AI Reflection Project Cycle and Ethics Class 9

Notes
Introduction to AI
AI stands for artificial intelligence. The term artificial intelligence was coined by Stanford
researcher John McCarthy in 1956 and combines the two words artificial and intelligence.

 Artificial – Artificial refers to something created or produced by humans rather than

existing naturally.
 Intelligence – The ability to acquire and use knowledge and skills is referred to as
intelligence.
Definition: Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of machines to do cognitive tasks such as
thinking, perceiving, learning, problem-solving, and decision-making. It is based on how
individuals use their brains to observe, learn, figure out, and make decisions.

Venn Diagram of AI.

  Artificial Intelligence – Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human
intelligence in robots that have been trained to think and act like humans. The term
can also refer to any machine that demonstrates, like humans, the ability to learn
and solve the problem is Artificial Intelligence.
 Machine Learning – Machine learning is a part of an Artificial Intelligence
application in which we give data to the machine and allow them to learn for
themselves. It’s essentially getting a machine to accomplish something without being
specifically programmed to do so.
 Deep Learning – Deep learning is a part of Artificial Intelligence that uses neural
networks with multilayer. Deep learning analyzes the data, learns the data and
solves the problem the same as a human. Deep learning requires the machine to be
educated with a large quantity of data in order to train itself.

Application of AI
Some of the AI applications are –

 Face Lock in Smartphones – Nowadays, mobiles come with face lock systems. In
this mobile, the front camera detects and captures the face and matches it with the
features image, and if it is matched, then the phone will be unlocked.
 Smart assistants – smart assistants like Apple’s Siri and Amazon’s Alexa—
recognise the speech patterns of the user and provide a useful response.
 Fraud and Risk Detection – Now AI can identify and prevent fraud-related activities
by analysing the data. AI also helps the bank to push their banking products based
on the customer’s purchasing power.
 Medical Imaging – The AI application is used to read and convert 2D scan images
into interactive 3D models that enable medical professionals to gain a detailed
understanding of a patient’s health condition.
Three Domains of Artificial Intelligence
There are three types of domain in Artificial Intelligence.

1. Computer Vision (CV)

2. Data Statistics (Data for AI)
3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
1. Computer Vision (CV)

Computer vision allows computers and systems to extract useful information from digital
photos, videos, and other visual inputs. The goal of Computer Vision is to take necessary
action after identifying an object or person in a digital image.

Quick Draw Game based on Computer Vision – CV

Quick Draw is an online game developed by Google. This game can draw a picture of an
object or idea based on guesses given by the user.

Game link – https://quickdraw.withgoogle.com/

2. Data Statistics (Data for AI) –

Data statistics is a collection of facts, observations, or measurements used to analyse the

data using mathematical methods to make decisions. Data statistics is a part of data
science and helps the system to collect a large amount of data, analyse it, interpret it,
maintain sets of data, and extract meaning from them using mathematical formulas.

Rock, Paper, Scissors AI Game Based on Data Statistics

Rock, Paper, Scissors is an easy game to play. Each player chooses one of the three
things (typically by creating the appropriate hand shape on three counts!) and the following
rules are used to determine who won that round:

 Paper wraps (beats) Rock

 Scissors cut (beat) Paper
 Rock blunts (beats) Scissors
The purpose of the game is to guess your opponent’s choice and select the proper object
to defeat them.

Game link – https://next.rockpaperscissors.ai

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence. Natural language

Processing has the ability to understand text and spoken words in the same manner that
humans can.

AI Games related to Natural language Processing (NLP)

Semantris is a word association game developed by the Google team that uses
machine learning to make associations between words.
Game link – https://research.google.com/semantris

Learning Outcome – Identify the AI Project Cycle framework.

Introduction to AI Project Cycle

The AI Project Cycle is a step-by-step process that a company must follow in order to
derive value from an AI project and to solve the problem.

There are five different stages of AI Project Cycle.

Why do we need an AI Project Cycle?
How to use project cycle in AI project
Let’s see one example: suppose one farmer has a cotton field, and he is getting a loss in
agriculture due to his inability to manage pests in the field. Here the AI project cycle can
help to identify which worm is responsible and how much pesticide farmers have to use.

 Step 1: First you have to know which of the worms is responsible for affecting the
cotton crop; you will collect the following data. This is problem scoping.
 Images of the pest
 Farmer Name
 Village Name
 Farm size
 Pesticide usage
 Step 2: Whatever the above problems are, first you have to know that the above
data is accurate and reliable. To do this, you have to acquire the data from different
sources. This is known as data acquisition.
 Step 3: Now you have to explore the data; researchers can identify patterns and
trends. You also want to know how much pesticide is used and other relevant
factors. This is known as data exploration.
 Step 4: After exploring the data, now you can develop the AI-enabled app, which will
take photos of the field using mobile and help to identify the worms and tell the
farmer how much pesticide they have to use. This is a data modelling stage.
 Step 5: Now you have to make your model before stating; first, you have to test it in
as many ways as possible. The stage of testing the models is known as Evaluation.
 Step 6: The last stage, where you are make the model, is known as Deployment.

1. Problem Scoping
Whenever we begin a new project, we encounter a number of challenges. In fact, we are
surrounded with issues! These issues might be minor or major; sometimes we overlook
them, and other times we require immediate attention.

To understand a problem, determine the different aspects that affect the problem, and
define the project’s goal are problem scoping.

How to identify the problem scoping in AI project

Follow the following steps to identify the problem scoping from the project –

 Understand why the project was started.

 Define the project’s primary objectives.
 Outline the project’s work statement.
 Determine the most important goals.
 Choose important milestones.
 Determine the major constraints.
 Make a list of scope exclusions.
acquiring data
What is 4Ws problem canvas

The 4Ws helps to identify and understand the problem in a better manner. The 4Ws of
Problem Scoping are Who, What, Where, and Why.

 Who – The ―Who‖ element helps us to understand and categorize who is directly
and indirectly affected by the problem, and who are known as Stakeholders.
 What – The ―What‖ section aids us in analyzing and recognizing the nature of the
problem, and you may also gather evidence to establish that the problem you’ve
chosen exists under this block.
 Where – What is the situation, and where does the problem arise.
 Why – Refers to why we need to address the problem and what the advantages will
be for the stakeholders once the problem is solved.

What is problem statement template

After you’ve completed the above 4Ws, make a summary of what you’ve learned. The
problem statement template is the name for this summary. This template summarizes all of
the important points in one place. So, if the same problem comes again, this statement will
make it much easier to fix.
2. Data Acquisition
The method of collecting correct and dependable data to work with is known as data
acquisition. Data can be in the form of text, video, photos, audio, and so on, and it can be
gathered from a variety of places such as websites, journals, and newspapers.

What is Data?

Data is a representation of facts or instructions about an entity that can be processed or

conveyed by a human or a machine, such as numbers, text, pictures, audio clips, videos,
and so on.

There is two type of data –

1. Structured Data
2. Unstructured Data

 Structured Data – When data is in a standardized format, has a well-defined

structure, follows a consistent order, and is easily accessible by humans and
program. This data is in the form of numbers, characters, special characters etc.
  Unstructured Data – Unstructured data is information that doesn’t follow traditional
data models and is therefore difficult to store and manage. Video, audio, and image
files, as well as log files, are all examples of unstructured data.
What is dataset?

Dataset is a collection of data in tabular format. Dataset contains numbers or values that
are related to a specific subject. For example, students’ test scores in a class is a dataset.

The dataset is divided into two parts

 Training dataset – Training dataset is a large dataset that teaches a machine

learning model. Machine learning algorithms are trained to make judgments or
perform a task through training datasets. Maximum part of the dataset comes under
training data (Usually 80%)
 Test dataset – Data that has been clearly identified for use in tests, usually of a
computer program, is known as test data. 20% of data used in test data.

Acquiring data from reliable sources

There are six ways to collect data.

 Surveys – A research method for gathering data from a predetermined sample of

respondents in order to get knowledge and insights into a variety of issues.
 Cameras – We can collect visual data with the help of cameras, this data is
unstructured data that can be analyzed via Machine learning.
 Web Scraping – Web scraping is also known as data scraping. This method is used
in AI to extract data from websites automatically and efficiently.
 Observation – Some of the information we can gather through attentive observation
and monitoring.
 Sensors – With the help of sensors also we can collect the data. A device that
detects or measures a physical property are called sensors, such as biomatrix.
 Application – An API is a software interface that enables two apps to communicate
with one another.
Data Features
Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect.

System Maps:
A system map shows the components and boundaries of a system and the components of the environment at a
specific point in time. With the help of System Maps, one can easily define a relationship amongst different elements
which come under a system. Relating this concept to our module, the Goal of our project becomes a system whose
elements are the data features mentioned above. Any change in these elements changes the system outcome too.
For example, if a person received 200% increment in a month, then this change in his salary would affect the
prediction of his future salary. The more the increment presently, the more salary in future is what the system would
predict. Here is a sample System Map:
3. Data Exploration
In order to better understand the nature of the data, data analysts utilize data visualization
and statistical tools to convey dataset characterizations, such as size, amount, and
accuracy. Data exploration is a technique used to visualize data in the form of statistical
methods or using graphs.

Why data exploration?

Exploration helps you gain a better understanding of a dataset, making it easier to explore
and use it later. It also helps to quickly understand the data’s trends, and patterns.

What is a data visualization chart?

Data visualization charts are graphical representations of data that use symbols to convey
a story and help people understand large volumes of information.

The following are some of the most frequent data visualization chart and graph
formats:
a. Column Chart – A column chart is a basic Visualization chart that uses vertical columns
to represent data series. Because column lengths are easy to compare, column charts are
an effective approach to demonstrate the changes in the data.

b. Bar Chart – A bar chart is a visual representation of category data. The data is
displayed in a bar chart with multiple bars, each representing a different category.

4. Modelling
Data modeling is a method to create a visual representation that helps to understand how
the data is organized or managed in the organization.

What is data modeling?

An AI model is a program that has been trained to recognize patterns using a set of data.
AI modeling is the process of creating algorithms, also known as models that may be
educated to produce intelligent results. This is the process of programming code to create
a machine artificially. There are two different types of AI model –
Rule Based – The rule-based approach to AI modeling is when the developer defines the
relationship or patterns in data. The machine follows the developer’s rules or instructions
and completes its job properly.

Rule Based AI Model (Decision Tree)

Learning Based – Refers to AI modeling in which the developer hasn’t specified the
relationship or patterns in the data. Random data is provided to the computer in this
method, and the system is left to figure out patterns and trends from it. When the data is
unlabeled and too random for a human to make sense of, this method is usually used.

Decision Tree in AI

The concept of Decision Trees is similar to that of Story Speaker. It’s a rule-based AI
model that uses numerous judgments (or rules) to assist the machine in determining what
an element is. The following is the basic structure of a decision tree:
5. Evaluation
After a model has been created and trained, it must be thoroughly tested in order to
determine its efficiency and performance; this is known as evaluation.

Evaluation is the process of understanding the reliability of any AI model, based on outputs
by feeding test dataset into the model and comparing with actual answers. There can be
different Evaluation techniques, depending of the type and purpose of the model.

Confusion matrix

The result of comparison between the prediction and reality can be recorded in what we
call the confusion matrix. The confusion matrix allows us to understand the prediction
results.

Various Evaluation Techniques

There are four different types of evaluation techniques –

Model Evaluation Terminologies :

There are various new terminologies which come into the picture when we work on evaluating our model. Let’s
explore them with an example of the Forest fire scenario. The Scenario Imagine that you have come up with an AI
based prediction model which has been deployed in a forest which is prone to forest fires. Now, the objective of the
model is to predict whether a forest fire has broken out in the forest or not. Now, to understand the efficiency of this
model, we need to check if the predictions which it makes are correct or not. Thus, there exist two conditions which
we need to ponder upon: Prediction and Reality. The prediction is the output which is given by the machine and the
reality is the real scenario in the forest when the prediction has been made.
Now let us look at various combinations that we can have with these two conditions.

What is deployment?

Deployment as the final stage in the AI project cycle where the AI model or solution is implemented in a real-world
scenario. Key Steps in Deployment Process the key steps involved in the deployment process: a. Testing and
validation of the AI model b. Integration of the model with existing systems c. Monitoring and maintenance of the
deployed model. Some examples of successful AI projects that have been deployed in various industries, such as self-
driving cars, medical diagnosis systems, and chatbots.

Case Study: AI Project Cycle

Preventable Blindness Problem: Prevent loss of vision, and delay in report generation ● Approximately 537 million
adults (20-79 years) are living with diabetes. ● Diabetes can lead to Diabetic Retinopathy It damages the blood
vessels of the retina and can lead to blurred vision and blindness. ● Lack of qualified doctors and delay in reports
increase the risk of Diabetic Retinopathy One of the early symptoms of the defect is ‘Blurred vision’
What is Ethics in AI?
Many time machines have to make decisions about what is correct and wrong; ethics are
guidelines or principles of AI that decide what is good or bad. The strong AI code of ethics
can avoid bias and ensure the privacy of the users and their data.

Ethics helps the machine to understand what decision it has to take. Suppose one self-
driving car has to decide between hitting a person or taking the risk of the life of a
passenger; what decision will the machine have to take? Here the machine will respond
based on AI ethics.

The following principles in AI Ethics affect the quality of AI solutions

▪ Human Rights ▪ Bias ▪ Privacy ▪ Inclusion

What is AI Bias and AI Access?

AI bias is also known as algorithm bias or machine learning bias. AI bias comes when a
machine has learnt incorrectly or incompletely from the given data. For example, if an AI
machine is trained based on male photos, then the machine will not recognise females
accurately; here the AI bias will be generated.

AI access can create a gap between the society because AI enable device can be used by
only upper class people because of the cost, here everyone donot have a opportunity to
access the AI enable device.
Privacy :

We need to have rules which keep our individual and private data safe

 Here are a few things that you should take care of

 Does your AI collect personal data from people?
 What does it do with the data? .
 Does your AI let people know about the data that it is collecting for its use?
 Will your AI ensure a person’s safety? Or will it compromise it?
 What are some other ways in which AI can breach someone’s privacy?