ARRAY VS ARRAY LIST

1. Create and Add Elements

Array

// === Array: Create and Add Elements ===

// Difference: Array has a fixed size defined at creation.

public class ArrayAdd {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = new int[3];

arr[0] = 10;

arr[1] = 20;

arr[2] = 30;

System.out.println("Array created and values added.");

// Output:

// Array created and values added.

ArrayList

// === ArrayList: Create and Add Elements ===

// Difference: ArrayList can dynamically grow as elements are added.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListAdd {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);

list.add(20);

list.add(30);

System.out.println("ArrayList created and values added.");

// Output:

// ArrayList created and values added.

2. Access Elements

Array

// === Array: Access Elements ===

// Difference: Access elements directly using the index (arr[index]).

public class ArrayAccess {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};

System.out.println("First Element: " + arr[0]);

System.out.println("Second Element: " + arr[1]);

// Output:

// First Element: 10

// Second Element: 20

ArrayList

// === ArrayList: Access Elements ===

// Difference: Use list.get(index) to access elements.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListAccess {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);

list.add(20);

list.add(30);

System.out.println("First Element: " + list.get(0));

System.out.println("Second Element: " + list.get(1));

// Output:

// First Element: 10

// Second Element: 20
3. Modify Elements

Array

// === Array: Modify Elements ===

// Difference: Modify by directly accessing the index.

public class ArrayModify {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};

arr[1] = 25;

System.out.println("Modified second element: " + arr[1]);

// Output:

// Modified second element: 25

ArrayList

// === ArrayList: Modify Elements ===

// Difference: Use list.set(index, value) to modify an element.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListModify {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);

list.add(20);

list.set(1, 25);

System.out.println("Modified second element: " + list.get(1));

// Output:

// Modified second element: 25

4. Remove Elements

ArrayList Only

// === ArrayList: Remove Elements ===

// Difference: Arrays do not support direct remove. ArrayList does.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListRemove {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);

list.add(20);

list.add(30);

list.remove(1); // remove element at index 1

System.out.println("List after removing second element: " + list);

// Output:

// List after removing second element: [10, 30]

5. Iterate Elements

Array

java

CopyEdit

// === Array: Iterate Elements ===

// Difference: Use a traditional for loop.

public class ArrayIterate {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int[] arr = {10, 25, 30};

for (int i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {

System.out.println("arr[" + i + "] = " + arr[i]);

// Output:

// arr[0] = 10

// arr[1] = 25
// arr[2] = 30

ArrayList

java

CopyEdit

// === ArrayList: Iterate Elements ===

// Difference: Use size() with get(index) method, or use enhanced for-loop.

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListIterate {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);

list.add(25);

list.add(30);

for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {

System.out.println("list[" + i + "] = " + list.get(i));

// Output:

// list[0] = 10

// list[1] = 25

// list[2] = 30

Would you like a summarized table comparing Arrays and ArrayLists in simple words next?

4o

You said:

Types of arrays and array lists

ChatGPT said:

Great question! Let’s look at the types of arrays and ArrayLists in Java, along with simple examples for each.

1. Types of Arrays in Java

Arrays in Java can be of different types based on dimensions and data types:
a. One-Dimensional Array

A simple linear array.

java

CopyEdit

int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};

b. Two-Dimensional Array (Matrix)

Used for tables, grids, or matrices.

java

CopyEdit

int[][] matrix = {

{1, 2, 3},

{4, 5, 6}

};

c. Multi-Dimensional Array

Arrays within arrays (can go beyond 2D).

java

CopyEdit

int[][][] cube = new int[2][2][2];

d. Array of Objects

Stores object references instead of primitives.

java

CopyEdit

String[] names = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"};

Simple Analogy:

Concept Stack Heap

Array Variable name lives in stack Actual array data lives in heap

ArrayList Variable name lives in stack ArrayList object + its internal array live in heap
Concept Stack Heap

Array in Java

✅ Definition:

An Array is a fixed-size collection of elements of the same type. It is a basic data structure in Java.

✅ Key Features:

 Fixed size: You must define the size when creating the array.

 Can store primitive types (int, char, etc.) or objects.

 Indexed from 0.

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

int[] numbers = new int[5]; // array of 5 integers

numbers[0] = 10;

numbers[1] = 20;

String[] names = {"Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"};

System.out.println(names[1]); // Output: Bob

✅ Pros:

 Simple and fast

 Good when size is known in advance

❌ Cons:

 Fixed size (can’t grow or shrink dynamically)

 No built-in methods like add, remove, etc.

🧰 ArrayList in Java

✅ Definition:

An ArrayList is a part of Java Collections Framework and provides a resizable array implementation of the List
interface.

✅ Key Features:

 Dynamic size: Grows or shrinks as needed

  Stores objects only (can’t store primitive types directly like int, use Integer instead)

 Comes with helpful methods: add(), remove(), contains(), size(), etc.

✅ Example:

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

ArrayList<String> fruits = new ArrayList<>();

fruits.add("Apple");

fruits.add("Banana");

fruits.add("Mango");

System.out.println(fruits.get(1));

// Output: Banana

✅ Pros:

 Flexible size

 Rich set of methods

 Easy to use with Collections API

❌ Cons:

 Slower than arrays for raw performance

 Can only store objects (not primitives directly)

🆚 Difference Between Array and ArrayList:

Feature Array ArrayList

Size Fixed Dynamic (can grow/shrink)

Type Support Primitives & Objects Objects only (autoboxing helps)

Performance Slightly faster Slightly slower (due to overhead)

Built-in Methods Minimal (length, indexing) Many (add, remove, contains)

Flexibility Less flexible More flexible

Part of Collections ❌ No ✅ Yes

Feature Array ArrayList

✅ Summary:

 Use an Array when:

o You know the size in advance

o You want better performance

o You're storing primitive data

 Use an ArrayList when:

o You need flexibility

o You want to use Collection methods

o You're working with objects and need to frequently add/remove items

What is HashMap?

✅ Definition:

HashMap is a part of the Java Collections Framework. It stores data in key-value pairs, where each key is unique, and
it allows fast retrieval using the key.

✅ Characteristics:

 Not synchronized (i.e., not thread-safe)

 Allows one null key and multiple null values

 Based on hashing — it uses the hashCode() of the key to find the bucket location

 Uses a fail-fast iterator

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.HashMap;

public class HashMapExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

HashMap<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>();

map.put(1, "Apple");

map.put(2, "Banana");
 map.put(null, "Mango"); // null key is allowed

map.put(3, null); // null value is allowed

System.out.println(map);

Output:

{null=Mango, 1=Apple, 2=Banana, 3=null}

✅ When to Use:

 In single-threaded applications

 When you need fast lookup, insert, and delete

 When you don’t need thread-safety

🧾 What is Hashtable?

✅ Definition:

Hashtable is an older class (Java 1.0) that also stores data in key-value pairs. It’s similar to HashMap in functionality,
but it is synchronized, making it thread-safe.

✅ Characteristics:

 Synchronized — only one thread can access it at a time

 Does NOT allow null keys or null values

 Slower than HashMap in single-threaded scenarios

 Uses Enumeration for iteration (not fail-fast)

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.Hashtable;

public class HashtableExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Hashtable<Integer, String> table = new Hashtable<>();

table.put(1, "Car");
 table.put(2, "Bike");

// table.put(null, "Truck"); // Throws NullPointerException

// table.put(3, null); // Throws NullPointerException

System.out.println(table);

Output:

{2=Banana, 1=Apple}

✅ When to Use:

 In multithreaded environments

 But modern practice prefers ConcurrentHashMap over Hashtable

🆚 Summary:

Feature HashMap Hashtable

Thread-Safe ❌ No ✅ Yes (synchronized)

Null Keys/Values ✅ Allowed (1 key, many values) ❌ Not allowed

Performance 🚀 Faster (no synchronization) 🐢 Slower (synchronized)

Fail-Fast ✅ Yes ❌ No (uses Enumeration)

Introduced In Java 1.2 (modern) Java 1.0 (legacy)

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

✅ int vs Integer in Java:

int Integer

Primitive type Wrapper class (Object)

Faster, uses less memory |Slightly slower, more memory

Can’t be null Can be null

No methods Has useful methods (e.g., .compareTo(), .toString())

Stored on the stack Stored on the heap

🧺 HashSet

✅ Definition:

HashSet is a part of Java Collections Framework, based on a HashMap. It stores unique elements, and does not
maintain any order.

✅ Key Features:

 No duplicates allowed

 No guaranteed order of elements (not sorted, not insertion-ordered)

 Uses hashing for storage

 Allows null (only one null element)

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.HashSet;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

HashSet<String> set = new HashSet<>();

set.add("Apple");

set.add("Banana");

set.add("Apple"); // duplicate, ignored

 set.add(null);

System.out.println(set); // Order is unpredictable

✅ Use When:

 You just need to store unique elements

 You don’t care about order

 You want fast performance (add, remove, search are O(1) on average)

🌲 TreeSet

✅ Definition:

TreeSet is also part of Java Collections, but it uses a Red-Black Tree internally to store elements in sorted (natural)
order.

✅ Key Features:

 No duplicates allowed

 Elements are sorted automatically

 Slower than HashSet (operations are O(log n))

 Does not allow null (throws NullPointerException)

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {

TreeSet<String> set = new TreeSet<>();

set.add("Banana");

set.add("Apple");
 set.add("Cherry");

System.out.println(set); // Output: [Apple, Banana, Cherry]

✅ Use When:

 You need sorted order

 You want to navigate elements (like get first/last, find higher/lower values)

 You still want to avoid duplicates

🆚 Difference Between HashSet and TreeSet:

Feature HashSet TreeSet

Order ❌ No order ✅ Sorted (natural or custom)

Performance 🚀 Faster (O(1) operations avg) 🐢 Slower (O(log n) operations)

Allows null ✅ Yes (one) ❌ No (throws exception)

Underlying Structure HashMap Red-Black Tree

Navigational Methods ❌ No ✅ Yes (first(), last(), etc.)

✅ Summary:

 Use HashSet when:

o You want speed and don’t care about order

o Just need to store unique values

 Use TreeSet when:

o You need sorted output

o You want to navigate through the set inorder

✅ What is the meaning of Collections in Java?

Answer:
In Java, Collections refer to a framework that is designed to store, retrieve, and manipulate groups of objects. It
provides various interfaces and classes to perform operations on data such as:

 Searching

 Sorting
  Manipulation

 Insertion

 Deletion

A group of objects is collectively known as a collection. The Java Collections Framework (JCF) provides a standard
way to handle collections of objects, making programs more efficient, scalable, and easy to maintain.

All the classes and interfaces for collections are available in the java.util package.

Collection

---------------------------------

| | |

List Set Queue

| | |

ArrayList HashSet PriorityQueue

LinkedList LinkedHashSet ArrayDeque

Vector TreeSet

Stack

Map

------------------------

| | |

HashMap TreeMap LinkedHashMap

Hashtable

What is meant by Ordered and Sorted in collections?

ChatGPT said:

Great question! Here's a concise explanation:

 Ordered: Refers to collections that maintain the insertion order of elements (i.e., the order in which
elements are added). For example, List implementations like ArrayList and LinkedList are ordered collections.

 Sorted: Refers to collections that maintain elements in a specific, defined order (often natural order or by a
comparator). For example, TreeSet and TreeMap are sorted collections, where elements are stored in
ascending order by default.

Key Differences:

 Ordered: Elements appear in the same order they were added (e.g., LinkedHashSet).

 Sorted: Elements appear in a defined sorted order (e.g., TreeSet).

✅ Difference between ArrayList, LinkedList, and Vector

FEATURE ARRAYLIST LINKEDLIST VECTOR

STORAGE Dynamic array Doubly linked list Dynamic array (like ArrayList)
(resizable array)

ORDER Maintains insertion Maintains insertion Maintains insertion order

order order

PERFORMANCE Slow for Fast for Slow like ArrayList (due to shifting
(INSERTION/DELETION) insertion/deletion in insertion/deletion elements)
middle (because anywhere (just
elements need to be pointer adjustments)
shifted)

PERFORMANCE Fast for random access Slow for random Fast for random access
(ACCESS/SEARCH) (using index) access (needs to
traverse the list)

SYNCHRONIZATION Not synchronized (not Not synchronized (not Synchronized (thread-safe but
thread-safe) thread-safe) slower)

LEGACY Part of Java Collections Part of Java Legacy class (older, now less
Framework Collections preferred)
Framework

USE CASE When frequent When frequent When thread-safe operations are
access/search is insertion/deletion is needed (use ArrayList +
needed needed Collections.synchronizedList()
nowadays instead)
✅ Quick Summary:

 ArrayList → Best for fast access, slow insertion/deletion.

 LinkedList → Best for frequent insertion/deletion, slower access.

 Vector → Thread-safe version of ArrayList (legacy, less recommended now).

✅ Example:

java

CopyEdit

ArrayList<String> arrayList = new ArrayList<>();

LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();

Vector<String> vector = new Vector<>();

1. ArrayList in Java

Concept:

 ArrayList is part of the Java Collection Framework and is backed by a dynamic array.

 It allows for random access to elements and is commonly used for applications where frequent access to
elements is needed.

 It grows dynamically when more elements are added than its current capacity. However, resizing requires
copying all the elements into a new larger array.

Operations:

1. Add: Add an element to the list.

2. Access: Access an element by index (constant time).

3. Insert: Insert an element at a specific position.

4. Remove: Remove an element either by index or by value.

5. Size: Get the current size of the ArrayList.

Code:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class ArrayListDemo {

 public static void main(String[] args) {

// Initialize ArrayList

ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();

// 1. Adding elements

list.add("Apple");

list.add("Banana");

list.add("Cherry");

System.out.println("After adding elements: " + list);

// 2. Accessing elements by index

System.out.println("Element at index 1: " + list.get(1));

// 3. Inserting an element at a specific index

list.add(1, "Orange");

System.out.println("After inserting at index 1: " + list);

// 4. Removing element by index

list.remove(2); // Removes the element at index 2

System.out.println("After removing element at index 2: " + list);

// 5. Removing element by value

list.remove("Apple");

System.out.println("After removing 'Apple': " + list);

// 6. Get the size of the ArrayList

System.out.println("Size of ArrayList: " + list.size());

Output:

mathematica

CopyEdit

After adding elements: [Apple, Banana, Cherry]

Element at index 1: Banana

After inserting at index 1: [Apple, Orange, Banana, Cherry]

After removing element at index 2: [Apple, Orange, Cherry]

After removing 'Apple': [Orange, Cherry]

Size of ArrayList: 2

Explanation:

 Adding elements: The add() method appends elements to the end.

 Accessing elements: Using the get() method, we can directly access an element at a specific index.

 Inserting an element: The add(index, element) method inserts an element at a specific position.

 Removing elements: The remove() method removes elements by either index or value.

 Size: size() gives the current number of elements in the ArrayList.

2. Vector in Java

Concept:

 Vector is a part of the Java Collection Framework and is similar to ArrayList, but it is synchronized.

 It is thread-safe, meaning it can be safely used in multi-threaded environments. However, due to

synchronization, it is generally slower than ArrayList in single-threaded applications.

 Vector grows its size dynamically, but unlike ArrayList, it increases its size by a fixed amount instead of
doubling it.

Operations:

1. Add: Add an element to the vector.

2. Access: Access an element by index.

3. Insert: Insert an element at a specific position.

4. Remove: Remove an element by index or value.

5. Size: Get the size of the vector.

Code:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.Vector;

public class VectorDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Initialize Vector

Vector<Integer> vector = new Vector<>();

 // 1. Adding elements

vector.add(10);

vector.add(20);

vector.add(30);

System.out.println("After adding elements: " + vector);

// 2. Accessing elements by index

System.out.println("Element at index 1: " + vector.get(1));

// 3. Inserting an element at a specific index

vector.add(1, 15); // Inserts at index 1

System.out.println("After inserting 15 at index 1: " + vector);

// 4. Removing element by index

vector.remove(2); // Removes element at index 2

System.out.println("After removing element at index 2: " + vector);

// 5. Removing element by value

vector.remove(Integer.valueOf(10));

System.out.println("After removing value 10: " + vector);

// 6. Get the size of the Vector

System.out.println("Size of Vector: " + vector.size());

Output:

pgsql

CopyEdit

After adding elements: [10, 20, 30]

Element at index 1: 20

After inserting 15 at index 1: [10, 15, 20, 30]

After removing element at index 2: [10, 15, 30]

After removing value 10: [15, 30]

Size of Vector: 2

Explanation:

 Adding elements: Similar to ArrayList, elements are added at the end using the add() method.

 Accessing elements: The get() method is used to access elements by index.

 Inserting an element: The add(index, element) method inserts an element at a specific position.

 Removing elements: The remove() method can remove elements by index or by value.

 Size: The size() method returns the current size of the vector.

Thread Safety:

 Vector is synchronized, which means that multiple threads can safely access and modify it at the same time
without causing data corruption.

3. LinkedList in Java

Concept:

 LinkedList is a part of the Java Collection Framework and is based on a doubly linked list structure.

 Each element (node) contains data and references (pointers) to the previous and next elements, allowing for
efficient insertions and deletions at both ends of the list.

 Unlike ArrayList and Vector, it does not allow random access. To access an element, it must traverse the list
from the beginning or the end.

Operations:

1. Add: Add an element to the list.

2. Access: Access an element by index.

3. Insert: Insert an element at the beginning or end.

4. Remove: Remove an element by index or value.

5. Size: Get the size of the LinkedList.

Code:

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.LinkedList;

public class LinkedListDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Initialize LinkedList

LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<>();

 // 1. Adding elements

linkedList.add("Monday");

linkedList.add("Wednesday");

linkedList.add("Friday");

System.out.println("After adding elements: " + linkedList);

// 2. Accessing elements by index

System.out.println("Element at index 1: " + linkedList.get(1));

// 3. Inserting an element at the beginning

linkedList.addFirst("Sunday");

System.out.println("After inserting at the beginning: " + linkedList);

// 4. Inserting an element at the end

linkedList.addLast("Saturday");

System.out.println("After inserting at the end: " + linkedList);

// 5. Removing the first element

linkedList.removeFirst();

System.out.println("After removing the first element: " + linkedList);

// 6. Removing the last element

linkedList.removeLast();

System.out.println("After removing the last element: " + linkedList);

// 7. Removing by value

linkedList.remove("Wednesday");

System.out.println("After removing 'Wednesday': " + linkedList);

// 8. Get the size of the LinkedList

System.out.println("Size of LinkedList: " + linkedList.size());

}
}

Output:

mathematica

CopyEdit

After adding elements: [Monday, Wednesday, Friday]

Element at index 1: Wednesday

After inserting at the beginning: [Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Friday]

After inserting at the end: [Sunday, Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday]

After removing the first element: [Monday, Wednesday, Friday, Saturday]

After removing the last element: [Monday, Wednesday, Friday]

After removing 'Wednesday': [Monday, Friday]

Size of LinkedList: 2

Explanation:

 Adding elements: The add() method adds elements at the end. You can also insert at the beginning
(addFirst()) or end (addLast()).

 Accessing elements: The get() method is used for accessing elements by index, but this is less efficient
compared to ArrayList.

 Removing elements: You can remove elements from both ends using removeFirst() and removeLast(). The
remove() method removes by value.

 Size: The size() method provides the number of elements in the list.

Efficiency:

 LinkedList is more efficient for insertions and deletions at both ends (O(1) time complexity). However,
accessing an element by index requires O(n) time due to traversal.

Conclusion:

 ArrayList: Best for fast random access and appending elements but not efficient for insertions/deletions in
the middle.

 Vector: Similar to ArrayList but synchronized, making it thread-safe but slower in performance.

 LinkedList: Best when you need efficient insertions and deletions at the ends, but access by index is slower.

📌 What is a Priority Queue?

A Priority Queue is a type of abstract data structure where each element has a priority assigned to it.
  Higher priority elements are served before lower priority ones.

 If two elements have the same priority, they are served according to the order they were added (this can
vary by implementation).

It’s like a VIP line at an airport — the person with the highest priority boarding pass gets to board first, no matter
when they arrived.

📊 How is it different from a regular Queue?

In a regular queue, elements are added at the back and removed from the front (FIFO — First In First Out).

In a priority queue:b

 You insert elements wherever you like (depending on implementation)

 But when you remove something, it’s always the one with the highest priority

📚 Priority Queue Operations:

Operation Description

insert() / enqueue() Add an element with a priority

remove() / dequeue() Remove the element with the highest priority

peek() or top() View the highest priority element without removing it

How is it implemented?

A Priority Queue can be implemented using:

 Heap (usually a Binary Heap) → efficient, commonly used

 Array or List (sorted or unsorted) → simple but less efficient

 Binary Search Tree → possible, but more complex than a heap for this

In most programming libraries (like Python’s heapq, C++'s priority_queue), a min-heap is used by default, meaning
the smallest element has the highest priority — though you can flip this to create a max-heap.

📚 Java PriorityQueue Operations Explained

Operation Description

add(E e) / offer(E e) Adds an element to the queue

remove() Removes and returns the head (highest priority element) — throws exception if empty

poll() Removes and returns the head — returns null if empty

peek() Returns the head (highest priority) without removing it — returns null if empty

📑 Example with All Operations

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.PriorityQueue;

public class PriorityQueueOperations {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a PriorityQueue

PriorityQueue<Integer> pq = new PriorityQueue<>();

// Add elements

pq.add(30);

pq.add(10);

pq.add(50);

// Peek (Top element)

System.out.println("Top element (peek): " + pq.peek()); // Output: 10

// Remove the head (throws exception if empty)

System.out.println("Removed (remove): " + pq.remove()); // Output: 10

// Poll (remove head safely)

System.out.println("Removed (poll): " + pq.poll()); // Output: 30

// Check top again

System.out.println("Top element (peek): " + pq.peek()); // Output: 50

// Remove remaining

pq.poll();

// Peek on empty queue

System.out.println("Top element (peek on empty): " + pq.peek()); // Output: null

}
✅ Output:

Top element (peek): 10

Removed (remove): 10

Removed (poll): 30

Top element (peek): 50

Top element (peek on empty): null

📌 Notes:

 add() vs offer(): both insert elements, but offer() is preferred for queues as it handles capacity restrictions
gracefully (though PriorityQueue is unbounded by default).

 remove() vs poll():

o remove() throws a NoSuchElementException if the queue is empty.

o poll() returns null if the queue is empty.

 peek() returns the top element without removing it — null if empty.

📖 What is a Normal Queue?

A Queue is a First In First Out (FIFO) data structure — meaning:

 The element that gets added first is the one that gets removed first.

 Think of it like a line at a ticket counter — first come, first served.

📚 Basic Queue Operations in Java (Using Queue Interface)

Java provides the Queue interface, commonly implemented by LinkedList or ArrayDeque.

Operation Description

add(e) Adds an element to the rear

offer(e) Same as add(), but returns false if it fails

remove() Removes and returns the head of the queue (throws exception if empty)

poll() Removes and returns the head (returns null if empty)

peek() Returns the head without removing (returns null if empty)

element() Returns the head without removing (throws exception if empty)

✅ Example: Normal Queue in Java

import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.Queue;

public class NormalQueueOperations {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Queue<Integer> queue = new LinkedList<>();

// Adding elements

queue.add(10);

queue.add(20);

queue.add(30);

System.out.println("Queue: " + queue);

// Peek (view front without removing)

System.out.println("Front element (peek): " + queue.peek());

// Remove (removes front element)

System.out.println("Removed: " + queue.remove());

// Poll (removes front element safely)

System.out.println("Removed using poll: " + queue.poll());

// Final Queue

System.out.println("Queue after removals: " + queue);

✅ Output:

Queue: [10, 20, 30]

Front element (peek): 10

Removed: 10

Removed using poll: 20

Queue after removals: [30]

📌 Key Points:

 Queue adds elements to the rear and removes from the front.

 peek() and poll() are safe versions of element() and remove() because they don’t throw exceptions if the
queue is empty.

 Queue works on FIFO, while PriorityQueue works based on priority ordering.

If you want, I can show the ArrayDeque implementation too — it’s a faster and more modern alternative to
LinkedList for queues. Want to see that too? 🚀

4o

You said:

stack

ChatGPT said:

Great — let’s complete the trio and talk about the Stack in Java now!

📖 What is a Stack?

A Stack is a Last In, First Out (LIFO) data structure — meaning:

 The element that gets added last is the one that gets removed first.

 Imagine a stack of plates — you can only take the top plate off.

📚 Basic Stack Operations in Java

Java provides a Stack class in java.util, though modern code sometimes prefers Deque (ArrayDeque) for stack
behavior.

Operation Description

push(e) Adds an element to the top of the stack

pop() Removes and returns the top element (throws EmptyStackException if empty)

peek() Returns the top element without removing it

isEmpty() Checks whether the stack is empty

✅ Example: Stack in Java (using Stack class)

java

CopyEdit

import java.util.Stack;

public class StackOperations {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Stack<Integer> stack = new Stack<>();

// Push elements onto the stack

stack.push(10);

stack.push(20);

stack.push(30);
 System.out.println("Stack: " + stack);

// Peek (view the top element without removing)

System.out.println("Top element (peek): " + stack.peek());

// Pop (remove the top element)

System.out.println("Popped: " + stack.pop());

// Final Stack after pop

System.out.println("Stack after pop: " + stack);

✅ Output:

less

Stack: [10, 20, 30]

Top element (peek): 30

Popped: 30

Stack after pop: [10, 20]

📌 Key Points:

 push() → adds an element to the top

 pop() → removes the top element

 peek() → views the top element without removing

 isEmpty() → checks whether the stack is empty

 LIFO → the last element added is the first one to come out

🎨 Quick Comparison:

Order
Data Structure Adds Removes
Type

Queue FIFO Rear Front

Stack LIFO Top Top

By Anywhere Top (highest

PriorityQueue
Priority (heap) priority)

📌 Concept of Operating System:

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages a computer's

hardware and software resources.
 Order
Data Structure Adds Removes
Type

It acts as a bridge between the user and the computer, controlling memory,
processes, files, and devices.

📌 Types of Operating Systems with Examples:

Type Example Description

IBM Mainframe Executes a batch of jobs without user

Batch OS
OS interaction.

Time-Sharing Allows multiple users to share system

UNIX, Linux
OS resources at the same time.

LOCUS, Connects multiple computers to work as

Distributed OS
Amoeba one system.

VxWorks, Responds quickly to inputs, used in

Real-Time OS
RTLinux embedded systems.

Mobile OS Android, iOS Designed for smartphones and tablets.

✅ Common Operating Systems: Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, iOS.

Would you like a small diagram or flow too?

ChatGPT said:

Great — here’s a simple, clean diagram-style flow for the Operating

System concept and its types:

📊 Operating System Concept & Types

+-------------------------+
 | Operating System |

+-----------+-------------+

-------------------------------------------------

| | | | |

Batch OS Time-Sharing OS Distributed OS Real-Time OS Mobile OS

| | | | |

IBM Mainframe UNIX, Linux LOCUS, Amoeba RTLinux, Android, iOS

OS VxWorks

📌 Explanation:

 Operating System is the main system software managing hardware and software.

It branches into different types based on how they manage tasks and resources.

📌 What is an Exception in Java?

An Exception is an unexpected problem that happens during the normal flow of a program's execution.
It could be things like:

 Dividing a number by zero

 Accessing an invalid array index

 Trying to open a file that doesn’t exist

 Or invalid input from the user

If such an issue occurs and isn’t properly handled, it will stop the program execution abruptly.
📌 Exception Hierarchy

In Java:

 All exceptions are derived from the java.lang.Exception class.

 Some common exception classes:

o ArithmeticException

o ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

o NullPointerException

📌 How to Handle Exceptions

Java uses:

 try-catch blocks to catch and handle exceptions.

 finally block to execute code regardless of whether an exception occurred or not.

📌 Example Code

Here’s a simple Java program demonstrating exception handling:

java

CopyEdit

public class ExceptionExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

try {

// Code that may cause an exception

int number1 = 10;

int number2 = 0;

int result = number1 / number2; // This will cause ArithmeticException

System.out.println("Result: " + result);

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

// Handling the exception

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero. Exception caught: " + e);

} finally {

// This block always executes

System.out.println("Execution completed.");

}
 }

📖 Explanation:

 try block → Code inside this block may cause an exception.

 catch block → Catches the specific exception (ArithmeticException) and handles it.

 finally block → Runs no matter what — used for cleanup actions or closing resources.

✅ Output:

Cannot divide by zero. Exception caught: java.lang.ArithmeticException: / by zero

Execution completed.

Difference Between Throw and Throws Keyword?

📌 throw and throws — A Human-Friendly Explanation

In Java, sometimes while running a program, things go wrong — like dividing by zero, or accessing a file that doesn’t
exist. These situations are called exceptions.

Java gives us tools to handle these problems gracefully, without crashing the program. Two of those tools are the
throw keyword and the throws keyword — and while they sound similar, they do different jobs.

✅ throw — What is it?

Think of throw like manually raising a problem when something bad happens.

Example situation:
You’re a teacher checking students’ ages to decide if they can go on a field trip. If a student is younger than 18, you
need to stop them and raise a complaint.

In Java, you can do this by creating a new exception object and using the throw keyword to throw it.

✅ How it looks in Java:

throw new Exception("Too young to go on the trip!");

👉 It’s like shouting:

“Hey! This person is too young! Stop right there!”

Key points about throw:

 It is used inside a method or block.

 It actually throws the problem (exception) immediately.

 It must be followed by an instance of an exception class (like new Exception()).

✅ throws — What is it?

Now imagine you’re the teacher, but you’re too busy to handle the age check yourself.
So you tell the school office:

“Hey, when you check ages, if there’s a problem, don’t handle it. Just send it to me, I’ll handle it later.”

This is exactly what throws does in Java.

When you write a method in Java and you think it might cause an exception, but you don’t want to handle it inside
the method, you can use throws to inform whoever calls this method that it might cause a problem.

✅ How it looks in Java:

void checkAge(int age) throws Exception {

// method that might throw an exception

👉 It’s like saying:

“This method might throw an exception — be ready to catch it when you call me.”

Key points about throws:

 It is used in the method declaration (signature).

 It tells the compiler and the caller that this method might throw one or more exceptions.

 It passes the responsibility to handle the exception to whoever calls the method.

✅ Clear Example — Together

Let’s combine both in a real program:

import java.io.IOException;

public class TripEligibility {

// This method might throw an IOException

static void checkAge(int age) throws IOException {

if (age < 18) {

// If age is less than 18, throw an exception

throw new IOException("Age is less than 18, cannot join the trip!");

} else {

System.out.println("Welcome to the trip!");

public static void main(String[] args) {

 try {

// Try calling the method

checkAge(16);

} catch (IOException e) {

// Catch and handle the problem here

System.out.println("Problem: " + e.getMessage());

✅ What’s happening here?

1. checkAge() method checks the person’s age.

2. If the age is less than 18, it throws an IOException using throw.

3. The method signature has throws IOException — which means it passes the responsibility to main() to deal
with it.

4. In main(), we use a try-catch block to catch and handle the problem.

👉 No program crash, clean handling.

✅ Summary Table
Concept Meaning Where it’s used Example

throw Actually creates and throws an exception Inside a method throw new IOException("error");

Declares that a method might throw an In the method

throws void check() throws IOException
exception header

✅ Real World Analogy

Java
Real Life Situation
Concept

A person actually throws a ball to

throw
someone

A person warns others that he might

throws
throw a ball

📌 Difference between throw and throws in Java

Aspect throw throws

Meaning Actually throws an exception object in the Declares that a method can throw an
program exception to its caller
 Purpose To manually trigger an exception when To inform the caller that a method
something goes wrong might throw an exception

Location Inside a method or block In the method signature (header)

Syntax throw new Exception("message"); void methodName() throws

IOException, SQLException

How many it Can throw only one exception at a time Can declare multiple exceptions,
handles separated by commas

Who handles it The exception is thrown immediately to the The calling method is responsible for
nearest catch block or caller handling the declared exceptions

Example throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by void checkAge() throws IOException

zero");

Is it a declaration or It’s an action — actively throws an exception It’s a declaration — warns that this
an action? now method might throw

✅ Concept of Checked and Unchecked Exceptions

📌 What is an Exception?

An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program that disrupts the normal flow of instructions.
It usually signals an error or unexpected condition.

✅ Checked Exceptions (Compile-Time Exceptions)

Definition:
Exceptions that are checked by the compiler at compile-time. The program must handle these exceptions using try-
catch blocks or declare them using throws.
If not handled, the program will not compile.

Use:
They generally represent recoverable problems, like file not found, network issues, or invalid input.

Examples:

 IOException

 SQLException

 FileNotFoundException

Concept:

These are problems that the program might reasonably be expected to recover from.
The compiler makes sure that the developer takes care of them.
✅ Unchecked Exceptions (Runtime Exceptions)

Definition:
Exceptions that occur during the execution of the program (at runtime) and are not checked at compile-time.
The program can handle them, but it's not mandatory.

Use:
They generally indicate programming errors or bugs like illegal operations, invalid data use, or logic errors.

Examples:

 ArithmeticException

 NullPointerException

 ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

Concept:

These are problems that typically result from coding mistakes and are usually not expected to be recovered from.
The programmer should fix these by correcting the code logic.

✅ Summary

Checked Exceptions Unchecked Exceptions

Checked at compile-time Checked at runtime

Must be handled (try-catch or throws) Optional to handle

Represents recoverable conditions Represents programming bugs / logic errors

Examples: IOException, SQLException Examples: NullPointerException, ArithmeticException

✅ Important

 Java: Supports both checked and unchecked exceptions.

 Python / C++ / JavaScript: Only unchecked exceptions (handled at runtime, no compiler enforcement).

✅ Different Ways to Handle Exceptions

Here’s a clean breakdown of the main ways exceptions are handled — especially in languages like Java and Python:

📌 1️⃣ Using try-catch (or try-except in Python)

 Code that might cause an exception is written inside a try block.

 The code to handle the exception is placed inside a catch (Java) or except (Python) block.

Concept:

Try to run the risky code. If an exception occurs, catch it and handle it properly instead of crashing.

Example (Java):
java

CopyEdit

try {

int result = 10 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero.");

Example (Python):

python

CopyEdit

try:

result = 10 / 0

except ZeroDivisionError:

print("Cannot divide by zero.")

📌 2️⃣ Using finally Block

 A finally block is optional and follows try-catch.

 It contains code that will always execute, whether an exception occurs or not.

 Typically used to release resources (like closing files, network connections, etc.)

Concept:

No matter what happens — this block will execute.

Example:

try {

int result = 10 / 0;

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Error occurred.");

} finally {

System.out.println("This will always run.");

📌 3️⃣ Using throws Keyword (Java)

 Used to declare exceptions a method might throw, passing the responsibility of handling it to the caller.

Concept:
I’m not handling this error here — I’ll pass it to the method that called me.

Example:

java

CopyEdit

public void readFile() throws IOException {

FileReader file = new FileReader("file.txt");

📌 4️⃣ Using throw Statement

 Used to explicitly throw an exception.

Concept:

Forcefully raise an exception when a certain condition occurs.

Example:

java

CopyEdit

if (age < 18) {

throw new ArithmeticException("Not eligible to vote");

✅ Summary Table

Way Concept Example Usage

try-catch / try-except Run risky code and handle exceptions if they occur ArithmeticException, FileNotFound

finally Code that always executes, cleanup actions Closing files, releasing resources

throws (Java) Declare exceptions to be handled by the caller throws IOException

throw Manually raise an exception based on a condition throw new ArithmeticException()

📖 Concept of Exception Propagation in Java (Human

Understanding)
👉 What is Exception Propagation?

In Java, when an error (called an exception) happens inside a method and it’s not handled there, Java automatically
passes it up to the method that called it.
If that method doesn’t handle it either, it moves further up — this is called Exception Propagation.

Think of it like passing a problem up the chain of command at work:

  A Junior Developer faces a problem.

 If they can’t handle it, they pass it to their Team Lead.

 If the Team Lead can’t handle it, it goes to the Manager.

 If no one handles it, the company shuts down for the day (program crashes).

In Java, this "passing the problem up" is exactly what exception propagation is.

📚 Concept Definition

Exception Propagation is the process by which an exception is passed up the method call stack from the place where
it occurred to the caller methods, until it is caught and handled by a try-catch block, or if not handled, passed to the
JVM, which terminates the program.

👨‍💻 Java Code Example — Step by Step

public class PropagationExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

method1();

static void method1() {

method2();

static void method2() {

method3();

static void method3() {

int result = 10 / 0; // Exception occurs here

📝 What happens here:

 method3() causes ArithmeticException (division by zero)

 No try-catch here → exception propagates to method2()

 No try-catch in method2() → moves to method1()

 No try-catch in method1() → moves to main()

  No try-catch in main() → JVM handles it → program terminates

✅ If Handled in Between — Propagation Stops

static void method2() {

try {

method3();

} catch (ArithmeticException e) {

System.out.println("Handled in method2!");

Now:

 Exception occurs in method3()

 Propagates to method2()

 Caught and handled in method2()

 Propagation stops there

Program continues safely.

📌 Key Points:

 Exceptions move upward through the call stack.

 If any method has a try-catch block, it can catch and handle the exception.

 If no method handles it, JVM’s default handler stops the program.

 This mechanism is called Exception Propagation.

📝 Human-Friendly Summary

“If a problem happens somewhere and no one nearby knows how to fix it, the problem gets passed up the chain of
people, hoping someone will handle it. If no one does, everything breaks down.
In Java, this is how Exception Propagation works.”

📖 Concept of final Keyword in Java (Human Understanding)

In Java, the final keyword is like putting a lock on something.
Once you lock it, nobody can change, override, or extend it anymore.
It’s Java’s way of saying “this is fixed — don’t touch it!”

You can use final in three ways:

  To lock a variable’s value (so it can’t be changed)

 To lock a method’s behavior (so it can’t be overridden)

 To lock a class’s design (so it can’t be extended)

📚 Explanation with Real-World Examples

1️⃣ final Variable — Fixed Like Your Birthdate

Once your birthdate is set, you can’t change it.

Similarly, when a final variable is given a value, it stays the same forever.

Example:

final int age = 25;

age = 30; // ❌ Error — can't change it

👉 Concept:
It’s like writing your birthdate in ink — no edits allowed.

2️⃣ final Method — Fixed Rules

Imagine a company has a rule:

“No employee can work more than 8 hours a day.”

No matter what, no one (not even a manager) can change this rule.
A final method works like this — it can be used but cannot be changed in subclasses.

Example:

class Company {

final void workingHours() {

System.out.println("8 hours a day");

class Branch extends Company {

// void workingHours() { } // ❌ Error — can't override

👉 Concept:
It’s like a fixed company policy — lower managers (subclasses) must follow it as it is.

3️⃣ final Class — Unmodifiable Blueprint

Let’s say there’s a sealed building — you can enter and use it, but you can’t build anything on top of it or make
changes to its structure.

A final class is like that — it can be used, but can’t be extended (inherited).

Example:

final class Vehicle {

void run() {

System.out.println("Running...");

// class Car extends Vehicle { } // ❌ Error — can't extend

👉 Concept:
It’s like sealing a blueprint — no one is allowed to create a new version based on it.

✅ Human-Friendly Summary Table:

Where to Use What final Does Human Example

Variable Can’t change the value after setting Your birthdate

Method Can’t override the method A fixed company rule

Class Can’t inherit (extend) the class A sealed building

📝 Final Thought (Human Understanding)

“The final keyword is Java’s way of locking things — whether it’s a value, a rule, or a blueprint. Once it’s marked
final, it stays fixed forever.”

📖 Concept of Recursion (with the example)

👉 What is Recursion?

Recursion is a technique in programming where a method calls itself to solve a problem.

📚 How Recursion Works

A recursive function has:

 A base case: The condition that stops the recursion.

 A recursive call: The function calls itself with a smaller or simpler input.

Without a base case, the function would keep calling itself forever (causing a stack overflow error).
In recursion:

 The problem is broken down into smaller and smaller parts

 Until it reaches a point where it stops (called the base case)

 Then it starts going back (unfolding the steps)

✅ Easy Recursion Code in Java (Counting down)

public class SimpleRecursion {

// A method that calls itself (recursion)

static void countDown(int n) {

// Base case: stop when n reaches 0

if (n == 0) {

System.out.println("Done!");

return;

// Print the number

System.out.println(n);

// Call the same method again with n-1

countDown(n - 1);

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Start counting down from 5

countDown(5);

✅ 📖 What this does:

 It prints 5

 Then 4

 Then 3

 Then 2
  Then 1

 Finally prints "Done!"

✅ Output:

CopyEdit

Done!

✅ How it Works (in Simple Words)

 countDown(5) → prints 5, then calls countDown(4)

 countDown(4) → prints 4, then calls countDown(3)

 countDown(3) → prints 3, then calls countDown(2)

 countDown(2) → prints 2, then calls countDown(1)

 countDown(1) → prints 1, then calls countDown(0)

 countDown(0) → prints Done! and stops

That’s it — simple recursion!

📌 What is a Thread in Java?

👉 In Java, a thread is like a small, independent path of execution inside a program.
A Java program can have:

 A single thread — which means it does one task at a time (like reading a file, then displaying it).

 Multiple threads (Multithreading) — which means it can perform multiple tasks at the same time (like
playing music while downloading a file).

📖 Think of it Like This

Imagine your computer is a kitchen:

 The program (process) is like the entire kitchen.

 Threads are like cooks in that kitchen — each cook (thread) can handle a different task (cutting veggies,
boiling water) at the same time, sharing the same space and tools.

🧵 How to Create a Thread in Java

There are two ways to create a thread in Java:

1. By extending the Thread class

2. By implementing the Runnable interface

✅ Example 1: Full Code — Extending Thread Class

// Creating a thread by extending the Thread class

class MyThread extends Thread {

// The run() method contains the code that runs in the new thread

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an object of MyThread

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

// Start the thread

t1.start();

// Main thread work

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {

System.out.println("Main Thread: " + j);

✅ Possible Output:

Main Thread: 1

Child Thread: 1
Main Thread: 2

Child Thread: 2

Main Thread: 3

Child Thread: 3

Main Thread: 4

Child Thread: 4

Main Thread: 5

Child Thread: 5

Note: The order might differ every time you run it!

✅ Updated Code with join():

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Child Thread: " + i);

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t1 = new MyThread();

t1.start(); // Start the child thread

try {

t1.join(); // Main thread waits for child thread to finish

} catch (InterruptedException e) {

System.out.println("Main thread interrupted");

// Now this runs after child thread finishes

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {

System.out.println("Main Thread: " + j);

}
 }

✅ What changed:

 t1.join() makes the main thread wait until t1 (the child thread) completes before moving on.

 Now the output will always look like:

yaml

CopyEdit

Child Thread: 1

Child Thread: 2

Child Thread: 3

Child Thread: 4

Child Thread: 5

Main Thread: 1

Main Thread: 2

Main Thread: 3

Main Thread: 4

Main Thread: 5

✅ Why use join()?

 To synchronize threads.

 Useful when you need one thread to complete before others proceed.

✅ Example 2: Full Code — Implementing Runnable Interface

// Creating a thread by implementing the Runnable interface

class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

// The run() method contains the code that runs in the new thread

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Runnable Thread: " + i);

}
 }

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create an object of MyRunnable

MyRunnable obj = new MyRunnable();

// Wrap the Runnable object inside a Thread object

Thread t1 = new Thread(obj);

// Start the thread

t1.start();

// Main thread work

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {

System.out.println("Main Thread: " + j);

✅ Possible Output:

yaml

CopyEdit

Main Thread: 1

Runnable Thread: 1

Main Thread: 2

Runnable Thread: 2

Main Thread: 3

Runnable Thread: 3

Main Thread: 4

Runnable Thread: 4

Main Thread: 5

Runnable Thread: 5

Again — the order will vary with each run, because both threads run independently!
✅ Updated Code with join():
java
CopyEdit
class MyRunnable implements Runnable {
public void run() {
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println("Runnable Thread: " + i);
}
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyRunnable obj = new MyRunnable();

Thread t1 = new Thread(obj);

t1.start(); // Start the thread

try {
t1.join(); // Main thread waits for t1 to finish
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
System.out.println("Main thread interrupted");
}

// Now this runs after Runnable thread finishes

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.println("Main Thread: " + j);
}
}
}

✅ What this does:

 t1.start() starts the Runnable thread.
  t1.join() makes the main thread wait for t1 to finish.
 Only after the Runnable thread completes its loop does the main thread
continue and run its own loop.

✅ Example Output:
yaml
CopyEdit
Runnable Thread: 1
Runnable Thread: 2
Runnable Thread: 3
Runnable Thread: 4
Runnable Thread: 5
Main Thread: 1
Main Thread: 2
Main Thread: 3
Main Thread: 4
Main Thread: 5

✅ Explanation (for both):

 start() → starts a new thread and calls the run() method.

 run() → contains the code that the thread will execute.

 Main thread → always starts first, then the new thread runs in parallel.

 Output varies because threads are running independently — this is called multithreading.

✅ Why use join()?

 To synchronize threads.

 Useful when you need one thread to complete before others proceed.
✅ What does the yield method of the Thread class do?
The yield() method in the Thread class temporarily pauses the currently running thread and moves it to the Runnable
state, giving other threads of equal priority a chance to execute. It’s a suggestion to the thread scheduler, not a
guarantee.

class MyThread extends Thread {

public void run() {

Thread.yield();

System.out.println("Child thread yielded.");

public static void main(String[] args) {

MyThread t = new MyThread();

t.start();

✅ Output:

Child thread yielded.

The start() method launches a new thread.

Inside the run() method, Thread.yield() is called — which is just a suggestion to the thread scheduler (may or may not
have any effect).

Then it prints "Child thread yielded."

When to use the Runnable interface Vs Thread class in Java?

✅ Concept:

Use the Runnable interface when you want to separate the task from the thread that runs it.
Use the Thread class when you need to directly create a thread with specific behavior, and you're not extending
any other class.

📌 Runnable Interface — when?

 When your class already extends another class (since Java only supports single inheritance).

 When you want to separate the job (task) from the thread (executor) — better design.

 When you want to use thread pools or the Executor framework.

 When you need flexibility and reusability.

📌 Thread Class — when?

 When you want to quickly create a thread by extending a class.

 When your class doesn’t need to extend any other class.

 When you need to customize thread behavior (like overriding start() or other Thread methods, though this is
rare).

✅ Summary

Use Runnable Use Thread

When you want flexible, reusable, clean design When you need a simple, one-off thread implementation

When your class already extends another class When no other inheritance is needed

When using ExecutorService or thread pools When managing the thread manually

What is a do while loop?

A do-while loop is a control flow statement that guarantees a block of code is executed at least once, regardless of
whether a condition is met. It then continues executing the block as long as the condition remains true. Unlike
a while loop, which checks the condition before the first execution, the do-while loop executes the body of the loop
before the condition is checked.

Looping statements in Java facilitate the repeated execution of a block of code as long as a specified condition is
met. They are fundamental control flow structures that save time and effort by automating repetitive tasks. Java
offers three primary types of loops: for, while, and do-while.

for loop

The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known beforehand. It consists of three parts:

 Initialization: Initializes the loop counter variable.

 Condition: Evaluated before each iteration; the loop continues as long as it is true.

 Increment/Decrement: Updates the loop counter after each iteration.

Java

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

System.out.println("Iteration: " + i);
}

while loop

The while loop executes a block of code repeatedly as long as a condition remains true. The condition is checked at
the beginning of each iteration.

Java

int count = 0;
while (count < 5) {
System.out.println("Count: " + count);
 count++;
}

do-while loop

The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but it guarantees that the block of code is executed at least once
before the condition is checked.

Java

int num = 0;
do {
System.out.println("Number: " + num);
num++;
} while (num < 5);