k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ;DaGwL klqsf

jif{ #*, c+s @, k"0ff{Í !)%, kmfNu'0f @)^#

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] th{'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofsg

/fh]Gb| k|;fb g]kfn *

kl/ro
;fj{hlgs gLltnfO o; If]qsf lj1x¿dWo] s;}n] /fHo ;+rfngsf] dfu{bz{g eg]sf 5g\, s;}n] ;/sf/n]
hgtf k|ltsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug]{ qmddf cjnDjg u/]sf] wf/0ff, ljrf/ k4lt eg]sf 5g\ . s;}n] /fHon]
clVtof/ ug]{ gLlt eg]sf 5g\ . lj1x¿dWo] s;}n] /fHosf lqmofsnfknfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ ;/sf/4f/f
3f]lift cjwf/0ff jf l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . s;}n] zf;g ;+rfngdf k|efj kfg]{ clwsf/L jf
lgsfo4f/f ul/Psf] lg0f{o jf cfb]zsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . s;}n] ;/sf/n] s'g} sfd ug{ jf gug{sf] nflu
u/]sf] 3f]if0ffsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ . lj1x¿dWo] s;}n] ;dfhdf :yflkt d"No, dfGotf jf k|rngx¿sf]
;dli6ut :j?k eg]sf 5g\ eg] s;}n] ;fj{hlgs lxt k|j4{gsf nflu k|ltkflbt ;/sf/L wf/0ff jf
lqmofsnfksf] ;ufnf]sf] ?kdf lnPsf 5g\ .
Thomas Dye sf cg';f/ Public Policy is whatever government chooses to do or not to do. ;/sf/n] s]
ug]{ / s] gug]{ af/] lnPsf] lg0f{o g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] .
Y Dror sf cg';f/ General directives on the main lines of action to be followed ;j}n] kfng ug{sf
nflu lglZrt ul/Psf ;fdfGo dfu{ bz{g g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] .
James E. Anderson sf cg';f/ a purposive course of action followed by an actor or set of actors in
dealing with a problem or matter of concern. s'g} ;d:of jf ;/f]sf/sf] ljifosf] ;DaGwdf s'g} Ps jf
Ps eGbf j9L stf{n] kfng ug'{ kg]{ p2]Zo ;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgf g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] .
R.K. Sapru sf cg';f/ a purposive course of action taken by those in power in pursuit of certain
goals or objectives s'g} lglZrt nIf jf p2]Zo k|fKt ug{sf] nflu zlQmdf j;]sfx¿n] lnPsf] p2]Zo
;lxtsf] sfo{ of]hgf g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] .
oL ;j} kl/efiffnfO{ s]nfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf eGbf zf;g Joj:Yff ;+rfngsf qmddf ;/sf/n] cjnDjg
ug]{ wf/0ff, ljrf/ jf l;4fGtnfO{ g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt eGg ;lsG5 .
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'dfsf cfwf/ / >f]t M
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'dfsf cfwf/ / >f]tnfO lgDg cg';f/ cflwsfl/s, cgf}krfl/s / b:tfj]hsf] egL
jf8\g ;lsG5 .

*
;x ;lrj, ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno

35
 cflwsfl/s ;|f]tM ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, Goflos lg0f{o, cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf, ;dembf/L, k|ltj4tf .
cgf}krfl/s ;|f]tM ljBdfg k/Dk/f, cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf /fhg}lts ;+/rgf / dfGotf, ;+rf/
dfWod, bft[lgsfo tyf ;+:Yff, k]zfut ;+u7g, sd{rf/LtGq .
b:tfj]hM /fhg}lts bnsf 3f]if0ffkq, cfof]u, sfo{bnsf k|ltj]bg jf l;kmfl/z, lj1sf] wf/0ff .

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df sfo{df ;lqmo ;xefuLx¿ M

;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df ug]{ sfo{df ;lqmo ;xefuLx¿nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ jf8\g ;lsG5 .
d'Vo÷cfwf/e"t lgsfoM Joj:yfkLsf, ;+;bLo ;ldlt, sfo{kflnsf, sd{rf/L tGq, Gofokflnsf, /fli6«o
ljsf; kl/ifb, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
;xfos lgsfox¿M ;+j}wflgs cfof]u lgsfox¿, :yfgLo lgsfox¿
cGo lgsfox¿M bft[ ;d'bfo, k]zfut tyf Jofj;foL ;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn, gful/s ;dfh, bjfj
;d"x, ljz]if1 ;d"x, NGO, INGO, UN Special agency, Media
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{"dfsf] 9fFrf M
;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df / sfofGjog ug]{ 9fFrf lgDg cg';f/ 5 .
Vision -bL3{sfnLg ;f]r_M s] ;f]r /fv]/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] <
Mission -nIo_M s] s:tf] nIo k|fKt ug{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt th{'df ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] <
Objective -pb]Zo_M th{'df ug{ vf]lhPsf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt sf] pb]Zo s] xf] <
Strategy -/0fgLlt_M nIo, pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ s] s:tf] /0fgLlt lng vf]lhPsf]5 <
Program -sfo{s|d_M nIo, pb]Zo k|fKt ug{ s] s] sfo{s|d ;+rfng ug{ vf]lhPsf 5 <
Activities -ls||ofsnfk_M sfo{s|dsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu s] s] ls|ofsnfk ;+rfng ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 <
Action plan -sfo{of]hgf_M ;+rfng ug{ vf]lhPsf ls|ofsnfksf] k|fyldsLs/0f, ;+:yfut Ifdtf /
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf, lhDd]jf/L j+f8km+f8, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg / kl/rfng Joj:Yff, Operational
plan/Procurement plan, Co ordination cflb ljifo s;/L cufl8 j9fpg] .

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfdf k|efj kfg]{ tTjx¿ M

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ /fhgLlts bnsf] d"No, dfGotf l;4fGt / 3f]if0ff kq, k]zfut ;+3 ;+:yfx¿,
;/f]sf/jfnf -Jofkf/L, pBf]uklt, bjfj;d"x, Professional group) n] p7fPsf cfjfh, bft[/fi6« / ljleGg
cfof]usf k|ltj]bg, cg';Gwfg l/kf]6{, gful/ssf] ;xeflutf, ;j{;fwf/0fhgtf tyf dtbftfsf] dfu, ;+rf/
hutsf] wf/0ff, bft[;+:yfsf] egfO, cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]zn] k|efj kf5{ . o;sf ;fy} lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
If]qdf ePsf] ljsf;, ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] cj:yf tyf ef}uf]lns kl/j]zn] klg ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfdf
k|efj kf5{ .
g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df k|s[of M
;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltnfO{ zf;g Joj:Yffsf] cfwf/ / /fHo Joj:Yffsf] d'Vo
dfu{bz{s l;4fGtsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . :jtGq Gofokflnsf, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, cfwf/e"t
dfgjclwsf/, jx'bnLo Joj:yf, tyf lgikIf Gofo k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lgxLt ;fj{ef}d;Qf h:tf ljifo nfO{
Wofg lbg'k5{ . ;+ljwfgdf Jojl:yt pQm k|fjwfg g} xfd|f] ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] .

36
o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o dxTjsf] ljifodf /fhg}lts bn ljr ;dIfbf/L sfod u/L gLlt th'{df ug{ kg]{ s'/fdf
hf]8 lbPsf] 5 .
gLlt th'{df sfo{df sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf, Joj:yflksf, ;+j}wflgs c+ux¿, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u,
dGqfno, ljefu, :yfgLo lgsfo ;nUg x'G5 . sfo{If]qsf] leGgtfn] ubf{ cf–cfkm\gf] sfo{If]q leq kg]{
ljifosf] gLlt lgdf{0f ;DjlGwt lgsfon] ub{5g\ .
;+j}wflgs Joj:Yff, /fh}lts bnsf 3f]if0ff kq, bjfj ;d"xsf] dfu, hg;fwf/0fsf] OR5f, cGt/f{li6«o
If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn] dfu >[hgf u5{ . dfunfO{ ;dfhn] ;dy{g u5{ . tL dfunfO{ ;+af]wg u/L gLlt
th'{df ul/G5 .
;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{, k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{, ljsNkx¿sf] klxrfg /
d"Nofs+g ug]{, pQd ljsNksf] rog / :jLs[t ug]{ ul/G5 . csf]{ zAbdf dfux¿ ;+sng, ljZn]if0f
JofVof k|zf]wg, ;+efJotf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, /fok|ltlqmof, gLlt d:of}bf, d:of}bf pk/ 5nkmn ug]{,
ljZn]if0f ug]{, k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ ul/G5 .
dGqfnon] th"{df ug]{ gLlt dGqfnosf] ;lrj jf dGqLsf] lg0f{oaf6 :jLs[t x'G5 . dxTjk"0f{ ljifosf]
k|:tfj dGqfnon] dlGqkl/ifb\df k7fpF5 .
gLlt th'{dfdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ M
/fhg}lts g]t[Tjdf k|ltj4tfsf] cefj, hg r]tgfsf] sdL, ;xeflutfsf] sdL, u[[xsfo{sf] cefj, lglZrt
sfo{ k4lt / pko'Qm ;oGqsf] cefj, k|efjzfnL ;d"xsf] x:tIf]k, bft[ lgsfosf] rf;f] x:tIf]k,
sd{rf/LtGqsf] pbfl;gtf, ;fwg tyf ;|f]tsf] cefj, 1fg ;Lk, Ifdtf / OdfGbfl/tfsf] sdL, ;dGjosf]
sdL, ;"rgf ;+rf/ ;oGqsf] sdhf]/ cj:Yff, :ki6 / kf/bzL{ sfo{ k4ltsf] cefj, pQ/bfloTjsf]
c:ki6tf, sfo{If]qdf x:tIf]k, cg'udg / d"Nofs+g ;oGq ck|efjsf/L, l5d]sL d'n'sdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsf]
k|ToIf c;/ h:tf ;d:ofx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ .
oL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nfuL /fli6«o k|fyldstf / cfjZostfsf ljifodf ;a} If]qsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8,
kof{Kt cWoog, ljZn]if0f / u[xsfo{ ug'{kg]{, :ki6 / kf/blz{ sfo{ k2ltsf] lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿ gLltsf]
kl/0ffd k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g'kg]{ Joj:Yffsf] l;h{gf, gLlt lgdf{tfx¿n] :jtGq ?kn] lg0f{o ug{ kfpg]
jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu >f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf, ljleGg lgsfosf] jLrdf ;d'lrt
;DjGw / ;dGjosf] lgsfo, sd{rf/LnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kg]{, 1fg, ;Lk, Ifdtfsf] ljsf; nflu tflnd,
cWoogsf cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf tyf Gofof]lrt ljt/0f, ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/ ;oGqsf] ;'2[l9s/0f, k|efjsf/L
cg'udg / d"Nofs+g k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfsf] cfjZostf k5{ .

;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf

gLlt th'{df d"n bfloTj /fhg}lts If]qsf] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ bfloTj k|zf;gsf] xf] eGg] egfO{ :jLsf/ ubf{
ub{} klg gLlt th'{df tyf ljZn]if0fdf k|zf;gsf] ;+nUgtf x'g'kg]{ cfjZostfn] th'{df tyf ljZn]if0f ug]{
klg k|zf;gsf] sfo{ If]q leq cfPsf] 5 .
;/sf/ / hgtf jLrsf] ;+rf/sf] k|d'v dfWod sd{rf/LtGq ePsf]n] ;/sf/af6 lgwf{/0f ug{ nfluPsf] jf
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] gLlt hgtfdf k'¥ofpg], ;f] cg';f/ ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] tyf hgtfaf6 JoQm u'gf;f
k/]sf] ;d:of ;/sf/df k'¥ofpg] d"n bfloTj k|zf;gsf] g} xf] .
(Communicative/ informative role) pRr k|zf;ssf] k|zf;lgs cg'ej, k|fljlws 1fg ;Lk (expertism)
:yfoLTj (permanence) tYofÍ ;"rgfsf] d"Vo ;|f]t, ;+:yfut ;"rgfsf] ;|f]t, ljifout cg'ej tyf
/fhgLlt1;Fusf] ;fldKotfn] ubf{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ 5 .

37
;fj{hlgs gLlt th"{df ug]{ sfo{df tYofÍ, ;"rgf tyf cGo hfgsf/L ;+sng ug]{ ;d:ofsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{
gLltsf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{, To:tf] gLltsf] cfjZostf dxTj, pkfb]otf, k|efj h:tf ljifodf lj:t[t
cWoog 5nkmn ug]{ d'n's ;+ljwfg k|rlnt sfg"g tyf lb3{sfnLg ljsf; nIo cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g tkm{
ljrf/ k'¥ofpg], hgdt j'em\g], ;/f]sf/ jfnfsf] wf/0ff j'em\g], ljleGg If]qsf lj1x¿, k|fl1s ;d'bfo,
gful/s ;dfh, ;+rf/ hutnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ 5nkmn ug]{ ;'emfj ;dfof]hg ug]{, cfd;xdlt k|fKt
ePkl5 gLlt th'{df ug]{ sfo{df k|zf;gn] /fhgLlt1nfO{ ;xof]u k'/\ofp+5g\ .
dGqLx¿n] ;+;bdf k]zug]{ ljw]osx¿sf] d:of}{bf tof/ ug]{, ;/sf/4f/f 3f]if0ff ul/g] ;fj{hlgs
gLltx¿sf] d:of}bf tof/ ug]{, dGqfnon] s] s:tf] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 eGg] ljifodf ljefuLo
dGqLnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{, ;'emfj lbg], d:of}bf tof/ ug]{, dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 tof/ ug]{ bL3{sfnLg cfjlws
tyf jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ug]{ tl/sf,;|f]t tyf ;fwg kl/rfng ug]{ lj:t[t vfsf
tof/ ug]{, dlGqkl/ifb\df k]z ug]{ k|:tfj tof/ ug]{, sfo{df k|zf;gn] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f

P08/;gsf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdsf] k/LIf0f / JofVof;+u
;DjlGwt 5 (Policy analysis is concerned with the examination and description of the causes and
consequenes of public policy).
Yff]d; 8fOsf cg';f/ gLlt ljZn]if0fn] s'g} ljifodf l;kmfl/z ug]{ eGbf tYosf] JofVof ug{, ;fj{hlgs
gLltsf] sf/0f / kl/0ffdsf] jf/]df cg';Gwfg u/L lgrf]8df k'Ug / o;/L u/LPsf] lgrf]8sf] cfwf/df
;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L nfu" ug{ pko'St x'g] wf/0ff /fVb5g\ .
;fk'|sf cg';f/ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f ug{ kfFrj6f r/0fx¿ 5g\ . ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{
(Identifying the Underlying Problem), gLlt 5gf}6sf] nflu lasNk ;'lglZrt ug]{ (Determining
Alternatives for Policy Choice), kl/0ffdsf] eljZoaf0fL ug]{ (Forecasting the consequences), kl/0ffdsf]
d"Nofs+g ug]{ (Evaluating the Outcomes), pko'St gLltsf] 5gf}6 ug]{ ( Making Choice).
;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0fsf] nflu ;d:ofsf] klxrfg ug]{, 5gf}6sf] nflu ljsNkx¿ tof/ ug]{, ljleGg
ljsNkx¿sf] nfut / kmfObf jf pknlJw, c;/ tyf k|efjsf] d"Nofs+g ug]{ / pQd ljsNk 5gf}6 ug]{
sfo{df k|zf;lgs If]qsf] ;dnUgtfsf] h?/L x'G5 . th'{df ug{ nfluPsf] gLltsf] nflu ;"rgf, tYofÍ /
lj1sf] ?kdf dGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg], ;+ljwfg, sfg"g tyf cGt/f{li6«osf] sfg"gsf] af/]df ;'emfj lbg],
cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf k|zf;lgs c;/ tyf k|efj jf/] dGqLnfO{ ;'emfj lbg] sfd k|zf;gn] ub{5 . gLlt
d:of}bf ug]{, d:of}bf pk/ 5nkmn ug]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ -nfut / kmfObf s] x'G5, gLlt sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sg]
jf g;Sg] / To;af6 ;dfhsf ljleGg ju{df kg]{ c;/ / k|efj af/] ljZn]if0f_, k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ sfo{df
k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf cfjZos k5{ . gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ ;+oGqsf] cj:yf, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknJwtf af/]
ljZn]if0f ug]{ sfo{ k|zf;lgs If]qaf6 ul/G5 . k|zf;gaf6 ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f lbPsf] /fo tYodf cfwfl/t,
lgikIf, ljutsf] cg'ej tyf jt{dfg cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog (Implementation)
;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/L k|zf;gsf] xf] . k|zf;gsf cltl/St gLlt sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|d'v lgsfox¿df Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, :yfgLo lgjf{lrt lgsfo, ;j}wflgs cfof]u kb{5g\ . o;
cltl/St gLlt sfof{Gjogdf /fhlglts bn, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g, ;+rf/ hut, bjfj ;d"x, bft[ ;d'bfo,
ljz]ifflws[t ;+u7g, lghL If]qsf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .

38
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos tTjx¿ M
/fhg}lts k|ltj4tf / ;xof]u, gLltdf Ps?ktf tyf :ki6tf, /fhgLlts bnx¿jLr ;xdlt, k|zf;lgs
;+/rgf, clwsf/ tyf hjfkmb]lxsf] :ki6tf, >f]t / ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:Yff / lg/Gt/tf, k|rf/ k|;f/
tyf kf/blz{tf, k|zf;lgs :jfoQtf, Goflos ;xof]u, lg/Gt/ cg'udg / d"Nofs+g, glthfsf] cfwf/df
d'Nofs+g ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf, d"Nofs+gsf] cfwf/df k'/:sf/ / b08sf] k|efjsf/L Joj:Yff h:tf s'/f
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos tTjx¿ x'g\ . o; cltl/St th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"Nofs+gdf
;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf, ;"rgf tyf t+Yofs k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg' kg]{, sfof{Gjogdf k|ltj4tf,
pRrdgf]jn / pTk]|/0ff hufpg] jftfj/0fsf] lgdf{0f h:tf s'/f klg gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos
tTjx¿ x'g\ .
;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogdf k|zf;gsf] e"ldsf
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] d'Vo ;+oGq sfo{kflnsf xf] . sfo{kflnsfsf] k|d'v c+u k|zf;g -sd{rf/LtGq_ g} xf] .
o;/L sd{rf/LtGq g} gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] d'Vo ;+oGq xf] .
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfo{gLlt / sfo{of]hgf tof/ ug]{, k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{, sfof{Gjogsf]
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf v8fug]{, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -ljQLo, ef}lts, dfgjLo _,
gLltsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;+rf/ ug]{, sfof{Gjogdf Ps?ktf tyf ;dGjo sfod ug],{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf
gLltsf] cg'udg / ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ -k|efjsf/L / gtLhfd"ns sfof{Gjogsf nflu_, s'g} ;d:of cfPdf
;dfwfg ug]{ sfo{df k|zf;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 .
;fj{hlgs gLlt cg'udg ( Monitoring)
cy{ M sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] gLltsf] sfof{Gjgsf] cj:yf jf/]df hfgsf/L lng cg'udgsf] cfjZostf kb{5
. cg'udgsf] d"Vo p2]Zo sfof{Gjogdf b]vfk/]sf / b]vfkg{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ub}{ gLltsf]
u'0ffTds k|j4{g ug'{ xf] . gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L / pknlJw d'ns jgfpg] sfo{df cg'udgn] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Ng] ePsfn] cg'udgnfO{ gLlt sfof{Gjgsf] cleGg c+u jf cf}hf/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . ;fy} o;jf6
d"Nofs+gsf] lgDtL w]/} ;xof]u k'U5 .
cg'udgsf If]qx¿M
ljifoj:t' (Content)
sfof{Gjog ;oGq (Implementation structure )
sfof{ljlw tyf sfo{k|0ffnL (Process and system)
glthf tyf pknlAw (Result / output)
cg'udg sfo{df ;s[o ;xefuLx¿M
cg'udg sfo{df ;s[o ;xefuLx¿df Joj:yflksf / ;+;bLo ;ldlt -hfgsf/L lng], 5nkmnug]{, :ynut
cWoog ug]{, ;f]wk'5 ug]{, jofg u/fpg]_, sfo{kflnsf -d=k= tyf ;DjlGwt dGqfno_, Gofokflnsf -
;jf]{Rr, k'gf/fj]bg, lhNnf cbfntx¿_, /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / :yfgLo lgsfox¿
Kfb{5g\ . o;sf ;fy} bft[ ;d'bfo, k]zfut tyf Jofj;foL ;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn, gful/s ;dfh, bjfj
;d"x, ;dfh;]jL j'l4lhjL tyf ;j{ ;fwf/0f, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g / ;+rf/ hutn] klg gLltsf] cg'udg
ub{5g\ .
cg'udgnfO{ k|efjsf/L jgfpg] pkfo
gLlt sfof{Gjog kIf sdhf]/ x'g'df Pp6f k|d'v sf/0f sdhf]/ / lkmtnf] cg'udg xf] eGg] egfO{ 5 . of]
;To klg xf] . glthf eGbf k|ls|ofsf] cg'udg ul/]g', ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf gx'g', cg'udgsf]

39
nflu th'{df ul/Psf kmf/dx¿ hl6n, c:ki6tf, cj}1flgstf, cg]sfy{ x'g', cg'udg k|lsofnfO{
cf}krfl/stfsf] ?kdf lng', lghL sfdnfO{ dxTj lbg' h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ cg'udg lkmtnf] / sdhf]/ x'G5
. k|ls|of eGbf glthfsf] cg'udgdf hf]8 lbg'k5{ . ;|f]t tyf ;fwgsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf, cg'udgsf] nflu
th'{df ul/Psf kmf/dx¿ ;/n, :ki6, j}1flgs x'g'k5{, k|fKt ;'emfj u+eL/tf k"j{s sfof{Gjog ug]{
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf x'g'k5{ .
;fj{hlgs gLlt d"Nofs+g (Evaluation)
gLlt k|s[ofsf] clGtd r/0f gLlt d"Nofs+g xf] . gLltn] lgb{[i6 u/]sf p2]Zox¿ xfl;n x'g ;s] ;s]gg\,
gLltdf ;+/rgfut tyf sfo{ut sdL sdhf]/L lyP lyPgg\, lyP eg] ;'wf/sf] pkfo s] x'g ;S5, gLlt
sfof{Gjogsf] c;/ tyf k|efj nlIft ;d'bfodf s] s:tf] k/\of]< eGg] ljifodf d"Nofs+g ul/G5 .
Evaluation answer the quotion " What difference does it make "
Policy evaluation is concerned with essmatiion assessment, appraisal and policy including its
content implementation and effects.

d"Nof+sgsf cfwf/x¿ (Criteria)

ljleGg lj1x¿n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt d"Nofs+gsf] nflu ljleGg cfwf/x¿sf] k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ .
Fohock sf cg';f/ Equity -;dfgtf_, Efficiency -sfo{bIftf_, Pareto Optimality -;dy{g_ / Public
Interest -;fj{hlgs rfxgf_ sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] d"Nofs+g ug'{k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ .
Suchman sf cg';f/ Efforts, Performance, Adequacy, Efficiency Process sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs
gLltsf] d"Nofs+g ug'{k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ . Smith sf cg';f/ Policy design, Policy process, Policy
achievement sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] d"Nofs+g ug'{k5{ eGg] wf/0ff /fv]sf 5g\ .
Sapru n] lgDg 5 j6f ljifonfO{ cfwf/dfgL d"Nofs+g ug'{k5{ eg]sf 5g\ .
Effectiveness -k|efjsfl/tf_M pknlJw sltsf] eof] . Degree of objective achievement
Efficiency -sfo{bIftf_M nfesf] :t/ s:tf] 5 . Output/ input ratio of a public administration system or
an organizational unit.
Adequacy -kof{Kttf_M sfo{If]qsf] cfjZostf cg'?k gLlt kof{Kt eof] ePg . relationship between
policy goals and what is achived or relationship between policy and the problem to which it is address.
Equity -;dfgtf_ M nfe ljt/0fsf] Gofof]lrt kIf s:tf] 5 . Distribution of effects and efforts among
different groups in society.
Responsiveness -hjfkmb]lxtf_M nlIft ;d'bfosf] OR5f, cfsf+Iff cfjZostf, / efjgfsf] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/
s:tf] /Xof] .
degree of satisfaction of the clients and stakeholders.
Appropriateness -pko'Qmtf_M gLlt, p2]Zo, sfo{gLlt, tyf sfof{Gjog gLltsf] p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ pko'Qm
eof] ePg . judgements about a policy’s fitness and suitability

gLlt d"Nofs+gsf ;xefuL kIfx¿ M

gLltsf] d"Nofs+g s;n] ug]{ s'/f gLltsf] k|s[ltdf e/k5{ . gLltsf] d"Nofs+g ug]{ sfddf ;fdfGotof
Joj:yflksf / ;+;bLo ;ldlt -hfgsf/L lng], 5nkmnug]{, :ynut cWoog ug]{, ;f]wk'5 ug]{, jofg
u/fpg_, sfo{kflnsf -d=k= tyf ;DjlGwt dGqfno_, Gofokflnsf -;jf]{Rr, k'gf/fj]bg, lhNnf
cbfntx¿_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;+j}wflgs lgsfo ;nUg x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} bft[ ;d'bfo, k]zfut tyf
Jofj;foL ;+u7gx¿, /fhg}lts bn, ;+rf/ hut, gful/s ;dfh, bjfj ;d"x, ;dfh;]jL j'l4lhjL tyf
;j{ ;fwf/0f, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+u7g / cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] nflu u7g ePsf cfof]un] klg gLltsf] d"Nofs+g
ub{5g\ .

40
gLltaf6 ck]lIft pknlJw k|fKt gx'g' jf k|efj kfg{ g;Sg'sf sf/0fM
gLltaf6 ck]lIft pknlJw k|fKt gx'g' jf k|efj kfg{ g;Sg'sf k|d'v sf/0fdf aflemg] vfnsf gLlt jf
nIox¿ x'g' (incompatible goals), ;fwgsf] ck|ofKttf (inadequacy of resource), pbf;Lg k|zf;g, sfd
st{Jo clwsf/ lhDd]jf/L tyf hjfkmb]xL :ki6 gx'g', sfof{Gjog txdf pTk|]/0ffsf] cefj x'g', /fhgLlts
x:tIf]k x'g', ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ gLlt th'{dfdf ;nUg gu/fOg', k|rf/ k|;f/ gx'g', ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
empower ug]{ u/L gLlt cufl8 gj9fpg' cflb k|d'v 5g\ .

;f/f+Zf
h'g;'s} d'n'sdf klg ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs lxt k|jw{gsf] nflu b]zsf] ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:ylt,
ef}uf]lns kl/j]z tyf hgtfsf] rfxgf / dfu nfO{ ;d]6L ljleGg ljifodf gLltx¿ th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog
ug'{k5{ . gLlt th'{df ubf{ b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, ef}uf]lns tyf jftfj/0fLo If]qsf] /fd|f]
hfgsf/L lnO ;j} kIfsf] wf/0ff tyf ljrf/nfO{ ;d]l6g' k5{ . gLlt th'{df ubf{ oL kIfdf Wofg glbPsf
sf/0fn] /fd|f gLltx¿ jg]/ klg sfof{Gjogdf cfpg g;s]sf w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . ljrf/ gk'/\ofO
sfof{Gjog ug{ vf]Hbf c;kmntfg} xft nfUg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . th'{df u/]sf] gLltnfO{ nfu" ug{
cfjZos kg]{ ;|f]t ;fwg tyf ;oGqsf] ljsf; u/L ;kmn jgfpg ;j} kIfnfO{ pk]|l/t ug'{k5{ . ;dod}
cg'udg gubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf yfxf gx'g] ;'wf/ gx'g] x'gfn] o; ljifodf klg Wofg hfg'k5{ .
gLltaf6 k|fKt pknlJw tyf k|efj jf/] klg d"Nofs+g u/L efjL gLlt th'{dfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ .
;lx gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog ePdf b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf; pRr x'g] s'/fdf s'g}
z+sf g} 5}g . o; tkm{ ;j}sf] Wofg hfg' cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
Acharaya Madhu Raman (2002), Business of Bureaucracy, Kathmandu, Phulchoki Enterprises
Publication.

Anderson James E.(1975), Public Policy Making, New York, Praeger.

Hughes, Owen E. (1994), Public Management and dministration: An Introduction, London,

MACMILLAN Press Ltd.

Sapru Rk (1994), Public policy: Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation, New Delhi,
Sterling Publishers Private Limited

o'j /fh kf08] -@)%^_, ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljZn]if0f, sf7df08f}, laBfyL{ k':ts e08f/

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