ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design

Topic 5: Examples on Z-Transforms

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, PhD, SMIEEE

Assistant Professor
Department of Engineering Design
Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Chennai, Tamil Nadu – 600036
Office Room No: 215
Email ID: [email protected]
Office Phone No:+91–44–2257–4746

January – May 2025

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 1 / 19
 Example 1: Determine the Z -transform of signal

x(n) = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

Solution:
∞
X
X (z) = x(n)z −n
n=−∞
5
X
= x(n)z −n
n=0
= x(0)z 0 + x(1)z −1 + x(2)z −2 + x(3)z −3 + x(4)z −4 + x(5)z −5
= 1.z 0 + 2.z −1 + 5.z −2 + 7.z −3 + 0.z −4 + 1.z −5
= 1 + 2z −1 + 5z −2 + 7z −3 + z −5

ROC entire Z -plane except zero.

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 2 / 19
 1 n


Example 2: Determine the Z -transform of signal x(n) = 2 u(n)

Solution: Signal x(n) consists of an infinite number of nonzero values.

(       )
1 2 1 3
 m
1 1
x(n) = 1, , , , ..., , ...
2 2 2 2

Z -transform of infinite series

   2  n
1 −1 1 −2 1
X (z) = 1 + z + z + ... + z −n
2 2 2
∞  n ∞ 
1 −1 n

X 1 −n
X
= z = z
2 2
n=0 n=0
1
X (z) = ; ROC: |z| > 1/2
1 − 12 z −1

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 3 / 19
 Example 3: Determine the Z -transform of signal

x1 (n) = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}, x2 (n) = {1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}, x3 (n) = {0, 0, 1, 2, 5, 7, 0, 1}

↑ ↑ ↑

Solution:
X1 (z) = 1 + 2z −1 + 5z −2 + 7z −3 + z −5
By time shifting property
x2 (n) = x1 (n + 2)
X2 (z) = z 2 X1 (z)
= z −2 + 2z + 5 + 7z −1 + z −3
x3 (n) = x1 (n − 2)
X3 (z) = z −2 X1 (z)
= z −2 + 2z −3 + 5z −4 + 7z −5 + z −7

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 4 / 19
 Example 3: Compute the convolution x(n) of the signals

x1 (n) = {1, −2, 1}

↑
(
1, 0≤n≤5
x2 (n) =
0, elsewhere
Solution:
X1 (z) = 1 − 2z −1 + z −2
X2 (z) = 1 + z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + z −4 + z −5
X (z) = X1 (z)X2 (z)
= 1 − z −1 − z −6 + z −7
 
x(n) = 1, −1, 0, 0, 0, 0, −1, 1
↑

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 5 / 19
 The same result can be obtained by noting that

X1 (z) = (1 − z −1 )2

1 − z −6
X2 (z) =
1 − z −1
X (z) = (1 − z −1 )(1 − z −6 )
= 1 − z −1 − z −6 + z −7

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 6 / 19
Rational Z -transform

Zeros of a Z -transform X (z) are the values of Z for which X (z) = 0

Poles of a Z -transform X (z) are the values of Z for which X (z) = ∞
X (z) is a rational function

B(z) b0 + b1 z −1 + b2 z −2 + ... + bM z −M
X (z) = =
A(z) a0 + a1 z −1 + a2 z −2 + ... + aN z −N

a0 ̸= 0 & b0 ̸= 0; we can avoid the negative powers of z by factoring out the terms
b0 z −M & a0 z −N as follows

B(z) b0 z −M z M + b1 M−1
b0 z + ... + bbM0
X (z) = =
A(z) a0 z −N z N + a1 N−1
a0 z + ... + aaN0

Since B(z) & A(z) are the polynomials in z, they can be expressed in factored form

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 7 / 19
 B(z) b0 (z − z1 )(z − z2 )...(z − zM )
X (z) = = z −M+N
A(z) a0 (z − p1 )(z − p2 )...(z − pN )
QM
k=1 (z − zk ) b0
X (Z ) = G .z N−M QN , [where G = ]
k=1 (z − pk )
a0

X (z) →M finite zeros at z = z1 , z2 , ..., zM

(roots of the numerator polynomial)
N finite poles at z = p1 , p2 , ..., pN
(roots of the denominator polynomial)
|N − M| zeors if N > M
| − N − M| poles if N < M

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 8 / 19
 poles or zeros may also occurs at z = ∞
A zero exists at z = ∞ if X (∞) = 0
A pole exists at z = ∞ if X (∞) = ∞
Note: The multiplicity of multiple poles or zeros is indicated by number close to the
corresponding cross or circle. The ROC of a Z -transform should not contain any poles.

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 9 / 19
DeConvolution using Z -transform

Deconvolution is the process of finding the input x(n) (or impulse response h(n))
applied to the system once the output y (n) and the impulse response h(n) (or the
input x(n)) of the system are known

Y (z) = X (z)H(z)

Y (z)
X (z) =
H(z)
Example: Find the input x(n) of the system, if the impulse response h(n) and the
output y (n) are given as

y (n) = {2, −5, 1, 1, 6, −11, 6}

h(n) = {2, 1, 0, −1, 3}

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 10 / 19
 Given h(n) = {2, 1, 0, −1, 3}
∞
X 4
X
H(z) = h(n)z −n = h(n)z −n
n=−∞ n=0

=2+z−1 − z −3 + 3z −4
y (n) = {2, −5, 1, 1, 6, −11, 6}
∞
X 6
X
Y (z) = y (n)z −n = y (n)z −n
n=−∞ n=0

Y (z)
X (z) =
H(z)
2 − 5z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + 6z −4 − 11z −5 + 6z −6
=
2 + z −1 − z −3 + 3z −4

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 11 / 19
 1 − 3z −1 + 2z −2
2 + z −1 − z −3 + 3z −4 )2 − 5z −1 + z −2 + z −3 + 6z −4 − 11z −5 + 6z −6
2 + z −1 z −3 + 3z −4
− 6z −1 + z −2 + 2z −3 + 3z −4 − 11z −5 + 6z −6
−6z −1 − 3z −2 + 3z −4 − 9z −5
4z −2 + 2z −3 − 2z −5 + 6z −6
4z −2 + 2z −3 − 2z −5 − 6z −6
0

X (z) = 1 − 3z −1 + 2z −2

x(n) = δ(n) − 3δ(n − 1) + 2δ(n − 2)

x(n) = {1, −3, 2}

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 12 / 19
 Method 1: Power series method

X (z) = z 3 + 2z 2 + z + 1 − 2z −1 − 3z −2 + 4z −3
∞
X
X (z) = x(n)z −n
n=−∞

X (z) = ... + x(−3)z 3 + x(−2)z 2 + x(−1)z + x(0) − x(1)z −1 − x(2)z −2 + x(3)z −3 + ..

Comparing LHS and RHS
 
x(n) = 1, 2, 1, 1, −2, −3, 4
↑

Alternatively taking Z -transform

x(n) = δ(n + 3) + 2δ(n + 2) + δ(n + 1) + δ(n) − 2δ(n − 1) − 3δ(n − 2) + 4δ(n − 3)

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 13 / 19
 Method 2: Partial fraction expansion method
Example:
z(z + 1)
X (z) = : ROC |z| > 2
(z − 1)3 (z − 2)
Solution:
X (z) z +1 A B C D
= 3
= + 2
+ 3
+
z (z − 1) (z − 2) z − 1 (z − 1) (z − 1) z −2

Where A,B,C and D are constants.

1 d2 z + 1
 
A= = −3
2! dz 2 z − 2 z=1
 
1 d z +1
B= = −3
1! dz z − 2 z=1

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 14 / 19
  
z +1
C= = −2
z −2 z=1
 
z +1
D= =3
(z − 1)3 z=1
X (z) −3 3 C 3
= − 2
−2 3
+
z z − 1 (z − 1) (z − 1) z −2
Therefore
−3z 3z 2z 3z
X (z) = − 2
− 3
+
z − 1 (z − 1) (z − 1) z −2
The inverse transform can be found as
2n(n − 1)
x(n) = −3u(n) − 3nu(n) − u(n) + 3(2)n u(n)
2
= −3u(n) − 3nu(n) − n(n − 1)u(n) + 3(2)n u(n)

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 15 / 19
 Method 3: Residue method Example: Find the inverse z-transform of

1 + 2z −1
X (z) = : ROC |z| > 3
1 + 4z −1 + 3z −2
Solution:
1 + 2z −1 z(z + 2) z(z + 2)
X (z) = −1 −2
= 2 =
1 + 4z + 3z z + 4z + 3 (z + 1)(z + 3)

X
x(n) = Residues of X (z)z n−1
X z n (z + 2)
= Residues of at poles z = −1 & z = −3
(z + 1)(z + 3)
1 1
= (−1)n u(n) + (−3)n u(n)
2 2

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 16 / 19
 Method 4: Find the inverse Z -transform of
z2
X (z) =
(z − 2)(z − 3)

using convolution property of Z -transforms.

Solution:
z2
  
z z
X (z) = =
(z − 2)(z − 3) z −2 z −3
  
z z
X (z) = X1 (z)X2 (z) =
z −2 z −3
 
z
x1 (n) = z −1 [X1 (z)].z −1 = 2n u(n)
z −2
 
−1 −1 z
x2 (n) = z [X2 (z)].z = 3n u(n)
z −3
Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 17 / 19
 Convolution:
n
X
x1 (n) ∗ x2 (n) = x1 (k)x2 (n − k)
k=0
Xn
= 2k u(k)3n−k u(n − k)
k=0
"  n+1 #
1 − (2/3)n+1
 
n n+1 2
=3 =3 1−
1 − (2/3) 3
= 3n+1 u(n) − 2n+1 u(n)

Transform Analysis of LTI Systems: Z -transform plays an important role in the

analysis and design of discrete-time LTI systems.

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 18 / 19
 Thank You!

Dr. Deepak Ronanki, Department of Engineering Design ED5017: Digital Signal Processing for Engineering Design 19 / 19