:

Nuclear
Disarmament and
Nuclear Non-
Proliferation-
A Nuclear weapon- an explosive device that
derives its destructive force from nuclear
reactions.
 The first nuclear weapon was made by
“Federation of American Scientist ” during
world war 2.
 It was jointly made by J. Robert Oopenhiemer
and Albert Einestein under MANHATTAN
PROJECT.
 Two bombs made are named as ‘little boy’ and
‘fat man’.
 There are two types of reactions- nuclear fission
and nuclear fusion.
 Fission reactions- breaking of a big nuclei and result
in formation of ‘ATOM BOMB’.
 Fusion reaction- combining of small nuclei and
results in formation of ‘H-BOMB’.
 Generally, U235. Plutonium-239, U233, neptunium-
237 are used in fission reaction.
US B83 nuclear bomb, explosive yield – 1.2 megatons
World’s first nuclear weapon: The Little Boy, explosive yield
12-15 kilotons (1/100 of B83 bomb)
 Launched from submarines or land.
 Delivered on artillery or ballistic or cruise
missiles.
 Dropped from aircraft.

 Low technology such as trucks, small

boats and cargo planes could also be
used.
 A 1 or 2 kt device could be carried in a
backpack.
UPI/Bettmann

 Groundtemperatures
reached about 7,000
degrees.

 “Blackrain”
containing
Peacewire

radioactive fallout
poured down for
hours after the
explosions.
 1. a delayed radioactive fallout;

 2. a change in the climate;

 3. a partial destruction of the ozone layer.

 Itis generally believed that the very possession
of nuclear weapons by a country will deter an
enemy from attacking that country first.

 Tactical:
 US and Russian definition - less than 500 km range.
 Strategic:
 Intended to be detonated in other countries, i.e.
intercontinental delivery.
 Strategic Tactical
USA 7,000 3,300

Russia 6,000 14,000

France 450 60

China 400 150

Britain 185 80
Israel - 200

India - 60-80

Pakistan - 10-25
1961, Soviet Union: The biggest nuclear bomb ever built: “Tsar-
bomba”, “Big Ivan”. Power – 57 megatons (40,000 more than
Little Boy of 1945)
Chinese
Communist
leader Mao
Zedong
advocated
waging nuclear
war on the US
“to free the
world from
imperialism”
 Other WMD-
 Biological
Weapons
 Chemical Weapons

WHAT IS NONPROLIFERATION?
Prevention of the spread of weapons of mass
destruction (nuclear, chemical, biological) and their
means of delivery*

 Horizontal nuclear proliferation: spread of weapons to states not

currently possessing nuclear weapons
 Vertical nuclear proliferation: increase in number and destructiveness of
nuclear weapons within a state already possessing them
 1945- US 1st A-bomb last Japan
 1946-Baruch Plan
 1949-Soviet Union
 1952- Great Britain,
 1960- France and
 1964- China
 1957-IAEA
 1962-PTBT
 1968-NPT Proposed By UN- NWS&NNWS
 1970-Oficially
 Disarmament- based on the assumption that the
existence of weapons is the fundamental cause of
uncertainty and conflicts,

 Arms control- based on the, assumption that the

existence of weapons is not a cause but a
consequence of inter-state conflicts.
 While the former seeks to eliminate
armaments, the latter seeks to regulate
the armament race for the purposes of
creating a measure of stability.

 Armscontrol policies- 3 categories: Arms

reduction, arms limitation and arms freeze
After World War I

 Covenant of the League of Nations, Article 8:

 “The maintenance of peace requires the
reduction of national armaments to the lowest
point consistent with national safety.”
 1922: the Five Power Naval Limitation Treaty,
extended and Conferences of 1922 and 1930

 A historic precedent was set

 World Disarmament Conference of 1932 – no

success, buildup of international tensions, new
wars
 After World War II
 Demobilization everywhere; strong desire for
peace

 Creation of the United Nations Organization

 But the Cold War generated a new arms race


 Its cutting edge were nuclear weapons

 And the conventional (non-nuclear) arms race

continued
 Late 1950s: birth of the international
movement for nuclear disarmament
 First diplomatic moves toward arms
limitation
 1961: US and Russian diplomats design a
joint proposal for general and complete
disarmament
 1961: The Antarctic Treaty is signed
banning the use of Antarctica for military
purposes.
 By the 1960s steps were being taken to limit both the
proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the
environmental effects of nuclear testing

 The Partial Test Ban Treaty (1963) restricted all nuclear testing
to underground nuclear testing.

 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) attempted to place

restrictions on the types of activities signatories could
participate in.
 In 1957, the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) was established under the
mandate of the United Nations to encourage
development of peaceful applications for
nuclear technology, provide international
safeguards against its misuse.

 In 1996, many nations signed the

Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT)
which prohibits all testing of nuclear
weapons.
 Came into force 1970
 Signed and Ratified by all Nations except
 Israel
 India
 Pakistan
 North Korea withdrew

 Review Conferences every 5 years

 Madea Treaty of Indefinite Duration at 1995 Review

Conference
36
 3 pillars of Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which went
into effect in 1970:

 1. NON-PROLIFERATION
 Commitment of non-nuclear weapons states not to acquire
NWs
 2. DISARMAMENT
 Commitment of nuclear weapons states to give up their
nuclear weapons
 3. RIGHT TO PEACEFUL USE
 Every state has a right to use nuclear energy for peaceful
purposes
 Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) – (China, France, the Russian Federation, the
United Kingdom, and the United States):

 may retain their nuclear arsenals;

 may not transfer nuclear weapons to any one;

 may not assist any NNWS to acquire, manufacture or control

nuclear weapons; and

 commit to pursuing negotiations in good faith towards ending the

nuclear arms race and achieving nuclear disarmament.
 Non-Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS) – (defined as those states
that had not detonated a nuclear device prior to January 1, 1967)

 must not build, acquire or possess nuclear weapons;

 may research, produce, and use nuclear energy for peaceful

purposes; and

 must accept safeguards (audits and intrusive on-site

monitoring) on all of their nuclear activities and materials to
verify they are not being used for nuclear weapons.
 191 countries have signed NPT

 India, Pakistan, Israel, South Sudan and North Korea

 Neither India nor Pakistan have signed the Treaty

 Israel developed nuclear weapons secretly before the Treaty and never signed

 North Korea did sign, but violated and withdrew in 2003

 Libya did sign, violated, but then came clean

 South Africa canceled its program and signed

 Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan became de facto nuclear weapons states by default after
the dissolution of the Soviet Union, but they gave up the Soviet weapons – and signed
 Review conference 5 years after entry into force and additional review conferences
at 5 year intervals (Art VIII)

 Conference after 25 years to determine the duration of the Treaty (Art X)

 Only the 1975, 1985 and 2000 Review Conference adopted Final Documents due to
lack of consensus on key nonproliferation & disarmament

 Being a signatory to NPT means that the party state will

cease all development of nuclear weapons and will open
doors for inspection of its nuclear facilities by the
International Atomic Energy Agency

5. NNWS have “inalienable right” to nuclear
power.

6. NWS work in good faith toward prohibition

of NWs and General Disarmament (no
specified timetable; implication is to
deemphasize role of NW in international
relations

7. NNWS must negotiate Safeguards with IAEA

42
 The sole multilateral body responsible for
the negotiation of international treaties
relating to disarmament.

 Established in 1979.

 66 countries are members.

 Based in Geneva, Switzerland.

 Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty (1996). Among the countries that had still
to sign and/or ratify the treaty were Afghanistan, Cuba, India, Iraq, Iran, Israel,
North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the United States (United
States ratification has so far been stopped by the Senate).

 The UN General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) on 10 September 1996.


 The treaty prohibits any nuclear explosion whether for
weapons or peaceful purposes
 NUCLEAR NONPROLIFERATION &
DISARMAMENT REGIME

United Nations Security Council & Disarmament machinery

NPT IAEA EXPORT BILATERAL
NWFZs
SAFEGUARDS CONTROLS AGREEMENTS
 Membership limited to suppliers
Voluntary export controls
Exchange of information

Missile Technology
Zangger Committee
Control Regime (MTCR)
 Trigger list & conditions of
supply  Guidelines to control missile
systems & technologies

Nuclear Suppliers Group

Wassenaar Arrangement
(NSG)
 Dual-use, all WMD
 Harmonization &
strengthening of export
control guidelines
Main existing arms control treaties

Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963

INF, signed in 1987
START-I, signed in 1991
SORT, signed in 2002
CTR agreements

The Outer Space Treaty

NPT, signed in 1968, went into effect in 1970
CTBT, signed in 1996, still not fully in effect
 1972: US and USSR sign SALT-I agreements (the
ABM Treaty and the Interim Agreement on
Strategic Offensive Weapons). Ban on ballistic
missile defenses and limitation of offensive
nuclear arsenals.
 1979: US and USSR sign the SALT-II Treaty to
strengthen and finalize the provisions of SALT-
I. But the US Senate refuses to ratify the
document.
 1991: US and USSR sign the Strategic Arms
Reductions Treaty (START-I), which leads to the
reduction of the two sides’ strategic arsenals
by 30-40%. The Treaty expired in December
2009.
 1993:US and Russia sign the second Strategic Arms
Reductions Treaty (START-II), providing for further
reductions in strategic offensive arsenals – down to
3000-3500 warheads.

 The Russian Parliament ratified the Treaty with a

condition that the ABM Treaty of 1972 banning
ballistic missile defenses must remain in force.

 In 2002, after President George Bush declared that

the US was pulling out of the ABM Treaty in order to
clear the way for the deployment of US ballistic
missile defense systems, Russia withdrew from START-
II.
 2002: US and Russia sign the Moscow Treaty on
Strategic Offensive Reductions (SORT), which
will reduce the numbers of operationally
deployed strategic offensive weapons of the
two sides to 1700-2200 by the year 2012. The
Treaty is currently in force.

 April
2009: Presidents Obama and Medvedev
declared that the US and Russia will move
toward complete elimination of nuclear
weapons. Negotiations on a new US-Russian
treaty to further reduce their strategic
nuclear arms are in progress.
 India’s nuclear weapon program was started in
march 1944 under leadership of Dr. H.J. Bhabha,
when he founded the ‘Institute Of Fundamental
Reseach’.
 Defeat from china in 1962 and losing some parts
of Kashmir also worked as catalyst in this
direction,
 The first nuclear weapon was successfully test
fired in 1974 in pokharan (Raj.), code named as
‘smiling budhha’ and called a ‘peaceful nuclear
explosion’.

 The test used plutonium produced in the
Canadian –supplied CIRUS reactor and
raised that nuclear technology supplied
for peaceful purposes could be diverted
to weapon purposes.

 In 1978, India again successfully test

fired the another nuclear weapon under
‘operation Shakti.’

 It lead a worry in ‘nuclear suppliers

countries’.
 Nuclear policy of India is no first use policy.

 it only pursue a ‘retaliation policy’.

 This policy states that India will not be first to initiate a

nuclear strike.

 The decision to authorize the use of a nuclear weapon

will be made by P.M. or his designated successor.

 Although tension escalated between India-Pak in 2001-

02, but India still remained with her policy
 1. Fulfill Existing Obligations. The nuclear weapons states have made
solemn promises to the international community to negotiate in good
faith to achieve nuclear disarmament. "This means an obligation to
reduce the world's nuclear arsenals to zero.
 2. Stop Nuclear Weapons Proliferation..
 3. Prevent Nuclear Terrorism.
 4. Avoid Nuclear Accidents.
 5. Cease the Immorality of Threatening Mass Murder. It is highly
immoral to base the security of a nation on the threat to destroy cities
and potentially murder millions of people. This immoral policy is named
nuclear deterrence, and it is relied upon by all nuclear weapons states
 6. Reverse Concentration of Power. Nuclear weapons undermine
democracy by giving a few individuals the power to destroy the world as
we know it.
 7. Promote Democratic Openness. Decisions about nuclear weapons
have been made largely in secrecy with little involvement from the
public. On this most important of all issues facing humanity, there is no
informed consent of the people.
 8. Halt the Drain on Resources. Nuclear weapons have drained
resources, including scientific resources, from other more productive
uses.

 9. Heed Warnings by Distinguished Leaders. Distinguished leaders

throughout the world, including generals, admirals, heads of state and
government, scientists and Nobel Peace Laureates, have warned of the
dangers inherent in relying upon nuclear weapons for security.

 10. Meet Our Responsibility. We each have a responsibility to our

children, grandchildren and future generations to end the threat that
nuclear weapons pose to humanity and all life. This is a responsibility
unique in human history.
 No nuclear weapon used since 1945
 Almost no testing (with a few exceptions)

 The arsenals have been reduced by 2/3

 Most treaties work, compliance assured

 Proliferation has been minimal

 The Cold War is over – one of the causes being

the nuclear arms race and the emergence of a
sense of common interest in preventing it
The four threats
 1. Nuclear terrorism
 2. Nuclear proliferation
 3. Existing nuclear arsenals
 Their size and posture
 The NPT linkage
 Policies of US and Russia in the past decade
 4. Climate change linkages
 New interest in nuclear power generation and trade
in nuclear fuels
 Climate change will undermine international
security and raise the risks of nuclear power
disasters
 Environmental impact of the use of nuclear
weapons
 MCQs on Disarmament and NPT
 Q. What are the “three pillars” (objectives) of the NPT?
 A) Disarmament, nonproliferation, and peaceful uses of nuclear technology
 B) Strategic bombers, ICBMs, and SLBMs
 C) Nuclear-weapon-free zones, nuclear power, and regional stability
 D) Nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons
 Ans
 Q. Who are the five nuclear weapon states (NWS) according to the NPT?
 A) Russia, the United States, Israel, France and China
 B) Russia, the United States, Germany, Japan and China
 C) Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, France and China
 D) Russia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Pakistan and India
 Ans
 Q. Which of the following is NOT an obligation of the Nuclear Weapon States (NWS) under the NPT?
 A) NWS may not transfer nuclear weapons to Non Nuclear Weapon States (NNWS)
 B) NWS may not assist or encourage any NNWS to acquire or manufacture nuclear weapons
 C) NWS must pursue negotiations on nuclear disarmament, and general and complete disarmament
 d) NWS must prevent NNWS from acquiring or building nuclear power reactors on their own territory
 Ans
 Q. Which is the only state to have withdrawn from the NPT?
 A) Australia
 B) Syria
 C) North Korea
 D) Iran
 Ans
 Q. Who are the four states that have never signed the NPT?
 A) Iran, North Korea, Libya, and Syria
 b) Israel, India, Pakistan, and South Sudan
 C) Israel, Pakistan, India, and North Korea
 D) Iran, India, Pakistan, and Botswana
 Ans
 Q. What is the ultimate goal of the NPT?
 A) World peace
 B) To eliminate nuclear sources from the world
 C) Nuclear disarmament
 D) Facilitating nuclear energy for peaceful purposes
 Ans
 Q. How long did the NPT states parties decide to extend the NPT in 1995?
 A) The NPT was extended until the next Review Conference
 B) The NPT was not extended.
 C) The NPT was extended for another 25 years
 D) The NPT was extended indefinitely - there is no limit to its duration
 Ans
 Q. How many nuclear-weapon states are there under the NPT?
 A) None – no one can have nuclear weapons
 B) 5
 C) 9
 D) Any state can have nuclear weapons
 Ans
Source:
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