CHEMISTRY

CLASS-XI

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

" A SPECIALLY DESIGNED KIT FOR LEARNING."

THE KEY  Basic principles of subjects. An outline of the topics

to be discussed in class lectures.
THE ATLAS  Basic layout of subject. A route map correlating
different subtopics in coherent manner.
SHORT NOTES  Important Formula
EXERCISE I  Introductory problems based on JEE to get first hand
experience of problem solving.
EXERCISE II  A collection of good problems.
QUESTION BANK  Test your objective skill.
EXERCISE III  A collection of previous 15 years JEE problems.
Constants Symbol SI Value

Speed of light in vaccum c 3.0 ×108 m/s 3.0 × 1010 cm/s

Proton & electron charge e 1.60 × 10–19 C 4.8 × 10–10 esu

Permittivity of vaccum 0 8.85 × 10–12 C2/N-m2

Avogadro constant NA 6.02 × 1023 mol–1 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Electron rest mass me 9.1093 × 10–31 kg 0.000548 amu
Proton rest mass mP 1.6726 × 10–27 kg 1.007276 amu
Neutron rest mass mn 1.6749 × 10–27 kg 1.008665 amu
Planck constant h 6.626 × 10–34 J s 6.62 × 10–27 erg s

Bohr magneton (BM) e 9.27 × 10–24 J/T

Gas constant R 8.3145 J/mol-K 0.0821 atm-lit / mol K

Boltzmann constant k 1.38 × 10–23 J/K 1.30 × 10–16 erg/K
Gravitational constant G 6.67 × 10–11 m3/kg -s2 6.67 × 10–8 cm3/g-s2

Energy Conversion Factors

1 erg = 10–7 J
1 cal = 4.184 J
1 eV = 1.602177 × 10–19 J = 1.602177 × 10–12 erg = 23.0605 kcal/mol
Greek Alphabet
Alpha 
Gamma 
Epsilon 
Eta 
Iota 
Lambda 
Nu 
Psi 
Rho 
Tau 
Phi 
Sigma 
Beta 
Delta 
Omega 
Theta 
Kappa 
Mu 
Sigma 
Pi 

[2]
1. DISCOVERY IN ATOMIC STRUCTURE :
Scientist(s) Discovery
 John Dalton Proposed an “atomic theory” with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable
properties of mass.
 J. Plucker Built one of the first gas discharge tubes (“cathode ray tube”).

 James Clerk Maxwell Proposed electric and magnetic fields filled the void.

 G.J. Stoney Proposed that electricity was made of discrete negative particles he called
“electrons”. (Link to info on electrons)

 Sir William Crookes Discovered cathode rays had the following properties: travel in straight lines from
the cathode; cause glass to fluoresce; impart a negative charge to objects they
strike; are deflected by electric fields and magnets to suggest a negative charge;
cause pinwheels in their path to spin indicating they have mass.

 E. Goldstein Used a CRT to study “canal rays” which had electrical and magnetic properties
opposite of an electron.

 Wilhelm Roentegon Using a CRT he observed that nearby chemicals glowed. Further experiments found
very penetrating rays coming from the CRT that were not deflected by a magnetic
field. He named them “X-rays”.

 Henri Becquerel While studying the effect of x-rays on photographic film, he discovered some
chemicals spontaneously decompose and give off very pentrating rays.

 J.J. Thomson Used a CRT to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio (e/m) of an
electron = 1.759 × 108 coulombs/gram.

 J.J. Thomson Studied “canal rays” and found they were associated with the proton H+.

 Rutherford Studied radiations emitted from uranium and thorium and named them alpha and
beta.

 Max Planck Used the idea of quanta (discrete units of energy) to explain hot glowing matter.

 R.A. Millikan Oil drop experiment determined the charge (e = 1.602 × 10–19 coulomb) and the
mass (m = 9.11 × 10–28 gram) of an electron

 Ernest Rutherford Using alpha particles as atomic bullets, probed the atoms in a piece of thin
(0.00006 cm) gold foil. He established that the nucleus was: very dense, very small
and positively charged. He also assumed that the electrons were located outside
the nucleus.
 H.G.J. Moseley Using x-ray tubes, determined the charges on the nuclei of most atoms. He wrote
“The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons in the nucleus”.
This work was used to reorganize the periodic table based upon atomic number in
stead of atomic mass.

[3]
 Niels Bohr Developed an explanation of atomic structure that underlies regularities of the
periodic table of elements. His atomic model had atoms built up of sucessive or
bital shells of electrons.

 De Broglie Discovered that electrons had a dual nature-similar to both particles and waves.

 Heisenberg Described atoms by means of formula connected to the frequencies of spectral

lines. Proposed Principle of indeterminacy-you can not know both the position and
velocity of a particle.

 Schrodinger Viewed electrons as continuous clouds and introduced “wave mechanics” as a

mathematical model of the atom.

 James Chadwick Using alpha particles discovered a neutral atomic particle with a mass close to a
proton, named as neutron.

2. FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES OF AN ATOM :

(i) Electron (ii) Proton (iii) Neutron

 ch arg e 
Fundamental Discovered By Charge Mass  
 mass 
particle (Specific Charge)

Electron J.J. Thomson –1.6 × 10–19 coloumb 9.1 × 10–31 kg 1.76 × 108 C/g
(e– or ) –4.8 × 10–10 esu 9.1 × 10–28 g
–1 Unit 0.000548 amu

Proton (P) Goldstein +1.6 × 10–19 coloumb 1.672 × 10–27 kg

+4.8 × 10–10 esu 1.672 × 10–24 g
1.00727 amu 9.58 × 104 C/g
(Ionized H atom, +1 Unit
H+)

Neutron James Chadwick 1.675 × 10–27 kg

(0n1) 0 1.675 × 10–24 g 0
1.00867 amu

3. REPRESENTATION OF AN ATOM :
A
ZX , Mass number (A) = Atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons (n)
4. TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH ELEMENTS :
(a) Isotopes : These are the atoms having the same atomic number (Z) but different mass number (A) i.e. They
have same Nuclear charge (Z) but different number of Neutrons (A–Z).
Ex. Cl35 and Cl37
(b) Isobars : These are the atoms of different element which have the same mass number (A) but different
Atomic number (Z) i.e. They have different number of Electron, Protons & Neutrons But sum of number of
neutrons & Protons i.e. number of nucleons remains same.
Ex. 3 3
1H and 2He

(c) Isotones/Isoneutronic species (A–Z) : These are the atoms of different element which have the same
number of neutrons.
Ex. 3 4
1H and 2He

[4]
(d) Isoelectronic Species :
These are the atoms, molecules or ions which have the same number of electrons.
Ex. Cl– and Ar
(e) Isosters :
These are the molecules, which have the same number of atoms & electrons.
Ex. CO2 and N2O
(f) Isodiaphers (A – 2Z) : These are the atoms of different element which have the same difference of the
number of Neutrons & protons.
Ex. 11 13
5B and 6C

5. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :

On the basis of observations -particle scattering from gold foil , rutherford proposed atomic model

(1) Since most of the -particle went straight through the metal foil undeflected, it means that there must be very
large empty space within the atom.

(2) Since few of the -particles were deflected from their original path through moderate angles; it was concluded
that whole of the +ve charge is concentrated and the space occupied by this positive charge is very small in
the atom.

• Whenever -particles come closer to this point, they suffer a force of repulsion and deviate from their paths.
• The positively charge heavy mass which occupies only a small volume in an atom is called nucleus. It is
supposed to be present at the centre of the atom.

(3) A very few of the -particles suffered strong deflections on even returned on their path indicating that the
nucleus is rigid and -particles recoil due to direct collision with the heavy positively charged mass.

1 q q
• m v2  K 1 2 ; r = distance of closest approach , v  = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r
• Radius of nucleus RNu = R0 (A)1/3, where R0 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm, A = mass number

Drawbacks of Rutherford model :

(1) This theory could not explain the stability of an atom. According to Maxwell electron loses it’s energy
continuously in the form of electromagnetic radiations. As a result of this, e– should loss energy at every turn
and move closer and closer to the nucleus following a spiral path. The ultimate result will be that it will fall into
the nucleus, thereby making the atom unstable.
(2) If the electrons loss energy continuously, the observed spectrum should be continuous but the actual observed
spectrum consists of well defined lines of definite frequencies (discontinuous). Hence, the loss of energy by
electron is not continuous in an atom.

6. LIGHT :
(a) Photon is considered massless bundle of energy.
(b) E = mc2
(c) Ephoton = h = hc/  = hc 

hc 1240 eV
(d) E= 
 (nm)

no.of molecules reacting

(e) Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no.of quanta absorbed

[5]
7. SPECTRUM
When a radiation is passed through a spectroscope (Prism) for the dispersion of the radiation, the pattern
(photograph) obtained on the screen (photographic plate) is called as spectrum of the given radiation

Classification of Spectrum

(1) Emission (2) Absorption

(a) Continuous (b) Line (c) Band (a) Line (b) Band

(1) Emissions spectrum :

When the radiation emitted from incandescence source (eg. from the candle, sun, tubelight, burner, bulb, or
by passing electric discharge through a gas at low pressure, by heating some substance at high temp) is
passed directly through the prism and then received on the screen then the obtained spectrum is called as
emission spectrum.
(a) Emission continuous spectrum :
When a narrow beam of white light is passed through a prism, it is dispersed into 7 colours from violet to Red.

Screen U V region
V
Narrow beam of white light
I
B

G Visible
region

O
R
Infra red region

(b) Emission line spectrum :

When an atomic gas is raised to incandescence source or subjected to electrical excitation, it first absorbs
energy & then gives it out as radiation. On examining these radiation through a spectroscope a spectrum is
obtained which have well defined lines, each corresponding to a definte wave length & these lines are
separated from each other by dark space. This type of Emission spectrum is called as Emission line
spectrum.

Screen
Line Spectrum

Incandescence
source
Atomic gas
Stopped after
a short
period
Slit system

[6]
SPECIAL NOTE :
1. No two elements will have identical line spectrum since no two elements have identical energy level therefore
the line spectrum of the elements are described as finger prints differing from each other line the finger prints
of the human beings.
2. Since line spectrum is obtained by the emission of energy through the atoms of the elements therefore line
spectrum is also called as atomic spectrum.

(c) Emission band spectrum :

If molecular form of the gas is used, it first absorbs energy for not only electron transition but for rotational,
vibrational and translational then emits radiations.
on examining these radiations through a spectroscope a spectrum is obtained on the screen, which are
group of closely packed lines called Bands, therefore this type of Emission spectrum is called as emission
band spectrum. Bands are separated from each other by dark space.

Screen

Coloured

Band Spectrum
Coloured
Incandescence Molecular
source gas
Coloured
Stopped after
a short
period Coloured

Note : Since band spectrum are caused by molecules therefore band spectrum are also called as molecular spectrum.

2. Absorption spectrum :
When white light is first passed through a solution or vapours of chemical substance or gas and then
analyzed by spectroscope, it is observed that some dark lines are obtained in otherwise continuous spectrum.
This type of spectrum is called as Absorption spectrum.

Screen

Coloured
Coloured
Incandescence
source
Gas

Coloured
Coloured

* If white light is passed through atomic gas then the obtained spectrum is called as absorption line spectrum.
* If white light is pased through molecular gas then the obtained spectrum is called as Absorption band
spectrum.

[7]
8. ELEECTROMEGNETIC SPECTRUM :

VISIBLE
"Gamma" radio
X-rays UV IR Micro-
-rays waves
wave

–11 –3 6
[Wavelength] 10 m
–8
10 m
–6
10 m 10 m 10m 10 m

 increases
 decreases

Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red

Indigo
VISIBLE SPECTRUM
400nm 750nm

9. BOHR’S MODEL :

Kq1q2 1
(a) Electrostatic force = , where K = 9 2 2
r 2 40 = 9 × 10 N-m / C

Kq1q 2
(b) Potential energy due to electrostatic force =
r

KQ
(c) Potential due to a charge particle (Q) at a distance (r) =
r

h
(d) Bohr quantization rule mvr = n· = n .
2
(e) According to newtons second law in a uniform circular motion resultant of all the forces towards centre

mv 2
must be equal to .
r

Kq1q 2 mv 2
(f) 
r2 r

 22 me 4K 2 Z2
2 4 2
E 2 me K 2
(g) En = 1 Z 2 = – Z ; E1 =
n
2 n 2h 2 h2

z2
En  13.6  ev / atom
n2

2 2
h n n2
(h) rn =  = 0.529  Å
2 2 z
4 e m K Z

[8]
 2
2e K Z z
2.18 10 6  m / s
(i) vn =  =
h n n

(j) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(k) Time for one revolution = 2r/v

(l) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron

10. SPECTRAL LINES :

1 1 1  2
   RH 
2
(a) Rydberg’s Equation 2
— Z ; RH  109700 cm –1
  n1 n 2 

(b) For First line of a series n2 = n1 + 1

(c) Limiting spectral line (series limit) means n 2 = 

(d) H line means n2 = n1+1 ; also known as line of longest  , shortest  , least E

(e) Similarly H line means n2 = n1+ 2

n ( n  1)
(f) Number of spectral line observed in the spectrum =
2
when e– de-excites to ground state , n = number of higher orbit

(g) n=6
P fund series
n=5

n=4
Brackett
series
n=3
Paschen
series
n=2
Balmer
series
n=1
H H H
 

Lyman
series

11. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :

When a beam of light of sufficiently high frequency is allowed to strike a metal surface in vaccum,
electrons are ejected from the metal surface. This phenomenon is known as photoelectric effect and
the ejected electrons Photoelectrons.
(a) Kinetic energy of photoelectron = h – w = h – h0
where w = work function
 0 = Threshold frequency

 KE   mv 
2
(b) Accelerating potential = V =  e    2e 
   

[9]
12. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (De Broglie equation) :
(a) In 1924 a French physicist, Louis De Broglie suggested that if the nature of light is both that of a particle and
of a wave, then this dual behavior should be true for the matter also.
(b) According to De Broglie, the wavelength () of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum p.
1 1
 or 
p mv

h
 Here h = Planck’s constant
p
p = momentum of electron
 Momentum (p) = Mass (m) × Velocity (c)

(c) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number

150
(d) wavelength of electron ()  Å
V(volts)

13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

(a) In 1927, Werner Heisenberg presented a principle known as Heisenberg uncertainty principle which states
as: “It is impossible to measure simultaneously the exact position and exact momentum of a body as small
as an electron.”
(b) The uncertainty of measurement of position, x, and the uncertainty of momentum p or mv, are related by
Heisenberg’s relationship as : (p = mv, p = mv)

h h h
x . p  or x . m v  or x . v 
4 4 4m

where h is Planck’s constant.

x v = uncertainty product.

14. SCHRODINGER EQUATION :

Schrodinger equation is central equation of wave mechanics according to following equation.

 2  2  2 8 2m
   (E  V )   0
x 2 y 2 z 2 h2

 = Wave function = f(x, y, z)

E = Total energy of particle
V = Potential energy of particle.
(i) A solution to schrodinger equation leads to infinite solution.
(ii) Most of the solution are not realistic (or acceptable). Only few solution can be accepted.
(iii) Each solution - (x, y, z) correspond to a definite energy state. (In comparision to newtons law where
energy can have any value), depends on quantum number n,  & m.
By proper mathematical manipulation the main equation is broken in two parts and solved separately.
(a) Radial part contain only ‘r’, depends on quantum number n & .
(b) Angular part contain  and , depends on quantum number & m .
Each  contain all the information about that particular quantum state.

[10]
15. QUANTUM NUMBERS :
Four types of quantum number which are following :

(i) Principal quantum number (n) : The energy possible values n = 1, 2, 3, 4,............

(ii) Azimuthal quantum number () : It determine shape of an orbital. Also effect energy of orbital.
Possible values restricted by n ; 0,1,2, ....... (n – 1)

(iii) Magnetic quantum number (m) : It decides orientation of orbital in space.

Possible values restricted by 
–, –+ 1, ....... 0, 1, 2, 
Total (2 + 1) value.

(iv) Spin quantum number (s) : It is intrinsic property of an electron. The electron has two spin states.

1 1
Possible values of s =  ,–
2 2
h
(a) Orbital angular momentum = l (l  1)
2
h
(b) Spin angular momentum = S = S(S  1)
2
(c) Magnetic momentum () = n ( n  2) B.M. ; n = number of unpaired electron
(d) Total number of electrons in a shell = 2n2
(e) Total number of elecrons in a subshell = 2 (2  +1)
(f) Maximum number of elecrons in an orbital =2
(g) Total number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
(h) Number of subshells in a shell =n
(i) Number of orbitals in a shell = n2
(j) Radial Nodes = (n –  – 1)
(k) Angular nodes =
(l) Total nodes = (n–1)
(m) Azimuthal quantum number 0 1 2 3 4
Name of sub-shell s p d f g

16. RULES FOR FILLING SUBSHELL OF AN ATOM :

(i) Pauli’s exclusion principle
(ii) Aufbau Principle
(iii) (n + ) rule
(iv) Hund’s maximum multiplicity principle
(i) Pauli’s Exclusion principle :
In 1925 Pauli stated that no two electron in an atom can have same values of all four quantum numbers.
• An orbital accomodates 2 electrons with opposite spin.
Ex : 6C
12  1s2 2s2 2p2
  
n 1 2 2
 0 0 1
m 0 0 +1, –1, 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
s  ,–  ,–  ,–
2 2 2 2 2 2
[11]
(ii) Aufbau Principle :
Aufbau is a German word and its meaning ‘Building up’
• Aufbau principle gives a sequence in which various subshell are filled up depending on the relative order of
the energies of various subshell.
• Principle : The subshell with minimum energy is filled up first when this subshell obtained maximum capicity
of electrons then the next subshell of higher energy starts filling.
• The sequence in which various subshell are filled are as follows :
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d

(iii) (n+) rule :

According to it the sequence in which various subshell are filled up can also be determined with the help of
(n+) value for a given subshell.
Principle of (n+) rule :
The subshell with lowest (n+) value is filled up first, when two or more subshell have same (n+) value then
the subshell with lowest value of n is filled up first.

Sub Shell n  n+

1s 0 1
2s 2 0 2
2p 2 1 3 (1)
3s 3 0 3 (2)

(iv) Hund’s Maximum Multiplicity Rule :

• According to Hund’s rule electrons are distribuled among the orbitals of subshell in such a way as to give
maximum number of unpaired electron with parallel spin.

• Thus the orbital available in the subshell are first filled singly with parallel spin electron before they begin to
pair this means that pairing of electrons occurs with the introduction of second electron in ‘s’ subshell, fourth
electron in ‘p’ subshell, 6th electron in ‘d’ Subshell & 8th e– in ‘f’ subshell.

[12]
 SHAPES OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

The spherical Polar Coordinates S

pX py pz

d z2 d dxy
x 2  y2

[13]
 dxz dyz f z3

fxyz f f
x ( y2 z2 )
z ( x 2  y2 )

f f f
y (z 2 x 2 ) x3 y3

[14]
 THE ATLAS

Structure of Atom

Rutherford's Bohr's Model

Model

Electromagnetic wave,
Spectrum Electromagnetic radiation
dual nature of light and photo electric effect.

units called

are Quanta characterized by

Absorbed Emitted Amplitude Energy, E Frequency,  Wavelength, 

involving energy changes in related by related by

Atoms
Planck's constant, h Speed of light, c
Emitted in
E = h c = 
Molecules
described by
Core electrons
electron
Wave functions (orbitals) filling Electron configuration comprising
gives
Valence electrons
determined by

having sets of basis for

Aufbau principle
rules
Periodic table
Quantum numbers which involve

Orbital Pauli exclusion Hund's

which are energy principle rule

defines Orbital size

Principal, n and shell

defines Orbital energy

Angular momentum,  Orbital shape

defines
and subshell

Orbital
Magnetic, m defines
orientation

Electron
Spin, ms defines spin

[15]
 FORMULAE AT A GLANCE
1. RUTHERFORD’S -SCATTERING EXPERIMENT :

1 q q
(a) m v2  K 1 2 ; r = distance of closest approach , v  = initial velocity of a -particle
2 r
(b) Radius of nucleus RNu = R0 (A)1/3, where R0 = 1.33 ×10–13 cm, A = mass number
2. LIGHT :
(a) E = mc2
(b) Ephoton = h = hc/  = hc 

hc 1240 eV
(c) E= 
 (nm)

no.of molecules reacting

(d) Quantum efficiency or Quantum Yield =
no.of quanta absorbed
3. BOHR’S MODEL :

h
(a) Bohr quantization rule mvr = n· = n .
2

 22 me 4K 2 Z2
2 4 2
E1 2 2 me K 2
(b) En = Z =– 2 2 Z ; E1 =
n
2 n h h2

z2
En  13.6  ev / atom
n2

2 2
h n n2
(c) rn =  = 0.529  Å
2 2 z
4 e m K Z

2
2e K Z z
2.18 106  m / s
(d) vn =  =
h n n

(e) Revolutions per sec = v/2r

(f) Time for one revolution = 2r/v

(g) Ionisation energy = E n  – Eelectron = – Eelectron

4. SPECTRAL LINES :

1 1 1  2
   RH 
2
(a) Rydberg’s Equation 2
— Z ; RH  109700 cm –1

 n1 n 2 

n ( n  1)
(b) Number of spectral line observed in the spectrum =
2
when e– de-excites to ground state , n = number of higher orbit
5. PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT :
(a) Kinetic energy of photoelectron = h – w = h – h0
where w = work function
 0 = Threshold frequency

[16]
  KE   mv 
2
(b) 
Accelerating potential = V = e  
   2e 

6. THE DUAL NATURE OF MATTER (De Broglie equation) :

(a) According to De Broglie, the wavelength () of an electron is inversely proportional to its momentum p.
h
 Here h = Planck’s constant
p
(b) Number of waves = n = principal quantum number

150
(c) wavelength of electron ( )  Å
V(volts)

13. HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

The uncertainty of measurement of position, x, and the uncertainty of momentum p or mv, are related by
Heisenberg’s relationship as : (p = mv, p = mv)

h h h
x . p  or x . m v  or x . v 
4 4 4m

where h is Planck’s constant.

x v = uncertainty product.
15. QUANTUM NUMBERS :
h
(a) Orbital angular momentum = l (l  1)
2
h
(b) Spin angular momentum = S = S(S  1)
2
(c) Magnetic momentum () = n ( n  2) B.M. ; n = number of unpaired electron
(d) Total number of electrons in a shell = 2n2
(e) Total number of elecrons in a subshell = 2 (2  +1)
(f) Maximum number of elecrons in an orbital =2
(g) Total number of orbitals in a subshell = 2 + 1
(h) Number of subshells in a shell =n
(i) Number of orbitals in a shell = n2
(j) Radial Nodes = (n –  – 1)
(k) Angular nodes =
(l) Total nodes = (n–1)

[17]
 EXERCISE-III
Paragraph for questions 1 to 3 [JEE 2010]
The hydrogen-like species Li2+ is in a spherically symmetric state S1 with one radial node. Upon absorbing
light the ion undergoes transition to a state S2. The state S2 has one radial node and its energy is equal to
the ground state energy of the hydrogen atom.
1. The state S1 is
(A) 1s (B) 2s (C) 2p (D) 3s

2. Energy of the state S1 in units of the hydrogen atom ground state energy is
(A) 0.75 (B) 1.50 (C) 2.25 (D) 4.50

3. The orbital angular momentum quantum number of the state S2 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
4. The work function () of some metals is listed below. The number of metals which will show photoelectric
effect when light of 300 nm wavelength falls on the metal is : [JEE 2011]
Metal Li Na K Mg Cu Ag Fe Pt W
(eV) 2.4 2.3 2.2 3.7 4.8 4.3 4.7 6.3 4.75

5. The maximum number of electrons that can have principal quantum number, n = 3, and spin quantum
1
number, ms = – , is : [JEE 2011]
2
6. The kinetic energy of an electron in the second Bohr orbit of a hydrogen atom is [a0 is Bohr radius] :

h2 h2 h2 h2
(A) (B) (C) (D) [JEE 2012]
4 2ma 20 16 2ma 20 32 2ma 20 64  2ma 20

 Z2 
 
7. Energy of an electron is given by E = – 2.178 × 10–18 J  n 2  . Wavelength of light required to excite an
 

electron in an hydrogen atom from level n = 1 to n = 2 will be :

(h = 6.62 × 10–34 Js and c = 3.0 × 108 ms–1) [JEE (Mains) 2013]
(A) 8.500 × 10–7 m (B) 1.214 × 10–7 m (C) 2.816 × 10–7 m (D) 6.500 × 10–7 m

8. The atomic masses of He and Ne are 4 and 20 a.m.u. respectively. The value of the de Broglie wavelength of
He gas at – 73 °C is ''M'' times that of the de Broglie wavelength of Ne at 727 °C. M is [JEE Advance 2013]

9. The correct set of four quantum numbers for the valence electrons of rubidium atom (Z = 37) is
[JEE-Mains-2014]

1 1 1 1
(A) 5, 1, 0, + (B) 5, 1, 1, + (C) 5, 0, 1, + (D) 5, 0, 0, +
2 2 2 2

1
10. In an atom, the total number of electrons having quantum numbers n = 4, |m1| = 1 and ms = – is
2
[JEE Advance 2014]

11. Which of the following is the energy of a possile excited state of hydrogen? [JEE mains 2015]
(1) +6.8 eV (2) +13.6 eV (3) –6.8 eV (4) –3.4 eV

[35]
12. Not considering the electron spin, the degeneray of the second excited state (n = 3) of H atom is 9, while the
degeneracy of the second excited state of H– is [JEE Advanced 2015]

13. A stream of electrons from a heated filament was passed between two charged plates kept at a potential
difference V esu. If e and m are charge and mass of an electron, respectively, then the value of h/ (where 
is wavelength associated with electron wave) is given by : [JEE-Mains-2016]

(A) meV (B) 2meV (C) meV (D) 2meV

14. P is the probability of finding the 1s electron of hydrogen atom in a spherical shell of infinitesimal thickness,
dr, at a distance r from the nucleus. The volume of this shell is 4r2dr. The qualitative sketch of the dependence
of P on r is : [JEE Advance 2016]

P P P P

(A) (B) (C) (D)

0 r 0 r 0 r 0 r
15. The radius of the second Bohr orbit for hydrogen atom is
(Planck's Const. h = 6.6262 × 10–34 Js ; Mass of electron = 9.1091 × 10–31 kg ; Charge of electron
e = 1.60210 × 10–19 C ; Permittivity of vacuum 0 = 8.854185 × 10–12 kg–1 m–3 A2)
[JEE-Mains-2017]
(A) 2.12 Å (B) 1.65 Å (C) 4.76 Å (D) 0.529 Å

Answer Q.16, Q.17 and Q.18 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns of the
following table. [JEE Advance 2017]
The wave function  n,,m1 is a mathematical function whose value depends upon spherical polar coordinates
(r, , ) of the electron and characterized by the quantum numbers n,  and m. Here r is distance from
nucleus,  is colatitude and is azimuth. In the mathematical functions given in the Table, Z is atomic
number and a0 is Bohr radius.
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
3  Zr 
  2 –  a0 
(I) 1s orbital (i)  n,,m1   Z  e (P)
a 
 0 
n,,m1(r)

0
r/a0
1
(II) 2s orbital (ii) One radial node (Q) Probability density at nucleus 
a 30
5  Zr 
 Z  2 –  2a0 
(III) 2pz orbital (iii)  n,,m1    re
 cos  (R) Probability density is maximum
 a0 
at nucleus

(IV) 3d2z orbital (iv) xy-plane is a nodal plane (S) Energy needed to excite
electron from n = 2 state to n = 4

[36]
 27
state is times the energy
32
needed to excite electron from n = 2
state to n = 6 state

16. For hydrogen atom, the only CORRECT combination is

(A) (I) (i) (P) (B) (II) (i) (Q) (C) (I) (iv) (R) (D) (I) (i) (S)

17. For He+ ion, the only INCORRECT combination is

(A) (I) (i) (S) (B) (I) (i) (R) (C) (I) (iii) (R) (D) (II) (ii) (Q)

18. For the given orbital in Column 1, the only CORRECT combination for any hydrogen-like species is :
(A) (III) (iii) (P) (B) (I) (ii) (S) (C) (IV) (iv) (R) (D) (II) (ii) (P)

19. The de-Broglie's wavelength of electron present in first Bohr orbit of 'H' atom is : [JEE Mains Online 2018]

0.529
(A) 0.529 Å (B) 2× 0.529 Å (C) Å (D) 4 × 0.529 Å
2

20. Ejection of the photoelectron from metal in the photoelectric effect experiment can be stopped by applying
0.5 V when the radiation of 250 nm is used. The work function of the metal is : [JEE Mains Online 2018]
(A) 4 eV (B) 4.5 eV (C) 5 eV (D) 5.5 eV

21. Which of the following statements is false? [JEE Mains Online 2018]
(A) Splitting of spectral lines in electrical field is called Stark effect
(B) Rydberg constant has unit of energy
(C) Frequency of emitted radiation from a black body goes from a lower wavelength to higher wavelength as
the temperature increases
(D) Photon has momentum as well as wavelength

22. The ground state energy of hydrogen atom is –13.6 eV. Consider an electronic state  of He+ whose energy
azimuthal quantum number and magnetic quantum number are –3.4 eV, 2 and 0, respectively. Which of the
following statement(s) is/are true for the state  ? [JEE Advanced 2019]
(A) It has 3 radial nodes (B) It has 2 angular nodes
(C) It is a 4d state
(D) The nuclear charge experienced by the electron in this state is less than 2e, where e is the magnitude of
the electronic charge

Comprehension (Q.23 to Q.24) [JEE Advanced 2019]

[37]
 Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information given in the
paragraph.
Consider the Bohr’s model of a one-electron atom where the electron moves around the nucleus. In the
following List-I contains some quantities for the nth orbit of the atom and List-II contains options showing how
they depend on n.
List - I List - II
(I) Radius of the nth orbit (P)  n–2
(II) Angular momentum of the electron in the nth orbit (Q)  n–1
(III) Kinetic energy of the electron in the nth orbit (R)  n0
(IV) Potential energy of the electron in the nth orbit (S)  n1
(T)  n2
(U)  n1/2
23. Which of the following options has the correct combination considering List-I and List-II ?
(A) (IV), (Q) (B) (III), (P) (C) (IV), (U) (D) (III), (S)

24. Which of the following options has the correct combination considering List-I and List-II ?
(A) (I), (T) (B) (II), (Q) (C) (I), (P) (D) (II), (R)

25. The de Broglie wavelength of an electron in the 4th Bohr orbit is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
(A) 4a0 (B) 8a0 (C) 2a0 (D) 6a0

 1 1 
26. For the Balmer series in the spectrum of H atom,   RH  2 – 2  , the correct statements among (I) to (IV)
 n1 n2 

are : [JEE-Mains online 2020]

(I) As wavelength decreases, the lines in the series converge
(II) The integer n1 is equal to 2
(III) The lines of longest wavelength corresponds to n2 = 3
(IV) The ionization energy of hydrogen can be calculated from wave number of these lines
(A) (I), (II), (IV) (B) (II), (III), (IV) (C) (I), (III), (IV) (D) (I), (II), (III)

27. The radius of the second Bohr orbit, in terms of the Bohr radius, a0 in Li 2+ is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
2a0 4a0 2a0 4a0
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 9 9 3

28. Among the following statements, that which was not proposed by Dalton was :[JEE-Mains online 2020]
(A) All the atoms of a given element have identical properties including identical mass. Atoms of different
elements differ in mass.
(B) When gases combine or reproduced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all gases are at the same T & P.

[38]
 (C) chemical reactions involve reorganization of atoms. These are neigher created nor destroyed in a chemi-
cal reaction.
(D) matter consists of indivisible atoms.

1
29. The number of orbitals associated with quantum numbers n = 5, mS =  is : [JEE-Mains online 2020]
2
(A) 15 (B) 50 (C) 11 (D) 25

30. Consider a helium (He) atom that absorbs a photon of wavelength 330 nm. The change in the velocity
(in cm s–1) of He atom after the photon absorption is_____.
(Assume: Momentum conserved when photon is absorbed).
Use : Planck constant = 6.6 × 10–34 J s, Avogadro number = 6 × 1023 mol–1, Molar mass of He = 4 g mol–1)
[JEE Advanced 2021]

31. For He+, a transition takes place from the orbit of radius 105.8 pm to the orbit of radius 26.45 pm.
The wavelength (in nm) of the emitted photon during the transition is ___.
[Use :
Bohr radius, a = 52.9 pm
Rydberg constant, RH = 2.2 × 10–18 J
Planck’s constant, h = 6.6 × 10–34 J s
Speed of light, c = 3 × 108 m s–1] [JEE Advanced 2023]

32. Among the following, the correct statement(s) for electrons in an atom is (are) [JEE Advanced 2024]
(A) Uncertainty principle rules out the existence of definite paths for electrons.
(B) The energy of an electron in 2s orbital of an atom is lower than the energy of an electron that is infintely
far away from the nucleus.
(C) According to Bohr’s model, the most negative energy value for an electron is given by n = 1, which
corresponds to the most stable orbit.
(D) According to Bohr’s model, the magnitude of velocity of electrons increases with increase in values of n.

33. According to Bohr’s model, the highest kinetic energy is associated with the electron in the
[JEE Advanced 2024]
(A) first orbit of H atom (B) first orbit of He+

(C) second orbit of He + (D) second orbit of Li2+

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