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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
Haddonfield, N.J., Pennsylvania, McIlvaine; New York, Mrs. E. C.
Anthony; Indiana, H.I. Miller. July to October.
Whoever has seen the seed-stalks of an onion knows the shape from
which this fungus takes its name. The dense clusters are graceful,
dainty, and contain many individuals of all ages—from the very young
with egg-shaped heads, like pigmy C. comatus, to the fluff-capped
eldest, willowy and fair to look upon. The out-door kind soon droops
when matured; the young plants of a cluster will remain fresh for
several days after taken from their habitat. Stems in these tufts are
often quill-shaped, and the striations on the cap margins are shorter
than those on their indoor cousins. These grow in hot-houses and
stables. One of the two forms has a yellow cap, the other is white and
fair.
These forms have often come to my table as a pleasant winter
surprise. Children in the hot-houses of Haddonfield, N.J., watched for
its appearance among the bedded plants, sure of a present when they
brought me a meal of it. Both the white and yellow varieties were
equally enjoyed.
The entire fungus is tender and delicious cooked in any way.

L. farino´sa Pk.—farina, meal. Pileus thin, rather tough, flexible, at

first globose or ovate, then bell-shaped or convex, covered with a soft,
dense, white veil of mealy down, which soon ruptures, forming
irregular, easily-detersible scales, more persistent and sometimes
brownish on the disk. Flesh white, unchangeable. Gills close, free,
white, minutely downy on the edge. Stem equal or slightly tapering
upward, somewhat thickened at the base, slightly mealy, often
becoming glabrous, hollow or with a cottony pith above, solid at the
base, white, pallid or straw-colored, the ring lacerated, somewhat
appendiculate on the margin of the pileus, evanescent. Spores
subovate, 10–13×8µ.
Pileus 1.5–2.5 in. broad. Stem 2–3 in. long, 2–4 lines thick.
Mushroom beds in a conservatory, Boston, Mass. March.
Communicated by E.J. Forster.
This species is related to L. cepæstipes, from which it may be
distinguished by its pileus, which is not folded on the margin, and by
its larger spores. It is edible. It is very distinct from Amanita farinosa.
Peck, 43d Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Ohio, Lloyd, Prof. William Miller (Lloyd Myc. Notes).

L. America´na Pk. (Plate XII, fig. 1, p. 32. Plate XVa.) Pileus at first
ovate, then convex or expanded, umbonate, scaly, white, the umbo
and scales reddish or reddish-brown. Gills close, free, white. Stem
somewhat thickened at or a little above the base, hollow, bearing a
ring, white. Spores subelliptical, uninucleate, 8–10×5–8µ.
The American lepiota belongs to the same genus as the parasol
mushroom and the Smooth lepiota. It has one character in which it
differs from all other species of Lepiota. The whole plant when fresh is
white, except the umbo and the scales of the cap, but in drying it
assumes a dull reddish or smoky-red color. By this character it is easily
recognized.
In the very young plant the cap is somewhat egg-shaped and nearly
covered by the thin reddish-brown cuticle, but as the plant enlarges
the cuticle separates and forms the scales that adorn the cap. On the
central prominence or umbo, however, it usually remains entire. The
margin of the cap is thin and is generally marked with short radiating
lines or striations. The gills do not quite reach the stem and are,
therefore, free from it. Sometimes they are connected with each other
at or near their inner extremity by transverse branches. They are a
little broader near the margin of the cap than at their inner extremity.
The stem affords a peculiar feature. It is often enlarged towards the
base and then abruptly narrowed below the enlargement, as in the
Onion-stemmed lepiota. In some instances, however, the enlargement
is not contracted below and then the stem gradually tapers from the
base upward. The stem is hollow and usually furnished with a collar,
but sometimes this is thin and may disappear with advancing age.
Wounds or bruises are apt to assume brownish-red hues.
The caps vary in width from 1–4 in.; the stems are from 3–5 in. long,
and 2–5 lines thick. Sometimes plants attain even larger dimensions
than these. The plants grow singly or in tufts in grassy ground or on
old stumps. They may be found from July to October.
 Photographed by Dr. J.R. Weist. Plate XVa.
LEPIOTA AMERICANA.

In flavor this species is not much inferior to the parasol mushroom,

but when cooked in milk or cream it imparts its own reddish color to
the material in which it is cooked. It is, however, a fine addition to
our list of esculent species. Peck, 49th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
I found several on a decaying willow trunk, and on the ground
beside it, in Philadelphia. In July, 1898, large quantities, often
clustered, grew under the great, open auditorium of the
Pennsylvania Chautauqua, at Mt. Gretna, Pa., from ground covered
with crushed limestone.
The caps are meaty and excellent in flavor. They should be broiled or
fried.

Granulosi. Pileus granular or warty. Stem sheathed, etc.

L. granulo´sa Batsch.—granosus, full of grains. Pileus thin, convex

or nearly plane, sometimes almost umbonate, rough, with numerous
granular or branny scales, often radiately wrinkled, rusty-yellow or
reddish-yellow, often growing paler with age. Flesh white or
reddish-tinged. Gills close, rounded behind and usually slightly
adnexed, white. Stem equal or slightly thickened at the base,
stuffed or hollow, white above the ring, colored and adorned like the
pileus below it. Ring slight, evanescent. Spores elliptical 4–5×3–
4µ.
Plant 1–2.5 in. high. Pileus 1–2.5 in. broad. Stem 1–3 lines thick.
Woods, copses and waste places. Common. August to October.
This is a small species with a short stem and granular reddish-yellow
pileus, and gills slightly attached to the stem, a character by which it
differs from all the preceding. The ring is very small and fugacious,
being little more than the abrupt termination to the coating of the
stem. Peck, 35th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Spores 5–6×3µ B.; 3×4µ W.G.S.; elliptical, 4–5×3–4µ Peck.
Var. rufes´cens B. and Br. Pure white at first, then partially turning
red and in drying acquiring everywhere a reddish tint.
Var. al´bida Pk. Persistently white.
Though small many plants grow neighboring. Being fleshy for their
size, and of pleasing quality, they well repay gathering. Remove
stems.
Open woods, Angora, West Philadelphia; Haddonfield, New Jersey,
McIlvaine.

A. Cuticle Viscid. Neither Scaly nor Warty.

L. delica´ta Fr.—delicatus, delicate. Up to 1½ in. across, reddish,

becoming yellowish toward margin. Flesh well proportioned to cap,
convex, obscurely umbonate, glabrous, slightly viscid. Stem 1½-2
in. long, very thin, but covered with dense downy scales, equal,
lighter than cap. Ring usually entire, membranaceous, fluffy from
scales. Gills free, crowded, ventricose, white.
Haddonfield, N.J., January, 1896–97, in hot-houses. McIlvaine.
A delicate, delicious Lepiota. Though small, it is meaty. Its
appearance in hot-houses (it is found in woods) insures a crop at a
time of year when other species are not plentiful, and when anything
edible in the toadstool line is most welcome to their lovers.

L. lenticula´ris Lasch.—lenticula, a lentil. Pileus at first globose,

then convex, even, naked, pinkish-tan color. Flesh thick, spongy,
white. Gills close to stem, but free from it, ventricose, crowded,
whitish. Stem 4–6 in. high, thick, equal or swollen at base, solid but
spongy, more or less covered with scales; above the ring it is
frequently covered with drops of water more or less green, which
leave spots when they dry. Veil superior and very large.
Pileus 3–4 in. across. Stem 4–6 in. long, ½ in. and more thick. In
damp woods.
Redman’s Woods, Haddonfield, N.J. September, 1894. McIlvaine.
This species is included in Amanita by Fries and Stevenson. Massee
places it in Lepiota. In the dozen or more specimens I have found,
there was no trace of a volva, even when very young. I tested it
carefully and at one time ate three good-sized caps without
experiencing any indications of poison. I have seen it during but one
season and not then (at one time) in sufficient quantity to make a
meal off it. Cooked it has a slight cheesy flavor which is pleasant.

L. illi´nita Fr.—illino, to smear over. Pileus rather thin, soft, at first

ovate, then campanulate or expanded, subumbonate, smooth,
white, very viscid or glutinous, even or striate on the margin. Gills
close, free, white. Stem equal or slightly tapering upward, stuffed or
hollow, viscid, white. Spores broadly elliptical, 5×4µ broad.
Plant 2–4 in. high. Pileus 1–2.5 in. broad. Stem 2–3 lines thick.
Thin or open woods. Adirondack mountains. July to September.
This is a smooth white species with the stem and pileus clothed with
a clear viscid or glutinous veil. The margin of the pileus is often
even, but the typical form of the species has it striate. The flesh is
soft and white. The species may be distinguished from the viscid
white species of Hygrophorus by the free, not adnate nor decurrent
lamellæ. Peck, 35th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Springton and Mt. Gretna, Pa., 1887–1897. McIlvaine.
Not yet found by me in quantity. Several specimens eaten were of
good flavor.

L. rugulo´sa Pk. Pileus thin, submembranaceous, broadly convex

or nearly plane, umbonate, rugulose, widely striate on the margin,
whitish. Lamellæ thin, narrow, close, free, whitish. Stem short,
equal, slightly silky, whitish, the annulus thin, persistent, white.
Spores elliptic, 7.5µ long, 4µ broad.
Pileus 12–20 mm. broad. Stem about 2.5 cm. long, 2 mm. thick.
Moist grassy places under trees. Washington, D.C. July. Mrs. E.M.
Williams. Perhaps in the fresh state the pileus is not as distinctly
rugulose as when dry. Peck, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 27, January,
1900.

ARMILLA´RIA Fr.

Armilla, a ring.
 Pileus and Stem continuous. Veil partial,
(Plate XVII.) sometimes only indicated by the scales which
clothe the stem terminating in the form of a
ring. Spores white. On the ground or on
stumps.
In the young plant the veil extends from the
stem to the pileus, sometimes forming scaly
patches upon it; below the ring it is attached
to the stem often in scales.

Armillaria But for the presence of the ring the species of

mellea.
this genus could be distributed in Tricholoma,
Clitocybe and Collybia, with which they agree in all other characters.
In Amanita and Lepiota, the other ringed genera of the white-spored
series, the flesh of the stem and pileus is not continuous; and their
stems are therefore easily separated. Amanita is also distinguished
by its volva.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

Tricholomata. Page 52.

Gills sinuately adnexed, stem fleshy, ring often evanescent. (Like

Tricholoma.)

Clitocybæ. Page 55.

Gills not sinuate, more or less decurrent, narrowed behind; ring

permanent. (Resembling Clitocybe.)

Collyblæ. Page 58.

Gills adnate, equal behind; stem somewhat cartilaginous outside;

ring permanent. (Resembling Collybia.)
 Grouped by F.D. Briscoe—Studies by C. McIlvaine and Val
Starnes. Plate XVI.

Fig. Page. Fig. Page.

1. Armillaria mellea, 55 3–4. Lentinus 230
lepideus,
2. Armillaria mellea var. exannulata, 56

I.—Tricholomata. Gills sinuately adnexed, etc.

A. robus´ta A. and S.—robustus, robust, sturdy. Substance of entire

plant compact. Pileus 2–3 in. across, varying in shades of gray and
brown, scaly, fibrillose on margin, decreasing toward center or
smooth, convex or top-shaped and margin involute at first,
expanding. Flesh firm, very thick. Gills broad, emarginate, nearly
free, crowded, whitish, up to ½ in. broad. Veil large,
membranaceous, sometimes floccose, remaining adherent to the
stem. Stem 1–2 in. long, obese, solid, tapering at the base,
brownish-white and fibrillose below veil, white and flocculose above,
flesh of stem continuous with that of the cap.
Stevenson gives var. minor with even cap with both gills and ring
very narrow.
Spores ovoid-spherical. 7µ. Q.
Edible, Curtis; District Columbia, Mrs. M. Fuller.
In mixed woods. Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New Jersey, McIlvaine.
The substance of A. robusta differs from all other Armillaria in being
very compact. It is not acrid but has a marked flavor. Cut into small
pieces and well cooked it makes an acceptable dish. It is best in
croquettes and patties, or served with meats.

A. viscid´ipes Pk.—viscidus, sticky; pes, a foot. Pileus fleshy,

compact, convex or nearly plane, glabrous, whitish with a slight
yellowish or reddish-yellow tint. Flesh white, odor peculiar,
penetrating, sub-alkaline. Gills narrow, crowded, sinuate or
subdecurrent, whitish. Stem equal, solid, viscid and slightly tinged
with yellow below the narrow membranous ring, whitish above.
Spores elliptical, 8×5µ.
Pileus 3–6 in. broad. Stem 3–4 in. long, 6–12 lines thick.
In mixed woods. Rock City, Dutchess county. October.
It is a large fine fungus, easily known by its white and yellowish
hues, its crowded gills, viscid stem and peculiar penetrating almost
alkaline odor. The cuticle of the pileus is thin and soft to the touch,
but it sometimes cracks longitudinally and is sometimes slightly
adorned with innate fibrils. A. dehiscens is said to have a viscid
stem, but it is also squamose and the pileus is yellowish-ochraceous.
Peck, 44th Rep N.Y. State Bot.
Quite common in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. McIlvaine.
It loses its strong odor when cooked and is equal to other Armillaria
in edibility. Unless well cooked it has a slight saponaceous flavor.
This is easily overcome by a few drops of lemon juice or sherry.
A. appendicula´ta Pk.—bearing an appendicula or small
appendage. Pileus broadly convex, glabrous, whitish, often tinged
with rust color or brownish rust color on the disk. Flesh white or
whitish. Gills close, rounded behind, whitish. Stem equal or slightly
tapering upward, solid, bulbous, whitish, the veil either membranous
or webby, white, commonly adhering in fragments to the margin of
the pileus. Spores subelliptical, 8×5µ.
Pileus 2–4 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3.5 in. long; 5–10 lines thick.
Auburn, Ala. October. C.F. Baker.
The general appearance of this species is suggestive of Tricholoma
album, but the presence of a veil separates it from that fungus and
places it in the genus Armillaria. The veil, however, is often slightly
lacerated or webby and adherent to the margin of the pileus. Peck,
Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, Vol. 24.
Mt. Gretna, Pa., Angora, Pa. On decaying roots in ground. August to
November. Found plentifully in resorts of other Armillaria. Edibility
the same. McIlvaine.

A. pondero´sa Pk.—ponderosus, weighty, ponderous. Pileus thick,

compact, convex or subcampanulate, smooth, white or yellowish,
the naked margin strongly involute beneath the slightly viscid,
persistent veil. Gills crowded, narrow, slightly emarginate, white
inclining to cream color. Stem stout, subequal, firm, solid, coated by
the veil, colored like the pileus, white and furfuraceous above the
ring. Flesh white. Spores nearly globose, 4µ in diameter.
Plant 4–6 in. high. Pileus 4–6 in. broad. Stem about 1 in. thick.
Ground in woods. Copake, Columbia county. October.
The veil for a long time conceals the gills, and finally becomes
lacerated and adheres in shreds or fragments to the stem and
margin of the pileus. Peck, 26th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
New England, Frost; New York, Peck, Repts. 26, 29, 41. West
Virginia and Pennsylvania. Ground in woods. September to
November. McIlvaine.
Professor Peck says in 26th Report: “This species has not been
found since its discovery in 1872.”
Where the Armillaria mellea frequents I have often found A.
ponderosa. It was plentiful at Mt. Gretna, Pa., in September, 1898.
Young specimens are quite as edible as A. mellea, and rather more
juicy.

II.—Clitocybæ. Gills not sinuate, etc.

A. mel´lea Vahl.—melleus, of the color of honey. (Plate XVI, fig. 1,

p. 52.) Pileus adorned with minute tufts of brown or blackish hairs,
sometimes glabrous, even or when old slightly striate on the margin.
Gills adnate or slightly decurrent, white or whitish, becoming sordid
with age and sometimes variegated with reddish-brown spots. Stem
ringed, at length brownish toward the base. Spores elliptical, white,
8–10µ long. Peck, 48th Rep. N.Y. State Bot.
Spores 9×5–6µ W.G.S.; 10×8µ B.; 8–10µ Peck.
The A. mellea is unusually prolific and is common over the United
States and Europe. Specimens may be found in the spring-time, but
in middle latitudes it is common from August until after light frosts.
It is usually in tufts, some of which contain scores of plants and are
showy over ground filled with roots, or on stumps or boles of
decaying trees. It frequents dense woods and open clearings. I have
seen acres of dense woodland at Mt. Gretna, Pa., so covered with it
and its varieties that but few square yards were unoccupied.
A description of the typical A. mellea will rarely apply to any one
plant. A combination of its variable features in one description would
include something of nearly every white-spored Agaric under the
sun. Yet there is something indescribable about it which once
learned will unerringly betray it.
Its Caps vary from perfectly smooth, through tufts of scales and
hairs, more or less dense, to matted woolliness. It may show any
one of these conditions in youth and be bald in age. Some shade of
yellow is the prevailing color, but this will vary from whitish to dark-
purplish or reddish-brown. When water-soaked it is one color, when
dry, another. Commonly the margins of the Caps are striated,
sometimes they are smooth as a cymbal, and not unlike one, have a
raised place or umbo in the center. Flesh white or whitish. Gills
when young are white or creamy, usually running down the stem,
sometimes slightly notched at attachment. They freckle in age and
lose their fair complexion. The Veil or collar about the stem is as
variable as fashion—thick and closely woven or flimsy as gossamer,
or vanishing as the plant grows old. The Stems may be even as a
lead pencil, or swollen like a pen-holder, or bulbous toward the base,
or distorted by pressure in the tufts. It is as variable in color as the
cap, usually darkening downward in hues of brown. The outside is
firm and fibrous, sometimes furrowed, inside soft or hollow.
Cap 1–6 in. across. Stem 1–6 in. long, ¼-¾ in. thick.
Var. obscu´ra has the cap covered with numerous small blackish
scales.
Var. fla´va has the cap yellow or reddish-yellow, but in other
respects it is like the type.
Var. gla´bra has the cap smooth, otherwise like the type.
Var. radica´ta has a tapering, root-like prolongation of the stem,
which penetrates the earth deeply.
Var. bulbo´sa has a distinctly bulbous base to the stem, and in this
respect is the reverse of var. radicata.
Professor Peck writes: “Var. exannulata (Plate XVI, fig. 2, p. 52) has
the cap smooth and even on the margin, and the stem tapering at
the base. The annulus is very slight and evanescent or wholly
wanting. The cap is usually about an inch broad, or a little more, and
the plants grow in clusters, which sometimes contain forty or fifty
individuals. It is more common farther south than it is in our state
(N.Y.), and is reported to be the most common form in Maryland.
This I call var. exannulata.” From Dr. Taylor, Washington, D.C.;
Indiana, H.I. Miller.
To these may be added also var. al´bida Pk. in which the pileus is
white or whitish.
A variety, perhaps a variation of var. bulbosa was sent to me by E. B.
Sterling, Trenton, N.J., and afterward found by myself at Mt. Gretna,
Pa. The Cap purplish-brown, convex, striate and light on margin,
edge irregular with parts of veil attached. Flesh white, very thin.
Gills decurrent, arcuate, pinkish-gray. Stem stuffed, fibrous, white
above, dense floccose veil, same color as cap below, swollen toward
base which is pointed, sulcate, white inside, closely clustered and
some of the stems distinctly bulbous. Taste decidedly unpleasant.
An intense acridity develops and increases when the juices of raw
pieces are swallowed, and the salivary glands are much excited. The
acridity is not lost in cooking. It simply can not be eaten. Specimens
were sent by me to Professor Peck who referred it to A. mellea.
I have never seen the abortive form of Clitopilus abortivus, though
found in many places and in great quantity, showing any part or
trace of the original plant. But that a similar monstrosity occurs upon
A. mellea is shown by individuals and parts of individuals of a cluster
being aborted. Without such positive proof, no one would suspect
either of these odd formations to be abortive of either C. abortivus
or A. mellea, or any other fungus. I consider the abortive form of A.
mellea far superior in substance and flavor to it or any of its
varieties.
The Armillaria can not be ranked among the tender or high-flavored
toadstools, yet their abundance, meaty caps and nourishing qualities
place them among our most valuable food species.
The caps when chopped into small pieces make good patties and
croquettes. They have an impressive flavor of their own, and offer
an esculent medium for seasoning and the gravies of various meats.
A. nardos´mia Ellis—nardosmius, of the odor of nardus. (A name
applied by the ancients to several plants, especially spica nardi—
spikenard.) Pileus fleshy, firm, thick and compact on the disk, thin
toward the margin, whitish, variegated with brown spots, with a
thick, tough and separable cuticle. Flesh white. Gills crowded,
subventricose, slightly emarginate, whitish. Stem solid, fibrous, not
bulbous, sheathed below by the brown velvety veil, the ring narrow,
spreading, uneven on the edge. Spores subglobose, 6µ in diameter.
Pileus about 3 in. broad. Stem 1.5–3 in. long, 4–6 lines thick.
Ground in woods, Suffolk county. September. Peck, 43d Rep. N.Y.
State Bot.
Several specimens from sandy grounds in pine woods, Haddonfield,
N.J., were sent by me to Professor Peck and were identified by him.
Plentiful at Mt. Gretna, Pa., September to frost, 1898. In mixed
woods, on gravelly ground. Eaten in quantity by several persons.
McIlvaine.
Cuticle of caps when dry breaking up into brownish, squamulose
scales, margin involute. Gills subdecurrent. Veil thick, persistent.
Stem short, subbulbous, solid. Flesh white. Very much resembles a
short-stemmed Lepiota. Smell and taste strong, like almonds.
Disappears in cooking.

III.—Collybiæ. Gills adnate, stem somewhat cartilaginous.

A. mu´cida Schrad.—mucidus, slimy. Pileus commonly shining

white, thin, almost transparent, hemispherical then expanded,
obtuse, more or less radiato-wrinkled, smeared over with a thick
tenacious gluten; margin striate when thinner. Stem 1½-3 in. long,
1–2 lines thick at the apex, thickened at the base, stuffed, thin,
rigid, curved ascending, smooth, white, but sooty scaly at the base
when most perfectly developed. Ring inserted at the apex of the
stem, bent downward and glued close to the stem, furrowed, the
white border again erect, with a swollen and entire margin, which
sometimes becomes dingy brown. Gills rounded behind, obtuse,
adhering to the stem and striato-decurrent, distant, broad, lax,
mucid, always shining white.
Very variable in stature, from 1 in. (when of this size the stem is
almost equal) to as much as 6 in. broad. The color of the pileus
varies gray, fuliginous, olivaceous. The gills sometimes become
yellow, but only from disease. Sometimes solitary, sometimes a few
are joined in a cespitose manner at the base. Stevenson.
Spores elliptical, 15–16×8–9µ Massee; 17×14µ W.G.S.
North Carolina, Schweinitz, Curtis; Pennsylvania, Schweinitz;
Maryland, Miss Banning.
West Virginia mountains, 1882, Haddonfield, N.J., 1891–94, on
beech trees and roots. McIlvaine.
Commonly considered esculent in Europe.
Dirt adheres so tenaciously to it that it is difficult to clean. This,
however, occurs only when the fungus grows from roots and pushes
its way up through covering earth. When growing from trees it is
attractive and of good quality.
Should be chopped fine and well cooked.

TRICHOLO´MA Fr.

Gr.—a hair, a fringe.

Pileus symmetrical, generally fleshy, never

truly umbilicate, seldom umbonate. Veil (Plate XIX.)
absent or appearing only as fibrils or down
on the margin of the pileus. Gills sinuate
(the small sudden curve near the stem
always apparent in the young plant),
sometimes with a slightly decurrent tooth.
Stem central, usually stout, fleshy-fibrous,
without a bark-like skin. Flesh continuous
with that of the pileus. Ring and Volva
absent. Spores white or dingy.
But one is known to be poisonous. Some
are acrid or unpleasant in flavor. With one
exception all grow on the ground in
pastures and woods, appearing from May to
late in the autumn.
Gills generally white or dingy, frequently
spotted or stained. The pileus may be Section of tricholoma.
smooth or adorned with fibrous or downy
scales, dry, moist, viscid or water-soaked.
The distinguishing feature of Tricholoma is the sinuate gills. In
Collybia the stem bears a distinct bark-like skin; in Clitocybe the gills
are never sinuate; species of Pleurotus are distinguished by growing
on wood only, and Paxillus by their strongly-incurved margin and
anastomosing gills.
In cooking Tricholoma consistency must be the guide to plan and
time. The tougher varieties require to be cut into small pieces and to
be well cooked, while the brittle and delicate varieties will cook
quickly. Many of them make excellent soups.

ANALYSIS OF TRIBES.

A. Pileus Viscid, Fibrillose, Scaly Or Downy, Not Water-Soaked.

Stem fibrillose from the remains of the adnate universal veil.

Limacina (limas, a slug or snail, slimy). Page 61.

Cuticle of pileus viscid when moist, innately fibrillose or scaly, but

not lacerated; flesh of pileus thick, firm; margin almost naked.
* Gills not discolored, nor becoming reddish.
** Gills discolored, usually spotted with reddish-brown.

Genuina. Page 67.

Cuticle of the pileus never moist or viscid; torn into downy or

floccose scales. Flesh soft, not water-soaked; margin involute and
slightly downy at first.
* Gills not changing color, nor spotted with red or black.
** Gills becoming reddish or gray, the edge at last generally with
reddish or black spots.

Rigida (rigeo, to be stiff). Page 74.

Pileus rigid, hard, somewhat cartilaginous when fleshy, very fragile

when thin, cuticle rigid, granulated or broken up when dry into
smooth scales, not torn into fibrils. Young specimens occur which are
fibrillose from the veil, not from laceration of the cuticle.
* Gills white or pallid, not becoming spotted with red or gray.
** Gills becoming reddish, grayish or spotted.

Sericella (sericeus, silky). Page 74.

Pileus first slightly silky, soon becoming smooth, very dry, neither
moist, viscid, water-soaked, nor distinctly scaly; rather thin, opaque,
absorbing moisture, but is the same color as the gills. Stem fibrous,
by which the smaller species resembling Collybia may be
distinguished.
* Gills broad, rather thick, somewhat distant.
**:sericella2 Gills narrow, thin, crowded.

B. Pileus Even, Smooth, Not Downy Nor Scaly, Not Viscid.

In rainy weather moist; when very young pruinose (but rarely
conspicuously) from the universal veil. Flesh soft and spongy or very
thin when it is water-soaked.

Guttata (gutta, a drop). Page 76.

Pileus fleshy, soft, fragile, marked with drop-like spots or rivulose.

Appearing in spring, rarely in autumn.
Cespitose, in troops or often in rings.
* Gills whitish.
** Gills becoming reddish or smoky-gray.

Grouped by F.D. Briscoe—Studies by C. McIlvaine.

Plate XVIII.
 Fig. Page. Fig. Page.
1–2. Tricholoma personatum, 79 5. Tricholoma columbetta, 68
3. Tricholoma russula, 65 6. Tricholoma humile, 81
4. Tricholoma terreum, 71

Spongiosa (spongia, a sponge). Page 78.

Pileus compact, then spongy, obtuse, even, smooth, moist but not
hygrophanous; firm, growing in troops late in the autumn. Stem
stout, base usually thickened, spongy fibrous. Gills at length
decurrent but sinuate, by which character they are distinguished
from Clitocybe.
* Gills not discolored.
** Gills discolored.

Hygrophana (Gr., wet; to appear). Page 80.

Pileus thin, somewhat umbonate; flesh at length soft, watery. Stem

rootless, containing a pith, entirely fibrous.
Flesh not exceeding in depth the width of the not broad, thin gills;
thinnest toward the margin, hence somewhat umbonate. Color of
the pileus either moist or dry, very variable in the same species.
Pileus sometimes pulverulent from the persistence of the veil in dry
weather.
* Gills whitish, not spotted.
** Gills more or less violet, gray or smoky. Not represented.

Series A.

Pileus Viscid or Fibrillose, Downy Or Scaly.

I.—Lima´cina. Viscous when moist.

* Gills not becoming discolored, nor becoming reddish.

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