UNIT n

-
QI . Discuss the various avionics architecture in detail.
FICsl Generation Architecture ( 1940' s -I 950's)
0 Disjoint or hxlependent Arch.itecture ( MiG-21)
0 Centralized Architecture (F-111)
Second Generation Architecture ( I 960's -1970's)
0 Federated Architecture (F-16 A/B)
0 Distributed Architecture (DAIS)
0 Hierarchical Architecture (F- 16 CID. E~ )
Third Generation Architecture ( I 980's-1990's) ~ _Y
0 Pave Pillar Architecture ( F-22) \ 7
Fourth Generation Architecture (Post 2005) ( , f

0 Pave Pace Architec(u~ SF

0 Open Sys1e1r rchi1e~tt13 /
R:lA - DISJOINT ARCHITECTURE )

The early avionics syste1~

se_~ ate. dedicated sensors. i:>f~CS? e stand alone black l>oxes where each functional area bad
displays and the interconnect media is point to point

M=g Tho ,y,t<m wM ;o, ~y <ho ,fr-=w who had <o look ,t wrioo• <li•I• ffld <li,pby,
connected to disjoint s~r-~correlate the data provided by them. apply error corrections,
orchestrate theJ'un~ ens of the sensors and perform mode and failure management in addition lo
.~
fl ying _y _y
,II. . rafQr... .,
e l\1fC
~ as feasible due to the simple nature of tasks to be performed and due to the
a~ i l lty of time
 Navtgatt()tl Radar
Compute r Processor

1ner1mt Con1ro1
Mea:!turement Unit Panel

fGA · CENTRALIZED ARCHITECTURE

• As the digirnl technology evolved.a central computer was added""'f iotegmre the

information from 1he sensors and subsystems / ~

• The central computing complex is connec1ed 10 o tber su~,yQi1s and sensors through
malog.cligital, synchro and olher interfaces
• When interfacing with computer a variety or differen\ transmis. i' n methods . some of
which required signal con version (AID) whe n intetfacin~ 'computer
• Signal conditioning and computation tak~ ~ in onTor more compulers in a LRU
localed in an av ionics bay . with signals tr~ d over one way data bus
• Da1a are transmllled from the ~ o die central computer and the DAT A
Q)NVERSION TAKES PLACE A ~ TRAL COMPUT ER
ADVANTAGES

0 Simple Design A
0 Software can ~~y
0 Co1~ 1ers~ located in readily accessible bay

DISADV~ \ GES

~ ~ . : :,, loog da,o hoses

0 Low flexibility in software

0 Increased vul nerability to change

0 Differe nt conversion 1cchniques needed a l Central Computer

 ~ -mmlll

Inertial
Navigator Set

Nav Data
Display Panel

Integrated
Display Set

SGA - FEDERATED ARCHITECTURE

facb system acts independently but uni~ (Loose Coupled)

0 Unlike FGA - CA , Data conversion occurs nt the system eve) and
~~
the datas arc send as digital fonn -called~ Avi~ cs Jnfonnation Systems(DAIS)
0 Several standard data processors t e o ften usei:I to perform a variety of Low -
Bandwidth functions such a~ nnvigatio~ ':}'Capon delivery • stores management and
flight control ~
0 Systems are connected in a s - Shared Multiplex Highway
0 Resource sharing~ at tile last link in the information chain -
via controls and d~lays J
0 Programmabili~ and versatility of the data processors
# - scl

ADVANTAGES

' \0 ~Tfi' to analog avionics - DDP provide precise solutions

r~~~ gc of flight , weapon and sensor conditions
~ 0 Sharing of Resources
0 Use of TOMA saves hundrods of po unds o f wiring
0 Standardization of protoco l makes the interchangeability of
equipments easier
0 Allows Independent system design and optimization of
major systems
 0 Cbanges in sys1em software and hardware are easy 10 make
0 Faull coo1Uinmen1 - Rlilure is nol propagalcd
DISADVANTAGES :
Profligalc of resources

SGA • DAIS HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE

Processor1 Processor2

Data bus A

Remote Remote Remote

Terminal 1 Terminal 2 Terminal N

.....-Contr'OI&
Display
pment

• (1 has multiple processors througb~ ul the aircrafl Lhal are designed

for computing cakes on a real-lime ~ • i:;,as a function of mi ssion
piasc und/or syslem slatt{
Processing is pcdormed in)thc sensors and ocluntors
ADV ANT AGES \..

• ~ ~.Sho n~ buses
• Faster 1>rogonn cxcculio n
•• "'- ' ·c porb11on111g
w,1n11s1 · ··
DISADV\ NTAGES
•
• Potentially grcnlcr divcrsi1y in processor 1ypes which aggravates sof1ware genenuio n and
validation
 SGA - lllERARCHICAL ARCHITECTURE

0 This architecture is derived from the federated architecture

0 It is based on the TREE Topology

ADVANTAGES

0 Critical functions are placed in a separate bus and Non-Gitical

functions are placed in another bus

0 Failure in non - aitical parts of networks do not generate ,A

""""' to .., aiti,. - or odwod ~

0 The communication between the subsystems of a parti~

group are confined to their particular group

0 The ove.r load of data in the main bus is re'tluced

PAVE PILLAR ? u
Pave Pillar is a US~~ogr.arn"':~ efine the requirements and avionics architecture for
fighter aircraft of the ' s ~
The Pro gram Emp{asizes f
0 b1creased Information Fusion
/
~ l-6gber levels and complexity of software

\ 0 -' Standardization for maintenance simplification

0 Lower costs

0 Backward and growth capability while making use of anerging technology - VHSJC, Voice
Recognition /synthesis and Artificial Intcmgcncc

0 Provides capability for rapid now of data in, through and from
the system as well as between and within the system

0 Higher levels of avionics integration and resource sharing of

~nsor and computational capabili tics

0 Pilot plays the role of a WEAPON SYSTEM MANAGER as

q:,posed to subsystem operator/infonnation integrator

0 Able 10 sustain operations with mjnimal suppon. fly succ(Ssful

mission day and night in any type of weather

0 Face a numerically and technologically advanced ene my

ii.rcraft and defensive systems

0 Component reliability gains',

0 Use of redundancy £ct resource sharing

0 Application of fault toletanc'e

0 ReductionC n:a~ enance test and repair time

... -J
0 Increas ing crew station 1Wtomation

0 ~ bancing stealth operation

0..., Wide use of common modules (HW & SW))

0 Ability to per(onn in-aircraft test and maintenance of avionics

0 Use of VHS IC technology and

0 Capability to operate over extended periods of time at austere. deployed

locations and be maintainable without the Avionics Intermediate Shop
PAVE PACE

0 Modularity concepts cuts down the cosl of the avionics related to

VMS. Mission Processing. PVI and SMS

0 The sensor costs accounts for 70% of the avionics cost

0 USAF initiated a study project to cut down the cost of sensors

used in lhe fighter aircraft

0 In 1990. Wright Laboratory- M:Doonell Aircraft, Boeing,"➔

company and Lockheed launched the Pave Pace Program 1/

0 c.- wi<h d, Coo~p, or l•<g"'ed "'°"" s,.::om(¾,
,,...,,.
0 Pave Pace takes Pave Pillar as a base line,standiu:d

0 The integration concept extends to ,{c s k'in o f the aircraft -

Integration of the RF & EO sensor-s Orig i~ igned for Joint Strike Fighter (JSF)