups and ecosystem enablers contributing
Indian payment systems.
to economic dynamism by stimulating innovation and
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4. In over 70 countries, domestic payments are instant

competition.
and nearly free. Connecting these Instant Payment
Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): Aims Systems (IPS) globally can enable cross-border
to boost innovation among startups and encourage payments within 60 seconds.
their participation in the Indian defense and aerospace
BIS-Led Project Nexus
ecosystem.
1. Agreement: Bank for International Settlements
Atal Innovation Mission: Union Govt has set up Atal
(BIS) and central banks of India, Malaysia,
Incubation Centres (AIC) to incubate startups in various Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand signed an
sectors. It also launched the Atal New India Challenge agreement on June 30, 2024, in Basel, Switzerland.
to seek and select, support, and nurture technology- a. Special Observer: Indonesia (will join in the
based innovations. future)

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Background: BIS Innovation Hub (BISIH) Singapore Centre developed a blueprint in 2021. A working prototype
was built in 2022, connecting Eurosystem’s TIPS, Malaysia’s RPP, and Singapore’s FAST payment systems.
3. Aim: To enhance cross-border payments by connecting multiple global domestic instant payment systems (IPS).
Benefits
Parameters Current system Nexus
Traditional payments are slow due to multiple Payments can be completed in 60 seconds or
Speed
banks and central banks’ operating hours. less, operating 24/7/365.
High costs due to need for the correspondent Lower transaction fees and reduced
Cost
accounts and larger number of banks. administrative costs.
Access through non-bank Payment Service
Limited by financial inclusion and
Access Provider (PSPs) and simplified processes using

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correspondent banking relationships.
proxies like mobile numbers.
With Nexus, anyone who can send/receive
Cross Border Currently, cross border payments mostly occur
domestic payments should be able to do so

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Payments through banks.
cross-border payments.
Variable fees and uncertainty about the final Upfront (in advance) fee calculation and
Transparency
amount received. immediate payment status updates.
Safety, Builds on existing risk management frameworks,
Cross-border credit risk due to correspondent
Security, and reducing reliance on correspondent banking and
banking relationships.
Resilience mitigating cross-border credit risk.

Connectivity
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Custom connections needed for each new Centralised connections through a single
country. platform.
Limited to bilateral agreements with individual Single connection reaches all countries on the
Reach
countries. Nexus network.
RBI collaborates bilaterally with countries like Multilateral approach involving multiple
Collaboration
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Bhutan, UAE, France, Sri Lanka, Mauritius. countries simultaneously.

Bank for International Settlements (BIS)

1. Established: 1930
2. Owned by 63 central banks, representing countries from around the world, representing about 95% of world
GDP
3. Head Office: Basel, Switzerland
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4. Representative Offices: Hong Kong SAR and Mexico City as well as Innovation Hub Centres around the world
5. Innovation BIS 2025: Medium-term strategy leveraging technology and new collaboration channels for central
banking in a fast-changing world.
6. Basel Banking Accords are global rules set by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) and it
operates under BIS in Basel, Switzerland, providing guidelines for best practices in banking.
7. Services to Central Banks:
a. Dialogue and Cooperation: Provides a forum for broad international cooperation.
b. Innovation and Knowledge-Sharing: Offers a platform for responsible innovation.
c. Policy Analysis: Provides in-depth analysis and insights on core policy issues.
d. Financial Services: Delivers sound and competitive financial services.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

5. Digital Payments Intelligence Platform Local Area Banks

1. Local area banks are small private banks with low-
1. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has formed a
cost structures.
committee led by A.P. Hota to explore setting up a 2. They provide financial services limited to their area
Digital Payments Intelligence Platform. of operation.
2. This platform will use advanced technologies to 3. They usually function in rural and semi-urban areas,
mitigate payment fraud risks. covering three main contiguous districts.
4. Objectives:
Rise in Domestic Payment Frauds
a. Mobilise rural savings through local institutions.
1. Domestic payment frauds increased by 70.64% to Rs
b. Create new investment opportunities in the
2,604 crore in the six months ending March 2024. same local areas.

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2. The number of fraud cases rose to 15 lakh from 11 5. Operation:
lakh. a. Operate as non-scheduled banks.
Other Proposals b. Regulated and controlled by the Reserve Bank

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of India.
1. Bulk Deposits Limit Raised: The RBI plans to
Asset Liability Management (ALM)
increase the bulk deposits threshold from Rs 2 crore
1. Asset Liability Management (ALM) relates to
to Rs 3 crore for commercial banks and small finance
managing and balancing risks arising from a bank’s
banks.
assets, such as loans, and liabilities, such as deposits.
a. For local area banks, the limit is set at Rs 1 crore.
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b. Banks will have the flexibility to set interest
Banks must manage various risks, including:
a. Credit Risks
rates based on their needs and Asset-Liability b. Market Risks (including interest rates)
Management (ALM) projections. c. Liquidity Risks
2. Automatic e-Mandate: The RBI plans to allow 2. In India, banks follow guidelines prescribed by the
automatic balance replenishment for Fastag and Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for ALM.
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National Common Mobility Card (NCMC) under 3. RBI’s rules are based on global norms prescribed by
the e-mandate framework. the Bank for International Settlements, a body of
central banks worldwide.
a. This will exempt the need for a 24-hour pre-debit
notification. 6. I ndia leads the fastest-growing major
3. UPI Lite e-Mandate: The RBI plans to integrate UPI economy as per GEP Report 2024
Lite into the e-mandate framework.
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1. In June 2024, the World Bank released ‘Global

a. This integration will enable automatic reloads of Economic Prospects (GEP) Report 2024’.
the wallet when its balance drops below a user-set 2. India is predicted to remain the fastest-growing
threshold. major economy globally with a projected GDP
b. It will eliminate the need for extra authentication growth rate of 6.6% for FY25, according to the
or pre-debit notifications. report.
4. Export-Import Norms: The Reserve Bank plans to Key Findings of the Report
update rules for exporting and importing goods and Global
services. 1. Growth Outlook: The global economy is stabilizing
a. This update aims to streamline procedures and for the first time in three years, with GDP growth
make business easier for everyone involved.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
anticipated at 2.6% for 2024-25. monsoon disruptions.
a. For FY26 and FY27, global growth is expected 2. Fiscal and Trade Balances:
to be 2.7%, amid modest growth in trade and a. India’s fiscal deficit relative to GDP is expected
investment. to decrease due to increased revenues from a
2. Projection for Global Inflation: The World Bank broader tax base.
forecasts a slower moderation of global inflation, b. Narrowing trade deficits are contributing to
averaging 3.5% this year. overall economic stability in South Asia.
a. Central banks from the advanced and emerging 3. Factors Driving Growth:
market economies are expected to be cautious
a. Investment Growth: Strong public and private
about easing monetary policy due to ongoing
sector investments will likely sustain robust
inflationary pressures.
growth. Public investment will play a particularly

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3. Challenges to Global Growth:
significant role.
a. Geopolitical tensions, trade fragmentation
b. Private Consumption: Improved agricultural
(divided into parts), higher interest rates,

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production and decreasing inflation rates will
and climate-related disasters are hindering
boost private consumption.
(hampering) growth.
b. Global cooperation is needed to safeguard trade, c. Government Expenditure: Government
support green and digital transitions, provide debt spending is expected to grow slowly as efforts
relief, and enhance food security. focus on reducing current spending relative to
GDP.
South Asian Region (SAR)
1. Growth Outlook:
RE 4. Increase in FDI Flows: In 2022, FDI flows to India
increased by 10%. India became the third-largest
a. South Asia’s GDP growth is expected to drop
recipient country for announced greenfield projects.
from 6.6% in 2023 to 6.2% in 2024, mainly due
5. Government Spending and Infrastructure:
to India’s slowdown.
b. Bangladesh is expected to maintain robust Increased government spending on infrastructure
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growth, but at a slower pace. projects like roads, railways, and renewable energy is
c. Pakistan and Sri Lanka are expected to see driving fixed capital formation.
strengthened economic activities. a. Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF) is the
2. Poverty Reduction: total amount of money spent on investment.
a. Per capita income growth in South Asia will 6. Challenges in Accessing Financing: Developing
decrease from 5.6% in 2023 to 5.1% in 2024-25, countries, including India, face challenges in accessing
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then slightly rise to 5.2% in 2026. financing due to increasing external debt and interest
b. This slowdown is due to weaker private rates.
consumption and fiscal adjustments that may 7. Labor Market Improvement:
reduce household income. a. India’s labour market is showing improvement.
India b. There is a higher labour force participation rate.
1. Economic Trajectory: c. The unemployment rate is the lowest in a year at
a. India is the largest economy in South Asia and a 7.1%.
major contributor to regional growth. 8. Consumer Price Inflation:
b. India’s growth rate for FY24 is estimated at a. Consumer price inflation in India is expected to
8.2%, driven by industrial and services sectors, decrease.
offsetting a slowdown in agriculture due to b. It is anticipated to align with the Central Bank’s

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
7. In 2023, India had 18.7 million emigrants.
target range of 2 to 6 percent.
Growth of Remittances
7. Trends in Remittances Inflow 1. India received USD 120 billion in remittances in
1. According to the latest report by the World Bank, the 2023, with a growth rate of 7.5%.
growth in remittances to India is expected to halve 2. The forecast for 2024 is a growth rate of 3.7%,
(reduce by 50%) in 2024 compared to 2023. reaching USD 124 billion.
2. This slowdown is due to reduced outflows from 3. For 2025, the growth estimate is 4%, expected to
GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council) countries, amid reach USD 129 billion.
declining oil prices and production cuts. Remittances Inflows in Countries
a. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is a 1. In 2023, India topped the remittances inflow list,
political and economic alliance of six Middle followed by Mexico (USD 66 billion), China (USD

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Eastern countries: Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, 50 billion), the Philippines (USD 39 billion), and
Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. Pakistan (USD 27 billion).
What are Remittances? 2. According to RBI data, India’s foreign assets

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1. Remittances are funds or goods that migrants send increased more than liabilities in 2023-24.
back to their families in their home country to provide
financial support.
2. Sources:
a. Migrant Workers: Migrant workers are the
primary source of remittances, sending money
back to their families.
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b. Diaspora Communities: Diaspora community
members often send remittances to support their
relatives and community projects in their home
countries.
3. Channels:
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a. Formal Channels: These include banks, money
transfer operators like Western Union and
MoneyGram, and mobile money services.
b. Informal Channels: These include methods like
hand-carry, hawala systems, and other informal Migration Trends
networks. 1. In 2023, the global count of international mi-
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4. Types: grants reached approximately 302.1 million, as per

a. Personal Remittances: Funds sent by individuals World Bank data. Economic migrants formed about
to their families or friends. 252 million of this total.
b. Collective Remittances: Contributions 2. According to the United Nations High Commis-
from diaspora communities for community sioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the number of
development projects. refugees and asylum seekers stood at around 50.3
5. They are a significant source of income and foreign million in 2023.
exchange for many developing countries, especially
in South Asia. Top Sources of Remittances for India
6. Remittances help reduce poverty, improve living 1. Around 36% of total remittance flows to India come
standards, support education and health care, and from high-skilled Indian migrants in high-income
stimulate economic activity. countries such as the United States, the United
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Kingdom, and Singapore. Bhutan, Mauritius, France, and Nepal.
2. Post-pandemic recovery led to a tight labour market How to Increase Remittance Inflow in India
in these regions, resulting in wage hikes that boosted
1. Boosting Financial Inclusion: World Bank data
remittances.
shows that only 80% of Indians have bank accounts.
3. Among other high-income destinations, the Gulf a. Expanding formal financial services, especially in
Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are significant rural areas, can make remittance transfers easier
contributors. through a broader network of bank branches,
a. The UAE accounted for 18% of India’s remittance ATMs, and digital platforms.
flows, while Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, and 2. Reducing Remittance Costs: According to World
Qatar collectively accounted for 11%. Bank data, remittance costs in India are high (5-6%).
Reason for Consistent Remittance Inflow a. Introducing competition among remittance
service providers and promoting digital channels

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1. Strong Economic Conditions: Developed economies
can reduce transaction costs.
like the US, UK, and Singapore have lower inflation
b. Additionally, government incentives for using
and strong labor markets, benefiting skilled Indian

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formal channels can encourage more people to
professionals and increasing remittance inflows to
adopt them.
India.
3. Enhancing Remittance Infrastructure: Upgrading
a. High employment growth and decreasing
payment systems and leveraging new technologies
inflation in Europe have also contributed to the
like blockchain can streamline the remittance process.
rise in global remittances.
a. The Reserve Bank of India has implemented the
2. Diversified Migrant Pool: India’s migrant pool
Centralized Payment System, including Real
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is diversified, with a significant portion residing
in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.
Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) and National
Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT), to achieve
This diversification offers a buffer during economic this goal.
downturns in either region. 4. Targeted Diaspora Engagement: Increased
a. Favourable economic conditions in the GCC, such government engagement with the Indian diaspora
as high energy prices and controlled food price through programs like Pravasi Bharatiya Divas
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inflation, have positively impacted employment and the Know India Programme can strengthen
and incomes for Indian migrants, especially those connections.
in less-skilled sectors. a. Offering attractive investment options and tax
b. In 2023, India and the UAE signed a pact to breaks, as suggested by International Monetary
establish a Local Currency Settlement System Fund (IMF) data, can encourage higher remittance
(LCSS) to promote the use of the Indian rupee inflows.
5. Promoting Economic Stability: Implementing
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(INR) and UAE Dirham (AED) for cross-border

transactions. sound macroeconomic policies, improving the ease of
c. This has further boosted remittance flows. doing business, and addressing corruption are crucial
3. Improved Remittance Channels: Initiatives like for building diaspora confidence.
Unified Payment Interface (UPI) have enabled real- a. This can create a more attractive environment for
time fund transfers, allowing remittances to be sent remittance flows.
and received instantly. Conclusion
a. The National Payments Corporation of India Remittance inflows are crucial for the economies of
(NPCI) has enabled NRIs to use UPI in several many developing countries, offering significant support
countries, including Singapore, Australia, to millions of households. By enhancing financial access,
Canada, Hong Kong, Oman, Qatar, USA, Saudi lowering transaction costs, and assisting migrants,
Arabia, UAE, the United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, countries can optimize the benefits of remittances, boosting

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
economic growth and improving social outcomes. 2. It streamlines claim processing by eliminating the
Local Currency Settlement System (LCSS) need for multiple portals and manual paperwork,
reducing administrative burdens for hospitals.
1. India and the UAE have signed a pact to establish
3. The platform can lead to a more standardized
the Local Currency Settlement System (LCSS) to
approach to healthcare pricing through uniform data
promote the use of the Indian rupee (INR) and UAE presentation and centralized validation.
Dirham (AED) for cross-border transactions. 4. The system helps detect and prevent fraudulent claims
2. This agreement was finalized during the Prime through data verification.
Minister’s recent visit to Abu Dhabi, UAE. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE)
3. Covers all current account transactions and 1. Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) refers to the
permitted capital account transactions. direct payments made by households for healthcare
4. Enables exporters and importers to pay in their services at the time of receiving care.

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respective domestic currencies. 2. It excludes individuals who are covered under any
5. Facilitates the development of an INR-AED forex public or private insurance or social protection
market. schemes.

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6. Reduces transaction costs and settlement time, Status of Insurance in India (IRDAI)
1. Health Insurance: Contributes to approximately
including for remittances by Indians in the UAE.
29% of the total general insurance premium income
7. Allows India to use this mechanism for paying for
in India.
oil and other commodity imports from the UAE, its 2. Life Insurance: India ranks 10th in the world in the
fourth largest energy supplier (in FY 22-23). life insurance sector. India’s share in the global life
insurance market was 2.73% in 2019.
8. National Health Claim Exchange
RE 3. Non-Life Insurance: India ranks 15th in the world
In July 2024, the National Health Authority (NHA) in the non-life insurance sector. India’s share in
and the Insurance Regulatory and Development the global non-life insurance market was 0.79% in
Authority of India (IRDAI) have launched the 2019.
National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX) to facilitate Insurance Penetration and Density
1. Insurance Penetration: Defined as the percentage
the exchange of claims-related information among
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of insurance premiums to GDP. Increased from
stakeholders in the healthcare and health insurance
2.71% in 2001 to 3.76% in 2019 (Life insurance at
ecosystem.
2.82% and Non-Life insurance at 0.94%).
About National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX) 2. Insurance Density: Calculated as the ratio of
1. NHCX is a digital platform designed to streamline premiums to population (per capita premium).
health insurance claims processing in India. Increased from USD 11.5 in 2001 to USD 78 in
2019 (Life insurance at USD 58 and Non-Life
2. It acts as a centralized hub for all health claims,
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insurance at USD 20).

reducing the administrative burden on hospitals
Government Initiatives Related to Health Insurance
and providing a seamless, paperless, and secure
1. Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti Yojana (PMJJBY)
contractual framework. 2. Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana
3. The system accommodates India’s dynamic and (PMSBY)
diverse healthcare system, aligning with IRDAI’s 3. Ayushmaan Bharat: Pradhan Mantri Jan
goal of achieving ‘Insurance for All by 2047’. Arogya Yojana
4. Bima Sugam, Bima Vistar, Bima Vaahaks
Advantages
5. National Health Policy 2017: Envisions health
1. NHCX simplifies and expedites (speed up) the insurance as a key quality service and aims to
cashless claims process, potentially reducing waiting increase population coverage to reduce catastrophic
times and out-of-pocket expenses for patients. health expenditure.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Need for the National Health Claim Exchange a. Example: With a centralized platform handling
in India sensitive health and financial data, strong
1. High Out-of-Pocket Expenditure: Health insurance cybersecurity measures are crucial to prevent data
is crucial in reducing out-of-pocket expenses, as breaches.
highlighted by a study.
Conclusion
a. Data shows a significant reliance on private
The NHCX is not just a technological advancement;
insurance for hospitalization, especially in rural
it is a critical step towards improving healthcare
areas (73.5 cases per 100,000 people).
accessibility and affordability in India. By addressing
b. Streamlined claims processing through NHCX
current inefficiencies and complexities, NHCX has the
can lead to faster claim settlements, reducing
potential to empower patients, hospitals, and insurance
financial burdens for patients.

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companies for a healthier future.
c. This incentivizes more people to use health
insurance, reducing reliance on out-of-pocket 9. E-commerce As Export Hub
payments and improving financial security.

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1. The Commerce Ministry’s 100-day agenda for the
2. Inefficiencies in Claim Processing: Different
new government includes plans to utilize e-commerce
insurance companies have varying requirements and
for exports.
processes, leading to delays, errors, and a lack of
2. India aims to reach USD 1 trillion in merchandise
transparency for patients regarding claim approvals
exports by 2030, with cross-border e-commerce
or denials.
identified as a critical strategy to achieve this target.
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3. High Operational Costs for Hospitals: Hospitals
in India face administrative burdens due to multiple
About the 100-day E-Commerce Agenda
portals for different insurance companies and manual 1. Key Focus: The program focuses on developing
processes for submitting and tracking claims. e-commerce hubs to support online exports.
a. The Commerce Department collaborates with the
Challenges in the Adoption of the National
Department of Revenue on duty-free returns
Health Claim Exchange (NHCX)
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and faster customs clearances.
1. Digital Adoption Gap: Encouraging both hospitals
2. Economic Potential: In 2023, cross-border
and insurance companies to fully integrate with the
e-commerce trade was around USD 800 billion and is
NHCX platform requires ongoing efforts and training.
projected to reach USD 2 trillion by 2030.
a. Example: Smaller hospitals, especially in rural
a. China’s e-commerce exports are about USD 350
areas, may lack the necessary IT infrastructure
billion, while India’s online shipments are only
or trained staff to fully integrate with the NHCX
USD 2 billion.
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platform.
3. Return Logistics Challenge: In e-commerce, about
2. Building Trust and Collaboration: For NHCX to
25% of goods are re-imported, requiring duty-free
succeed, building trust among policyholders through
imports for these items.
efficient services and streamlined claim processes is
a. Identifying these items for duty-free status poses
essential.
a challenge.
a. Example: Historically, communication gaps and
complexities between hospitals and insurance
About E-Commerce
companies have led to claim processing issues. 1. E-commerce involves buying and selling goods and
3. Data Security Concerns: Robust measures are services over the Internet.
essential to ensure data privacy and prevent security 2. As of 2023, India ranks as the 8th-largest e-commerce
breaches. market globally.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. E-commerce includes a range of activities, from 3. It is expected to surpass the United States, becoming
online retail platforms to digital payment systems for the world’s 2nd-largest e-commerce market.
secure and convenient transactions. 4. The e-retail market in India is projected to exceed
Types of E-Commerce Models USD 160 billion by 2028.
1. Market-based Model: Involves an e-commerce
Major Types of E-Commerce
entity providing an IT platform to connect buyers and
sellers, like Amazon and Flipkart. Type of Description
2. Inventory-based Model: Involves an e-commerce E-commerce
entity owning and directly selling goods and services B2B (Business- Involves transactions between
from its inventory to consumers, as seen with to-Business) businesses.
platforms such as Myntra and Nykaa. Examples include manufacturers
a. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is not allowed selling to wholesalers, and

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in inventory-based e-commerce models. wholesalers selling to retailers.
Current Trends B2C (Business- Involves businesses selling directly

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to-Consumer to consumers.
1. India’s e-commerce platforms achieved a Gross
Merchandise Value (GMV) of USD 60 billion in Examples include online retail
fiscal year 2023, a 22% increase from 2022. stores like Amazon and Flipkart.
2. The export of Indian toys has grown at nearly 30% C2C (Consumer- Involves consumers selling to other
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) over the to-Consumer) consumers.
last seven years. Examples include platforms like
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a. Gross merchandise value (GMV) is the total
value of merchandise that’s sold over a given
eBay and OLX.
B2G (Business- Involves businesses providing
period through a customer-to-customer (C2C) to-Government) goods or services to governments.
exchange site. Examples include companies
3. In the fiscal year 2022-23, the Government providing IT services or
e-Marketplace (GeM) reached its highest-ever GMV infrastructure to government
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of USD 2011 billion. agencies.
a. Government e-Marketplace (GeM) is a one C2B (Consumer- Involves individuals selling
stop portal to facilitate online procurement to-Business) products or services to businesses.
of common use Goods & Services required
Examples include freelance
by various Government Departments /
platforms like Upwork where
Organizations / PSUs.
individuals offer services to
4. As of 2023, the Indian e-commerce sector is valued at
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businesses.
USD 70 billion, making up about 7% of the country’s
total retail market. Significance of the E-Commerce Industry in the
5. India has approximately 800 million internet Indian Economy
subscribers, including around 350 million mature
1. Job Creation: The e-commerce sector in India
online users actively engaging in transactions.
creates significant job opportunities, both directly and
Future Prospects
indirectly, across various sectors like MSMEs, textiles,
1. The Indian e-commerce industry is projected to reach
leather, agriculture (farmers), and craftsmanship.
USD 300 billion by 2030.
2. Third-party logistics providers are expected to manage a. It also supports forward linkages such as logistics,
approximately 17 billion shipments within the next packaging, transport, storage, and advertising,
seven years. driving economic growth and job creation.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. Fashion, grocery, and general merchandise are a. Additional regulations include the Companies
expected to dominate the Indian e-commerce Act 2013, Payment and Settlement Act 2007,
market, making up nearly two-thirds of the RBI regulations on payment mechanisms, and
market share by 2027, highlighting the sector’s rules on labelling and packaging.
vital role in India’s retail landscape. 3. Data and Associated Issues: The Information
Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), regulates aspects of
2. Boosting Indian Products in Global Markets:
e-commerce, including electronic contracts, digital
E-commerce allows Indian manufacturers and sellers
signatures, and cybercrime prevention.
to display their products on international platforms,
b. Sections 84A and 43A of the IT Act impose
expanding their reach and exposure to global markets.
obligations on entities handling sensitive personal
a. Industry reports show that e-commerce exports data or information.
from India reached approximately USD 49 billion c. The Information Technology (Guidelines for

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in the financial year 2022-23. Intermediaries and Digital Media Ethics Code)
3. Driving Export Expansion: The growth of Rules, 2021, introduce regulations for digital
e-commerce has greatly increased India’s export media intermediaries, including e-commerce

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potential, offering Indian businesses access to platforms.
international markets. Government Initiatives Related to the E-Com-
a. According to the Reserve Bank of India, major merce Sector in India
export destinations include the USA, UAE, China, 1. National E-Commerce Policy
Hong Kong, and several European countries. 2. FDI Policy
4. Improving Service Accessibility: Services such 3. Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC)
RE
as online education, telemedicine, and professional 4.
5.
The Consumer Protection (E-commerce) Rules, 2020
Digital India initiative
consultations have become more accessible,
overcoming geographical barriers. Challenges and Solutions in E-Commerce Sector
a. Industry estimates predict that the online Challenges Solutions
education sector in India will grow at a CAGR of 1. Logistics and 1. Continued Investment
around 20% from 2020 to 2025. in Logistics Infrastructure:
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Supply Chain
5. Enhancing Logistics and Supply Chains: Inefficiencies: The Investments in dedicated
Government initiatives like the National Logistics infrastructure is under freight corridors, modern
Policy have improved delivery processes, enhancing development which warehousing facilities,
logistical efficiency and cost-effectiveness. leads to inefficiencies and seamless multimodal
Various Regulatory Frameworks for E-commerce and higher costs, connectivity. Adoption of
in India affecting export advanced technologies like
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competitiveness. automation, IoT, and data

1. Taxation Related: E-commerce entities operating in
analytics to optimize supply
India must comply with the Income Tax Act, 1961.
chain operations.
a. Goods and Services Tax (GST) applies to 2. E-commerce under WTO:
2. Cross-Border
transactions within India. Trade Facilitation: Need to update the WTO
b. Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements Complexities in e-commerce moratorium
(DTAA) help facilitate international transactions. procedures such as (1998) to regulate
2. Business Regulation: The B2B e-commerce customs clearance, e-commerce under WTO
sector in India is governed by the Foreign Direct documentation, and rules, facilitating cross-border
Investment (FDI) policy and the Foreign Exchange payment gateways can trade.
Management Act (FEMA), which regulates foreign hamper e-commerce
investments and business setups. exports.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Cybersecurity: 3. Developing a Strong Inclusive Framework on BEPS
E-commerce websites Data Privacy Network: 1. Establishment and Purpose
a. Formation: The Inclusive Framework was
are vulnerable to Build a robust cybersecurity
established by the OECD and G20 in 2016.
cyber-attacks, leading framework and promote
b. Members: It includes 147 countries and
to the loss of sensitive consumer awareness jurisdictions.
information and campaigns to introduce c. Objective: The framework aims to combat tax
damaging business confidence in e-commerce avoidance and promote equitable tax practices
reputation. platforms. through two main pillars.
2. First Pillar
10. Base Erosion and Profit Shifting a. Focus: Addresses cross-border profit shifting by
multinational and digital companies.
1. In June 2024, the Organisation for Economic Co- b. Objective: Ensures that large enterprises pay
operation and Development (OECD) appreciated

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taxes where they generate profits.
the commitment of 147 Members of the Inclusive c. Impact: Potentially reallocates over USD 100
Framework on Base Erosion and Profit-Shifting billion annually to market jurisdictions.
(BEPS).

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3. Second Pillar
2. These members are dedicated to continuing efforts in a. Proposal: Introduces a global minimum corporate
resolving any remaining issues in the signing process tax rate, currently suggested at 15%.
of the Multilateral Convention (MLC). b. Objective: Prevents harmful tax competition
About Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) among countries.
1. BEPS refers to tax strategies that exploit differences c. Impact: Expected to raise significant revenues,
in tax rules across countries to minimize overall up to USD 192 billion per year, for both developed
corporate tax payments.
RE
2. This initiative is approved by the G20 which aims to
and developing countries.
What is the Global Minimum Tax (GMT)?
provide standardized tax rules globally.
3. Objective: The primary goal is to reduce corporate A globally agreed-upon minimum tax rate, currently
tax liability by making profits seem to disappear or proposed at 15%, aims to reduce tax base erosion while
by shifting them to low-tax regions with minimal real ensuring companies are not financially disadvantaged.
economic activity. Objectives of GMT:
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4. Legality: BEPS tactics take advantage of differences 1. To prevent multinationals from shifting profits
in international tax rules, even though they are often to low-tax jurisdictions, regardless of where their
legal. actual sales occur.
5. Impact on Developing Countries: Developing
2. To address the trend of companies moving income
countries are particularly vulnerable due to their
dependence on corporate income tax, especially from from intangibles like patents, software, and IP
multinational corporations. royalties to tax havens, avoiding higher taxes in
their home countries.
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What is the OECD? 3. The G20 and the OECD will lead critical decisions
1. The OECD is an intergovernmental economic regarding this global minimum tax initiative.
organization established in 1961.
Significance of BEPS
2. Headquarters: Paris, France.
1. Equitable Tax Contributions: Multinational
3. Membership: 38 countries. enterprises (MNEs) are required to pay their fair
4. India is not a member but a key partner of the share of taxes in every country where they operate.
OECD. a. For example, a global coffee chain would pay
5. The OECD’s mission is to promote economic taxes in each country where it sells products, not
progress and world trade. just where its headquarters are located.
6. Most OECD members are high-income economies 2. Fiscal Healing: It helps governments raise essential
funds to repair public finances forced by unforeseen
and are considered developed countries.
events like man-made or natural disasters.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
a. For example, a country can use the additional
Digital Services Tax in India
tax revenue to reduce debt incurred during a
India initiated a 6% levy on online advertisement
pandemic, improve healthcare facilities, or
services by non-residents in 2016. From 1st April
expand broadband access.
2020, a 2% levy was imposed on digital transactions
3. Competitive Balance: It reduces the tax advantages of
by foreign entities operating in India or accessing the
larger corporations over smaller, domestic businesses.
local market.
4. Adaptation to Digital Commerce: Tax systems are
updated to address online commerce. Concerns Related to Global Tax Reform and
a. For example, an e-commerce platform pays solutions
taxes where customers shop, even without having
physical stores in those locations. Concerns Solutions
5. Global Cooperation: Promotes international · The reform may violate · Allow countries to
cooperation to address cross-border tax challenges. a nation’s right to set its adapt the rules to their

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India’s Position on Global Tax Reform own tax policies. economic contexts
1. Commitment to Global Tax Reform: Indian · A global minimum while maintaining the
tax rate could limit agreement’s spirit.
multinational enterprises must review and account

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countries’ ability to use · For example, a
for any additional tax liabilities as per the global tax
tax policies to promote developing country
reform signed by India.
their interests. might be given a grace
a. For example, in 2015, India joined the
period before fully
Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement implementing the
on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account minimum tax rate.
Information.
· Some argue that · Enhance information
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b. It is to exchange a wide range of financial
information collected from financial institutions
concerns about tax
competition prevent
sharing and joint audits to
address complex cross-
in various jurisdictions. governments from border tax issues.
c. The Multilateral Competent Authority Agreement imposing high taxes · For example, the
is a multilateral framework agreement that on citizens to fund Multilateral Competent
provides a standardised and efficient. mechanism excessive spending. Authority Agreement on
to facilitate the automatic exchange of Automatic Exchange of
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information. Financial Accounts.
d. It avoids the need for several bilateral agreements · Critics, including · Encourage or mandate
to be concluded. organizations like public country-by-
2. Support for Consensus-Based Solutions: India Oxfam, question the country reporting by
supports a consensus-driven solution that is easy to reform’s ability to large multinationals.
implement and comply with. eliminate tax havens. · For example, a tech
a. India advocates for a broader implementation of Multinational companies giant could disclose the
may still engage in revenue earned and tax
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the new tax law so that it doesn’t collect less than

aggressive tax planning paid in each country of
its current equalisation levy revenue.
to exploit regulatory operation.
3. Emphasis (focus) on Market Jurisdiction: India
gaps.
emphasises that the solution should allocate substantial
· For example, a
and sustainable revenue to market jurisdictions,
multinational tech
especially developing and emerging economies. company might sell
a. The Two-Pillar Plan aligns with India’s stance intellectual property
on granting markets a larger profit share and rights (like patents
incorporating demand-side elements in profit or trademarks) to a
allocation. subsidiary in a low-tax
b. India has ratified the Multilateral Convention jurisdiction at a price
to Implement Tax Treaty-Related Measures to that undervalues these
Prevent Base Erosion and Profit Shifting. assets.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

E. Science & Technology

5. “Going to the far side, getting samples and doing
1. C
 hang’e-6: 1 st Mission to return different kinds of geophysical measurements is
samples from the far side of the Moon really important to figuring out this really long, long-
1. China’s Chang’e-6 mission successfully landed an standing mystery,” Brett Denevi, a planetary geologist
uncrewed spacecraft on the far side of the moon on at the Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics
June 1st, 2024 and returned with valuable samples on Lab, told CNN.
June 25, 2024, concluding its 53-day-long mission. Challenges and Solutions

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2. Chang’e-6 is the 1st mission in human history to 1. Landing on the far side of the moon presents significant
return samples from the far side of the moon challenges due to the lack of direct communication
• The Chang’e-6 craft touched down in a gigantic with Earth.

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impact crater called the South Pole-Aitken Basin 2. To overcome this, the mission relied on a relay
on the moon’s space-facing side. satellite to maintain contact and employed advanced
o This region is of particular scientific interest automation for navigation and sample collection.
due to its unique geological features, 3. A simulation lab was also used prior to the mission
including a thicker crust and a greater number to develop and test sampling strategies and equipment
of craters than the near side. control procedures, ensuring the mission’s success.

China’s Long March 5 rocket.

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• The Chang’e-6 probe, launched in May 2024 on Significance of the Mission
1. The successful mission elevates China’s space power
Mission Objectives status in a global rush to the moon, where countries
1. The mission aims to collect 2 kg (4.4 pounds) of lunar including the United States are hoping to exploit
material over two days and bring it back to Earth. lunar minerals to sustain long-term astronaut missions
2. Analyze these samples to gain insights into the and moon bases within the next decade.
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moon’s 4.5 billion-year history, the solar system’s 2. China’s lunar strategy includes its first astronaut
formation,and the differences between the moon’s landing around 2030 in a programme that counts
dark and light sides. Russia as a partner.
3. The mission will also allow for an unprecedented China’s Lunar Exploration Program
comparison between the dark, unexplored region with 1. The Chang’e-6 mission builds upon China’s previous
the moon’s better understood Earth-facing side. successes in lunar exploration, including the
Why Explore the Far Side of the Moon?
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Chang’e-4 mission, which landed on the far side in

1. The Moon’s far side is often referred to as the dark 2019 and deployed a rover to explore the Von Kármán
side because it cannot be seen from the Earth, not crater.
because it does not catch the Sun’s rays. 2. These missions are part of China’s broader lunar
2. The far side has a thicker crust, more craters and exploration program, which aims to establish a long-
fewer maria, or plains where lava once flowed. term presence on the moon and utilize its resources.
3. Examining the samples from the far side can help Comparison with Other Countries
scientists solve mysteries about the origin and 1. The United States is the only country to have landed
evolution of the Moon. humans on the moon, starting in 1969.
4. The far-side samples can also give answers to the 2. Other countries that have sent spacecraft to Earth’s
longstanding question: why is it different from the nearest neighbour are the then-Soviet Union, India,
near side? Japan, and the United States.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Japan’s SLIM lander touched down in January, 4. Partner nations shall utilize existing international
followed the next month by a lander from U.S. startup standards, develop new standards, and strive to
Intuitive Machines. support interoperability
Future Plans 5. Timely and open sharing of scientific data to
1. The U.S. Artemis programme envisions a crewed ensure that the entire world can benefit from
moon landing by late 2026 or later. exploration and discovery
2. NASA has partnered with space agencies including 6. Preservation of outer space heritage with historic
those of Canada, Europe, and Japan, whose astronauts value
will join U.S. crews on an Artemis mission. Existing Outer Space Governance Framework
3. Elon Musk’s SpaceX aims to attempt the first 1. UN COPUOS: Established by the UN General
astronaut landing since NASA’s final Apollo mission Assembly in 1958 to govern space exploration for the

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in 1972 with its Starship rocket. benefit of all humanity, supported by UNOOSA.
Conclusion 2. Key International Space Treaties:

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China’s Chang’e-6 mission represents a major leap a. Outer Space Treaty 1967
forward in lunar exploration and scientific discovery. b. Rescue Agreement 1968
By successfully landing on the far side of the moon and c. Liability Convention 1972
returning with valuable samples, China has solidified d. Registration Convention 1976
its position as a leader in space exploration and opened e. Moon Agreement 1979 (India is a signatory but
up new avenues for research and understanding of our hasn’t ratified)
celestial neighbor.
RE Need for Reform in Outer Space Governance
1. Space Debris: 130 million objects larger than 1
2. Armenia joined the Artemis Accords
mm, posing a growing threat without a dedicated
Armenia joined the NASA’s Artemis Accords as the international monitoring or removal mechanism.
43rd signatory nation, furthering international cooperation 2. Resource Activities: Lack of international framework
in lunar exploration. on space resource exploration and utilization, despite
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About Artemis Accords the growing interest in space mining.
1. Established: 2020 by NASA, the U.S. Department of 3. Space Traffic Coordination: Inconsistent standards
State, and seven other nations. and coordination among national and regional entities
2. Grounded in: Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and other create challenges, especially for countries with limited
agreements. space capacity.
3. Objective: Sets non-binding principles for peaceful 4. Prevention of Conflict: Need for additional
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frameworks to prevent armed conflict and

civil exploration and use of outer space, the Moon,
weaponization of space, given the dual-use nature of
Mars, comets, and asteroids.
many technologies.
4. Signatories: Include India and now Armenia.
5. Increased Satellite Launches: Exponential growth
Key Principles of the Artemis Accords driven by government and private sectors, creating
1. All activities will be conducted for peaceful more complex challenges for governance.
purposes Way Forward
2. Partner nations shall ensure transparency by
The UN’s policy brief “For All Humanity – the
publicly describing their own policies and plans
Future of Outer Space Governance” recommends:
3. Join Registration Convention and avoiding harmful
1. New Treaty for Peace and Security: To prevent arms
interference
races in outer space.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Space Debris Removal: Developing norms and 4. Quantum Sensing & Metrology:
principles for safe and effective removal. a. Uses individual particles as highly sensitive
3. Space Traffic Management: Creating an effective sensors for measuring forces, gravitation, electric
framework for coordination and situational awareness. fields, etc.
4. Space Resource Activities: Developing a framework 5. Quantum Material & Devices:
a. Design and synthesis of quantum materials
for sustainable exploration and utilization of celestial
(superconductors, semiconductors, topological
bodies, building upon existing treaties.
materials) for quantum device fabrication.
5. Inclusiveness: Facilitating participation of
b. Applications in energy-efficient solar cells, low-
commercial actors, civil society, and other relevant
emission LEDs, and climate modeling.
stakeholders in intergovernmental processes.
India’s Initiatives in Quantum Technology
3. 2 025: International Year of Quantum

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1. National Quantum Mission (2023): Aims to foster
Science And Technology scientific and industrial R&D, create a vibrant
The UN designated 2025 as the International Year of quantum technology ecosystem, and position India as

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Quantum Science and Technology. a global leader.
2. Quantum Enabled Science & Technology (QuEST):
More about the News A research program to build quantum capabilities.
1. Year 2025: Chosen to recognize 100 years since the 3. Quantum Computing Applications Lab (QCAL):
initial development of quantum mechanics by German Accelerates quantum computing research and
physicist Werner Heisenberg. development.
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2. Global Initiative: Aims to strengthen national
capacities in basic sciences and science education.
4. Other Initiatives:
a. National Mission on Quantum Technologies &
3. Significance: Highlights the contribution of quantum Applications (NMQTA)
science to our understanding of the physical universe b. Qsim – Quantum Computer Simulator Toolkit
and its critical role in developing sustainable solutions. c. Quantum Frontier mission of PM-STIAC
d. Dedicated labs and centers at a military
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About Quantum Mechanics and Its Key Appli- engineering institute in Mhow
cations
Challenges in Development and Adoption
1. Definition: Explains how extremely small objects
1. Regulation: Need for standards and protocols,
simultaneously have characteristics of both particles intellectual property frameworks.
and waves. 2. Infrastructure: Requires significant resources and
2. Quantum Computing & Simulations: continuous upgrades.
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a. Uses qubits (subatomic particles) as the basic unit 3. Scalability: Maintaining coherence and low error
of information. rates while scaling up quantum computers.
b. Applications in healthcare (medical imaging, 4. Colder Environments and Error Correction:
drug development), AI (data processing, complex Qubits need extremely cold environments, and error
calculations), logistics (optimization problems), correction techniques are essential.
and more. 5. Other Challenges: New programming languages,
3. Quantum Communications: tools, and increased R&D investment are needed.
a. Includes post-quantum cryptography and Way Forward
quantum key distribution (QKD). 1. Attract Private Investment: Incentivize private
b. QKD uses photons to transmit a secret key for companies through tax breaks, grants, and
secure communication. partnerships.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Promote Regional Infrastructure: Develop quantum b. This prize, awarded biennially, was started in
research infrastructure across India. 2008. It is named after Norwegian-American
3. Establish Regulatory Body: Create a central body businessman and philanthropist Fred Kavli.
for drafting and implementing regulations. c. Awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Science
4. Facilitate Technology Transfer: Bridge the gap and Letters in partnership with the Kavli
between research and commercialization. Foundation and the Norwegian Ministry of
5. IPR Regime: Establish frameworks for intellectual Education and Research.
property ownership, licensing, and transfer. 2. Comparison with Nobel Prize:
India’s First Quantum Diamond Microchip a. The Kavli Prize is similar to the Nobel in the fields
Imager of astrophysics, neuroscience, and nanoscience.
1. Developed by: TCS in partnership with IIT- b. The key difference is that the Nobel Prize is
awarded for achievements made “during

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Bombay
the preceding year,” while the Kavli Prize
2. Aligned with: National Quantum Mission (NQM)
recognises achievements without the restriction
3. Uses: Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond

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of being made in the preceding year.
for detecting anomalies in semiconductor chips
3. Winners 2024:
4. Benefits: Reduces chip failures, improves energy
efficiency, promotes semiconductor industry Field Winners Contribution
• Achievements:
4. Kavli Prize 2024 Discoveries and
Recently, 8 scientists were awarded with 2024 characterisation of
David

Neuroscience, and nanoscience.

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Kavli Prize for their contributions to Astrophysics, Charbonneau
exoplanets and their
atmospheres.
of Harvard
• Contributions:
Astrophysics

All 8 scientists awarded the Prize this year are University,

professors at leading American universities. Pioneered methods for
and Sara
Kavli Medal detecting atomic species
Seager, of the
in planetary atmospheres
1. The Kavli Medal, distinct from the Kavli Prize, is Massachusetts
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and measuring thermal
awarded annually for excellence in environmental Institute of
infrared emissions,
science and engineering. Technology.
crucial for identifying
2. It is open to UK, Commonwealth, or Irish Republic
citizens or residents with at least three years of molecular fingerprints in
residency. planetary atmospheres
3. The award targets early career scientists within 15 • Langer: Nano-
Robert engineering for
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years of their PhD, excluding career breaks.

4. Recipients are chosen by the Royal Society Council Langer controlled drug delivery
based on recommendations from the Joint Physical and of MIT, systems.
Biological Sciences Awards Committee. Nominations Armand Paul • Alivisatos:
Nanoscience

remain valid for five years, after which candidates Alivisatos of Development of
must wait a year before being re-nominated. the University semiconductor quantum
What is the Kavli Prize? of Chicago, dots for bio-imaging.
and Chad • Mirkin: Concept of
1. About:
a. The Kavli Prize is an international award Mirkin of spherical nucleic acids
that recognizes scientists for their outstanding Northwestern (SNAs) for applications
achievements in the fields of astrophysics, University in gene regulation and
nanoscience, and neuroscience. immunotherapy.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Nancy 6. Mission Objective: The mission simulated the
Kanwisher • Mapping brain approach and landing interface and high-speed
(MIT), functions related to landing conditions for a vehicle returning from space,
Winrich facial recognition using reaffirming ISRO’s expertise in acquiring the most
Neuroscience

Freiwald neuroimaging and critical technologies required for the development of

(Rockefeller neuronal recording a Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV).
University), techniques, identifying 7. Guidance Algorithm: The advanced guidance
Doris Tsao brain centres and neural algorithm catering to longitudinal and lateral plane
(University architectures involved in error corrections, which is essential for the future
of California, face processing. Orbital Re-entry Mission, has been validated.
Berkeley) 8. Multisensor Fusion: The RLV-LEX uses multisensor

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fusion including sensors like the Inertial sensor,
5. P
 ushpak, ISRO’s Reusable Launch Radar altimeter, Flush air data system, Pseudolite
Vehicle system, and NavIC.

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9. Reusability: The RLV-LEX-03 mission reused
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)
the winged body and flight systems as such without
has successfully completed the 3rd and final Reusable
any modification, from the LEX-02 mission,
Launch Vehicle (RLV) Landing Experiment (LEX)
demonstrating the robustness of ISRO’s capability of
on June 23 at the Aeronautical Test Range (ATR) in
design to reuse flight systems for multiple missions.
Chitradurga, Karnataka.
Key Points: Significance:
1. RLV LEX-03: The RLV LEX-03 mission re-
RE 1. Reusable Launch Vehicle: The successful completion
demonstrated the autonomous landing capability of of the RLV LEX-03 mission marks a significant
milestone in ISRO’s efforts to develop a Reusable
the RLV under more challenging release conditions
Launch Vehicle (RLV).
and more severe wind conditions.
2. Cost-Effective: A reusable launch vehicle can
2. Pushpak: The winged vehicle, Pushpak, was released
significantly reduce the cost of access to space, making
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from an Indian Air Force Chinook Helicopter at an
it a cost-effective option for launching satellites and
altitude of 4.5 km and autonomously executed cross-
other spacecraft.
range correction manoeuvres, approached the runway,
3. Future Missions: The success of the RLV LEX-03
and performed a precise horizontal landing at the
mission paves the way for future missions, including
runway centreline.
the development of a reusable launch vehicle capable
3. Landing Velocity: The landing velocity of Pushpak
of carrying payloads to orbit.
exceeded 320 kmph, compared to 260 kmph for a
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commercial aircraft and 280 kmph for a typical fighter Historical Context:
aircraft. 1. ISRO’s RLV-TD: Resembling an aircraft, it consists
4. Brake Parachute: After touchdown, the vehicle of a fuselage, nose cap, double delta wings, and twin
velocity was reduced to nearly 100 kmph using its vertical tails.
brake parachute, after which the landing gear brakes 2. 2016 Maiden Test Flight: The space agency conducted
were employed for deceleration and stop on the the maiden test flight of RLV Demonstrator at Satish
runway. Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota in Andhra
5. Ground Roll Phase: During the ground roll phase, Pradesh. The spacecraft achieved a speed of Mach 5
Pushpak utilises its rudder and nose wheel steering (five times the speed of sound) during re-entry into the
system to autonomously maintain a stable and precise earth’s orbit and traveled 450 km before falling down
ground roll along the runway. in the Bay of Bengal.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Future Implications:
6. A
 I Model Predicts Alzheimer’s with
1. ISRO’s Advancements: ISRO’s advancements in
80% Accuracy
RLV technology pave the way for cost-effective and
1. Researchers at Boston University have developed an
sustainable space exploration.
artificial intelligence (AI) tool that can predict with
2. Progress in Aerospace: The continued development
nearly 80% accuracy whether someone is at risk
and testing of the RLV reflects India’s progress in
of developing Alzheimer’s disease based on their
aerospace engineering and innovation.
speech patterns.
Previous Mission: 2. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological
1. RLV LEX: ISRO demonstrated the Reusable disorder that affects memory, thinking, and behavior.
Launch Vehicle Autonomous Landing Mission The Research

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(RLV LEX) on April 2, 2023, at the Aeronautical 1. The researchers used a natural language processing
Test Range (ATR) in Chitradurga, Karnataka. model to analyze the speech patterns of 166 people,
2. Autonomous Landing: The autonomous landing including 107 women and 59 men, between the

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was carried out under the exact conditions of a Space ages of 63 and 97 who had some level of cognitive
Re-entry vehicle’s landing: “high speed, unmanned, complaints.
precise landing from the same return path” as if the 2. The participants were part of the Framingham
Heart Study, led by Boston University, and had been
vehicle arrives from space.
recorded for an hour-long interview.
3. Landing Parameters: Ground relative velocity, the
3. The AI tool was able to track connections between
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sink rate of landing gears, and precise body rates, as
might be experienced by an orbital re-entry space
speech patterns and cognitive decline, based on
biomarkers associated with cognitive decline.
vehicle in its return path, were achieved. 4. The model predicted significant cognitive decline
4. State-of-the-Art Technologies: The RLV LEX with 78.5% accuracy.
demanded several state-of-the-art technologies,
What is Alzheimer?
including:
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1. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disorder
a. Accurate Navigation hardware and software
that gradually destroys memory and thinking skills
b. Pseudolite system
and, eventually, the ability to carry out even the
c. Ka-band Radar Altimeter simplest tasks. It is the most common cause of
d. NavIC receiver dementia, a general term for loss of memory, language,
e. Indigenous Landing Gear problem-solving, and other thinking abilities that are
f. Aerofoil honey-comb fins severe enough to interfere with daily life.
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g. Brake parachute system 2. Alzheimer’s disease is named after Dr. Alois

Conclusion: Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist who first described
the disease in 1906.
In conclusion, the successful completion of the
3. The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease is unknown,
RLV LEX-03 mission is a significant achievement for
but it is thought to be related to abnormal changes
ISRO, demonstrating its expertise in developing critical in the brain. These changes include the buildup of
technologies required for a Reusable Launch Vehicle plaques and tangles in the brain.
(RLV). The mission’s success paves the way for future a. Plaques are deposits of a protein called beta-
missions, including the development of a reusable launch amyloid.
vehicle capable of carrying payloads to orbit, and marks a b. Tangles are twisted fibers of another protein
significant milestone in India’s space programme. called tau.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
4. There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there 2. It is essential to ensure that AI tools are used in
are treatments that can help manage the symptoms. conjunction with other methods to provide a more
These treatments can help people with Alzheimer’s accurate picture of an individual’s health.
disease live longer, more fulfilling lives. 3. Speech is a readily available and easy-to-gather data
Implications point that can be used to track changes over time,
providing a more individualized baseline for each
1. The ability to identify potential cognitive decline early
person.
has significant potential for mitigating the progression
of Alzheimer’s. Conclusion
2. Early intervention with treatments can slow the disease, The development of an AI model that can predict
improve accessibility to cognitive assessments, and Alzheimer’s with 80% accuracy by analyzing speech
facilitate personalized care plans. patterns is a significant breakthrough in the field of

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3. The AI tool can help healthcare providers prioritize healthcare. While there are concerns about the use of AI in
patients needing intensive monitoring, optimize healthcare, the potential benefits of early intervention and
resource allocation, and provide valuable data for personalized care plans make this technology an exciting

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refining predictive models and developing new development in the fight against Alzheimer’s disease.
treatment strategies.
7. W
 orld First Epilepsy Device Fitted in
Benefits of AI in Alzheimer’s Detection
UK Boy’s Skull
1. The AI model can provide more accurate predictions
than current methods, which are often based on the 1. Oran Knowlson, a 13-year-old boy from Somerset,
England has become the first patient in the world to
presence of amyloid in the brain.
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2. A large portion of people who test positive for
trial a new device fitted in his skull to control seizures.
2. The neurostimulator, which sends electrical signals
amyloid in the brain don’t go on to develop cognitive
deep into his brain, has reduced Oran’s daytime
symptoms, making the AI model a more reliable
seizures by 80%.
predictor.
3. The AI model can help identify individuals who are Oran’s Condition
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at risk of developing Alzheimer’s, allowing for early 1. Oran has Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, a treatment-
intervention through lifestyle modifications such as a resistant form of epilepsy which he developed at the
heart-healthy diet, exercise, and treating depression. age of three.
4. The AI model can also help reduce the burden 2. He has suffered several daily seizures ranging from two
on healthcare systems by identifying high-risk dozen to hundreds, including those where he falls to
the ground, shakes violently, and loses consciousness.
individuals and providing targeted interventions.
3. Oran is autistic and has ADHD, but his epilepsy is by
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Concerns
far the biggest hurdle.
1. The sample size was small, and the tool is not meant 4. His mother, Justine, says that his epilepsy has “robbed
to be used on its own. him of all of his childhood.”
2. There is a risk of false positives or negatives, which
The Surgery
could lead to undue stress or false reassurance.
1. The surgery, which lasted around eight hours, took
3. There is a risk that clinicians might over-rely on AI
place in October 2023 as part of a trial at Great
predictions without considering the broader clinical
Ormond Street Hospital in London.
context, leading to potential misdiagnoses.
2. The team, led by consultant paediatric neurosurgeon
Future of AI in Healthcare Martin Tisdall, inserted two electrodes deep into
1. The use of AI in healthcare has the potential to Oran’s brain until they reached the thalamus, a key
revolutionize certain areas of healthcare. relay station for neuronal information.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. The ends of the leads were connected to the What is the DBS Brain Implant Technology to
neurostimulator, a 3.5cm square and 0.6cm thick Treat Epilepsy?
device which was placed in a gap in Oran’s skull 1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) involves implanting
where the bone had been removed. a medical device with electrodes that deliver mild
4. The neurostimulator was then screwed into the electrical currents to specific brain regions linked to
surrounding skull, to anchor it in place. seizures.
How the Device Works 2. DBS is considered for patients with medication-
1. Epilepsy seizures are triggered by abnormal bursts of resistant epilepsy, where traditional medications
electrical activity in the brain. haven’t controlled seizures.
2. The device, which emits a constant pulse of current, 3. Unlike surgery that removes brain tissue, DBS offers

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aims to block or disrupt the abnormal signals. a more targeted approach with potentially fewer side
3. The device can be recharged wirelessly using a effects.
headphone. The Future of Brain Implants

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What is Epilepsy Disorder? 1. NeuraLink (American neurotechnology company):
1. Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) Neuralink’s brain implant aims to help people with
disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, traumatic injuries control computers using only their
causing seizures or periods of unusual behaviour, thoughts.
sensations, and sometimes loss of awareness. 2. Brainoware: It integrates brain organoids with

brain.
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2. It is caused by abnormal electrical activity in the microelectrodes and can be used to study human brain
development and brain-related diseases.
3. The disease has no identifiable cause in nearly 50% of
Epilepsy Day
the cases.
1. Every year the 2nd Monday of February is
4. It is more common in young children and older adults,
observed as International Epilepsy Day (IED),
and occurs slightly more in males than in females.
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and this year it was celebrated on 12th February
Available Treatment of Epilepsy (2024).
1. Anti-seizure medications: These are the first line of 2. Theme for this (2024) year: Milestones on My
treatment, aiming to control seizure frequency and Epilepsy Journey.
severity. 3. National Epilepsy Day is celebrated every year in
2. Ketogenic diet: A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet can India on 17th November to raise awareness about
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be remarkably effective, particularly in children with the brain disorder and bust myths surrounding
medication-resistant epilepsy. the disease.
3. Epilepsy surgery: Doctors can carry out brain surgery
to remove a portion of the brain where the seizures
8. Progress towards HIV vaccine
originate. 1. Researchers at the Scripps Research Institute and the
4. Corpus Callosotomy: In this surgical procedure, Massachusetts Institute of Technology have outlined
doctors remove the corpus callosum (a part that 2 nanoparticle-based vaccine candidates: N332-
connects both halves of the brain) that will not allow GT5 and eOD-GT8.
abnormal electrical signals to travel from one half of 2. These novel vaccines could help the body make two
the brain to another, preventing abnormal electrical classes of broadly neutralising antibodies to attack
discharges from spreading and causing seizures. HIV.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
HIV and AIDS: 2. The immune system does this with the help of a pool
1. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an RNA of specialised cells (B-cells) that produce antibodies.
virus. It belongs to the retrovirus family, which is Each B-cell produces an antibody unique to one
characterised by the presence of RNA as its genetic protein fragment.
material. 3. These antibodies then bind to corresponding proteins
2. HIV damages the immune system and attacks cells on the viral surface, rendering them incapable of
that help the body fight infection, making a person further infection.
more vulnerable to other infections and diseases. a. The body then retains some of these specific
If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS antibody-producing cells in case of a future
(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). infection.
3. HIV primarily targets CD4 cells, which are a type of 4. A vaccine aims to generate these antibodies prior

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white blood cell essential for the proper functioning of to viral infection so that whenever a virus enters
the immune system. the body, the antibodies can neutralise the virus and
4. Transmission: prevent it from initiating an infection.

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a. Contact with certain bodily fluids (infected blood,
semen, or vaginal fluids) of a person with HIV,
most commonly during unprotected sex or
sharing injection drug equipment.
b. Can also transmit from an HIV-positive mother
to her child during childbirth, breastfeeding, or
pregnancy.
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c. Mosquitoes or any other insect vector cannot
transmit HIV, unlike malaria (HIV can only
survive in human blood).
5. Treatment: Human body cannot get rid of HIV
and no effective HIV cure exists. Medications like
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antiretroviral therapy or ART can control the
infection and prevent disease progression. Broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAb):
No vaccine for AIDS 1. However, when multiple variants of the same virus
1. AIDS still has no vaccine or cure. The reason is that exist, generating antibodies against all the different
the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus variants simultaneously becomes very difficult.
(HIV) is an incredibly error-prone process that a. Incase of HIV, the sheer volume of different
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results in multiple variants of the virus circulating. variants of the virus circulating overwhelms
a. HIV has more variants circulating in a single the immune system’s ability to generate new
patient at any given point of time than influenza antibodies.
cumulatively generates in one year in all b. Additionally, by the time the immune system
influenza patients around the world combined. makes antibodies against a few strains, the virus
And influenza is the second-best virus in terms will have produced hundreds more variants.
of genetic variation. 2. Broadly neutralising antibodies (bNAb) are a kind
Starring role for B-cells of antibody that can neutralise a large number of
1. When the immune system encounters a virus, one of circulating viral strains. These antibodies (bNAb)
its responses is to produce antibodies highly specific worked by targeting areas of the viral proteins that the
to proteins on the virions’ surface. virus could not afford to change, since doing so would

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
make it lose infectivity. Scientists have discovered 2. It primarily affects tropical and subtropical regions,
many bNAbs, and they are classified into different including sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and
groups based on the region of HIV they target. South America.
The challenge and the way forward 3. While there are different types of malaria parasites,
1. A body usually takes years to make bNAbs, and by Plasmodium falciparum is the deadliest, and
then the virus has already evolved to escape them. It Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread.
takes years because the parental B-cells that make 4. Symptoms and Severity: After entering the human
the bNAbs are incredibly rare. body, the parasites multiply in the liver and then infect
2. The immune system can produce these bNAbs in red blood cells. This leads to a range of symptoms,
large numbers in response to a vaccine by germline including fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and
targeting. It has three steps. fatigue. In severe cases, malaria can cause organ
a. In the first step, those B-cells that can mature into failure, coma, and even death.

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cells that can produce bNAb are identified and
engaged to increase their population.
World Malaria Day 2024
b. In the second-step, a booster dose will guide these Observed on 25 April (Every Year).

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cells into generating stronger bNAbs against Theme: Accelerating the fight against malaria for a
HIV. more equitable world.
c. The final step is to refine these bNAbs such that
How it Works
they can neutralise a wide range of HIV strains.
1. The released mosquitoes are non-biting male
Progress
Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes, developed by the
1. Researchers have developed two promising
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nanoparticle-based vaccine candidates: N332-GT5 UK-based biotechnology company Oxitec.
2. These modified males carry a self-limiting gene
and eOD-GT8. Using these novel vaccines, it may
be possible to engage B-cells to make two different that ensures their female offspring do not survive to
classes of bNAbs. adulthood.
2. The antibodies generated in response to the vaccines 3. As only female mosquitoes bite and transmit malaria,
bind to the HIV proteins in a manner similar to that this intervention effectively breaks the disease
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of established bNAbs. The candidate vaccines are transmission cycle. The male offspring also inherit the
currently being evaluated in a phase-1 clinical trial to gene, leading to a gradual reduction of the mosquito
assess their performance in humans. population over time.
Background: Djibouti’s Malaria Crisis
9. G
 MO Mosquitoes Released in Djibouti
1. Since the invasive Anopheles stephensi species was
to Fight Malaria first detected in Djibouti in 2012, malaria cases have
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1. Tens of thousands of genetically modified (GMO) skyrocketed from a near-elimination state of 30 cases
mosquitoes have been released in Djibouti as part of a to a staggering 73,000 in 2020.
pilot project to combat the spread of malaria, a deadly 2. This species, an urban mosquito resistant to chemical
disease that kills hundreds of thousands of people insecticides, bites both day and night, posing unique
every year. challenges for control.
2. This is the 1st time GMO mosquitoes have been
Successful Precedents and Global Impact
released in East Africa and the 2nd time on the
continent. 1. GM Mosquitoes: GM mosquitoes have been
About Malaria successfully used in parts of Brazil, the Cayman
1. Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by the Islands, Panama, and India to control Aedes aegypti
Plasmodium parasite, transmitted to humans through mosquitoes. Since 2019, over 1 billion mosquitoes
the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. have been released.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Djibouti’s Initiative: Djibouti’s initiative follows 3. National Framework for Malaria Elimination
Burkina Faso’s release of GM mosquitoes in West 2016-2030: Based on WHO Global Technical Strategy
Africa, highlighting a growing trend in using for Malaria 2016–2030 (GTS), the goals of the NFME
biotechnology to combat malaria. are:
• Eliminate malaria (zero indigenous cases)
Addressing Concerns
throughout the entire country by 2030.
1. Environmental Concerns: Genetically modified
• Maintain malaria–free status in areas where
organisms have always been a controversial subject in
malaria transmission has been interrupted and
Africa, with environmental groups and campaigners
prevent re-introduction of malaria.
warning of consequences to ecosystems and existing 4. High Burden to High Impact (HBHI) Initiative: It
food chains. was started in four states (West Bengal, Jharkhand,
2. Safety: However, Oxitec claims that no adverse Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh) in July 2019.

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effects on environmental or human health have been • Distribution of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets
documented for over 10 years, during which the (LLINs) to high burden areas has led to a reduction

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company has released a billion modified mosquitoes. in endemicity in these 4 very high endemic states.
Vaccines 5. Malaria Elimination Research Alliance-India
(MERA-India): It has been established by Indian
1. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a
Council of Medical Research (ICMR) with the
benchmark efficacy of 75% for malaria vaccines.
conglomeration of partners working on malaria
While no vaccine has reached this target yet, the
control.
WHO has approved the RTS,S vaccine for use in
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high-transmission African countries. This vaccine, 10. I ndia Plans to Start Large-Scale
developed through a collaborative effort, has a Production of Bio-Bitumen
relatively low efficacy of 30-40%, but it represents a India is planning to initiate large-scale production
significant step forward in malaria control. of bio-bitumen. Derived from biomass or agricultural
• Bharat Biotech has been licensed to manufacture waste, bio-bitumen aims to reduce reliance on imports
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this vaccine in India. of traditional bitumen, a crucial component in road
• Another promising vaccine, R21, developed by construction, and tackle the issue of stubble burning.
Oxford University, is awaiting WHO approval. It What is Bitumen?
has been approved for use in Ghana and Nigeria
1. Bitumen is a dense, viscous hydrocarbon found
and is being manufactured by the Serum
in natural deposits like oil sands and pitch lakes, or
Institute of India. obtained as a residue during the distillation of crude
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India’s Initiatives oil.

1. National Vector-Borne Disease Control 2. Applications: Bitumen is extensively used in the
Programme: It is an umbrella programme for construction industry, particularly for roads and
prevention and control of vector borne diseases highways, waterproofing boats and other marine
vessels, roofing products, and sealing and insulating
viz. Malaria, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Dengue,
various building materials.
Chikungunya, Kala-azar and Lymphatic Filariasis.
2. National Malaria Control Programme: Launched The Current Bitumen Landscape in India
in 1953, it is built around 3 key activities: 1. Import Dependency: India relies on imports for
I. Insecticidal residual spray (IRS) with DDT roughly half of its annual bitumen needs, with
II. Monitoring and surveillance of cases consumption reaching 7.7 million tonnes over the past
III. Treatment of patients 5 years.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Rising Demand: As India expands its national bio-bitumen. This will assess the performance and
highway network, the demand for bitumen continues feasibility of bio-bitumen for large-scale adoption.
to grow. 4. Large-Scale Production and Government Support:
3. Environmental Concerns: The extraction and use The government aims to commence large-scale bio-
of traditional bitumen raise environmental concerns, bitumen production by late 2025, with commercial
and the disposal of agricultural waste, often through production expected by the end of 2026. The Ministry
burning, contributes to pollution. of Road Transport and Highways is providing funding
Bitumen vs. Bio-bitumen and closely monitoring the project’s progress.

Feature Bitumen Bio-Bitumen Key Advantages of Bio-Bitumen

Biomass, 1. Reduced Import Dependency: India can save
Source Crude Oil significant foreign exchange by producing its own
agriculture waste

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Lower bio-bitumen.
Environment Higher (fossil
(renewable 2. Environmental Benefits: Utilizing agricultural waste
Impact fuel-based) as feedstock addresses stubble burning and promotes

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resources)
Sustainability Non-renewable Renewable sustainability.
Potentially 3. Economic Growth: Developing domestic production
Cost Currently lower higher (but capabilities can stimulate economic growth.
decreasing) Impact and Benefits of Bio-Bitumen Adoption
Requires further 1. Sustainability: Bio-bitumen production aligns with
Performance Well-established
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standardization
India’s commitment to sustainable development and
reducing carbon emissions. It contributes to a greener
Reduced and more environmentally friendly road construction
Proven emissions, industry.
Benefits durability, sustainable 2. Economic Growth: By reducing import dependency
widespread use resources and promoting domestic production, bio-bitumen
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utilization can boost the economy, create jobs, and save foreign
India’s Bio-Bitumen Initiative: Objectives and exchange.
3. Technological Advancement: The initiative fosters
Key Points
research and innovation in sustainable materials,
1. Reducing Import Dependency: The primary goal
positioning India as a leader in green infrastructure
is to replace imported bitumen with domestically
technologies.
produced bio-bitumen over the next decade. This
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would significantly reduce India’s reliance on foreign Challenges and Future Outlook
oil and conserve valuable foreign exchange. While bio-bitumen presents a promising future,
2. Addressing Environmental Concerns: Utilizing challenges remain. These include:
agricultural waste like stubble for bio-bitumen 1. Cost: Current production methods can be more
production offers a dual benefit: reducing pollution expensive than traditional bitumen.
from stubble burning and promoting a circular 2. Performance: Further testing is needed to assess
economy. long-term durability.
3. Pilot Project and Technological Development: 3. Standardization: Establishing clear industry
The Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) and the standards is crucial.
Indian Institute of Petroleum are collaborating on a Despite these challenges, India’s commitment to
pilot project to construct a 1-km road stretch using bio-bitumen is a significant step towards sustainable

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
road construction. With government support and ongoing Biodiesel Production Process:
research, bio-bitumen could transform the nation’s 1. Feedstock Selection: Selecting the right feedstock for
infrastructure and contribute to a greener future.
biodiesel production is crucial.
Other Innovation Methods in Road Construction
2. Transesterification: The feedstock is reacted with
1. Steel slag road technology is a novel method of using
an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst to produce
steel slag, the waste generated during steel production,
to build more robust and more durable roads. biodiesel and glycerin.
a. For example, Steel Slag Road technology 3. Separation: The mixture is separated into two layers:
was first used in Surat. biodiesel and glycerin.
2. In Hamburg, Germany, companies have developed 4. Washing: Biodiesel is washed to remove impurities
100% recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) to reduce and residual catalyst.

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costs, save energy, and lower carbon emissions.
The Challenge of Biodiesel Production
3. India has built more than 2,500 km of plastic roads
and globally too, plastic roads are proliferating in 1. While biodiesel offers numerous advantages over

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more than 15 countries. fossil fuels, its production has been hampered by
a. For example, it is mandatory to make use high costs.
of at least 10% of plastic waste for road 2. A major hurdle has been the poisoning of traditional
construction in Ladakh. catalysts by water, a byproduct of the transesterification
Conclusion process.
India’s ambitious bio-bitumen initiative reflects a
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commitment to sustainability, economic growth, and
• This poisoning reduces the catalyst’s efficiency
and increases production expenses.
environmental stewardship. By embracing this innovative
The Superhydrophobic Solution
approach, India sets an example for the global construction
industry and paves the way for a greener future. It aligns 1. Cost Reduction: The new catalyst can cut the cost of
with India’s commitments to the Sustainable Development biodiesel production from $1.2 per liter to 37 cents
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Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean per liter, making it more competitive with fossil
Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), fuels.
and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). 2. Superhydrophobic Catalyst: The catalyst is derived
from biomass (cellulose) and has water-repellent
11. S
 uperhydrophobic Catalyst: For
properties, preventing the poisoning of active sites
Affordable Biodiesel by water, a by-product of biodiesel production.
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A team of scientists from India, China, and the UK 3. Robust and Reusable: The catalyst is highly effective
has developed a novel superhydrophobic catalyst that
and can be reused multiple times, making the catalytic
can significantly reduce the cost of producing biodiesel, a
process more efficient and cost-effective.
renewable and clean-burning alternative fuel.
4. Ecologically Benign: The catalyst is environmentally
What is Biodiesel?
friendly, abundant, and highly affordable, making it a
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel derived from
game-changer in the field of biodiesel production.
natural fats or vegetable oils. It can be used as a direct
5. Biodiesel Production: Biodiesel is produced from
substitute for or blended with conventional diesel fuel.
Biodiesel is produced through a chemical process called natural fats or vegetable oils through a process called
transesterification, where the feedstock reacts with an transesterification, which involves reacting the
alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. feedstock with an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Government Initiatives:
Advantages of Biodiesel
1. National Policy on Biofuels (2018): The policy aims
1. Renewable: Biodiesel is produced from renewable
to increase the use of biofuels in the transportation
resources, reducing reliance on finite fossil fuels.
sector and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
2. Reduced Emissions: Biodiesel produces fewer
2. Biodiesel Purchase Policy (2006): The policy
greenhouse gas emissions than conventional diesel, mandates oil marketing companies to purchase a
contributing to a cleaner environment. specific quantity of biodiesel for blending purposes.
3. Biodegradable: Biodiesel is biodegradable and non- 3. Direct Sale of Biodiesel (2015): The initiative allows
toxic, minimizing its environmental impact. bulk consumers to directly buy biodiesel for blending
4. Compatibility: Biodiesel can be used in existing with regular diesel.
diesel engines with minimal modifications. 4. Repurpose Used Cooking Oil (RUCO) Program:
The program promotes the collection and conversion

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Biodiesel Classification
of used cooking oil into biodiesel, tackling waste
Biodiesel can be classified into 3 generations based
management and promoting a sustainable feedstock
on feedstock, blending ratio, and production standards.

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source.
The Indian government is promoting the use of second- 5. Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN Yojana (2019): The
generation biodiesel derived from non-food sources like scheme aims to create an ecosystem for establishing
used cooking oil. commercial 2G ethanol projects and fostering research
1. 1G (First Generation) Biodiesel: and development in advanced biofuel production
a. Produced from edible vegetable oils like palm technologies.
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oil, soybean oil, or jatropha oil.
b. Readily available, but raises concerns about “food
6. India’s Biodiesel Policy: The Indian government has
set a target of 5% blending of biodiesel in diesel
vs. fuel” competition and land-use change. by 2030 and has implemented various initiatives to
c. Examples: biodiesel produced from soybean oil, promote biodiesel production, including feedstock
palm oil, or rapeseed oil. diversification, production incentives, and pricing
2. 2G (Second Generation) Biodiesel: mechanisms.
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a. Derived from non-food sources like used Conclusion:
cooking oil (UCO), waste animal fats, and non- The development of a superhydrophobic catalyst
edible oilseeds like Jatropha curcas (non-fruiting for biodiesel production is a significant breakthrough that
variety). can contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally
b. Considered more sustainable as it doesn’t compete friendly energy future. The cost reduction and increased
with food production. efficiency of the catalytic process can make biodiesel a
more competitive alternative to fossil fuels, promoting a
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c. Examples: biodiesel produced from used cooking

greener and more sustainable economy.
oil, waste animal fats, or non-edible oilseeds like
Jatropha. 12. Optical Atomic Clock
3. 3G (Third Generation) Biodiesel: Researchers have developed an miniaturised
a. Under development, explores potential feedstocks Optical Atomic Clock which can be placed in a ship. This
like algae oil. Optical Atomic Clock is considered to be more accurate as
b. Offers high yields and doesn’t require dedicated compared to Caesium based Atomic clocks.
land use. About Atomic Clock
c. Examples: biodiesel produced from algae oil, 1. Optical atomic clocks are a cutting-edge technology
which is still in the research and development in precise timekeeping, offering superior accuracy
stage. compared to traditional atomic clocks.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. They utilize optical frequencies (visible, ultraviolet, Development and Application of a New Porta-
and infrared light) for time measurement, leading to ble Optical Atomic Clock
higher precision. 1. New Portable Design: Recent study published in
Nature introduces a portable optical atomic clock that
uses molecular iodine as the frequency standard.
2. Miniaturization: The clock’s components were
miniaturized to fit within a standardized rack (35
liters, 26 kg, 85 W power consumption).
a. Spectrometer: Volume reduced to 2.5 liters.
b. Laser System: Constructed using optical fibers,
reducing volume to 1 liter.

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c. Frequency Comb: Occupies 0.5 liters.
Principle of Operation 3. Autonomous Operation: Equipped with a software
1. Atomic Transitions: Operate on the same principle control system for autonomous initialization and

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as traditional atomic clocks, but with transitions monitoring.
stimulated by lasers. 4. Testing and Performance: Conducted initial tests
• Resonance Frequency: In the optical range, at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and
leading to more precise and stable measurements. Technology (NIST), operating autonomously for 34
2. Lasers: Coherent light sources used to stimulate days.
atomic transitions with high precision. a. Accuracy: Outperformed NIST’s hydrogen
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• Coherent Light: Emitted light waves have
the same frequency and stable wavelength
maser ST05 in short-term accuracy and had 10x
lower long-term drift compared to rubidium
relationships. atomic clocks.
3. Higher Frequency: Optical clocks operate at much
5. Field Tests: Deployed on a ship at Pearl Harbor,
higher frequencies than microwave-based atomic
Hawaii, maintaining stability despite environmental
clocks, enabling finer time resolution.
fluctuations (motion, temperature, humidity).
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Common Atoms Used
Applications
1. Strontium (Sr): Preferred for its stable optical
1. Maritime and Navigation: Enhances navigation and
transitions and narrow linewidths.
communication at sea.
2. Ytterbium (Yb): Also used for its similar properties
to strontium. 2. Scientific Research: Facilitates precise monitoring of
3. Iodine (I2): Used in the new portable optical atomic underwater seismic and volcanic activity.
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clock for its robustness and relatively high accuracy. 3. Space Exploration: Aids in conducting experiments
4. Caesium (Cs-133): Traditional atomic clocks often on the theories of relativity and can potentially reduce
use caesium for its stability and natural occurrence. satellite-based navigation costs.

Advantages of Optical Atomic Clocks Challenges and Future Prospects

1. Accuracy: Optical atomic clocks can lose or gain 1. Portability: Continued efforts to make optical atomic
only one second over 300 billion years, compared to clocks more portable without compromising accuracy.
traditional atomic clocks’ 1.4 million years. 2. Cost: Reducing the cost of optical atomic clocks to
2. Stability: Higher operating frequencies and narrower make them more accessible for widespread use.
linewidths lead to exceptional long-term stability. 3. Integration: Integrating optical atomic clocks into
3. Precision: Ability to measure smaller time increments existing infrastructure for navigation, communication,
more accurately. and scientific applications.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Conclusion 4. Emergency SOS Messages: The system can relay
1. Optical atomic clocks represent a significant SOS messages during emergencies, ensuring timely
advancement in timekeeping technology, offering assistance.
unparalleled accuracy and stability. 5. Centralized Live Monitoring: Train movements are
2. The development of portable optical atomic clocks monitored in real-time through the Network Monitor
opens up new possibilities for practical applications in System, providing a comprehensive overview of the
navigation, scientific research, and space exploration. railway network.
3. Ongoing research and development aim to further 6. Cost-Effective: Kavach is one of the most affordable
enhance their portability, reduce costs, and expand SIL-4 certified technologies, making it a financially
their applications, making them a vital tool for the viable solution for Indian Railways.

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future.

13. K
 AVACH: India’s Shield for Railway

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Safety
The recent train accident in Odisha has highlighted
the need for advanced safety mechanisms to prevent such
tragedies.
What is KAVACH?
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1. KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic
Train Protection System (ATPS) by the Research
Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in
How Does Kavach Work?
collaboration with Indian industry.
Kavach’s integrated system uses GPS and RFID
2. It is a state-of-the-art electronic system with Safety
technologies to prevent collisions and enhance railway
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Integrity Level-4 standards with the probability of an
safety:
error being one in 10,000 years.
1. GPS Integration: GPS continuously tracks the train’s
Key Features of Kavach
location, speed, and direction, relaying this real-time
1. Safety Integrity Level-4 (SIL-4) Standards: Kavach
data to the central control system and other trackside
boasts the highest level of safety integrity, with a
equipment.
probability of error of only one in 10,000 years.
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2. RFID Implementation: RFID tags are strategically

2. Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS): The
placed along the tracks, and onboard RFID readers
system utilizes TCAS, combining onboard locomotive
detect these tags to precisely identify the train’s
equipment with station-based transmission towers
location.
and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. This
3. Integrated Functionality: This combination of GPS
enables real-time, two-way communication between
and RFID technologies creates a comprehensive
the station master and loco-pilot to exchange crucial
system for train tracking, collision avoidance, and
emergency messages.
overall safety. GPS data provides a broad overview of
3. Automatic Braking System: Kavach automatically
the train’s movements, while RFID tags offer precise
activates the train’s brakes if the driver fails to adhere
location references.
to speed restrictions or if a red signal is jumped.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Government Initiatives and Implementation: anomalies linked to volcanic activity and
1. RDSO’s Role: RDSO has been instrumental in geothermal resources,etc.
developing Kavach and continues to refine the system. 2. Primary Payloads: TRISHNA carries two main
2. Railway Board’s Priorities: The Railway Board has instruments:
identified High-Density Routes for prioritized Kavach I. Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) payload: Provided by
implementation, followed by other networks. CNES, this instrument features a four-channel
3. Training and Capacity Building: The Indian long-wave infrared imaging sensor.
Railways Institute of Signal Engineering & II. Visible – Near Infra-Red – Short Wave Infra-
Telecommunications (IRISET) is responsible for Red (VNIR-SWIR) payload: Developed
training railway staff on Kavach, ensuring effective by ISRO, this instrument encompasses seven

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implementation. spectral bands designed for detailed mapping
of surface reflectance.
Conclusion

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3. Orbit and Lifespan: TRISHNA will operate in a
Kavach is a testament to India’s commitment to
Sun-synchronous (SSO) orbit, ensuring consistent
modernizing its railway infrastructure and prioritizing
illumination conditions for imaging. The mission is
passenger safety. By leveraging advanced technologies
designed for a 5-year operational lifespan.
and cost-effective design, Kavach has the potential to
4. Significance: The data collected by TRISHNA will
transform train travel in India, making it safer, more
have wide-ranging applications, including:
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efficient, and more reliable. As Kavach’s implementation
expands, it promises a future where train accidents are
a. Climate monitoring: Improved understanding
of droughts, permafrost changes, and
minimized, and passenger confidence in Indian Railways
evapotranspiration rates
is strengthened.
b. Urban planning: Creation of detailed urban heat
14. T
 RISHNA: Indo-French Thermal island maps and heat alerts
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Imaging Mission c. Water resource management: Assessment of

TRISHNA (Thermal Infra-Red Imaging Satellite water stress and efficient water use

for High-resolution Natural Resource Assessment) is India’s International Space Cooperation

a collaborative mission between ISRO (Indian Space TRISHNA is just one example of India’s robust
Research Organisation) and CNES (French Space international collaboration in space exploration. Other
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Agency) aimed at monitoring surface temperature and notable partnerships include:

water management on both regional and global scales. 1. India-France: Strategic Space Dialogues, Letter
About TRISHNA Mission of Intent on Defense Space Cooperation, space
1. Objective: The mission’s primary goal is the exchanges, and defense space industrial cooperation.
detailed monitoring of energy and water budgets of 2. India-US: Bilateral space situational awareness
the continental biosphere, enabling quantification arrangement (2022), NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture
of terrestrial water stress and water use and high- Radar (NISAR) Mission.
resolution observation of water quality and dynamics. 3. Others: Lunar Polar Exploration (LUPEX) Mission
• It will also help in a Comprehensive assessment with Japan, South Asia Satellite (SAS) benefiting
of urban heat islands, Detection of thermal India’s neighbors.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

F. Geography & Environment

1. E
 U’s Carbon Border Adjustment Why is CBAM necessary?
Mechanism (CBAM) CBAM is a crucial component of the EU’s broader
climate strategy. It serves several key purposes:
1. The European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment
1. Preventing carbon leakage: By making importers
Mechanism (CBAM) is a instrument aimed at
accountable for the carbon emissions associated with
addressing carbon emissions associated with imported
their products, CBAM discourages the offshoring of
goods.
polluting industries.

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2. It’s designed to create a level playing field for EU
manufacturers who adhere to stringent climate 2. Leveling the playing field: CBAM ensures that EU
policies and face competition from countries with less manufacturers are not disadvantaged by competing

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stringent regulations. with imports from countries with weaker climate

What is CBAM? policies.

3. Supporting the European Green Deal: CBAM
1. CBAM is a “landmark tool” that puts a “fair price”
aligns with the EU’s ambitious goal of reducing
on the carbon emissions embedded in carbon-intensive
goods entering the EU. By doing so, it incentivizes carbon emissions by 55% compared to 1990 levels by
cleaner industrial production in non-EU countries, 2030 and achieving climate neutrality by 2050.
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ultimately helping to combat climate change. How will CBAM affect trade between India and
2. The core objective of CBAM is to prevent “carbon the EU?
leakage,” a phenomenon where EU manufacturers 1. CBAM initially applies to a specific set of carbon-
relocate their carbon-intensive production to countries intensive goods, including cement, iron and steel,
with weaker environmental regulations, undermining aluminium, fertilizers, electricity, and hydrogen.
the EU’s climate goals.
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While the immediate impact on India’s exports to
How does CBAM work? the EU may seem limited, the long-term effects could
1. Starting in 2026, EU importers will be required to be substantial due to the projected growth in these
purchase CBAM certificates corresponding to the sectors.
carbon price that would have been paid if the goods 2. Countries like India have raised concerns about
were produced within the EU. CBAM’s potential impact on their trade relationships
2. However, if a non-EU producer has already paid and balance of payments. India has engaged in
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a carbon price or tax in their own country, the discussions with the EU on this issue, and both sides
corresponding cost will be deducted for the EU
have agreed to intensify their cooperation on carbon
importer.
border measures.
3. The European Commission, along with relevant
member state authorities, will be responsible for Did the EU already have a mechanism in place?
reviewing and verifying declarations and managing Yes, the EU had the Emissions Trading System
the central platform for the sale of CBAM certificates. (ETS), which aimed to decarbonize the region’s
4. Importers must submit annual declarations by the industries. However, the ETS had limitations, including
end of May, detailing the quantity and embedded free allowances that could dampen incentives for
emissions in the goods imported during the preceding greener production. CBAM is intended to address these
year. shortcomings.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
What are the implications of CBAM? Implications of Rising N2O Emissions:
1. CBAM has far-reaching implications for global trade 1. Intensified global warming: N2O’s high heat-
and production. It may lead to a shift in the global trapping potential exacerbates climate change.
production landscape, with countries like India 2. Ozone layer depletion: N2O releases nitrogen oxides
facing increased competition from EU producers. in the stratosphere, damaging the protective ozone
Additionally, it may increase production costs layer.
for Indian exporters, potentially affecting their 3. Food security concerns: Increased food demand
competitiveness in the EU market. may lead to further N2O emissions, creating a conflict
2. Overall, CBAM represents a significant step in the between food security and climate goals.
EU’s efforts to combat climate change. While it raises 4. Challenge to Paris Agreement: Rising N2O levels
concerns for some countries, its long-term impact on hinder the achievement of global warming targets.
global trade and environmental sustainability remains

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India’s Specific Concerns
to be seen.
1. India’s 2nd -place ranking in N2O emissions, primarily
2. I ndia is World’s 2nd largest emitter of from fertilizers, raises alarm.

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Nitrous Oxide 2. Heavily subsidized fertilizers in India exacerbate the
problem, polluting water bodies and contributing to
1. The alarming rise in nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions,
climate change.
poses a significant threat to global climate goals and
3. A shift towards sustainable agricultural practices and
the ozone layer.
repurposing fertilizer subsidies are crucial for India.
• Nitrous oxide potent greenhouse gas with 300
times the heat-trapping capacity of carbon Proposed Solutions
dioxide,
RE 1. Innovative agricultural practices: Precision
2. A recent study by the Global Carbon Project (GCP) agriculture, nitrification inhibitors, cover cropping.
reveals that human-induced N2O emissions have 2. Effective policy measures: Emission trading schemes,
surged by 40% between 1980 and 2020, primarily targeted subsidies, research and development.
driven by agricultural practices such as the use of 3. Addressing emissions from other sources: Stricter
chemical fertilizers and animal manure. regulations on industrial processes, optimizing
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Key Findings: combustion, and improving waste management.
1. Global N2O emissions: Increased by 40% (3 million The Way Forward
metric tons per year) from 1980 to 2020. Addressing the N2O challenge requires a multi-
2. Top emitters: China (16.7%), India (10.9%), US faceted approach. Transitioning to sustainable agricultural
(5.7%), Brazil (5.3%), and Russia (4.6%). practices, implementing effective policy measures, and
3. India’s position: Second-largest emitter globally, but investing in research and development are crucial steps.
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with the lowest per capita emission. India, as a major contributor to N2O emissions, must
4. Atmospheric N2O concentration: Reached 336 prioritize these solutions to mitigate its impact on climate
parts per billion in 2022, exceeding pre-industrial change and achieve a more sustainable future.
levels by 25%.
Sources of N2O Emissions: 3. No Outcome in Bonn Meeting
1. Natural: Oceans, inland waters, and soil contribute 1. A recent climate meeting in Bonn, Germany failed to
11.8%. reach a consensus on the amount of money developed
2. Anthropogenic (Human-Induced): Agriculture nations should provide to developing countries for
accounts for 74%, primarily due to fertilizers and climate action.
animal waste. Other sources include industrial 2. A new target, exceeding the current $100 billion per
processes, combustion, and waste management. year, needs to be finalized by the end of 2024.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. An agreement on the New Collective Quantified • Mitigation: Efforts to reduce greenhouse
Goal (NCQG) is expected to be reached at the 29th gas emissions (e.g., renewable energy, forest
Conference of the Parties (COP29) later this year. conservation).
The Importance of Climate Finance • Adaptation: Measures to manage climate change
1. Money is Key: Financial resources are essential for impacts (e.g., coastal protection infrastructure).
both mitigation (reducing emissions) and adaptation Arguments for Climate Finance
(dealing with climate impacts) efforts. 1. Developing countries argue that developed nations
2. Data Collection: Funding is also necessary for are responsible for the majority of historical
collecting and reporting climate data, a crucial emissions, making them morally obligated to provide
requirement under the Paris Agreement. financial aid.
3. Capacity Gap: Developing countries lack the 2. High-income countries have not delivered on their

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resources to carry out this work, making financial climate finance pledges, with most assistance in the
assistance from developed nations vital. form of loans.
The Current State of Climate Finance

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Challenges in Climate Finance
1. The $100 Billion Promise: In 2009, developed
1. Disagreement over contributors.
countries pledged to provide $100 billion annually
2. Disputes over definitions and nature of climate
from 2020 onwards to support climate action in
finance.
developing countries.
3. Emphasis on mitigation vs. adaptation, with
2. Dispute Over Fulfillment: While the OECD claims
developing countries prioritizing adaptation for their
this goal was met in 2022, developing countries argue
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that creative accounting and double-counting inflate
immediate needs.
The Role of the UNFCCC
the figures.
3. Growing Needs: It is widely recognized that 1. Global Treaty: The UN Framework Convention
developing countries need trillions, not billions, of on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aims to stabilize
dollars each year to address the escalating climate greenhouse gas concentrations and prevent dangerous
crisis. human interference with the climate.
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Proposals for the New Collective Quantified 2. Conference of the Parties (COP): The annual
Goal (NCQG) meeting of UNFCCC parties to assess progress and
1. Differing Demands: make decisions on climate action.
a. India proposes a minimum of $1 trillion per year. Way Ahead: The Path to COP29
b. Arab countries call for at least $1.1 trillion. The establishment of a new climate finance goal is a
c. African countries demand $1.3 trillion. critical priority for COP29. Successful negotiations will
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2. Debate Over Contributors: require finding common ground on the amount of funding,
a. The UNFCCC and Paris Agreement stipulate the sources of contributions, and the mechanisms for
that only 25 countries listed in Annexure 2 are delivery.
obligated to provide climate finance.
b. These countries are trying to shift the burden to 4. E
 nvironmental Performance Index
others, arguing that many economies have grown
2024
significantly since the list was created in the early
1990s. The Yale Center for Environmental Law and Policy and
What is Climate Finance? the Columbia Center for International Earth Science
1. Definition: Large-scale investments for climate Information Network released the Environmental
change mitigation and adaptation actions. Performance Index (EPI) for 2024.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Key Highlights of EPI 2024 2. Issues In General:
a. Balancing National Priorities: Countries
1. Global Scenario: Estonia leads the index by
may prioritize economic development over
reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 59% from
environmental protection, leading to potential
1990 levels.
conflicts or resistance in implementing EPI
a. Only 5 countries — Estonia, Finland, Greece,
recommendations.
Timor-Leste, and the United Kingdom — cut
b. Nations heavily reliant on resource extraction or
their GHG emissions at the rate needed to reach
fossil fuel-based industries may face challenges
net zero by 2050.
in transitioning to more sustainable practices.
b. Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia rank
c. Funding and Resource Constraints: Developing
lowest among the 8 regions assessed.
countries may struggle to allocate sufficient
2. India’s Performance: India ranks 176th out of

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funds or expertise for environmental projects,
180 countries with 27.6 points, placing above only hindering progress.
Pakistan, Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. d. Cross-Border Environmental Impacts:

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a. India performs poorly in Air quality, Emissions, Addressing transboundary issues such as air
and Biodiversity Conservation, largely due to pollution, water management, or wildlife
its heavy reliance on coal, which contributes protection may require multilateral agreements
significantly to greenhouse gas emissions and air and joint efforts.
pollution levels.
What is the Environmental Performance Index?
Issues Related to EPI
1. Issues Raised By India:
RE The Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
is a biennial index, initially launched by the World
a. Projected GHG Emissions Calculation: The Economic Forum in 2002 under the name Environmental
calculation of projected GHG emissions by Sustainability Index (ESI).
2050 is based on the average rate of change in a. It evaluates nations’ efforts to meet international
emissions, which India considers insufficient. environmental policy targets such as the U.N.
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b. Measurement of biodiversity loss or ecosystem sustainability goals, the Paris Climate Change
health can be challenging due to the intricate Agreement (2015), and the Kunming-Montreal
dynamics involved and the lack of standardized Global Biodiversity Framework.
methodologies across all regions. b. The 2024 EPI leverages 58 performance indicators
c. Carbon Sinks Exclusion: India’s forests and grouped into 11 issue categories with 3 policy
wetlands, which act as crucial carbon sinks, objectives: Environmental Health, Ecosystem
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have not been factored into the computation of Vitality, and Climate Change.
projected GHG emissions trajectory up to 2050 Significance of EPI
in the EPI 2024.
1. Good Governance: Strong governance
d. Ecosystem Condition Overlooked: While the frameworks, characterized in the EPI framework
index computes the extent of ecosystems, it does such as transparency, accountability, and effective
not evaluate their condition or productivity. policymaking, are essential for promoting and
e. Lack of Relevant Indicators: The index does enforcing environmental regulations and policies.
not include indicators like agro-biodiversity, 2. Financial Resources: Adequate financial resources
soil health, food loss, and waste, which are play a pivotal role in implementing and sustaining
important for developing countries with large environmental initiatives, enabling countries to invest
agrarian populations. in sustainable practices and infrastructure.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Human Development: Countries with higher levels a. Engage in consultations with stakeholders,
of human development, including factors such as including government representatives and
education, healthcare, and overall well-being, tend experts, to ensure that the weighting of indicators
to prioritize environmental sustainability and can aligns with global priorities and national
implement effective measures. contexts.
4. Regulatory Quality: Robust and well-designed Challenges and Opportunities
environmental regulations, coupled with effective 1. Addressing the challenges of climate change,
enforcement mechanisms, are critical for mitigating biodiversity loss, and environmental degradation
environmental degradation and ensuring compliance requires a concerted effort from governments, civil
with sustainability standards. society, and the private sector.
Environmental Conservation Programmes in 2. The EPI provides an opportunity for countries to

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India assess their environmental performance, identify
1. Climate Change: National Action Plan on Climate areas for improvement, and develop strategies to

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Change address environmental challenges.
2. Desertification: National Action Programme to 3. The index also offers a platform for international
Combat Desertification cooperation, knowledge sharing, and collaboration
3. Pollution Control: National Clean Air Program to address global environmental issues.
4. Environmental Impact Assessment: Environment
Management Plan 5. U
 NESCO State of the Ocean Report
5. Forest
Programme
Protection:
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National Afforestation 2024
1. The UNESCO State of the Ocean Report (StOR)
6. Species Conservation: Project Elephant, Project
2024, released ahead of World Oceans Day (8 June).
Tiger
2. The world’s oceans are a crucial component of the
Way Forward Earth’s climate system, absorbing vast amounts of
heat and carbon dioxide.
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1. Enhance Methodology and Carbon Sequestration:
Incorporate a longer time frame (e.g., 20-30 years) 3. However, the UNESCO StOR 2024 highlights the
to calculate the projected GHG emissions trajectory, alarming rate at which human-induced climate change
instead of relying solely on the average rate of change is impacting our oceans, underscoring the urgency for
over the last 10 years. comprehensive action to mitigate and adapt to these
a. Efforts to enhance carbon sequestration through changes.
4. The report also aligns with global initiatives like the
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initiatives like the Compensatory Afforestation

UN 2030 Agenda and SDG 14, emphasizing the need
Fund Management and Planning Authority
for sustainable use of marine resources.
(CAMPA) should be recognized.
2. Expand Set of Indicators: Include indicators that are Key Findings
relevant to developing countries with large agrarian 1. Accelerated Ocean Warming: The upper 2,000
populations, such as agro-biodiversity, soil health, meters of the ocean have warmed at an alarming rate,
food loss, and waste management. with a doubling of the warming rate in the past 2
3. Transparent Weighting and Funding: Provide clear decades.
and transparent explanations for any changes in the • This accelerated warming is driving irreversible
weighting of indicators, addressing concerns raised changes in marine ecosystems and contributing to
by countries like India. rising sea levels.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Increased Ocean Heat Content: The oceans have infrastructure, and food security for coastal
absorbed approximately 90% of the excess energy populations, who are often highly dependent on the
caused by the Earth’s energy imbalance, resulting in a ocean for livelihood and economic activities.
significant increase in ocean heat content (OHC). 3. Global Climate: The ocean’s ability to regulate climate
• This excess heat contributes to deoxygenation, is compromised, leading to further intensification of
disrupting marine ecosystems and impacting climate change impacts worldwide.
marine life. 4. Impact on the Indian Ocean:
3. Ocean Acidification: The global mean ocean pH a. The Indian Ocean is warming faster than other
has declined, indicating increased acidity, with oceans, with the potential for irreversible
limited long-term data highlighting the need for changes like cyclones and heatwaves.
expanded monitoring to fully understand the extent b. Warming can weaken upwelling, a process that

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and consequences of ocean acidification. brings cooler, nutrient-rich waters to the surface.
4. Rising Sea Levels: The global mean sea level c. Disrupted fisheries, cyclones, and droughts all
continues to rise at an alarming rate, necessitating threaten food security for millions of people who

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improved monitoring systems and adaptation depend on the Indian Ocean for their livelihood.
strategies to address the threats to coastal communities Solutions and Recommendations:
and infrastructure.
1. Enhanced Research and Monitoring to
5. Limited Observational Data: The report identifies
understanding the complex processes occurring in the
insufficient observational data, particularly in the
ocean and developing effective solutions.
open ocean and coastal areas, as a major challenge
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to understanding the complex dynamics of ocean
2. Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Addressing the root cause of ocean warming and
acidification and other processes.
acidification requires ambitious global efforts to
• Currently, only 638 stations record ocean
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition
pH levels, emphasizing the need for expanded
towards renewable energy sources.
monitoring networks.
3. Marine Protected Areas and Ecosystem Restoration
2026 Edition
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along with restoring degraded ecosystems like
The next edition, set to launch in 2026, will demonstrate mangroves and seagrass meadows, can enhance ocean
whether society will have deployed the information resilience and carbon sequestration.
summarized in the StOR 2024 to design ocean obser- 4. Development of Sustainable Technologies:
vation and science to protect the ocean and secure our Carefully evaluating and implementing emerging
well-being. technologies like marine carbon dioxide removal
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(mCDR) while prioritizing environmental safeguards

Impact
is essential.
The impacts of these changes are far-reaching and 5. Investment in Early Warning Systems for tsunamis
pose significant threats to both marine ecosystems and and other ocean-related hazards can save lives and
human society: protect coastal communities.
1. Marine Ecosystems: Ocean warming, deoxygenation, 6. International Cooperation to develop effective and
and acidification disrupt marine food webs, threaten equitable solutions.
biodiversity, and negatively impact marine life,
Steps Taken by India to Mitigate the Effects of
including coral reefs, fish populations, and other vital
Oceanic Heatwaves
organisms.
2. Coastal Communities: Rising sea levels and 1. Monitoring and Research: Indian National Centre
changes in marine ecosystems jeopardize livelihoods, for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Cyclone Preparedness: National Disaster 4. Soil Characteristics: Clayey soils, prevalent in some
Management Authority (NDMA), IMD Cyclone areas, hinder water drainage.
Warnings 5. Sea Level Rise: This amplifies flooding in coastal
3. Additional Measures: National Missions on cities, especially during high tides and storm surges.
Climate Change, Coalition for Disaster Resilient 6. Climate Change: The increasing frequency
Infrastructure, Renewable Energy Target, National and intensity of extreme weather events lead to
Hydrogen Mission. unpredictable and heavier rainfall patterns (e.g.,
Conclusion Kerala floods in 2018).
The UNESCO State of the Ocean Report 2024 serves 7. Hills and Slopes: Hill cities like Shimla face rapid
as a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of human runoff due to steep slopes, causing flash floods.
activities and the health of our oceans. By prioritizing 8. Seasonal Variability: Unpredictable rainfall patterns

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research, mitigation, and international cooperation, we (e.g., in Lucknow) can overload drainage systems.
can work towards a healthier, more resilient ocean that Anthropogenic Factors
supports both marine life and human well-being for 1. Rapid, Unplanned Urbanization: Cities like

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generations to come. Gurgaon have expanded without proper infrastructure,
World Ocean Day 2024 leading to waterlogging.
Date: June 8 .
th 2. Encroachment on Water Bodies: In Chennai,
Theme: Awaken New Depths encroachment on wetlands has reduced the city’s
Objective: To raise awareness about the critical state of capacity to absorb rainwater, exacerbating floods.
3. Outdated Drainage: Mumbai’s aging drainage
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the ocean and mobilize action to protect and restore it.
The focus is on changing our relationship with the ocean system struggles to handle high-intensity rainfall.
since current efforts have been insufficient. 4. Poor Waste Management: Clogged drains (e.g., in
Kolkata) worsen waterlogging.
6. U
 rban Flooding in India: A Growing 5. High Population Density: Delhi’s dense population
Crisis strains drainage infrastructure.
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6. Illegal Construction: Structures built along
India’s major cities are increasingly facing devastating
watercourses (e.g., in Hyderabad) obstruct water flow.
floods, resulting in loss of life, livelihoods, and severe
7. Lack of Green Spaces: Bengaluru’s loss of lakes and
economic burdens on governments. A recent study
green spaces reduces water absorption capacity.
published in Nature reveals a worrying trend: the rapid
8. Water Mismanagement: Poor coordination (e.g.,
and continuous expansion of cities into flood-prone areas
during the 2006 Surat floods) exacerbates flooding.
is a key factor exacerbating these risks.
Global Perspective and Study Findings
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Causes of Urban Flooding in India

East Asia, particularly middle-income countries like
Natural Factors
India, is witnessing the highest rate of urban expansion
1. Monsoon Rains: Intense monsoon downpours
into flood-prone zones. This alarming trend is linked to
(e.g., Chennai and Hyderabad) overwhelm drainage
the growing urbanization of vulnerable areas and the
systems.
increased use of impermeable concrete, which reduces soil
2. Topography: Cities like Bengaluru, with their
absorption and worsens floods.
undulating terrain, experience water accumulation in
low-lying areas, worsened by urban development. Disproportionate Impact on the Poor
3. Cyclones and Storm Surges: Coastal cities like The most vulnerable communities, often residing in
Chennai and Mumbai are vulnerable to cyclones and informal settlements in low-lying areas, bear the brunt of
storm surges (e.g., Cyclone Ockhi in 2017). urban flooding.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Governance Challenges volcanic eruptions, while secondary lahars occur
Weak governance and enforcement of environmental when volcanic deposits are remobilized by rainfall or
regulations have allowed construction in flood-prone other factors.
areas, further increasing risks. Difference Between Cold Lava and Normal
Solutions Lava
1. Scientific Mapping of Flood-Prone Areas: This is 1. Temperature Variation: Normal lava is extremely
crucial for sustainable urban planning. hot molten rock, while lahars are not molten and can
2. Improved Stormwater Management: Implementing vary greatly in temperature.
modern drainage systems and green infrastructure 2. Mixtures: Lava consists solely of molten rock,
solutions like green roofs, permeable pavements, and whereas lahars are a mixture of water and volcanic
rain gardens. debris like ash, rocks, and sand.

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3. Resilient Housing: Building flood-resistant 3. Impact: Lahars can be more destructive and deadlier
structures, especially for low-income housing. compared to regular lava flows because they can

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4. Innovative Solutions: Exploring alternative housing affect and devastate a much larger area due to their
models like stilt houses for riverside communities. fluid, flowing nature and ability to incorporate more
Conclusion debris as they travel.
Addressing India’s urban flooding crisis requires a 4. Speed: Lahars can travel at much faster speeds than
multi-faceted approach that tackles both natural and man- normal lava flows, making them more unpredictable
made factors. This includes sustainable urban planning, and dangerous.
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improved infrastructure, and stronger governance to
protect vulnerable populations and build climate-resilient
Difference Between Cold Lava and Normal
Lava
cities.
Feature Normal Lava Cold Lava
7. Cold Lava (Molten Rock) (Lahars)
Temperature Extremely hot Varies (can be
Recently, a cold lava erupted at Mt. Kanlaon Natural
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hot or cold)
Park in the Philippines, sending rivers of cold lava, or
Composition Molten rock Water, ash,
“lahar”, flowing through a village miles away from the
rocks, sand, etc.
summit on the Negros Island.
Impact Destructive More
What is Cold Lava? destructive,
1. About: Cold lava, known as lahar in Indonesian, is a wider impact
phenomenon where rain mixes with volcanic materials Speed Slower Much faster
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like ash, sand, and pebbles, forming a concrete-like Magma vs Lava

substance.
1. Magma: The term used to denote the molten rocks
2. Characteristics: Lahar primarily travels along river
and related materials seen inside the earth.
valleys and can reach extremely high speeds of up to
2. Lava: The magma above the earth’s surface. Once
75-80 kilometers per hour or even faster.
this magma comes out to the earth’s surface through
3. Formation: It can occur without volcanic eruptions,
the vent of a volcano, it is called the Lava.
often triggered by heavy rainfall or landslides on
the slopes of volcanoes covered in loose volcanic Mud Volcano
material. 1. Definition: A mud volcano or mud dome is a
4. Types: There are two types of lahars: primary and landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries,
secondary. Primary lahars are directly related to water and gases.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Characteristics: Mud volcanoes are not true igneous Conclusion
volcanoes as they do not produce lava and are not The concept of cold lava is distinct from normal lava
necessarily driven by magmatic activity. flows and requires a deeper understanding of its characteristics
3. Size: Mud volcanoes may range in size from merely 1 and impacts. By recognizing the differences between cold
or 2 meters high and 1 or 2 meters wide, to 700 meters lava and normal lava, we can better prepare for and respond
high and 10 kilometers wide. to volcanic events that involve cold lava flows.
4. Formation: Mud volcanoes can form when mud and
sediment are pushed up from underground deposits, 8. I ndia’s Largest Leopard Safari Opens
often as a result of tectonic activity or the movement at Bannerghatta
of fluids beneath the surface. South India’s 1st and the country’s largest leopard
Challenge Solution safari was inaugurated at the Bannerghatta Biological

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Park (BBP) in Bengaluru, Karnataka.
Unpredictability: Cold Enhanced Monitoring:
lava flows can occur Implement early warning Leopard Safari

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without eruption, triggered systems utilizing rain 1. An area of 20 hectares has been demarcated and
by rainfall or landslides. gauges, seismic sensors, fenced for the safari.
and ground deformation 2. Currently, eight leopards have been released for the
monitoring to detect safari in the open forest area.
potential triggers and 3. The facility has been created at a cost of ₹4.5 crore.
provide timely alerts. 4. The leopard safari area features undulating terrain
Rapid Onset: Cold lava
flows move quickly,
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Community
Preparedness: Educate
with natural rocky outcrops and semi-deciduous
forest.
leaving little time for communities about the 5. The entire area is enclosed with a vertical chain-link
evacuation. risks, evacuation routes, mesh 4.5 metres high, with MS sheets placed at a 30°
and safety measures. inclined angle of 1.5 metres.
Conduct regular drills Purpose of Leopard Safari
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to practice evacuation 1. The safari aims to highlight the importance of leopards
procedures and ensure a as top predators and educate visitors about human-
swift response in the event animal conflicts and ways to protect the animals.
of a flow. 2. The park receives many rescued leopard cubs from
Widespread Impact: Hazard Mapping and across the State, which will be raised and shifted to
Flows can extend far from Zoning: Identify areas the safari to help visitors learn about these big cats.
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the volcano, affecting prone to cold lava flows

Indian Leopard and their Status:
larger areas. and restrict development
in high-risk zones. 1. The Indian leopard is a leopard subspecies widely
Implement land-use distributed on the Indian subcontinent.
planning that accounts for 2. Unlike tigers, leopards have spots peppered on their
volcanic hazards. bodies instead of stripes.
Destructive Power: Lahar Protective 3. Leopards can kill for the pleasure of killing by
continuously pouncing on their prey.
can bury entire villages, Infrastructure: Construct
4. The species Panthera pardus is listed as Vulnerable
destroy infrastructure, and barriers, channels, and
on the IUCN Red List.
cause loss of life. sabo dams to divert and
5. India’s leopard numbers rose by 8% from 12,852 in
contain cold lava flows.
2018 to 13,874 in 2022.

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6. The highest number of leopards were reported in
Madhya Pradesh (3,907). 9. C
 onservation Breeding in Indira
7. Three other states reported over 1,000 leopards each: Gandhi Zoological Park
Maharashtra (1,985), Karnataka (1,879), and Tamil Recently, the Indira Gandhi Zoological Park (IGZP)
Nadu (1,070). in Visakhapatnam has been at the forefront of wildlife
8. Uttarakhand reported a 22% decline in the leopard
conservation in India, particularly in the successful
population.
breeding and nurturing of Striped hyenas and Asiatic wild
9. Odisha witnessed a sharp decline, losing approximately
dogs (Dhole).
one-fourth of its leopard population due to poaching
between 2018 and 2022. Conservation Breeding of Striped Hyenas:
Causes for Decline: 1. Striped hyenas, listed as near threatened by the
1. Major threats include poaching for bush meat, targeted International Union for Conservation of Nature

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poaching for skins and body parts, habitat loss due to (IUCN), are being successfully bred in captivity at
mining and human activities, and road accidents. IGZP.

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Key Facts about Bannerghatta National Park: 2. The zoo has established a protocol of hand-rearing of
1. Also known as the Bannerghatta Zoo, this zoological hyena cubs, which has led to the successful rearing of
garden is located in Bengaluru. four instances of hyena cubs.
2. The Biological Park and the National Park were 3. The zoo now has a good population of striped hyenas
bifurcated in 2002. with a total of nine adults and sub-adults.
3. It was declared a National Park in 1974. Conservation Breeding of Asiatic Wild Dogs:

established within the park.

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4. In 2006, India’s first butterfly enclosure was
1. IGZP is recognised by the Central Zoo Authority
5. The main water source for the park’s animals is the (CZA) for conservation breeding of Asiatic wild dog
Suvarnamukhi stream, which runs through its center. or dhole.
6. The park involves three types of vegetation: Dry 2. The zoo has received a sanction of ₹67 lakh from
Deciduous Scrub Forests, Southern Tropical Dry the CZA to create an off-display enclosure for the
conservation breeding project.
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Deciduous Forests, and Southern Tropical Moist
Mixed Forests. 3. The project aims to establish a founder population of
7. Its flora includes Narcissus latifolia, Schleichera dholes, which will be reintroduced in the wild.
oleosa, sandalwood, neem, tamarind, bamboo, 4. The zoo has seen a massive increase in the population
eucalyptus, and more. of wild dogs from just two to 49, the highest number
• Eucalyptus, belonging to the myrtle family
of wild dogs in captivity in the country.
(Myrtaceae), is a genus of over 660 species of
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shrubs and tall trees. Originating from Australia, Other Conservation Breeding Successes:
Tasmania, and nearby islands, some eucalyptus 1. IGZP has also seen successful conservation breeding
trees rank among the tallest in the world. of species such as the Indian grey wolf, ring-tailed
Commonly known as gum trees or stringybark lemur, Indian bison, blue and gold macaw, jungle
trees in Australia, many species are cultivated cat, and eclectus parrot.
worldwide as shade trees or in forestry plantations.
About Indira Gandhi Zoological Park:
8. The park serves as a prime habitat for various species,
including the endangered Asian elephant, Indian 1. IGZP is an ex-situ facility established in 1977,
gaur, tiger, sambar deer, spotted deer, leopard, located amidst Seethakonda Reserve Forest in the
wild dog, wild pig, sloth bear, common mongoose, Visakhapatnam district of Andhra Pradesh.
pangolin, slender loris, black-naped hare, and 2. It is a large category zoo recognised by the Central
others. Zoo Authority.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. The zoo is surrounded by Eastern Ghats on three 2. These programmes help to increase the population
sides and the Bay of Bengal on the fourth side. of endangered species, reduce the risk of extinction,
4. It is also home to many free-ranging animals and birds and reintroduce species into the wild.
due to its close proximity to Kambalakonda Wildlife
3. Conservation breeding programmes also help to
Sanctuary.
educate visitors about the importance of conservation
About Asiatic Wild Dogs (Dhole) and promote awareness about the plight of endangered
1. Scientific name: Cuon alpinus species.
2. Wild carnivores belonging to the Canidae family and
Mammalia class. 10. N
 agi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries
3. Historically widespread, now mainly found in south Recognised as Ramsar Sites
and southeast Asia.
1. Recently, on World Environment Day (5 June), the

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4. Endangered on the IUCN Red List, Schedule II under
Nagi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries in Bihar have been
the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and Appendix II
under CITES. recognized as wetlands of international importance

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under the Ramsar Convention. Both the Ramsar
About Striped Hyenas
Sites are manmade reservoirs located in Jhajha
1. Scientific name: Hyaena hyaena
forest range of Jamui district in Bihar.
2. Smaller and less social than the Spotted hyena.
3. Face threats from habitat loss, human-wildlife conflict, • This brings the total number of such wetlands in
poaching, and illegal trade. India to 82.
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4. Listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List and
Schedule I under the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
• Currently, United Kingdom (UK) has most
number of Ramsar Sites in the world with 175
Importance of Conservation Breeding: Ramsar sites followed by Mexico with 144 sites.
1. Conservation breeding programmes are critical for • India and China have the third largest number
the survival of several animal species in the wild. of Ramsar Sites at 82 sites each.
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Key Characteristics of Nagi and Nakti Bird Sanctuaries
Feature Nagi Bird Sanctuary Nakti Bird Sanctuary

1. Type of wetland Man-Made

after the construction of Nakti Dam on the
after the construction of Nagi Dam on the
2. Formation Nakti River. (Nakti River is a tributary of
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Nagi River.
Koel River).
3. Location Jamui District, Bihar
4. Recognition as
In 1984
Bird Sanctuary
5. Biodiversity Over 150 species of birds, mammals, fish, aquatic plants, reptiles, and amphibians
Indian Elephant (Endangered), Native Baer’s pochard (Critically Endangered),
Catfish (Vulnerable), largest congregations Steppe Eagle (Endangered), largest
6. Important Species
of red-crested pochard on the Indo-Gangetic congregations of bar-headed goose on the
plains Indo-Gangetic Plains

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Ramsar Convention
11. G
 andhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary:
1. The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty
India’s Second Home for Cheetahs
signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran, under the auspices
1. The Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya
of UNESCO, aimed at conserving wetlands of
Pradesh is set to become the second home for
international importance.
cheetahs in India, after the Kuno National Park.
2. In India, it came into force on 1st February 1982,
under which wetlands of international importance are Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary:
declared as Ramsar sites. 1. The sanctuary spans 368.62 sq km, in the districts of
3. Montreux Record is a register of wetland sites of Mandsaur (187.12 sq km) and Neemuch (181.5 sq
International Importance where changes in ecological km), right on the border with Rajasthan.
2. It sits atop a flat rocky plateau, with the Chambal

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character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely
to occur as a result of technological developments, river cutting the sanctuary into two almost equal
halves.
pollution, or other human interference. It is maintained

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3. The Gandhi Sagar dam, constructed on the river in
as part of the Ramsar List.
1960, lies within the area of the sanctuary, and so do
Importance of Wetlands parts of its reservoir, 726 sq km large and the third
1. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining largest in the country.
biodiversity, regulating water cycles, and providing
ecosystem services.
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2. They provide habitat for a wide range of plant and
animal species, many of which are threatened or
endangered.
3. Wetlands also help to mitigate the effects of climate
change by storing carbon, reducing flood risk, and
improving water quality.
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India’s Initiatives for Ramsar Sites Ideal Habitat for Cheetahs:
1. The rocky terrain and exposed sheetrock create a
1. Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules,
shallow topsoil, resulting in a savanna ecosystem
2017.
with open grasslands and dry deciduous trees and
2. National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Ecosystems
shrubs.
(NPCA)
2. Riverine valleys within the sanctuary are evergreen.
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3. Amrit Dharohar Capacity Building Scheme

3. Madhya Pradesh’s wildlife officials state that Gandhi
4. National Wetland Conservation Programme
Sagar offers a “perfect” cheetah habitat.
(NWCP): It was launched in 1985, to tackle threats
Preparation for Cheetah Introduction:
to vulnerable wetland ecosystems and enhance their
1. An area of 64 sq km has been developed for the
conservation.
cheetahs at a cost of ₹17.72 crores.
Note
2. A soft release enclosure (boma) has been constructed
1. World Wetlands Day is celebrated every year on the to ensure a suitable and secure habitat for the cheetahs
2nd of February across the globe. upon their arrival.
2. The Kanwar Lake in Bihar’s Begusarai district was 3. A hospital catering to the needs of cheetahs is also
designated as the state’s first Ramsar Site in 2020. being built.

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4. Wildlife officials are conducting a comprehensive • Implemented by the National Tiger
status assessment of herbivores and predators in Conservation Authority (NTCA) in
the sanctuary to understand the existing ecological collaboration with the Madhya Pradesh
dynamics. Forest Department and the Wildlife
Challenges to Making Gandhi Sagar a Viable Institute of India (WII).
Cheetah Habitat: b. Phase-2 of Project Cheetah:
1. The primary challenge is augmenting the prey base, • Considering sourcing cheetahs from Kenya
increasing the number of animals that cheetahs can due to similar habitats.
hunt. • Cheetahs will be translocated to Kuno
2. Male cheetah siblings form coalitions of three to National Park and Gandhi Sagar Wildlife
five members, while females live more solitary lives Sanctuary.

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unless with their litter. 3. Importance of Project Cheetah:
3. A cheetah coalition is expected to make a kill every a. Aims to restore the cheetah population in India,

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3-4 days, requiring about 350 ungulates for a single essential for maintaining ecological balance.
coalition family. b. Highlights the importance of conservation
4. Insufficient prey base remains an issue, as seen in efforts and protecting endangered species.
Kuno. 4. Challenges faced by Project Cheetah:
5. Other challenges include competition with leopards a. Availability of suitable habitat for cheetahs.
and other predators, poaching, and human habitation b. Risk of poaching and human-wildlife conflict.
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and highways near the protected area. c. Challenges in terms of funding and resources.
Future Development of Gandhi Sagar: Some Facts about Cheetahs:
1. The first phase of augmentation will target the 1. Breeding and Maturity: Cheetahs breed year-round,
section west of the Chambal river to enable cheetah with a peak during the rainy season. Females mature
reintroduction as soon as a sufficient prey base is at 20-24 months, males at 24-30 months.
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available. 2. Gestation and Litters: Gestation lasts about 90-95
2. Developments within Gandhi Sagar will initially days, with litters of 3-5 cubs.
focus on the “Neemuch side of Chambal”. 3. Vocalizations: Unlike other big cats, cheetahs do not
3. The eastern side (Mandsaur side) has more human
roar. They communicate with high-pitched chirps or
activity and houses the Gandhi Sagar township.
barks.
4. The Chambal river acts as a barrier to casual wildlife
4. Territorial Behavior: Generally solitary, cheetahs
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movement between the two halves of the sanctuary.

use scratch marks, scent marking, and vocalizations
Project Cheetah: like the “stutter bark” to establish territory.
1. Project Cheetah aims to restore the population of 5. Speed and Hunting: The fastest land animals,
cheetahs in India, declared extinct in 1952. cheetahs can reach speeds up to 120 km/h in short
2. The project involves translocating cheetahs from bursts and accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in just 3
South Africa and Namibia to Kuno National Park seconds. Their hunting success rate is about 40-50%.
in Madhya Pradesh. 6. Protection Status of Cheetah:
a. Phase-1 of Project Cheetah: a. IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
• Started in 2022, with the goal of reintroducing b. Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972: Schedule 2
cheetahs to India. c. CITES: Appendix I

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
and is safe for the animals, with a radiation dose low
12. R
 hisotope Project: Radioisotopes into
enough not to affect their health or the environment.
the Horns of live Rhinos
4. The radioactive material would last five years on the
Recently, South African scientists injected radioactive horn, resulting in a cost lower than dehorning every
material into live rhinoceros horns to make them easier 18 months.
to detect at border posts in a pioneering project aimed at
Impact of the project
curbing poaching.
1. The project aims to use nuclear science in a novel
What is the Rhisotope Project? way for conservation.
1. The Rhisotope Project is a pioneering initiative 2. The non-lethal yet powerful solution aims to radically
aimed at curbing poaching by making rhino horns reduce the demand from end-users and save rhinos

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radioactive. from the very real threat of extinction.
2. The project involves administering measured 3. Radioactively treated horns are more likely to be

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quantities of radioisotopes into the horns of live detected at international borders, making it more likely
rhinos. that smuggling syndicates are exposed, prosecuted,
3. The radioisotopes make the horn “useless” and and convicted under anti-terrorism laws.
“poisonous for human consumption.”
Need for the project
How does the project work? 1. Rhinoceros horns are highly valuable on black
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1. The project involves inserting “two tiny little
radioactive chips” into the horn of a rhinoceros.
markets, with prices comparable to gold and cocaine.
2. Previous anti-poaching strategies like dehorning and
2. The radioactive material would “render the poisoning horns have failed to deter poachers.
horn useless., essentially poisonous for human 3. Despite government efforts, 499 rhinoceroses were
consumption.” killed in 2023, an 11% increase from 2022, primarily
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3. The procedure is performed on sedated rhinoceroses in state-run parks.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Legal Frameworks for Wildlife Conservation Invasive Indian House Crows
Global Wildlife Conservation Efforts to which 1. Origin and Introduction: Indian House Crows, native
India is a Party: to India and parts of Asia, are considered an invasive
1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered alien species in East Africa. Their introduction is
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) believed to be linked to shipping activities.
2. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species 2. Ecological Impact: These crows are aggressive
of Wild Animals (CMS) predators that prey on endangered local bird species,
3. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) destroy nests, and consume eggs and chicks. This
4. The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC)
predatory behavior has led to a significant decline in
5. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF)
indigenous bird populations. The resulting imbalance
6. International Union for Conservation of Nature
in the ecosystem allows pests and insects to flourish,

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(IUCN)
further harming the environment.
7. Global Tiger Forum (GTF)
3. Past Efforts: Kenya has attempted to control the
Domestic Framework:

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Indian House Crow population before. Over 20 years
1. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972
ago, a similar effort managed to temporarily reduce
2. Environment Protection Act, 1986
their numbers, but the problem has resurfaced.
3. The Biological Diversity Act, 2002
Kenya’s Action Plan
Conservation Efforts Specifically for Rhinos:
1. New Delhi Declaration on Asian Rhinos The Kenyan government’s action plan involves a multi-
2.
3.
DNA Profiles of all Rhinos
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National Rhino Conservation Strategy
pronged approach to eliminate the invasive crows:
1. Mechanical and Targeted Culling: This involves
4. Indian Rhino Vision 2020 physically removing crows through trapping and
5. Translocation: Rhino translocations to Manas targeted elimination.
National Park set for the beginning of 2023 were 2. Licensed Poison: The government plans to use a
rescheduled for 2024 while security measures were licensed poison to control the crow population. This
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reinforced after a poached rhino was discovered in method is controversial due to potential risks to other
January. species, but the government believes it’s necessary to
6. Rhino Corridor: In 2022, the Assam government
address the scale of the problem.
finalized the addition of approximately 200 sq km to
Orang National Park in north-central Assam, more Key Facts About Indian House Crows:
than doubling the size of this protected area and key 1. Scientific Name: Corvus splendens
rhino habitat. 2. Common names: Indian house crow, house crow,
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Indian crow, grey-necked crow, Ceylon crow,

13. I ndian House Crows and Kenya’s Plan
Colombo crow
to Eliminate Them
3. Family: Corvidae
The Kenyan government has announced an action
4. Taxonomy: The nominate race of Corvus splendens
plan to eliminate a million Indian House Crows (Corvus
(C. splendens) exists in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh
splendens) by the end of 2024 due to their significant
and has a grey neck collar.
negative impact on local ecosystems and nuisance to the
5. Conservation Status:
public, particularly in the Kenyan coastal region.
a. This decision highlights the importance of addressing a. IUCN Status: Least Concerned
invasive species and their impact on biodiversity and b. Legal Status: Schedule II under the Wildlife
ecosystem balance. Protection Act (India)

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
6. Habitat and Distribution: Indian House Crows are
found in urban and rural areas, including forests,
15. P
 rotecting India’s Only Ape: Canopy
grasslands, and agricultural lands. Bridges to Safeguard Hoolock
7. Behavior and Diet: They are omnivores, feeding on Gibbons in Assam
a wide range of food sources, including insects, fruits, The Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) is taking a
grains, and small animals. significant step to protect India’s only ape, the Hoolock
gibbon, by constructing canopy bridges across a railway
14. P
 araparatrechina neela: A New Ant
track that divides its habitat in Assam’s Hollongapar
Species
Gibbon Sanctuary.
Indian researchers have made a significant discovery
by identifying a new ant species, Paraparatrechina neela,
About hoolock gibbons :
in the remote Siang Valley of Arunachal Pradesh. The hoolock gibbons are 3 primate species of genus

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About Paraparatrechina neela: Hoolock in the gibbon family, Hylobatidae, native

1. Discovery: Paraparatrechina neela is a newly to eastern Bangladesh, Northeast India, Myanmar,

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discovered ant species found in the Siang Valley of and Southwest China.
Arunachal Pradesh. 1. Scientific name: Hoolock
2. Classification: This new species belongs to the rare 2. Class: Mammalia
genus Paraparatrechina, and its unique blue color 3. Family: Hylobatidae
has led to its name, “neela,” which means “blue” in 4. Domain: Eukaryota
many Indian languages.
5. Genus: Hoolock; Mootnick & Groves, 2005
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3. Historical Significance: Its discovery marks the
first new species of Paraparatrechina in 121
6. Kingdom: Animalia
7. Western hoolock : Endangered in the International
years since the description of the only previously
known species, P. aseta (Forel, 1902), in the Indian Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Redlist
subcontinent. 8. Eastern hoolock : Vulnerable in the International
4. Features: Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Redlist.
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a. It is a relatively small ant, measuring less than 2 In India, both species are listed on Schedule 1 of the
mm in total length. Indian (Wildlife) Protection Act 1972.
b. Its body exhibits a predominantly metallic
blue color, with the exception of its antennae, Hoolock Gibbon Sanctuary Divided :
mandibles, and legs. 1. The sanctuary, home to the largest concentration
c. The head is subtriangular in shape, featuring of Hoolock gibbons globally, is currently split by
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large eyes and a triangular mouthpart a 1.65-km railway track slated for expansion and
(mandible) with five teeth. electrification.
d. The distinct metallic blue color differentiates 2. This fragmentation poses a threat to the arboreal
this species from others in its genus. apes, hindering their movement and increasing the
risk of accidents while crossing the track.
Antennae: Sensory Organs of Insects:
1. Antennae, or singular antenna, are paired sensory Canopy Bridges: A Lifeline for Gibbons
organs located on the heads of insects. 1. To mitigate this risk, the NFR, in collaboration
2. They are highly sensitive to touch, smell, and in some with the Assam State Forest Department and
species, sound. the Wildlife Institute of India (WII), will install
3. Antennae comprise several segments, and their form specially designed canopy bridges at strategic points
varies across different groups of insects. within the sanctuary.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. These bridges aim to provide safe passage for the 3. Horns: The distinguishing feature of this antelope
gibbons between the two halves of their habitat, is its four horns, which set it apart from most other
separated by the Mariani-Dibrugarh railway line. bovids. Only male four-horned antelopes grow
Bridge Design and Safety Measures: horns, with one pair located between the ears and the
1. The canopy bridges, designed by the WII in other on the forehead.
consultation with the NFR, will be constructed using 4. Habitat: These antelopes prefer open, dry, deciduous
high-grade materials and techniques, ensuring the forests in hilly terrain. They are often found in
safety and security of the gibbons. areas with significant cover from grasses or heavy
2. Safety nets will be installed beneath the bridges as
undergrowth and close to water bodies.
a precautionary measure.

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5. Behaviour: 4-horned antelopes are typically diurnal
3. Additionally, vines and creepers will be encouraged to
and solitary by nature, but they can be spotted in loose
grow along the bridges to create a natural landscape

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groups of three to four individuals.
and encourage gibbon birds to use them.
Past Efforts and Lessons Learned: Conservation Status:
1. Previous attempts to construct an artificial canopy The International Union for Conservation of
bridge proved unsuccessful as the gibbons did not Nature (IUCN) has listed the four-horned antelope
utilise it. as a “Vulnerable” species, highlighting the need for
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2. However, a natural canopy bridge built by the State
Forest Department and Aaranyak was successfully
conservation efforts to protect this unique bovid.

Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve: A Di-

used by the apes.
verse and Important Ecosystem
3. This experience has informed the design and
placement of the new canopy bridges, increasing the 1. Location: The Veerangana Durgavati Tiger
likelihood of their adoption by the gibbons. Reserve is spread across the Sagar, Damoh, and
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Narsinghpur districts of Madhya Pradesh.
16. R
 are 4-Horned Antelope Sighted In
2. Area: Covering an area of 2,339 square kilometers, it
Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve
is the 7th tiger reserve in Madhya Pradesh.
For the first time, a rare four-horned antelope has
3. Significance: The reserve encompasses areas within
been spotted in the Veerangana Durgavati Tiger Reserve
the Nauradehi Wildlife Sanctuary and Durgavati
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(formerly known as Nauradehi Sanctuary) in the Sagar

Wildlife Sanctuary. It serves as a crucial habitat for a
district.
diverse range of flora and fauna, including tigers,
Four-Horned Antelope:
leopards, wolves, jackals, Indian foxes, striped
1. Scientific Name: Tetracerus quadricornis
hyenas, Nilgai, Chinkara, Chital, Sambhar, Black
2. Size and Appearance: The 4-horned antelope,
also known as the Chousingha, is a small bovid Buck, Barking deer, Common Langur, and Rhesus

antelope, recognized as the smallest antelope Macaque, among others.

species found in Asia. They have a yellowish-brown 4. Flora: The reserve has a rich floral diversity, with
to reddish coat and are slender, with small legs and chief floral elements including Teak, Saja, Dhaora,
a short tail. Ber, and Amla, among others.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS

G. Society And Culture

1. I ndia Slips to 129 on Global Gender Top-Ranking Countries:
Gap Index 1. Iceland (93.5%) remains the world’s most gender-

In June,2024 the World Economic Forum released equal society for the 15th consecutive year. It also
the 18th edition of its annual Global Gender Gap Report continues to be the only economy to have closed over
for 2024, comprehensively benchmarking gender parity 90% of its gender gap.
across 146 economies worldwide. 2. It is followed by Finland, Norway, New Zealand

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What is the Global Gender Gap Index? and Sweden in the top 5 rankings.
1. It, an annual report, benchmarks countries on their 3. 7 out of the top 10 countries are from Europe (Iceland,
progress towards gender parity in 4 Key dimensions Finland, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, Spain).

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with Submatrices. The Global Gender Gap Index 4. Spain and Ireland made notable jumps into the
Framework
top 10 in 2024, climbing 8 and 2 ranks respectively
a. Economic Participation and Opportunity
compared to 2023.
b. Educational Attainment
c. Health and Survival Regional Performance:
d. Political Empowerment 1. Europe leads with 75% of its gender gap closed,
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2. On each of the 4 sub-indices as well as on the overall followed by Northern America (74.8%) and Latin
index the GGG index provides scores between 0 America & Caribbean (74.2%).
and 1, where 1 shows full gender parity and 0 is 2. The Middle East and North Africa region ranks last at
complete imparity. 61.7% of its gender gap closed.
3. Objectives:
3. Southern Asia region ranks 7th out of 8th regions with
4. To serve as a compass to track progress on relative
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a gender parity score of only 63.7%, an improvement
gaps between women and men in health, education,
of 3.9 percentage points since 2006.
economy and politics.
4. However, 6 out of the 7 economies in this region,
Key Findings of the Report including India, are ranked below the top 100. Only
1. The 2024 Index shows that while no country has Bangladesh, for the 1st time in the region, has achieved
achieved full gender parity, 97% of the economies
a double-digit rank of 99.
included in this edition have closed more than 60% of
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their gap, compared to 85% in 2006. Economic & Employment Gaps:

2. The global gender gap score in 2024 is 68.5%, 1. Women’s workforce representation lags behind
meaning 31.5% of the gap remains unaddressed. men’s across nearly every industry and economy
Progress has been extremely slow, with only a 0.1% at 42% overall and only 31.7% in senior leadership
point improvement from 2023. roles.
3. At the current rate, it will take 134 years, until 2158,
2. The “leadership pipeline” shows a 21.5% point drop
to reach full gender parity globally far beyond the
from entry-level to managerial level for women
2030 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) target.
globally.
4. The gender gaps remain largest in Political
3. Women’s hiring into leadership roles deteriorated in
Empowerment (77.5% unaddressed) and Economic
Participation & Opportunity (39.5% unaddressed). 2023-24 due to worsening economic conditions.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Technology & Skills Gaps: for women in Lok Sabha, State legislative
1. Women remain underrepresented in STEM (Science, assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of the
Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) at National Capital Territory of Delhi, including
28.2% of that workforce versus 47.3% in non-STEM those reserved for SCs and STs.
roles. 8. Female Entrepreneurship: To promote female
2. Gender gaps exist in skills like AI, big data and entrepreneurship, the Government has initiated
cybersecurity which will be crucial for the future of Programmes like Stand-Up India and Mahila-e-
work. Haat (an online marketing platform to support women
India Fared in the Gender Gap Report 2024? entrepreneurs/SHGs/NGOs), Entrepreneurship and
Skill Development Programme (ESSDP).
1. India has slipped two places in the global rankings
to 129th in 2024 from 127th in 2023 out of 146
2. T
 he Marriage Penalty in India: Barriers

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countries.
i. Within South Asia, India ranked 5th after to Women’s Employment

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Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bhutan. 1. Recently, an investigation highlighted anomalies
Pakistan ranked last in the region. related to hiring of women employees in Apple
2. Economic Parity: India is among the countries with iPhone maker Foxconn assembly plant in Tamil
the lowest levels of economic parity, with less than Nadu.
30% gender parity in estimated earned income. 2. It was alleged that married women’s are being
3. Political Empowerment: India ranked 65th globally rejected on grounds of pregnancy, family commitment
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in political empowerment of women and 10th in
parity of years with female/male heads of state over
and greater number of leaves.
3. Though Foxconn came up with the clarification
the past 50 years. statement in which it highlighted that 25% of its new
4. Gender Gap Closure: India has closed 64.1% of recruitment comprises women and around women
its gender gap as of 2024. The slip in ranking from constitute 70% of its total workforce.
127th to 129th was primarily due to small declines However, this news article discusses in depth several
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in ‘Educational Attainment’ and ‘Political factors responsible for low female LFPR in India.
Empowerment’ parameters, although ‘Economic Labour force Participation rate (LFPR)
Participation’ and ‘Opportunity’ scores saw slight 1. The LFPR is the measure to evaluate working-age
improvements. population in an economy.
Indian Initiatives to Reduce Gender Gap in So- 2. LFPR is defined as the percentage of working
cial, Economic and Political Life population in the age group of 15- 64 in the economy,
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1. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao currently employed or seeking employment.

2. Mahila Shakti Kendra 3. As per OECD, it is calculated as the labour force
3. Mahila Police Volunteers divided by the total working-age population.
4. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh Status of Female Labour Force Participation
5. Sukanya Samriddhi Yojna Rate
6. Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya 1. As per the Periodic Labour Force Survey 2022-23:
7. Political Reservation: The government has reserved LFPR for male in India increased from 75.8% in 2017-
33% of the seats in Panchayati Raj Institutions for 18 to 78.5% in 2022-23 and corresponding increase in
women. LFPR for female was from 23.3% to 37.0%.
a. The Constitution (106th Amendment) Act, Now as per the findings of the report Female LFPR
2023, has also reserved one-third of all seats is rising. However, It is still concerning when we focus on

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
I. Gender disparity – Male (78.5%) i.e. more than double of that of Women.
II. Rural Urban Gap – Higer in rural areas – reflects feminization of agriculture; lower in urban areas – Lack of
formal employment opportunities
III. Comparison with developed economy – Europe and central Asia – 52%; North America – 56% ; East Asia and
Pacific – 59%. FLFPR in India is below the global average of 47 percent for several years.
Comparative Challenges and Solutions for Low Female LFPR in India
Challenge Underlying Cause(s) Solution(s)
Unpaid Care Work Traditional gender roles, lack National Women’s Urban Employment Guarantee Act
of societal recognition for (WUEGA) with childcare provisions, invest in care
caregiving. infrastructure (childcare, elder care, domestic work),
promote flexible work arrangements.

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Societal Norms & Deep-rooted gender bias, limited Education and awareness campaigns challenging
Cultural Expectations career aspirations for women. stereotypes, promote female role models in
diverse fields, legal protections against workplace

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discrimination.
Lack of Education & Poverty, early marriage, family Ensure girls’ access to quality education, and
Skills responsibilities. financial incentives for education.
Limited Job Discrimination in hiring and Identify and promote niche sectors for women’s
Opportunities promotions, occupational employment (healthcare, social work), enforce
segregation. anti-discrimination laws, encourage female
RE entrepreneurship.
Safety Concerns Inadequate public safety Improve public transportation safety, strict
measures, harassment in public enforcement of laws against harassment, create safe
spaces and workplaces. workplace environments with zero-tolerance policies.
Rising Household Paradoxical effect where higher Targeted social programs to support working
Incomes income allows women to opt out women, promote the value of women’s work, create
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of low-paying jobs. opportunities for higher-paying jobs accessible to
women.
Lack of Rural Limited access to transportation, Improve rural infrastructure, expand public
Connectivity lack of non-agricultural job transportation networks to connect villages to towns,
opportunities in rural areas. promote rural entrepreneurship and skill development.
Nuclear Families & Increased burden of childcare Affordable childcare options, parental leave
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Lack of Support without extended family support. policies for both parents, promote shared parenting
responsibilities.
Lack of Supportive Inadequate parental leave, lack Enact comprehensive policies supporting work-
Policies of flexible work arrangements, life balance (parental leave, flexible hours, remote
limited childcare options. work), incentivize companies to adopt family-friendly
policies.
Government initiatives to Improve Female Work Participation:
1. For Survival and Education of Females
a. Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme: For creating awareness among the people to educate all girl children in
the country. The initiative intends to tackle the issue of the diminishing sex ratio in recent years, raise social
awareness, and improve the effectiveness of welfare benefits for girls.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
b. National Education Policy (NEP), 2020: The transparency and accountability in enforcement,
policy prioritises gender equity and envisions promote setting up of more enterprises, catalyzing
ensuring equitable access to quality education to the creation of employment opportunities in the
all students, with a special emphasis on Socially country.
and Economically Disadvantaged Groups 5. Equal Opportunity and Congenial Work
(SEDGs). Environment
2. For Safe and Convenient Accommodation a. Maternity Benefit (Amendment) Act, 2017:
a. Working Women Hostel: One of the main The Act increased the paid maternity leave from
difficulties faced by working women is lack of safe 12 weeks to 26 weeks, also made a provision
and conveniently located accommodation. The for mandatory crèche facility in establishments
objective of the scheme is to promote availability having 50 or more employees, permitting women
of safe and conveniently located accommodation workers in the night shifts with adequate safety

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for working women, with day care facilities for measures, etc.
their children, wherever possible, in urban, semi b. The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace

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urban, or even rural areas where employment Act, 2013: To provide protection against sexual
opportunities for women exist. harassment of women at workplace and for the
3. For Supporting Women affected by violence prevention and redressal of complaints of sexual
a. One Stop Centre (OSC) and Universalization harassment and for matters connected therewith
of Women Helpline: To provide 24 hours or incidental thereto.
immediate and emergency response to women
6. Promoting Entrepreneurship
affected by violence through referral (linking
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with appropriate authority such as police, One
a. Female Entrepreneurship: To promote female
entrepreneurship, the Government has initiated
Stop Centre, hospital) and information about
schemes like MUDRA, Stand Up India and
women related government schemes programs
Mahila e-Haat.
across the country through a single uniform
b. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh: Provides micro-credit
number. Women Helpline (WHL) will be
at concessional terms to poor women for various
integrated with One Stop Centre Scheme (OSC)
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livelihood and income generating activities.
under which one OSC shall be established in
c. Prime Minister’s Employment Generation
every State/UT to provide integrated support and
Programme (PMEGP): Under the scheme,
assistance to women affected by violence, both
women entrepreneurs are provided 25 per cent
in private and public spaces under one roof.
4. Codification of the Labour Laws for harmonizing and 35 per cent subsidies for the project set up in
the needs of job seekers, workers and employers urban and rural areas respectively.
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a. Labour Codes: The four Labour Codes namely, Japan’s ‘womenomics’

the Code on Wages, 2019, the Industrial Relations 1. Japan was grappling with falling fertility rates, a
Code, 2020, the Code on Social Security, 2020 declining population, and stagnant growth, a series
and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working of reforms on “womenomics” were introduced as
Conditions Code, 2020. Codification of the
part of the “Abenomics” era.
Labour Laws provides a policy framework for
2. Women’s labour force participation rate (WLFPR)
harmonizing the needs of job seekers, workers
in Japan has grown by ten percentage points, from
and employers.
64.9 percent in 2013 to 75.2 per cent in 2023.
b. The Labour Codes will, inter-alia, reduce
3. Majority of the “womenomics” reforms have been
multiplicity of definitions & authorities,
linked to investments in the care economy and
facilitate implementation and use of technology
rebalancing gender norms.
in enforcement of labour laws and bring

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Comparison of Traditional and Gestational
3. S
 ix Months Maternity Leave for Surrogacy
Surrogates
Traditional Surrogacy Gestational Surrogacy
1. In June, 2024 The Indian government notified an
1. The father’s sperm is The intended father’s
amendment to the Central Civil Services (Leave)
used to fertilize the sperm and the intended
Rules, 1972 to grant maternity leave and other benefits
to government employees who opt for surrogacy. surrogate’s egg. mother’s eggs are
● Until now, there were no rules to grant maternity combined, creating an
leave to women government employees in case a embryo which is then
child was born through surrogacy. implanted into a surrogate.
2. This move aims to address the existing gap in the 2. Typically costs less Typically costs more than
leave policies for government employees choosing than gestational traditional surrogacy,

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surrogacy. surrogacy. which may require careful
Amended Rules financial planning.

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1. The new rules provide for maternity leave, paternity 3. May pose more legal The baby is genetically
leave, and child care leave for government employees issues since the baby related to both parents,
who opt for surrogacy. is genetically related making this method a
2. Maternity Leave: Women government employees to the surrogate. more safe and risk-free
who have children through surrogacy can avail 180 option.
days of maternity leave. 4. The surrogate IVF, In-Vitro Fertilization
3. Paternity Leave: Male government employees who
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are intended fathers can avail 15 days of paternity
undergoes IUI,
Intrauterine
is used, where the egg
is harvested from the
leave within six months of the child’s birth. Insemination, where intended mother or donor
4. Child Care Leave: Intended mothers with less than
the sperm cells and fertilized with the
two surviving children can avail child care leave,
are placed in the father’s sperm outside of
as per the existing provisions in the Central Civil
surrogate’s uterus. the womb.
Services (Leave) Rules.
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What is Surrogacy? The difference between commercial surrogacy and
Surrogacy is an arrangement where a woman (the altruistic surrogacy
surrogate) carries and delivers a baby for another person 1. Commercial surrogacy: where the surrogate
or couple (the intended parents). This is often chosen mother receives a fee.
when the intended parents are unable or unwilling to carry 2. Altruistic surrogacy: where the surrogate mother
a pregnancy themselves.
does not receive a fee for her own use; she is
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a. Surrogate Mother: A woman who bears a child

only reimbursed for outofpocket expenses (food,
on behalf of the intended parents.
b. Intended Parent: The person who intends to clothing, medication, lost wages, etc.).
become the parent of the child born through Indications for Surrogacy:
surrogacy.
Surrogacy is often considered when women have medical
Types of Surrogacy
conditions that make pregnancy impossible or risky, such
1. Traditional Surrogacy: The surrogate’s own egg is
as:
used, making her the genetic mother of the child.
1. Abnormal uterus or absence of uterus (congenitally or
2. Gestational Surrogacy: The embryo is created using
the eggs and sperm of the intended parents or donors, due to hysterectomy)
and then transferred to the surrogate. The surrogate 2. Medical conditions like cervical cancer, endometrial
has no genetic link to the child. cancer, heart or kidney disease

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Criteria for Surrogacy:
To avail of surrogacy, a couple must meet certain criteria:
a. They must be married for at least five years.
b. The wife must be between 25-50 years old, and the husband must be between 26-55 years old.
c. They must not have any living child, unless the child has disabilities or a life-threatening illness.
d. They must have certificates of eligibility and essentiality, proving infertility and a court order for parentage and
custody of the surrogate child.
e. They must provide insurance coverage for the surrogate mother for 16 months.
Comparison of Surrogacy Practices in India
Practice of Surrogacy in India Prior to Regulation Act, Surrogacy Regulation Act, 2021
2021

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1. India was a commercial hub for surrogacy due to poor Allows only altruistic surrogacy; bans commercial
socioeconomic conditions of women. surrogacy.

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2. Presence of several middlemen and brokers. Punishable offense.
3. Not formally regulated. To be observed under registered medical professionals.
4. Lack of provisions for an abandoned child. Abandonment is a punishable offense (10 years of jail/10
lakh fine).
5. Surrogacy option available to any couple. Option only if either partner has proven infertility.
6. No regulations regarding prostitution or sale of the Punishable offense (10 years of jail/10 lakh fine).
child.
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7. Abortion possible with consent of intended parents. Abortion only with consent of surrogate mother and per
the MTP Act.
8. No specific criteria for intended couple. Provisions for eligibility: Married couple with 5 years of
marriage.
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9. No certificate required to opt for surrogacy. Male 26-55 years old, female 25-50 years old.
10. No requirement of any order to be issued. No living child (biological, adopted, surrogate), except in
cases of mental disability.
11. Anyone could become a surrogate. Prior certificate to be issued by District Medical Board
(DMB).
12. No criteria for becoming a surrogate. Order to be issued by the Magistrate.
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Regulation of Surrogacy
1. The National Surrogacy Board and State Surrogacy Boards are responsible for regulating surrogacy clinics and
enforcing standards.
2. The Act prohibits practices like commercial surrogacy, embryo selling, and exploitation or abandonment of
surrogate mothers or children.
3. Violations can lead to imprisonment for up to 10 years and a fine of Rs. 10 lakh.
Why regulations on Surrogacy?
India as Surrogacy hub
1. India has emerged as a hub for infertility treatment, attracting people from the world over with its state-of-the-art
technology and competitive prices to treat infertility

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Socio-economic conditions: 2. The Act doesn’t address issues like Postpartum
1. Soon enough, due to prevailing socio-economic problems.
inequities, underprivileged women found an option
Rights of women surrogates:
to rent their wombs and thereby make money to take
1. The act is criticised for curtailing the rights of women
care of their expenses
surrogates under the garb of curbing exploitation.
2. This was often practiced to facilitate marriage,
2. Prohibition of payment can lead to more exploitation
enable children to get an education, or to provide for
of Women.
hospitalisation or surgery for someone in the family.
3. Eg. Several villages in Gujarat are known for
Rising middlemen
commercial surrogacy. As per reports, Anand, known
Once information of the availability of such wombs
for Amul’s dairy factory, has also acquired fame as
got out, the demand also picked up.
India’s ‘surrogacy capital, offering fucrative monetary

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1. Unscrupulous middlemen inveigled themselves into
opportunities for impoverished women.
the scene and exploitation of these women began.
4. Such practices have now been thrown into a quandary
2. Several instances began to emerge where women,

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with the passage of this Act
in often desperate straits, started lodging police
complaints after they did not receive the promised Global Perspectives on Surrogacy
sum 1. Countries allowing commercial surrogacy: Iran,
Other issues some US states
2. Countries banning all forms of surrogacy: France,
1. in 2008 a Japanese couple began the process with a
Finland, Italy, Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
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surrogate mother in Gujarat, but before the child
was born they split with both of them refusing to Hungary, Ireland
take the child. 3. Countries with similar regulations to India’s
2. In 2012, an Australian couple commissioned a proposed bill: Australia, Canada, Israel, Netherlands,
surrogate mother and arbitrarily chose one of the New Zealand, South Africa, UK, Vietnam, Thailand,
twins that were bom Cambodia, Nepal, Mexico
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Criticisms India’s Middle Path
Too restrictive regulations India seeks to strike a balance by:

1. For instance, it does not allow single women, or men, 1. Banning commercial surrogacy, including for
or gay couples to go in for surrogacy. This Deprives foreigners
homosexuals and single parents. 2. Allowing and regulating altruistic surrogacy for
Indian citizens
Lack of clarity
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1. Bill doesn’t define “close relatives” as it is hard to Laws Related to Surrogacy

regulate commercial surrogacy in this context 1. Relevant laws and acts include:
Reproductive rights: ● Surrogacy (Regulation) Act, 2021
Reproductive Rights of women are restricted as State ● Surrogacy (Regulation) Rules, 2022
deciding mode of Parenthood. ● Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
1. It Restricts basic human right (of Having a Child) (Regulation) Act, 2021
and article 14 because of the discriminatory approach Way Ahead
on the basis of nationality, mantal status and sexual 1. Surrogacy is legal in India. But making it commercial
orientation and Violates freedom of Choice and is illegal. It is a humanitarian act and is recognized by
Declaration of Human Rights 1948. law.

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2. Surrogacy comes under the reproductive choices of 7. Traditionally, both the man and the woman are
women and it is included as a fundamental right under supposed to be married or widowed, but the custom
the purview of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution. has evolved to include single people as well.
3. If a critical mass builds up, amendments might have About Bhil/Bheel Tribe
to be resorted to in order to resolve the grievances and 1. Location: The tribe live in the states of
ensure access for all categories of parents. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra,
4. Rather than penalising surrogacy, the person providing Rajasthan, West Bengal, Tripura, Karnataka and
a womb for surrogacy must be secured with a contract, Andhra Pradesh.
ensuring proper, insurance and medical checks. 2. Scheduled Tribe Status: Andhra Pradesh,
5. The issues like middlemen will have to be handled Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya
with a stern visage, even as sensitivities of people are Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Tripura.

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factored in. 3. Language: The commonly spoken language by Bhils
is Bhili. Bhili is a subgroup of the Western Zone of
4. Nata Pratha: Human Rights Concerns the Indo-Aryan languages. Many Bhils now speak

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The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) the dominant language of the region they reside in,
issued notices to the Union Ministry of Women and such as Marathi, Gujarati and Bengali.
Child Development and the States of Rajasthan, Madhya 4. Population: Bhil is the largest tribal group in India
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat over a practice known as per 2011 Census. They constitute approximately
as ‘Nata Pratha’. 38% of the total scheduled tribal population of
What is Nata Pratha India.
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1. It is a centuries-old social practice, where girls are
5. Culture:
a. Art: Pithora Painting is a well-known art form.
sold by their family members under the guise of
• These ritualistic paintings were done by
marriage in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh,
Badwas or specially appointed male
Uttar Pradesh, and Gujarat.
members.
2. It is usually practiced by the Bhil/Bheel tribe, the one
b. Dance: Ghoomar is a traditional folk dance of
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of the largest tribes in South Asia.
the Bhil tribe. Ghoomar is the symbol of
3. It is a practice in which two persons can enter into
womanhood. Young girls take part in this dance.
a relationship similar to marriage without any legal
c. Another folk art is Swang, which consists of
and religious/social obligation by getting a divorce
storytelling combined with dancing and music.
from existing marriage or otherwise.
d. Baneshwar fair is the main festival celebrated
4. The practice involves monetary dealing in which
among the Bhils. The fair is dedicated to
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a bride price is usually paid to the woman or her

Baneshwar Mahadev also known as Lord Shiva.
parents or previous husband by the new groom.
6. During the British Rule:  
5. This involves selling “on a stamp paper” or marrying
a. The Bhils who lived in the Khandesh region of
off underage girls from some communities. These
the present-day Dhule district of Maharashtra,
“sales and marriages” are usually conducted by
revolted against Company rule in 1818, as
their own families. they had to face famine, economic distress and
6. In this custom woman typically goes to live with the misgovernment.
man, leaving behind the children from her previous i. The rebellion was led by Bhil leaders: Kazi
marriage. The custom allows men to live with as Singh and Bhima Naik.
many women resulting in children being abandoned ii. It was against the deprivation of traditional
by their parents. rights over forest resources and land.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
iii. The British used both force and conciliatory 2. Lack of Temperature Control: Hooch-makers have
efforts to control the uprising. no temperature control, which means that the process
b. During the colonial rule, the Bhils were of distillation lacks the accuracy that is crucial to
designated as a criminal tribe by the British make it safe and effective.
colonial government under the Criminal Tribes 3. Adulteration: Hooch-makers often add adulterants
Act 1871, which meant that a Bhil could be like organic waste, battery acid, and industry-grade
‘randomly picked up, tortured, maimed or even methanol, which are highly toxic.
killed’ by the colonial authorities. 4. Impurities: Hooch can contain impurities like lead,
c. A reformer, Govind Guru led the Bhils of copper, and other heavy metals, which can be harmful
south Rajasthan (Banswara, South states) to to human health.
organise themselves to fight for a Bhil Raj by Risks Associated with Hooch

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1913. 1. Improperly Prepared Alcohol: Can kill due to the
5. Tamil Nadu’s Hooch Tragedy presence of toxic substances like methanol.
2. Adulteration: Can make hooch far more intoxicating,

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1. In June, 2024 Many people have died after
producing effects such as blackouts, memory loss,
consuming hooch, or spurious liquor, in Tamil Nadu’s
and high drunkenness even on consumption of low
Kallakurichi.
quantities of liquor.
2. This tragedy highlights the dangers of consuming
3. Long-Term Health Effects: Can cause long-term
poorly made and adulterated liquor, which can be
health effects like liver damage, kidney failure, and
deadly due to the presence of toxic substances like
neurological disorders.
methanol.
What is Hooch?
RE How Does Hooch Impact the Body?
1. Methanol Toxicity: Can cause impaired vision, high
1. Hooch is a commonly used term for poor quality
toxicity, and metabolic acidosis, a condition in which
alcohol, derived from Hoochinoo, a native Alaskan
the body produces excessive acid that cannot be
tribe that was known to produce very strong liquor.
flushed out by kidneys.
2. It is often produced in unregulated and unsanitary
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2. Organ Damage: Can cause damage to organs like the
conditions,, unlike branded liquor which is produced
liver, kidneys, and brain.
in factories with sophisticated equipment and rigorous
3. Neurological Effects: Can cause neurological effects
quality control.
like seizures, coma, and even death.
How is Hooch Produced?
Treatment
1. Fermentation: Yeast reacts with sugar to ferment and
1. Fomepizole and Ethanol: Administered intravenously
produce a mixture containing alcohol.
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to treat methanol toxicity.

2. Distillation: The process of physically separating
2. Ethanol and Water Mixture: Administered in cases
alcohol from a fermented mixture using evaporation
where fomepizole is unavailable, to inhibit methanol’s
and condensation.
conversion into toxins and help in flushing it out of
3. Crude Setup: Hooch production involves a crude
the body.
setup, with a big vat where the mixture is boiled, a
3. Dialysis: May be required in severe cases of methanol
pipe that captures and carries the alcoholic fumes, and
toxicity.
another pot where concentrated alcohol condenses.
Why Can Hooch Be Dangerous? Prevention
1. Methanol Content: The fermented mixture which 1. Regulation: Stricter regulations and enforcement are
is distilled contains methanol, an industrial alcohol needed to prevent the production and sale of spurious
which is highly toxic for human beings. liquor.

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2. Awareness: Public awareness campaigns are necessary III. Final Destruction: Primarily destroyed by
to educate people about the dangers of consuming Turkic Muslim invaders in the late 12th
hooch. century, with the most devastating attack
3. Alternative Livelihoods: Alternative livelihoods attributed to Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193 CE.
should be provided to those involved in the production 5. Rediscovery: Rediscovered in the 19th century
and sale of hooch. by European explorers and archaeologists.
Conclusion B. Revival
1. The idea for the revival of Nalanda University did
The Tamil Nadu hooch tragedy highlights the need
emerge in the early 2000s, with several key figures
for stricter regulations and enforcement to prevent the
and organizations advocating for its return.
production and sale of spurious liquor. It also emphasizes
I. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam: In 2006, then-
the importance of awareness about the dangers of

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President Kalam proposed the revival of
consuming poorly made and adulterated liquor, which
Nalanda University in a speech to the Bihar
can be deadly due to the presence of toxic substances like
Legislative Assembly.

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methanol.
II. Singapore Government: The Singapore
6. N
 alanda University: An Ancient Centre government also expressed interest in
of Learning supporting the project.
In June 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi III. East Asia Summit (EAS): Leaders of the
inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University, EAS countries endorsed the idea during their
summits in 2007 and 2009.
of learning.
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marking a significant step in the revival of this ancient seat
2. Nalanda University Act: The Indian Parliament
passed the Nalanda University Act in 2010,
History and Revival Efforts of Nalanda Univer-
providing a legal framework for the new
sity
institution.
A. History:
3. Collaborative Effort: Nalanda University is
1. Founding: Established in the 5th century CE,
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envisioned as a collaborative effort between India
possibly with earlier origins, and expanded under
and other East Asian nations, symbolising a
the patronage of Gupta Emperor Kumaragupta I
renewed focus on regional knowledge exchange.
(and potentially other Gupta rulers).
4. Campus: The university has a 455-acre campus
2. Global Appeal: A renowned center of Buddhist
near the ancient ruins, designed by architect B.V.
learning and scholarship for over 700 years, from
Doshi, and features modern amenities like a solar
the 5th to the 12th century CE. Attracted students
plant, domestic and drinking water treatment
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and scholars from across Asia, including China,

plant, and water recycling plant.
Mongolia, Tibet, Korea, and other countries.
3. Famous Visitors: Notable Chinese scholars like The New Campus
Xuan Zang and I-Tsing studied at Nalanda. 1. Location: The campus is situated in Rajgir, Bihar,
4. Attacks: about 90 km east of Patna.
I. First Attack: Nalanda was likely first attacked 2. Design and Amenities: The 455-acre campus,
by the Huns under Mihirakula in the 5th century designed by architect B.V. Doshi, features modern
CE. amenities like a solar plant, water treatment plants,
II.Second Attack: It was then attacked again in smart classrooms, a state-of-the-art auditorium, and a
the 7th century CE, possibly by the Gauda ruler fully equipped sports complex. Only 8% of the campus
Shashanka. is built up, preserving the natural environment.

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3. Courses: The university offers Post Graduate
and Doctoral programmes in Buddhist studies, 7. P
 ortion of Hampi’s Virupaksha Temple
philosophy and comparative religions, languages Collapses
and literature, ecology and environmental studies,
A portion of the Virupaksha temple in Karnataka,
sustainable development and environment, and
international relations and peace studies. a nationally protected monument and UNESCO World

Significance and Importance Heritage Site, collapsed following torrential rains. The
1. Cultural Heritage: Nalanda University is a symbol Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is set to commence
of India’s rich cultural heritage and its historical restoration work on the collapsed ‘Saalu Mandapa or
contribution to education. Pavilion’.
2. Global Hub of Learning: As a center of research and
learning, the university offers a platform for students Key Points:

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from around the world to engage in intellectual 1. History: The Virupaksha temple originated in
discussions and debates. the 7th century and gained prominence during the
3. International Cooperation: The involvement of 17
Vijayanagara Empire (1336 to 1646), serving as a

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countries in its establishment showcases Nalanda as a
model of international cooperation. vital center for religious and cultural activities.

Challenges 2. Significance: The temple exemplifies Dravidian

1. Funding: The university faces challenges in terms of architecture and is dedicated to Sri Virupaksha (Lord
funding, with the need for sustained investment to Shiva), also known as Pampapathi, with Pampadevi
maintain its infrastructure and facilities. (associated with the Tungabhadra River) also
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2. Faculty Recruitment: The university faces
challenges in recruiting and retaining faculty
worshipped.
3. Construction and Expansion: Initially a modest
members, particularly in specialized fields.
3. Infrastructure: The university faces challenges in shrine, it was expanded under Vijayanagara rule,
terms of infrastructure, with the need for continued particularly by Lakkan Dandesha, a chieftain under
investment in its facilities and amenities. Deva Raya II.
UNESCO’s Heritage Sites Related to Buddhism:
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4. Architectural Influences and Style: Primarily built
1. Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara: in the Vijayanagara style, the temple features grand
Declared as a UN Heritage Site in 2016.
gopurams (towering gateways), the shikhara towering
2. Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi: Located in Madhya
Pradesh. over the sanctum sanctorum, intricate carvings, and
3. Mahabodhi Temple Complex: Located in Bodh pillared halls, with some influences from the late
Gaya, Bihar. Chalukyan and Hoysala periods.
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4. Ajanta Caves: Located in Aurangabad, Maharashtra. 5. Continuous Worship: Despite the city’s destruction
5. Buddhist Chanting of Ladakh: Included in
in 1565, the temple maintained continuous worship
UNESCO’s Representative List of Humanity’s
Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2012. due to the enduring religious significance of the

Conclusion Virupaksha-Pampa sect.

The revival of Nalanda University is a significant 6. Location and Recognition: The temple is located in
milestone in India’s educational landscape, and a testament Hampi, the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire,
to the country’s rich cultural heritage. The university’s situated along the banks of the Tungabhadra River.
commitment to providing a platform for intellectual
The Group of Monuments at Hampi, including the
discussions and debates, and its focus on international
Virupaksha temple, was recognized as a UNESCO
cooperation, make it an important institution in the field
of education. World Heritage Site in 1986.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. Objective:
a. In 2024, 350 cities make up this network which
aims towards a common objective of placing
creativity and cultural industries at the heart of
their development plans at the local level and
cooperating actively at the international level.
b. The UNESCO Creative Cities aims to achieve
Sustainable Development Goals 11 through
www.ensureias.com innovative thinking and action to benefit
communities at the urban level.
Importance:
Kozhikode: A Literary Hub

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1. Cultural Significance: The Virupaksha temple is a
1. Kozhikode hosts many promiment personalities of
vital part of India’s cultural heritage and a symbol of
Kerala’s literary and cultural world, leading media
the country’s rich history and architecture.

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houses, several libraries (over 500 libraries) and has
2. Tourism: The temple is a popular tourist destination, also produced many films and theatre professionals
attracting visitors from all over the world. over the years.
3. Conservation: The conservation and protection of 2. The first Malayalam novel Kundalatha was written
the temple are essential to preserve India’s cultural by Appu Nedungadi in Kozhikode in 1887
heritage for future generations. 3. Many renowned writers like S. K. Pottekkatt,

8. K
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 ozhikode: India’s first UNESCO ‘City
Thikkodiyan and P. Valsala Sanjayan, along with
poets, scholars, and publishers have contributed to the
of Literature’ diversity and vibrancy of Malayalam literature and
culture.
Kozhikode has recently been recognized by UNESCO
as the first Indian ‘City of Literature’ under the UNESCO Other Indian cities in the UCCN:
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Creative Cities Network (UCCN). 1. Jaipur: Crafts and Folk Arts (2015),
2. Varanasi: Creative City of Music (2015),
What is the UNESCO Creative Cities Network 3. Chennai: Creative City of Music (2017),
(UCCN)? 4. Mumbai: Film (2019),
1. About: 5. Hyderabad: Gastronomy (2019), and
a. Established in 2004, the UCCN fosters 6. Srinagar: Crafts and Folk Art (2021).
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cooperation among cities that prioritize creativity

9. Srinagar: India’s 4th World Craft City
and cultural industries as drivers of sustainable
1. Recently, Srinagar has become the 4th Indian city to
urban development.
be recognised as a ‘World Crafts City’ by the World
b. It encompasses 7 creative fields: Crafts and Folk Craft Council (WCC).
Art, Design, Film, Gastronomy, Literature, Media • Jaipur, Malappuram and Mysore are the other 3
Arts, and Music. Indian cities that have earlier been recognised as
c. The network’s annual conference brings together World Craft Cities.
mayors and stakeholders to strengthen ties and 2. In 2021, Srinagar city was designated a creative city
share best practices. The 2024 conference was as part of the UNESCO Creative City Network
(UCCN) for crafts and folk arts.
held in Braga, Portugal.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
About World Craft City: of having a naval force and established a navy and
Launched in 2014 by the World Crafts Council forts at the coastline to defend the Konkan side of
AISBL (WCC-International), to acknowledge the Maharashtra.
significant contributions of local authorities, craftspeople, 5. A secular ruler accommodating all religions, he had
and communities to cultural, economic, and social numerous Muslim soldiers in his army.
development globally. 6. Shivaji was a dependable supporter of women and

World Craft Council (WCC) international: their honor; anyone under his rule caught violating
women’s rights was severely punished.
1. A Kuwait-based, non-government organisation
7. He had a council of ministers (Asht Pradhan) to
working to empower artisans and safeguard craft
advise him on state matters but was not bound by it.
heritage globally.
8. Military Genius: Widely known for his guerrilla

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2. It was founded by Ms. Aileen Osborn Vanderbilt
warfare tactics, he was called the ‘Mountain Rat’.
Webb, Ms. Margaret M. Patch, and Smt Kamaladevi
Chattopadhyay in 1964. Raigad Fort: The Capital of the Maratha Em-

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3. The Council aims to promote fellowship among pire
craftsperson by offering them encouragement, help, 1. Location: Hill fort situated in Raigad district,
and advice. Maharashtra, in the Sahyadri mountain ranges or
4. It has been affiliated with UNESCO under Consultative the western ghats.
Status for many years. 2. Known as the ‘Gibraltar of the East’, one of the
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10. 3 50th Anniversary Chhatrapati Shivaji
strongest-ever fortresses of the Deccan Plateau.
3. Seized by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in 1656
Maharaj Coronation
from Chandraraoji More, the King of Jawali.
1. In June 2024, the Indira Gandhi National Centre 4. Developed several structures and constructions in
for the Arts (IGNCA) and the National Gallery of Raigad, making it his capital in 1674 after being
Modern Art (NGMA) jointly organized an exhibition crowned as the king of the entire Maratha Kingdom,
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featuring oil paintings of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
and later the Maratha Empire.
to commemorate the 350th anniversary of his
5. The fort was the location for an armed campaign by
coronation.
the British East India Company in 1765 and was
2. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was crowned as the
looted and destroyed by British forces on May 9,
king of the Marathas on 6th June 1674, at Raigad.
1818.
About Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj
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6. Overlooks an artificial lake known as the ‘Ganga

1. Founder of the Maratha Empire in western India. Sagar Lake’.
2. Born on February 19, 1630, to Shahaji Bhosle and Who was Ashta Pradhan?
Jijabai in the fort of Shivneri, near the city of Junnar
1. The Ashta Pradhan (also termed Asta Pradhan or
in the Pune district.
the Council of 8) was a council of eight ministers that
3. Rise to Power: With his valor and great administrative
administered the Maratha empire.
skills, Shivaji carved out an enclave from the declining
2. Formed in 1674 by their king, Shivaji.
Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur, which eventually
3. Discharged functions similar to a modern council
became the genesis of the Maratha Empire.
of ministers, regarded as one of the first successful
4. Naval Pioneer: Known as the Father of the Indian
instances of ministerial delegation in India.
Navy, he was the first to realize the importance
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H. Ethics
1. Ethics Of Artificial Intelligence
Recently, European Union (EU) has brought in a law to regulate Artificial Intelligence (AI), in this context it has
become important to discuss the various issues emerging out use of AI and ethics principles of AI.
About artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled device to perform tasks commonly
associated with intelligent beings.

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Difference Between Human Intelligence And Artificial Intelligence
Human Artificial
Criteria

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Intelligence Intelligence
Human intelligence encompasses
Nature and Scope broader cognitive abilities like creativity, Focuses on specific tasks & problem-solving
perception, and memory.
Versatility Multitask and adopt to various situations Excels at specialized application.
Influenced by experiences, emotions, Learns from data, algorithms, computational
Learning

Emotional a social
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social interactions, and neuroplasticity.
Involves emotional depth and social
adjustments

Lacks emotional intelligence.

intelligence interactions.
Adapt through experiences emotions, and AI relies on algorithm and data for learning
Learning and adaptation
social context and adaptation.
Creativity is based on recombination and
Creates original art, ideas, solutions
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Creativity manipulation of existing data, lacking
through inspiration
genuine inspiration or intuition.
Applies principles of morality based on
ideas of thinkers and philosophers and Ethical behavior is programmed or learned,
Moral reasoning
provide solutions based on inspiration, lacks empathy
intuition, and subconscious processes.
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About AI Ethics 2. Transparency and Accountability: The inner

1. Ethics is a set of moral principles which help us workings of AI are often unclear, making it difficult
distinguish between right and wrong. to understand how decisions are made and who is
2. AI ethics is a multidisciplinary field that studies how
responsible for mistakes.
to optimize AI’s beneficial impact while reducing
3. Privacy and Security: The vast amounts of data AI
risks and adverse outcomes. Key areas of concerns of
AI ethics are: needs raise concerns about privacy breaches, misuse
Artificial Intelligence (AI) presents significant of information, and increased surveillance.
ethical challenges: 4. Job Loss and Inequality: AI-powered automation
1. Bias and Discrimination: AI can inherit and amplify could lead to significant job losses and economic
human biases, leading to unfair treatment in areas like disruption, potentially widening the gap between the
hiring, lending, and criminal justice. rich and the poor.

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5. Safety and Malfunctions: AI systems can
malfunction or be manipulated, posing risks in critical
2. L
 awyer Advertising Online: Ethical
areas like transportation or healthcare. Concerns
6. Superintelligence Concerns: The possibility of 1. The Madras High Court has ruled against lawyers
AI surpassing human intelligence raises questions advertising and seeking work through online portals,
about potential dangers and the long-term impact on emphasizing the need to maintain the dignity of the
humanity. legal profession.
2. The Bar Council of India (BCI) has directed state
Examples of AI Bias Across the Globe bar councils to ban advertising of lawyers through
1. 2018, USA: Google’s facial recognition software online portals.
exhibited bias against African Americans, with 3. The ruling has sparked a debate within the legal
image recognition algorithms in Google Photos community, with some seeing it as necessary to

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misclassifying them as “gorillas.” uphold the profession’s dignity, while others argue
2. 2020, UK: A student enrolment algorithm favoured it is outdated and fails to recognize the benefits of
technology.

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students from private schools and affluent areas,
• Some lawyers argue that online platforms offer
disproportionately impacting high achievers from
wider reach and accessibility, while others worry
free, state-funded schools.
about the potential for client exploitation and the
3. 2022, India: Following communal clashes in commodification of legal services.
Delhi’s Jahangirpuri area, police employed facial
Ethical Issues
recognition technology to identify and arrest
1. Selling Legal Services: Lawyers advertising their
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suspects. Most of those charged were from Muslim
communities, drawing criticism regarding the
services online can make legal services seem like a
product rather than a professional service.
technology’s potential to target poor, minority, and 2. Lack of Personal Touch: Online legal services may
marginalized groups. lack the personal touch and expertise that clients need.
4. 2023, India: Police record registers are increasingly 3. Unfair to Clients: This can be unfair to clients who
utilized for AI-assisted predictive policing, aiming may not receive the best advice or representation.
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to identify individuals likely to commit crimes. The 4. Economic Barriers: The cost of online legal services
Punjab and Haryana high court faced criticism for can create economic barriers for people who cannot
using ChatGPT to determine whether or not to grant afford them. While online services might be cheaper
than traditional firms, they could still be out of reach
bail in a murder case.
for low-income individuals, limiting their access to
Key Steps for Responsible AI in India justice.
1. Understand and Address Bias: Thoroughly analyze 5. Professional Ethics: The ruling highlights the tension
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between making money and following professional

and mitigate biases in AI data collection to prevent
ethics.
discriminatory outcomes.
2. Develop AI Laws: Formalize existing ethical
Ethical Principles
guidelines into comprehensive AI legislation based 1. Respect for Clients: Lawyers must respect their
clients and provide them with the best possible
on fairness, justice, respect, and accountability.
service. This could mean being transparent about fees,
3. Learn from Global Practices: Adapt principles from
potential outcomes, and limitations of online services.
international AI regulations, such as the EU’s, to suit
2. Professional Integrity: Lawyers must maintain their
India’s unique context. professional integrity and not compromise their values
4. Invest in Workforce Training: Prioritize upskilling for money. Avoiding misleading advertising and
and reskilling programs to prepare workers for AI- prioritizing client interests over profit are examples of
driven job market changes. upholding this principle.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
3. Fairness and Justice: Lawyers must ensure that their 2. Rule 4(1) prohibits officers from using their position to
actions promote fairness and justice. secure jobs for family members in private companies
4. Empathy and Compassion: Lawyers must show or NGOs.
empathy and compassion towards their clients. 3. The rules emphasize honesty, fairness, and
5. Accountability: Lawyers must be accountable for transparency in their work.
their actions and decisions. 4. Officers must uphold high ethical standards,
Recommendations including political neutrality, accountability, and
1. Regulate Online Services: Online legal services must transparency.
be regulated to ensure they meet ethical standards. 5. They are required to declare any private interests
2. Ethical Guidelines: Lawyers must follow ethical related to their public duties and avoid financial or
guidelines when providing online services. other obligations that may influence them.
3. Access to Justice: Efforts must be made to ensure that Role of Ethics:

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access to justice is not limited by economic barriers. 1. Ethics are crucial in guiding the behavior and
4. Professional Education: Legal education must decision-making of civil servants.
emphasize the importance of professional ethics.
2. They ensure decisions are made in the best interests

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5. Collaborative Governance: A collaborative
of the public and the country, rather than personal
governance framework is needed to ensure that the
interests.
legal profession is regulated in a way that prioritizes
3. Principles such as honesty, integrity, and
the collective good.
transparency are essential for maintaining public
Conclusion trust and confidence in the government.
The Madras High Court ruling and the ensuing 4. Ethics provide a framework for evaluating the moral
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debate highlight the complex ethical challenges posed by
lawyer advertising online. By upholding ethical standards,
implications of actions in complex situations.
Rules for New Officers:
prioritizing fairness and justice, and embracing technology
responsibly, lawyers can ensure that the legal profession 1. The Indian Administrative Service (Probation)
continues to serve the public good in the digital age. Rules, 1954, guide the behavior of new officers during
their training period, which lasts at least two years.
3. P
 uja Khedkar Controversy and 2. During probation, officers receive a fixed salary and
Rules for Civil Servants
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travel allowance but not all benefits of confirmed
Key Points: IAS officers.
3. Rule 12 specifies reasons for removing a new officer
Puja Khedkar Controversy:
from service, including ineligibility or unsuitability
1. Puja Khedkar, a newly appointed IAS officer, faces for the job.
scrutiny over her appointment under special categories
4. A summary enquiry is conducted before an order of
for backward classes and people with disabilities.
removal is passed.
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2. The government has established a committee to

review the documents she submitted to secure her Providing False Information:
position. 1. If Khedkar’s certificates for backward classes and
Rules Governing Civil Servants: disabilities are found to be fake, she can be removed
from service.
1. Khedkar’s conduct as a civil servant is regulated by
the All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, and 2. A government circular from 1993 states that officers
the Indian Administrative Service (Probation) found providing false information should not continue
Rules, 1954. working, even if they are not probationers and have
been confirmed in their service.
Rules on ‘Integrity’ of Services:
1. The All India Services (Conduct) Rules, 1968, About Puja Khedkar:
mandate that every civil servant must be honest and 1. Khedkar secured her IAS position under special
dedicated to their duties. categories despite a low rank.

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2. Her backward class status is questioned due to her 3. Balance and Time Management: Suhas’s ability to
seemingly wealthy background. excel in diverse fields like administration and sports
3. Her father, Dilip, is a retired government officer now highlights the importance of balancing responsibilities
involved in politics. and effective time management.
4. Khedkar was involved in a legal battle at the Central 4. Inspiration for All: His achievements serve as an
Administrative Tribunal (CAT) regarding her inspiration not only for people with disabilities but for
disability status. anyone facing challenges in life.
5. She did not appear for a medical examination at
Ethical Principles
AIIMS, New Delhi, and instead submitted an MRI
report from a private facility. 1. Respect and Equality: Suhas Yathiraj’s story
promotes respect for human rights, including the right
Conclusion:
to equal opportunities and accessibility.
The Puja Khedkar controversy underscores the 2. Empowerment: His story empowers individuals to

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importance of honesty and transparency in the civil overcome their limitations and achieve their goals.
services. The rules for civil servants ensure officers do 3. Perseverance and Hard Work: His success is a result
not misuse their power for personal gain. The controversy
of his perseverance and hard work, demonstrating the

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also raises questions about the reservation system and
importance of these values.
its implementation. Ethics play a crucial role in the civil
4. Support and Inclusion: His story highlights the
services, and adherence to ethical principles is essential
importance of support and inclusion in helping
for maintaining public trust and confidence.
individuals achieve their goals.
4. S
 uhas Yathiraj: Triumph Over 5. Inspiration and Role Modeling: Suhas Yathiraj’s
Adversity story inspires others to pursue their dreams and serves
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Suhas Yathiraj, despite being born with a disability, as a role model for individuals with disabilities.
has excelled in multiple fields, demonstrating the power Recommendations
of perseverance and determination. He is an engineer, 1. Accessibility and Inclusion: Efforts must be made to
a successful civil servant (IAS officer), and a world- ensure accessibility and inclusion in all aspects of life,
renowned para-badminton player. including education and sports.
1. He is an engineer, an IAS officer, and a para shuttler, 2. Support Systems: Support systems must be in place
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proving that nothing is impossible with determination. to help individuals with disabilities achieve their
2. Raised in a small village in Karnataka, he faced
goals.
bullying and mockery, but his father’s support helped
3. Role Models: Role models like Suhas Yathiraj can
him focus on his dreams.
inspire others to pursue their dreams and overcome
3. He became an engineer and then cleared the civil
adversity.
exams on his first attempt.
4. Perseverance and Hard Work: Individuals must be
4. Badminton changed his life, and he started playing
encouraged to persevere and work hard to achieve
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in local tournaments, eventually representing India in

their goals.
the SL-4 category at the Tokyo Paralympics.
5. Empowerment: Empowerment is key to helping
5. He is a recipient of the Arjuna Award and is now
individuals overcome their limitations and achieve
preparing for the Paris Paralympics.
their goals.
Key Takeaways
Conclusion:
1. Overcoming Obstacles: Suhas’s life story is an
inspiring example of how one can overcome physical Suhas Yathiraj’s inspiring journey teaches us
challenges and societal barriers to achieve their dreams. valuable lessons about resilience, determination, and
2. The Importance of Support: The unwavering the importance of support. His story encourages us to
support of his father played a crucial role in his challenge stereotypes, embrace diversity, and create a
journey, emphasizing the significance of a strong more inclusive world where everyone can achieve their
support system. dreams.

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I. Essay
Thinking is Like a Game, It Does Not both games and real life. We need to come up with plans
to achieve our goals, whether it’s in a game or in real life.
Begin Unless There is an Opposite Team
Creativity is also important in both contexts. We need to
Imagine a game of chess. The board is set, the pieces
find new and innovative solutions to problems.
are in their places, but there’s only one player. The player
For instance, during the Cold War, the United States
could move the pieces around, but there’s no challenge,
and the Soviet Union had different ideologies, which led
no strategy, no real game. It’s just a series of arbitrary
to a period of tension. This opposition led to deep thinking

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movements. This is much like thinking without an
and strategic planning. The two superpowers had to think
opposing view or challenge.
critically and creatively to outmaneuver each other, which

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Just as a game of chess truly begins when there’s an
led to significant advancements in technology, politics,
opponent making moves, thinking starts when there’s
and international relations.
an opposing view or idea. This opposition serves as the
Similarly, during the Scientific Revolution, scientists
catalyst for deep, critical thinking. It’s the spark that
like Galileo and Copernicus had to think deeply and
ignites the fire of thought, the challenge that pushes us to
critically to challenge established beliefs. They had to
question, analyze, evaluate, and form arguments.
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This concept is not just limited to intellectual
debates or strategic games. As we’ll see throughout
come up with creative solutions to prove their theories,
which led to a fundamental shift in our understanding of

history, opposition has consistently served as the the universe. The opposition they faced from the Church

“opposite team” that stimulates deep thinking and leads to and other established authorities forced them to think

significant changes. From the Cold War to the Scientific outside the box and challenge conventional wisdom.
Revolution, from the Abolitionist Movement to the The Abolitionist Movement is another example
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Manhattan Project, and from the Feminist Movement of how opposition led to deep thinking and strategic
to the ongoing fight against climate change, opposition planning. Abolitionists had to think creatively to counter
has driven human progress. the arguments of those who supported slavery. They had to
Thinking and games have a lot in common. Both come up with innovative solutions to address the complex
involve solving problems and making decisions, whether issues surrounding slavery, which led to a significant shift
in public opinion and eventually the abolition of slavery.
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it’s in a game or in real life. In thinking, we try to find

answers to real-life problems, while in games, we try to The Manhattan Project during World War II is another
overcome challenges and puzzles. Thinking is like a game example. Scientists had to think deeply and creatively to
in which we have to consider different viewpoints. We develop the atomic bomb before Nazi Germany could.
shape our thoughts based on our preferences, and in this The opposition they faced from the Nazi regime forced
“game,” we always try to win. Thinking is the process of them to think strategically and come up with innovative
finding solutions to our problems. solutions to overcome the challenges they faced.
Moreover, games always require an opposing team The Feminist Movement is also an example of how
or a challenge. Without a specific goal or opponent, there opposition led to deep thinking and strategic planning.
is no game. Similarly, in thinking, we need a problem or a Feminists had to think creatively to challenge and
question to think about. Strategic thinking is important in change societal norms and laws. They had to come up

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
with innovative solutions to address the complex issues We need to work together as a global community
surrounding gender equality, which led to significant to address this problem, and to find solutions that are
changes in the way we think about gender and equality. equitable and just. By embracing opposition and challenge,
As Bobby Fischer, the great chess player, once said, we can stimulate deep thinking and achieve significant
“Chess is life.” This quote may seem simple, but it holds changes in our personal and professional lives.
a profound truth. Just as a game of chess requires strategy, On a personal level, we face opposition in everyday

critical thinking, and problem-solving, so too does life. situations. For instance, when we have a disagreement
with a friend or family member, it forces us to think
The “opposite team” in life may take many forms -
from different perspectives. We need to understand their
challenges, obstacles, or opposing viewpoints - but it is
viewpoint, analyze it, and come up with arguments to
how we respond to these challenges that defines us.
support our own position. This process helps us to refine

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In the game of life, we must think critically,
our thinking and develop better communication skills.
strategically, and creatively to overcome the obstacles that
In professional settings, opposition often comes in
stand in our way. We must be willing to adapt, to learn

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the form of competition. When competing for a job or a
from our mistakes, and to grow from our experiences. And
promotion, we need to think strategically about how to
just as a game of chess requires focus, concentration, and
present ourselves and our abilities in the best possible
perseverance, so too does life. light. We need to be creative in highlighting our strengths
As C.S. Lewis, the famous author, once said, “You and finding ways to stand out from the competition. This
don’t have a soul. You are a soul. You have a body.” This type of opposition pushes us to improve our skills and to
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quote reminds us that our true essence is not our physical continually strive for excellence.
body, but our mind and spirit. And it is our mind and spirit By recognizing the importance of opposition in
that are shaped by the games we play and the challenges stimulating deep thinking and driving significant
we face. changes, we can approach life’s challenges with a
In the game of life, we often face opposition in various newfound sense of purpose and determination. We can
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forms. This opposition can come from within ourselves, learn to think critically, strategically, and creatively, and
from others, or from external circumstances. However, one to respond to opposition in a way that leads to growth,
of the most pressing forms of opposition we face today is development, and success.
climate change. Climate change is a global problem that In conclusion, the game of life is not just about physical

requires a collective response. It is a formidable opponent survival, but about spiritual growth and development.
The “opposite team” in life may try to defeat us, but it is
that threatens our very existence, and to address it, we
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how we respond that defines us. Do we let our spirits be

need to think in new and innovative ways.
crushed, or do we rise above the challenges and emerge
Climate change is the ultimate “opposite team” in
stronger and wiser? The game of life is a journey of self-
life. It is a powerful and relentless force that is pushing
discovery, and it is through our struggles and triumphs that
our planet to the brink of disaster. Rising temperatures,
we come to know ourselves and our place in the world.
melting glaciers, and extreme weather events are just a
By embracing opposition and challenge, we can
few of the many challenges we face in the battle against
stimulate deep thinking and achieve significant changes in
climate change. To overcome this opposition, we need to our personal and professional lives. We can learn to think
think creatively and strategically. We need to develop new critically, strategically, and creatively, and to respond to
technologies, new policies, and new ways of living that opposition in a way that leads to growth, development,
are sustainable and environmentally friendly. and success.
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J. Scheme
1. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) PMAY-Urban (PMAY-U): Addressing Urban
Housing Needs
- Boost for ‘Ease of Living’ and Dignity Launched in 2015, PMAY-U specifically targets the
for Crores of Indians urban housing shortage for EWS/LIG and Middle-Income
1. India faces a significant housing shortage, particularly Group (MIG) categories, including slum dwellers. By
among the Economically Weaker Section (EWS) June 2024, PMAY-U had sanctioned 1.18 crore houses,
with 83.67 lakh houses already completed. The scheme
and Low-Income Group (LIG) categories.

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has witnessed significant progress across various states
2. Rapid urbanization has led to an increase in the and Union Territories (UTs) in India.
demand for housing in urban areas. PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G): Transforming Rural

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3. PMAY-G aims to improve the living conditions of Housing
rural families and promote rural development. 1. PMAY-G, launched in 2016, aims to provide
4. The Government of India is committed to providing housing for the poorest segments of rural society.
housing for all citizens, and PMAY is a significant Beneficiaries are selected through a stringent three-
stage validation process, ensuring transparency and
step towards achieving this goal.
fairness. Key features of PMAY-G include an increase
The Vision of PMAY
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1. Launched in 2015 (Urban) and 2016 (Rural), PMAY
in the minimum house size, construction of quality
houses using local materials and trained masons, and
aims to provide pucca houses with basic amenities to beneficiary choice of house design.
2. As of June 2024, 2.94 crore houses have been
improve the living conditions of poor people in both
sanctioned and 2.62 crore houses completed under
rural and urban areas.
PMAY-G. A significant portion of these houses are
2. The scheme has 2 components: PMAY-Urban owned by women or have joint ownership, showcasing
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(PMAY-U) and PMAY-Gramin (PMAY-G). the scheme’s focus on empowering women. The
3. As of June 2024, PMAY has sanctioned an impressive scheme also targets minority communities, Scheduled
4.21 crore houses, with the Cabinet deciding to assist Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST) to ensure
an additional 3 crore rural and urban households. inclusivity.
The Impact of PMAY
Key Features of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana
PMAY is a monumental scheme that has had a
(PMAY)
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profound impact on the lives of millions of Indians. By

1. Empowerment of Women: PMAY mandates that the providing affordable and quality housing, it has improved
female head of the family be the owner or co-owner of the living conditions of countless families and contributed
the house, promoting women’s empowerment. to the overall development of both rural and urban areas.
2. Environmentally Sustainable and Disaster- The emphasis on women’s ownership, environmental
Resilient Construction: The scheme emphasizes sustainability, and disaster resilience has further
strengthened the scheme’s impact.
using eco-friendly and resilient construction methods,
PMAY is not just a housing scheme; it is a symbol
ensuring durable and safe houses.
of dignity, empowerment, and progress. It represents the
3. Training and Certification: Pan-India programs government’s commitment to providing a better life for
train rural masons to construct quality houses using all citizens, ensuring that every Indian has a place to call
locally available materials. home.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
2. The report highlighted the need for designing a low-
2. R
 estructuring AB-PMJAY to elevating cost comprehensive health insurance product for
health budget the missing middle segment.
The Indian government is considering doubling the 3. The missing middle is not a monolith and contains
beneficiary base under its flagship Ayushman Bharat multiple groups across all expenditure quintiles,
health insurance scheme over the next three years. including the self-employed, informal sector, and
a. The proposal aims to cover more than two-thirds of formal sector workers.
the country’s population with health cover. Ayushman Bharat-PMJAY
Key Proposals 1. Ayushman Bharat is a flagship scheme of the
1. Increase the beneficiary base: The government Government of India, launched in 2018 to achieve
plans to cover all individuals above 70 years of age, Universal Health Coverage (UHC).

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adding around 40-50 million more beneficiaries to the 2. The scheme has two inter-related components: Health
scheme. and Wellness Centres (HWCs) and Pradhan Mantri

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2. Increase the insurance coverage: The proposal Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY).
suggests doubling the coverage amount from Rs 3. PM-JAY is the world’s largest health insurance/
5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh per year to cater for inflation assurance scheme, fully financed by the government,
and provide relief to families in case of high-cost covering over 12 crore poor and vulnerable families
treatments. (approximately 55 crore beneficiaries).
3. Estimated additional expenditure: The proposal Key Features of PM-JAY
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would entail an additional expenditure of Rs 12,076
crore per annum for the exchequer.
1. Provides a cover of Rs 5 lakh per family per year for
secondary and tertiary care hospitalization across
Background public and private empanelled hospitals in India.
1. Ayushman Bharat Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana 2. Covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and 15
(AB-PMJAY) was launched in 2018 to provide health days post-hospitalization expenses.
3. No restriction on family size, age, or gender.
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cover of Rs 5 lakh per family per year for secondary
and tertiary care hospitalization to 12 crore 4. All pre-existing conditions are covered from day
families. one.
2. The scheme aims to achieve Universal Health 5. Benefits are portable across the country.
Coverage (UHC) and address the issue of 6. Services include approximately 1,929 procedures
covering all the costs related to treatment, including
catastrophic expenditure on medical treatment,
but not limited to drugs, supplies, diagnostic
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which pushes nearly 6 crore Indians into poverty

services, physician’s fees, room charges, surgeon
each year.
charges, OT and ICU charges, etc.
3. In the interim Budget 2024, the government increased
the allocation for AB-PMJAY to Rs 7,200 crore, Benefits of PM-JAY
while Rs 646 crore was allocated for the Ayushman 1. Helps mitigate catastrophic expenditure on medical
Bharat Health Infrastructure Mission (PM-ABHIM). treatment, which pushes nearly 6 crore Indians into
NITI Aayog Report poverty each year.
2. Provides cashless access to health care services for
1. The NITI Aayog report titled ‘Health Insurance for
the beneficiary at the point of service, that is, the
India’s Missing Middle’ (2021) suggested extending
hospital. Covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization
the scheme to cover the “missing middle” - around
and 15 days post-hospitalization expenses.
30% of the population that lacks health insurance.
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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
Conclusion scheme aims to establish new campuses of
The proposed changes to AB-PMJAY aim to increase NFSU in the country to increase the availability
the beneficiary base and coverage amount, providing of trained forensic professionals.
relief to more families and addressing the issue of b. Establishment of Central Forensic Science
catastrophic expenditure on medical treatment. The Laboratories (CFSLs): The scheme aims to
move is expected to be announced in the upcoming establish new CFSLs in the country to enhance
Union Budget and is seen as a key priority for the Modi the forensic examination capabilities.
government in its third term. The restructuring of AB- c. Enhancement of Existing Infrastructure of
PMJAY is a significant step towards achieving Universal
Delhi Campus of NFSU: The scheme aims to
Health Coverage (UHC) and ensuring that healthcare is

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upgrade the existing infrastructure of the Delhi
accessible and affordable for all citizens.
campus of NFSU to make it more efficient and
3. N
 ational Forensic Infrastructure

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effective.
Enhancement Scheme (NFIES) 4. Objective: The scheme aims to put in place an
1. The scheme is a response to the new criminal laws effective and efficient criminal justice system, based
that mandate forensic investigation for offences on scientific and timely forensic examination of
involving punishment of 7 years or more. evidence.
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2. The scheme is part of the government’s efforts to
strengthen forensic science in India, which is essential
5. Need for the Scheme: The scheme is necessary due
to the significant increase in the workload of forensic
for investigating crimes and ensuring justice. science laboratories expected with the enactment
3. The scheme addresses the challenges faced by forensic
of new criminal laws, which mandate forensic
science laboratories in India, including shortage of
investigation for offences involving punishment of 7
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trained manpower, inadequate infrastructure, and
years or more.
lack of advanced technology.
6. Shortage of Trained Forensic Manpower: There is
Key Points
a significant shortage of trained forensic manpower
1. Cabinet Approval: The Union Cabinet, chaired
in Forensic Science Laboratories (FSLs) in the
by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, has approved
country, which the scheme aims to address.
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the proposal of the Ministry of Home Affairs for

7. Benefits: The establishment of additional off-
the Central Sector Scheme “National Forensic
campuses of NFSU and new CFSLs will:
Infrastructure Enhancement Scheme” (NFIES).
a. Address the shortage of trained forensic
2. Financial Outlay: The scheme has a total financial
manpower.
outlay of Rs. 2254.43 crore for the period from 2024-
25 to 2028-29. b. Alleviate the case load/pendency of forensic

3. Components: The scheme consists of three laboratories.

components: c. Align with the Government of India’s goal of
a. Establishment of Campuses of National securing a high conviction rate of more than
Forensic Sciences University (NFSU): The 90%.

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Current Affairs June-2024 ENSURE IAS
8. Government’s Commitment: The Government of About Saubhagya Scheme
India is committed to putting in place an effective and 1. Launch: Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana
efficient criminal justice system, based on scientific (Saubhagya) was launched by the Government of
and timely forensic examination of evidence. India in October 2017.
9. Timely and Scientific Forensic Examination: The 2. Objective: To achieve universal household

scheme underscores the importance of high-quality, electrification by providing electricity connections to

trained forensic professionals in the timely and all un-electrified households in rural areas and all poor
households in urban areas across the country.
scientific examination of evidence for an efficient
3. Free Provision: Under the scheme, LED bulbs, wire,
criminal justice process, leveraging the advancements
holders, switches, and other electrical materials are

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in technology and evolving manifestations and
provided free of cost to BPL families.
methods of crime.
4. Key Features:

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Importance: a. Providing last-mile connectivity and electricity
1. Criminal Justice System: The scheme will connections to all un-electrified households in
help to strengthen the criminal justice system in rural areas.
India by providing timely and scientific forensic b. Providing Solar Photo Voltaic (SPV)-based

examination of evidence. standalone systems for un-electrified households

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2. Forensic Science: The scheme will promote the in remote and inaccessible villages where grid
extension is not feasible or cost-effective.
development of forensic science in India, which
c. Providing last-mile connectivity and electricity
is critical for investigating crimes and ensuring
connections to all remaining economically poor
justice.
un-electrified households in urban areas.
3. Capacity Building: The scheme will help to
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d. Non-poor urban households are excluded from
build the capacity of forensic science laboratories
this scheme.
and institutions, enabling them to handle a higher
5. Connection Fees:
workload and provide better services. a. In rural areas, families other than BPL families
4. Conviction Rate: The scheme aims to increase must pay Rs. 500 for an electricity connection.
the conviction rate in India, which is currently
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The amount can be paid in 10 equal installments

low due to various reasons, including lack of of Rs. 50 each through monthly bills.
forensic evidence. b. In urban areas, BPL families receive free power
connections.
4. S aubhagya Scheme: Empowering
6. Solar Energy Solution: For rural families where
Households with Electricity grid supply is not feasible, electricity assemblies are
The Meghalaya Lokayukta has issued notifications provided through solar energy.
to former officials of the Meghalaya Energy Corporation 7. Nodal Agency: The Rural Electrification Corporation
Limited (MeECL) over alleged irregularities in (REC) has been designated as the nodal agency for the

implementing the Saubhagya scheme in the state. Saubhagya scheme.

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