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MODULE 1
WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water is an indispensable resource but pressures on freshwater resources across the world are
growing rapidly due to population growth, increased industrial activities, urbanization, and of
course changing lifestyles. India like the other countries is severely in-immune to these water
pressures, in fact, it wouldn’t be wrong to the say – Water pressures in our country is being felt
much more rapidly than expected.
1.2 WATER CONSERVATION TECHNIQUES:
1. Greywater Recycling System
The water used in most building structures is thought of in terms of clear clean water coming
in, and sewage or black water going out. However, greywater is something that is in between
that. In the domestic setting, greywater systems collect water from sources like baths, hand
basins, and showers. This collected water is reused for washing machines, toilet flushing, and
other external usages. The main idea behind greywater recovery is simply getting the most
out of the water through its efficient reuse.
Figure 1.1 Greywater Recycling System
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2. Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater harvesting systems can vary from the basic small ones, like the attachment of a
water butt to a rainwater down-pipe, to the complexly designed large ones like those which
collect rainwater from large areas and serve momentous numbers of properties. When it
comes to domestic purposes, these systems are relevant to both commercial and domestic
properties. When collected, rainwater can be used for garden irrigation, toilet flushing, and
even in washing machines.
Figure 1.2 Rain Water Harvesting
3. Efficient Irrigation Technology
Beautiful lawns and gardens demand a significant amount of water for its maintenance. In
addition to indoor fixtures, efficient outdoor irrigation technologies like smart irrigation
controllers can help to save a lot of water. These controllers can effectively track factors like
precipitation or temperature and avoid over-watering the properties landscaping or
plantations. In addition to smart irrigation controllers, one can save even more by trading out
spray sprinklers for drip irrigation. These sprinkles can deliver water to your plants directly
as these can be buried under the lawn. Drip irrigation is the most water-efficient way to
irrigate many different plantings. It is an ideal way to water in clay soils because the water is
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applied slowly, allowing the soil to absorb the water and avoid runoff. Drip devices use a
fraction of the water that overhead spray devices use.
Figure 1.3 Effiecient irrigation technique
4. Water Meters
Water metering is a common term used by people when the discussion is around water
conservation techniques. Water metering in simple terms is the process of measuring the
water use in each residential apartment. Water meters are installed in each home of an
apartment and these meters record the amount of water being used in a home for billing
purpose or tracking consumption.
Figure 1.4 Water Meter
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5.Pressure Reducing Valves
High water pressures waste a lot of water. Installing water pressure reducing valves turn out
to be one great solution. These valves are can be used in residential, commercial, and
institutional applications to lessen the incoming water pressure to a lower predetermined
level. In this way, it protects the downstream plumbing system components as well as reduces
the water consumption.
Figure 1.5 Pressure Reducing Valves
1.3 ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS
The concept of stakeholder engagement is interpreted or assigned different
connotations by various agencies or governments. The objectives that are to be met have an
impact on the various interpretations of stakeholder participation. The guiding principles of
the participatory processes are what define the goals.
Participation is frequently used in developing nations to carry out development initiatives and
transfer power from the central government to the local level. Stakeholder power is used in
this context to ensure increased stakeholder involvement in decision-making. In general, for
more than three decades, decentralisation of water management to lower (basin and
community) levels has followed the worldwide trend. Water reforms improve stakeholder
participation and devolve water management to lower levels. In the circumstances under
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study, organisations for river basins and local water agencies were established to handle
water management tasks
The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) encourages a shift in European water
governance toward greater stakeholder involvement and river basin-based water
management. New institutional frameworks are required to implement the WFD. Local water
councils have been established in Sweden to comply with the WFD's demands for widespread
stakeholder participation in water management. In order to achieve the WFD standards for
stakeholder participation in local water management, this article seeks to advance
understanding on institutional structures.
The stakeholders including NGOs can make impact in the society to incorporate changes and
to make people to adapt accordingly. The participation of them in various strategies can result
in dissemination of knowledge in understanding of good practices which can bring the
sustainable use and management of water resources available. It also enables essential
management activities including monitoring and inspection to be carried out more effectively
and efficiently through shared efforts. It mobilizes user self-regulatory capacity and works as
a counter reaction for management. It also facilitates the coordination of decisions to reduce
the cross-section contradictions.
Acceptance of specified values and norms for groundwater abstraction and use, which can be
effective in bringing community use of groundwater in line with resource availability and
achieving shared understanding of resource limitations, is the most fundamental requirement
for stakeholder participation. Examples of specific examples include changes in farming
patterns and community prohibitions on particular high water-consumption crops or specific
types of water wells. Such rules will not be sufficient in increasingly complex contexts (such
as huge aquifers or intense competition use), and more formal organisation will be required to
facilitate and sustain groundwater management.
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MODULE 2
PREPARING AN ACTIONABLE BUSINESS PROPOSAL FOR
ENCHANCHING THE VILLAGE INCOME AND APPROACH FOR
IMPLEMENTATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Village Original Revenue Management is carried out in the context of village development to
increase and inclusion of village income sources. Based on Regulation of Law No. 6 of 2014,
Article 77 concerning Villages, village wealth management is carried out to improve the
welfare and living standards of rural communities and increase village income. Minister of
Home Affairs Regulation no. 66 of 2007 concerning village development planning explains
that village development by the village government which was previously burdened with
development programs from the Central Goverment can now be more free and unimpeded in
managing and regulating and determining the direction of village development independently.
Villages are required to be independent in carrying out their government affairs,
especially in managing village finances. The source of village income derived from village
original income is a form of village independence in managing finances. So that the villagedoes
not depend on the transfer of funds from the local government or the central government. In the
current government system, villages have a strategic role in assisting local governments in the
process of administering government, including development and community empowerment as
concrete steps for regional governments in supporting regional autonomy in their regions
(Atmadja, et al, 2018).
The Village Government, especially the Village Head, in building and developing the
village must know how to manage and run the government well, especially in revenue
management. Whether a management is good or not depends on the governance of the village
itself, so it is important for the village government to know and understand how to manage the
village properly. Given and aware of the obstacles in the development of an area, it is necessary
to have an alternative development paradigm that is new (Sujarweni, 2015; Sumartono, 2019),
where all community needs are guaranteed to remote villages so that an autonomous.
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1.2 GOVERNMENT FACILITY
For uplifting the rural sector of our country, the Ministry of Rural Development and the
Government of India in coordination with Department of Rural Development and
Department of Land Resources have been carrying forward various schemes. These schemes
are formulated to benefit the citizens of rural India who will eventually become the pillars of
Indian Economy in the long run.
Some important schemes for Rural Development launched by Government of India are:
1. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)
2. Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana
3. National Rural Livelihood Mission
4. Prime Minister Rural Development Fellows Scheme (PMRDF)
5. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
6. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(SGRY)
7. Samagra Siksha Abhiyan
8. Sansad Adarsh Gram Yojana(SAGY)
9. Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana (Gramin)/ Indira Awas Yojana
10. Provision of Urban Amenities In Rural Areas (PURA)
Figure 2.1 Rural area
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Rural areas are home to most of the poor. According to ILO calculations, 88 percent of the
extremely poor live in rural areas, where poverty rates are four times higher than in urban
areas and decent work deficits are typically severe. The rural/urban divide becomes ever
more apparent when considering poverty rates for people in employment. Nearly 20 percent
of people employed in rural areas live in extreme poverty, compared with just over 4 percent
in urban Rural areas are characterized by governance gaps and informality. Gender
inequalities in rural areas are pervasive.
If women in rural areas had the same access to agriculture assets, education and markets as
men, agricultural production could be increased and the number of hungry people reduced by
100-150 million. This activity aims to provide strategies to the village people in income. So,
these programs are very helpful for the rural people.
Figure 2.2 & 2.3 Agriculture
Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is the largest source of livelihoods in India. 70 percent of
its rural households still depend primarily on agriculture for their livelihood. With the help of
this sample proposal we would like to improve India structural weaknesses in the agricultural
sector. This sample proposals created to establish Agri growth centers which will provide
training to graduates in horticulture, animal husbandry, fisheries and dairy, veterinary,
poultry, pisciculture & other allied activities thereby tapping the expertise available in the
large pool of agriculture graduates of India so that they could either assist there or set up their
own agri-clinics or agri-business centers later. If your major concern is Agriculture or if you
are non government organization and working towards agriculture or want to develop your
own project proposal on agriculture.
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MODULE 3
HELPING LOCAL SCHOOLS TO ACHIEVE
GOOD RESULTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A quality education is one that focuses on the whole child- the social,
emotional, mental, physical, and cognitive development of each student regardless of
gender, race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, or geographic location. It prepares the
child for life, not just for testing. This type of education provides resources and
directs policy to ensure that each child enters school healthy and learns about and
practices a healthy lifestyle, learns in an environment that is physically and
emotionally safe for students and adults; is actively engaged in learning and is
connected to the school and broader community; has access to personalized learning
and is supported by qualified, caring adults; and is challenged academically and
prepared for success in college or further study and for employment and participation
in a global environment.
Community hygiene education helps people understand and develop hygiene
practices to prevent disease and death in their community. Many people take for
granted training they have received in healthy, hygiene practices often during
childhood, but information and knowledge about bacteria, hygiene and disease is not
widely available in many areas of the world. Unsafe practices at the water source like
a well, hand pump or spring can contaminate the drinking water for the whole
community. In this point of view, we shared our knowledge with the people about
how they must maintain hygiene, how they can control the water borne diseases by
adopting preventive measures.
Features of good quality education:
• It lays the foundation for equity in civilization. This is possible by breaking the
poverty cycle, reducing inequalities, and achieving gender equality.
• It is the key to meeting the goals of standard global development.
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• Through quality education, an individual can seek better job opportunities,
progress with sustainable livelihoods, and have a healthy lifestyle. Best delivered
education spurs innovative minds.
• Well-educated masses can tolerate the resilience of the communities and become
a part of a peaceful democratic society.
It allows the prosperity of individuals, communities, and society
3.2 Activities Conducted and Observations:
The main goal of this activity was to encourage talents in Government schools and
create awareness among students about Mathematics. For this activity we visited
government school Bangalore, Karnataka. We conducted this activity from 30th June
2024 to 10th July 2024.
• Emphasized primary school students on their higher education path, involving
them in various question answering session.
• Involved students in the importance of basics of mathematics.
• We conducted few quizzes and other cultural activities with students and
awarded them with chocolates, and stationery to encourage their skills and
talents.
As a part of observation, we found out the students in Government schools
with lots of energy and interests. They have many talents to showcase and need a
bit of motivation. Coming to the education part, we think the curriculum of
Government schools must include more practical subjects to improve the quality of
education and teachers and staff must extract talents from students and motivate
them accordingly. Spending quality time with students was a great experience as we
could add some knowledge to their ideas and perspectives.
3.3 OUTCOMES:
Various activities were conducted:
• Interacted with students.
• Session of tutoring Mathematics.
• Education given to the students on various streams and subjects they can
choose to pursue their higher studies.
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• Activities were conducted to improve public speaking skills in the students.
• Sessions were conducted to improve English speaking and writing skills.
3.4 SUMMARY:
During the month of June and July 2024 , we had the opportunity to visit a
government school in Bengaluru, Karnataka with the aim of emphasizing the importance
of basic mathematics and higher education to school students. Our goal was to engage
with the students through various interactive sessions and encourage them to think about
their future education goals.
Throughout the month, we organized several question-and-answer sessions with
the students, where we discussed different career paths and how higher education can
help them achieve their goals. We also conducted quizzes and other cultural activities,
which helped to keep the students engaged and motivated.
To encourage the students and recognize their efforts, we awarded them with
chocolates and stationery for their participation in the activities. This approach proved to
be effective in encouraging their skills and talents.
During our visit, we also had the opportunity to interact with the teachers and
understand the challenges they face in educating the children. We discussed various
strategies to make learning more engaging and effective.
Overall, the visit was a success as we were able to inspire and encourage the
students to think about their future education goals. We hope that our efforts will help
them in making informed decisions about their education and career paths. We also hope
that our visit will inspire other organizations to support similar initiatives, which can
benefit students across the country.
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CONCLUSION
National Service Scheme (NSS) is one of the Nobel experiment in academic work of college.
It inculcates the spirit of voluntary work among the students and teachers through sustained
community interactions. They do something positive during the work in NSS unit. It brings
our academic institutions closer to society. It shows how to combine knowledge and action to
achieve results, which are desirable for community development in the adopted villagers
through it raised to higher material and moral in the life.
NSS volunteers work hard day and night to ensure that every one in our society who is needy
gets the every possible help from them so that they can also enhances their standards and lead
a life of dignity in the society with all of us. In doing so the volunteers themselves learn a lot
from the people in villages like how to struggle and how to lead a happy life in the extreme
scarcity of resources.
Objectives:
To develop among students a sense of social and civic responsibilities.
• To develop among students leadership qualities and democratic attitude.
• To encourage participation in rural development including project identification
programme formulation, implementation and evaluation.
• To function as per guidelines laid down by the NSS Department of Shivaji University,
Kolhapur
• To plan the regular field activities of the NSS throughout the year
• To arrange discussions and workshops of group of students on a regular basis on issues of
social importance, ethical relevance and moral values.
• To plan and organize annual 7day special camp in adopted village
• To involve students in social service and other extra- curricular activities organized by the
Shivaji University
• To keep the records and submit annual audited accounts and reports to the university.
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REFERENCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
338081705_Improvement_of_Village_Productive_Economy_Through_Village_Funds_F
inancing
https://theconversation.com/what-makes-a-school-good-its-about-more-than-just-test-
results-114372
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