Ans: A) Narco-Analysis: The search for effective aids for interrogation from an uncooperative source has always been

a top priority for law enforcement agencies. In earlier days, the method of using physical force to obtain truth was a controversial one and had to be substituted with painstaking and time consuming inquiry believing that direct methods would produce quick results. As technology advanced, scientific tools for interrogation were introduced. The tests which were conducted made use of certain chemicals which influenced the person to reveal certain information. Various drugs were experimented for this purpose and eventually a breakthrough drugs were identified which could serve as this purpose. These drugs are called truth serum and the test performed is called as Narco therapy or Narco-analysis. The term Narco-analysis is derived from Greek word meaning anesthesia. It was first introduced in 1922 by Dr. Robert House. The Narco-analysis is a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic technique which makes use of psychotropic drugs especially barbiturates, so that the mind goes in a state semi-consciousness. The tests are carried out in specific controlled medical facility where physiological parameters and vital signs of the person undergoing Narco analysis. India is one of the few countries that make use of this test. It was first used in 1988 but was restricted to the forensic set up. Recently it has come in light again due the terror attacks in India. Instrumentation: The most commonly experimented barbiturates for this purpose are Sodium amytal (amobarbital), Pentothal sodium (thiopental), and Seconal (seconbarbital). The Narco-analysis test is conducted by mixing 3 grams of Sodium Pentothal or Sodium Amytal dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water. In India, the Narco analysis test is done by a team consisting of anesthesiologist, a psychiatrist, a clinical/forensic psychologist, and audio-videographer and supporting nursing staff. The effect of bio-molecules on the physiology of an individual can be observed as the effect of the drug depresses the central nervous system. The blood pressure lowers and heart rate is slowed thus putting the subject in an hypnotic trance. The dose is administered depending upon the persons age, sex, health and physical condition.

The subject who is put in a state of trance is not in position to speak up on his own but can answer specific but simple question. The answers are believed to be impulsive as a semiconscious person is not capable of manipulating his answers. The forensic psychologist then prepares the report about the revelations which along with the recording by audio-videographer can then be used as evidence if necessary. Legal Status In India the Narco-analysis test is being conducted since 2000 at the Bangalore Forensic science Laboratory. Taking in consideration the legal aspects of Narco-analysis, the constitution of India rarely allows evidence obtained by this test as it is considered as violation of human privacy. This is a direct violation of rights guaranteed to an individual under article 20(3) of Indian Constitution. If a confession from accused is derived from any physical or moral pressure, it should be rejected by the court. But it also says that the accused is bound to answer truthfully all questions put to him by police officer, which could prove the person to be criminal.

Drawbacks of Narco-analysis test: 1. It requires highly qualified person like a physician to administer the dose. Wrong amount of dosage can send the subject into coma or even result in death. 2. It is always difficult to determine the concentration of dose as it different for different individuals. Also the subject could fake the hypnotic state and tell lies. 3. The test requires consent of the subject. 4. It also raises scientific, legal and ethical questions with reference to its admissibility in court as evidence. 5. The reliability of test is quite questionable. Studies have shown that drugs used in the tests do not fully induce truthful statement and the subject can be conscious enough to provide false answers and mislead the police. B) Polygraph Test:

The technique to expose fraud or detect if a person is lying is also known as Lie-Detection. The most noticeable use forensic psychology has been in field of lie-detection. One of the most extensively used methods of lie-detection is polygraphic method. The instrument used for this purpose is known as polygraph or Lie-Detector. The emotions experienced by the body causes certain types of physiological disorders. Such disorders are called as psychosomatic disorders. The theory of psychosomatic disorders has been applied for medical diagnosis. It also forms the basis for modern lie-detection techniques. The first scientific use of this principle for crime investigation dates back to 1895, when Lombroso conducted experiments on actual criminal suspects and demonstrated that there is change in suspects blood pressure and pulse rate when he tells a lie. From 1914 onwards, psychologists started experiments to determine that the feeling of guilt in a culprit induces fear of exposure, entrapment etc. and the physiological changes set in. Blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration are affected prominently. The experiments also indicated that these reactions are administered by the autonomic nervous system of the body and therefore, lie generally beyond the conscious control of most individuals. The polygraph test is mainly used by law enforcement agencies, the justice system and also in private sector for pre-employment tests. Instrumentation: The instrument used for lie detection/Polygraphy was first developed by Larson & Keeler around 1920. The different components of a traditional polygraph and their function are mentioned below: a) Two corrugated rubber tubes called Pneumograph. It is fastened around the chest and around the abdomen. The Pneumograph records the variation in respiratory pattern. b) An inflated blood pressure cuff (Sphygmograph) is attached to subjects right arm in such a way that the rubber portion of the cuff rests on the brachial artery. It records changes in blood pressure. c) A transducer is attached to the thumb (plethysmograph). It measures the changes in pulse rate.

d) The instrument was later modified by Keeler by addition of Electro-dermal galvanometer. The electrodes are attached to the index finger and ring finger of left hand. It records electrical resistance of skin. All he measurements are recorded simultaneously in form of graph individually. These recordings are collectively known as Polygram. The PolyGram is studied and evaluated to find out whether the subject experienced emotional stress during the test. Scientific basis: A traditional polygraph works on the principle that consciously held feelings of guilt produces a defense reaction in the form of physiological changes like:

Blood pressure variation. Variation in pulse rate Variation in respiration pattern Variation in the electrical resistance of skin known as Galvanic skin response or GSR

The fear of detection and entrapment induces a person to lie. This psychological phenomenon causes mental excitation. Physiologically, the effort put forth by an individual in an attempt to hide the excitation (defense mechanism) stimulates the adrenal gland. The stimulated adrenal gland secretes the hormone adrenaline. The hormone enters the blood stream and increases the blood pressure and ring about other physiological changes. Method: The polygraph test is carried out in three steps viz. pretest interview, diagnosis and chart recording. In the pretest phase, the examiner (clinical or forensic psychologist) prepares a set of test questions relevant to the information about the case provided by the investigating officer. The information can include statement made by the suspect, crime scene photographs etc. The examiner may also use an alternate technique wherein he asks irrelevant question so that the subject is thrown off-guard and can be caught when the examiner suddenly asks a relevant question. During the chart collection phase, the subject is questioned and the reactions are measured. A standard is established by asking questions whose answers the investigator knows. This forms

the base line on the Polygram. If the person lies, it accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes. The sensors record the changes and wave pattern on the graph can be observed. Any deviation form baseline is taken as a sign that the subject is lying. The examiner collects number of charts of polygraph. The charts are then analyzed to estimate the level of truthfulness of the person taking the test. In some cases, the examiner may ask the subject to explain the physiological responses in relation to one or more question asked during the test. Legal Status: Polygraph test are admissible in some federal and state courts in United States. It is acceptable as evidence in cases where the parties have given their consent to conduct the test. In USA, 11 states have accepted this method and enacted to create license to perform this test. But some authorities have banned the test and the results if produced as evidence can lead to a re-trial. In India, as of May 5, 2010, the Supreme Court of India declared the use of polygraph test and other truth finding tests on suspects as illegal and against constitution. It is considered as a violation of Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution. However there is no actual law that forbids the use lie-detector in investigations. Polygraph test can still be considered legal if the defendant gives permission to perform one. The central Forensic Laboratory, New Delhi provides the facility of polygraph testing for criminal investigations. Drawbacks of Polygraph test: 1) The polygraph method is not foolproof and errors do occur. The errors may be on examiners part or errors in instrument. The examiner may fail to properly prepare the subject for the test or by misinterpreting the data on the polygraph charts. Instrumental errors may occur if there is any technical fault in the any of the component of the instrument. Such errors can give rise to false positives and false negatives. 2) The polygraph is highly sensitive and can detect even a slight change in the physiology of the subject. Many subjects, even if they are innocent, show nervousness while undergoing the test. Such nervousness is usually expressed in the polygraph chart by the general irregular tracings (mainly fluctuations of blood pressure). In such tracings,

similar types of responses are observed to relevant and irrelevant questions and distinguishing between them becomes difficult. 3) A partial mind of the examiner also affects the results. If an examiner is convinced that subject is guilty, he will try to find the evidence of his crime in the results. The same is true if the examiner thinks the subject is innocent. 4) Lastly, like any other truth verification test, this test is not reliable enough and not sufficiently accurate to be acceptable as evidence.