Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros 

Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Chinese Journal of Mechanical

https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-019-0368-0
Engineering

REVIEW Open Access

Design and Manufacturing Strategies

for Fused Deposition Modelling in Additive
Manufacturing: A Review
Hugo I. Medellin‑Castillo* and Jorge Zaragoza‑Siqueiros

Abstract
Although several research works in the literature have focused on studying the capabilities of additive manufacturing
(AM) systems, few works have addressed the development of Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) knowledge,
tools, rules, and methodologies, which has limited the penetration and impact of AM in industry. In this paper a
comprehensive review of design and manufacturing strategies for Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is presented.
Consequently, several DfAM strategies are proposed and analysed based on existing research works and the opera‑
tion principles, materials, capabilities and limitations of the FDM process. These strategies have been divided into four
main groups: geometry, quality, materials and sustainability. The implementation and practicality of the proposed
DfAM is illustrated by three case studies. The new proposed DfAM strategies are intended to assist designers and
manufacturers when making decisions to satisfy functional needs, while ensuring manufacturability in FDM systems.
Moreover, many of these strategies can be applied or extended to other AM processes besides FDM.
Keywords: Additive manufacturing (AM), Design for additive manufacturing (DfAM), Fused Deposition Modelling
(FDM), Design and manufacturing strategies

1 Introduction standardized the terminology associated with AM tech-

The need to increase flexibility and speed up the design nologies [2].
and manufacture process of new products led to the The design and manufacture stages during a new prod-
development of rapid technologies, including the additive uct development process are critical because any deci-
manufacturing (AM) techniques (also known as rapid sions at this point can have a great impact on the final
prototyping, rapid manufacturing, rapid tooling, additive cost and quality of the product. In order to assist design-
fabrication, additive layer manufacturing, layer manufac- ers in this decision-making process, basic rules and
turing, and freeform fabrication technologies). Initially, design guidelines, known as Design for X, have been
the AM technologies were known as Rapid Prototyping proposed in the literature. These design guidelines are
(RP) technologies since they were used for visualization focused on manufacturability, assembly, sustainability,
and design validation purposes; however, the fast evolu- minimum risk, avoiding corrosion, recycling, stand-
tion of these technologies allowed the rapid manufacture ardization, durability, materials, maintenance, minimum
(RM) of end-use parts and the rapid development of tool- cost, among others. Regarding the design for manufac-
ing. From the beginning of AM systems, more than 100 turability, the existing guidelines only consider traditional
different techniques have been reported in Ref. [1]. In manufacturing processes, such as casting, machining,
2009 the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) forming, joining, material treatment, finishing, etc. [3, 4].
The challenge of design for AM technologies is to create
quality parts that satisfy the design requirements such as
*Correspondence: [email protected] functionality, geometry, mechanical properties and cost,
Advanced Design and Manufacturing Laboratory, Facultad de Ingeniería, while assuring manufacturability in AM systems.
Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78290 San Luis Potosí, SLP,
México

© The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
(http://creat​iveco​mmons​.org/licen​ses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
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and indicate if changes were made.
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 2 of 16

Several research works have focused on studying the 2 Additive Manufacturing Technologies
limitations of AM technologies, such as shrinkage and Additive manufacturing is the process of adding mate-
layer orientation [5, 6]. In Ref. [7] six design guidelines rial to produce physical objects from their digital model
for part cost and part weight in FDM processes were pro- data [32]. Unlike traditional manufacturing processes,
posed. The design guidelines reported in Ref. [8] consider where material is removed to generate a part, most of
only three issues of FDM processes: stepping effect, knife AM techniques are based on an additive process, where
edges and hollow parts. The influence of critical FDM components are built up gradually layer by layer [33]. The
parameters (layer thickness, air gap, raster angle, build general methodology to produce a component in AM
orientation, road width, and number of contours) on systems is shown in Figure 1. From their origins, AM
build time, material consumption and dynamic flexural technologies have been used for creating models and pro-
modulus, was studied in Ref. [9]. As a result, mathemati- totypes (Rapid Prototyping), end-use parts (Rapid Manu-
cal models to relate the processing conditions and the facturing), and long-term tools for mass production of
process quality characteristics were proposed and evalu- parts (Rapid Tooling) [29, 34]. According to the operation
ated. On the other hand, geometric assessments to iden- principle AM technologies can be comprehensively clas-
tify the presence of features known to cause problems sified into four main categories [1]: additive, subtractive,
such as thin sections, cusps, knife edges and part size, forming and hybrid processes. More recently, the ASTM
were proposed in Ref. [10]. Similarly, a hybrid approach grouped the complete range of AM technologies into
to overcome size limitations and fabricate large com- seven categories: binder jetting, direct energy deposition,
ponents in AM systems was proposed in Ref. [11]. The material extrusion, material jetting, powder bed fusion,
results comprised process chains and design for manu- sheet lamination, and vat photopolymerization [32].
facturing and assembly guidelines.
A general methodology to design for AM based on 3 Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM)
the capabilities and constraints of AM systems was pro- According to Ref. [29], the objectives and goals of DfAM
posed in Ref. [12]. Likewise, two design strategies for comprise the three levels of abstractions of traditional
AM were proposed in Ref. [13]: a manufacturing driven Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA): 1) to
design strategy to allow a substitution of manufacturing offer tools, techniques and guidelines to adapt a design
processes at a later stage of the product life cycle, and a to a given set of downstream manufacturing constraints;
function driven design strategy to increase the product 2) to understand and quantify the effect of the design
performance. More recently, a methodology to standard- process on manufacturing (and viceverse) in order to
ize design rules from AM by decomposing fundamental improve the performance of the manufacturing system
geometry, process and material relationships into reus- and product quality; and 3) to know the relationship
able modules, was proposed in Ref. [14]. A top-down between design and manufacturing and its impact on
assembly design methodology for parts and assemblies to the designer, the design process and the design practice.
be AM manufactured with a few or no assembly opera- However, although the definition and goals of DfMA may
tions, was presented in Ref. [15]. The proposed method- be applicable for AM technologies, the design knowledge,
ology provides guidance into how to derive a functional
architecture that is additively manufacturable. How-
ever, although several research works in the literature
have focused on the Design for Additive Manufacturing
(DfAM) [16–24], the development of DfAM knowledge,
tools, rules, processes, and methodologies, is still one of
the main technical challenges, needs and opportunities
to boost the penetration and use of AM [25–31].
The aim of this paper is to review and analyse the
design for Additive Manufacturing strategies, in particu-
lar for the FDM process. From this review and analysis, a
new comprehensive set of DfAM strategies are proposed
based on the operation principle, materials, capabilities
and limitations of existing FDM technologies, and on the
analysis of existing studies in the literature. The proposed
design and manufacturing rules consider the main tech-
nical limitations and problems of current FDM systems,
which are susceptible to evolve and change with time. Figure 1 AM general methodology
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 3 of 16

tools, rules, processes, and methodologies will be sub- FDM process the parts are created layer by layer. Each
stantially different for DfAM [29]. In fact, the develop- layer is created by depositing semi-liquid material on
ment of such knowledge, tools, rules, processes, and a fixtureless platform and in a temperature-controlled
methodologies for AM has been identified as one of the environment [39, 40]. The conventional FDM process
main technical challenges that have prevented the overall can produce parts from thermoplastic materials such as
penetration of AM in industry [21, 27–29]. Being aware ABS (Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene) and PLA (Poly-
of the limitations and capabilities of AM can help design- lactic Acid); however, variants of this process consider
ers to generate components suitable for AM production the use of ceramics, digital materials and other composite
[4, 12, 13, 26]. The unique capabilities of AM comprise materials.
shape complexity, material complexity, functional com- Although AM technologies have exceptional capabili-
plexity, hierarchical complexity, mass customization, ties, they still have some limitations and drawbacks that
product personalization, and production decentraliza- prevent designers from creating unlimited parts. These
tion [35–37]. The designers’ challenge is to use these limitations are related to the operating principle, pro-
exceptional characteristics to create a functional product duction speed, part geometry, part size, materials, etc.
for the user and an added value product for the manu- According to Ref. [16], there are some key characteris-
facturer. Thus, the aim of DfMA is to assist designers in tics that are common to material extrusion processes: 1)
the creation of quality and cost-effective parts to satisfy loading of material, 2) liquefaction of material, 3) applica-
functional needs, while ensuring manufacturability in tion of pressure to move the material through the noz-
AM systems. zle, 4) extrusion mechanism, 5) plotting according to a
predefined path, 6) bonding of the material to itself or
4 Design and Manufacturing Strategies for FDM secondary build materials, and 7) addition of supporting
The material extrusion AM processes are those in which structures to enable complex geometries. From the anal-
the material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or ysis of these characteristics and technical capabilities of
orifice. These processes are characterized by a pre-heat- commercial systems, the main advantages and disadvan-
ing chamber that raises the material temperature to the tages of FDM systems were identified and are summa-
melting point so that it can flow through a nozzle in a rized in Table 1. Consequently, design and manufacturing
controlled manner [16]. AM extrusion techniques com- strategies for FDM systems are identified, analysed and
prise Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Bioplotting, divided into four main groups: strategies for geometry,
Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC), Extrusion Free strategies for quality, strategies for material and strategies
Forming (EFF), Contour Crafting (CC), Shaped Deposi- for sustainability.
tion Manufacture (SDM), Ballistic Particle Manufacture
(BPM), among others. The FDM process is one of the
most widely used AM technique because of its several 4.1 Strategies for Geometry
advantages, such as low technology and maintenance In theory, any shape or geometry can be easily created
costs, low material cost, wide range of materials avail- in AM systems. However, the geometrical freedom of
able, easy to operate, low temperature operation, com- current FDM technologies is still fairly limited by the
pact design, office friendly, among others [38]. In the size of the part, the need to provide and remove support

Table 1 General advantages and disadvantages of FDM systems

Advantages Disadvantages

Geometry free fabrication Low speed production

Low technology and materials costs Limited accuracy and resolution
Easy to operate and material handling Limited surface finish
Low temperature operation Staircase effect, distortion, shrinkage and warping
Low production and maintenance costs Support structures are required for complex geometries and features
Low process toxicity Removal of support structures
Low power consumption Limited range of materials
Multiple material systems are available Limited mechanical strength of parts
Colour parts can be generated Limited building-volume or workspace
Compact design and office-friendly
Low noise operation and dust emissions
Low odour generation
Mass customization
Product personalization
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 4 of 16

structures, the complexity and size of small features, etc. FDM system commercially available has a build volume
[34]. Therefore, geometry limitations of FDM systems of 1000 × 800 × 500 mm. Consequently, designers must
must be considered as follows. consider the build size limitation when designing a com-
ponent intended to be fabricated by FDM. If the part is
4.1.1 Support Structures, Cavities & Overhangs larger than the build size of the FDM system, it could be
Support structures are an array of thin ribs used to rigidly fabricated by combining FDM with other manufacturing
attach the part to the construction platform and avoid process (hybrid approach) [11]; or it could be carefully
the collapse of the part under construction, in particu- subdivided into smaller part sections to be fabricated in
lar cavities and overhangs features, Figure 2. The lack of the FDM system [10]. Once all the part sections are fab-
support structures may lead to the distortion of the part, ricated, they can be assembled and bonded together to
causing geometrical and dimensional errors; for instance, complete the part. In general, a part can be subdivided
overhangs may affect the surface flatness because of dis- into smaller sections by an array of orthogonal planes,
tortion. However, support structures are difficult to be but the resulting subcomponents may have geometries
removed from beneath features or inside internal cavi- that are difficult to produce on FDM systems. Therefore,
ties. The removal or braking away processes of support the decomposition process must consider the size and
structures may also damage small features of the part shape capabilities of the FDM system in order to generate
[41]. According to Ref. [21], the length for overhangs in part subsections that are suitable for fabrication.
FDM must be kept under 1.8 mm in order to avoid the
falling out of the filaments due to their low stiffness when 4.1.3 Thin Sections
the overhang becomes longer than 1.8 mm. This limita- Parts with excessively thin sections are difficult to pro-
tion can be also used to define the separation or gap duce in FDM systems because these sections may break
among support structures. Moreover, gaps between com- or distort during fabrication. The ability of FDM systems
bined elements must be designed with a minimum gap to produce thin sections depends on the layer thickness.
height of 0.4 mm in order to achieve the smallest possible The use of an incorrect layer thickness can cause break-
dimensional deviations [21]. able walls and geometry distortion. The minimum wall
thickness that can be produced with a specific value of
4.1.2 Part Size layer thickness in dispensing processes, are as shown in
Typical build sizes for midrange commercial FDM sys- Table 2. The generation of narrow holes with close tol-
tems are in the range of 200 mm to 300 mm. The largest erances is also a complex task for most FDM systems
because these features tend to distort. In this case a post-
processing step is required to obtain the final dimen-
sions and tolerances. To avoid the risk of damage during
handling, a wall thickness between 1 to 1.5 mm is rec-
ommended [42], which depends on the layer thickness.
Existing commercial FDM systems allow layer thick-
nesses as fine as 16 microns.

4.1.4 Geometrical Features
Geometrical features, such as fillets, sharp edges, sharp
angles, narrow holes, tangential transitions, etc., can be
easily produced on FDM systems. However, all FDM
processes have limitations in terms of accuracy, resolu-
tion and repeatability. Since in FDM systems all nozzles
are circular, it is impossible to draw sharp external and

Table 2 Minimal wall thickness in dispensing processes

Layer thickness mm (in) Minimal wall
thickness mm
(in)

0.18 (0.007) 0.71 (0.028)

Figure 2 Support structures: (a) structure to support overhangs, (b) 0.25 (0.01) 1.02 (0.04)
support structures to link the part to the build platform 0.33 (0.013) 1.32 (0.052)
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 5 of 16

internal edges or corners; there will be a radius equiva- and the global orientation of the part, was envisaged in
lent to that of the nozzle at any corner or edge [16]. The Ref. [52]. A functionality-based part orientation meth-
dimensional accuracy in FDM systems depends on sev- odology for AM fabrication of assembled products was
eral factors such as the system resolution, layer thickness, presented in Ref. [53]. The methodology focuses on the
nozzle diameter, part geometry, build parameters, part assembly features while considering the part orientation.
orientation, material properties and deviations, distor- According to Ref. [9], the build orientation has a marginal
tion, warping, and shrinkage [43]. The typical accuracy effect on build time, and it has a little effect on material
values of commercially available FDM systems are in consumption and flexural modulus. The build orientation
the range of 0.100 mm to 0.300 mm; however, there are that leads to the minimum number of layers is the desira-
some systems capable of generating features as small ble orientation of the part not only for reducing the build
as 16 micron. However, small features may distort or time and material consumption, but also to achieve good
break during fabrication or during the removal of sup- surface roughness and mechanical properties along with
port structures because of their poor structural strength. a higher dimensional accuracy [9].
Therefore, features must not be too small, too closely The aim of an optimal build orientation selection is to
spaced, or with extremely geometric accuracy and toler- improve surface finish, increase part strength in a specific
ances beyond the system’s capabilities. According to Ref. direction, reduce support material, minimize build time
[21], sharp edges cannot be manufactured without form and maximize the geometric accuracy [54]. However,
defects; the size of the material filament limit the mini- there are several factors that must be considered when
mal dimensions of edges. Superior form accuracy and selecting the build orientation in FDM systems [9, 51,
removability of support structures can be obtained with 55–57]:
rounded and blunted edges.
• Part height and building time. Since the time required
4.1.5 Build Orientation to create a layer is essentially the same regardless of
Determining the optimal build orientation of a part is the layer complexity, the build time depends directly
an essential task in FDM systems. The build orientation on the number of layers, i.e., the build height of the
may affect the surface finish and geometric tolerances, part.
mechanical properties, use of support structures, mate- • Surface quality. The build orientation determines the
rial consumption, and build time and costs. Surface fin- part surfaces that will suffer the staircase effect.
ish, particularly the staircase effect, depends on the layer • Surface support. The part stability during construc-
thickness and varies according to the surface and part tion is affected by the surface area on which the part
orientation. The amount of support structures required is supported on the building platform, i.e., build ori-
to build a part depends on the part orientation and entation.
affects the material use, production time and part cost • Mechanical properties. The part has orthotropic
[44–46]. Some methods to find the optimal part orienta- mechanical properties that depend on the layer and
tion in AM systems have been proposed and studied in build orientation.
the literature. A method to obtain the optimal build ori- • Sloped surfaces. The staircase effect varies with the
entation by minimizing the surface contact with support surface inclination, which is dependent on the build
structures was described in Ref. [47]. Also, a method to orientation.
orientate the part to reduce the construction time and
optimize the build space was suggested in Ref. [48]. A
procedure to calculate the number of layers in differ- 4.1.6 Path Planning
ent directions in order to find the optimal orientation in Path planning refers to the process of planning the tool
terms of building time was reported in Ref. [49]. Simi- trajectories to produce a part in an FDM system. Two
larly, an algorithm to minimize the build direction was types of paths are considered: internal and external
reported in Ref. [50]. An algorithm to orientate the part paths. Internal path planning considers the strategy to
and reduce the staircase effect was proposed in Ref. [51]. fill the interior of the layers. On the other hand, exter-
More recently, the design principle early determination nal path planning comprises the generation of the tool
of the part orientation, which states that the orientation path trajectories to create the layer contours. Path plan-
should be determined before the final design of the part ning affects the mechanical properties, material usage,
begins, was proposed in Ref. [52]. A new process to deter- cost, weight and inertia of the fabricated part. FDM pro-
mine the build orientation based on dividing the concept cesses require internal path planning to define the strat-
design of the part into several design elements, and ana- egy to fill the entire volume of the part [51, 58–61]. The
lyse them separately to determine their best orientation internal path planning comprises the infill percentage
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 6 of 16

(contrary air gap), filling pattern and layer orientation the build room temperature (Te), and the glass transition
process parameters. Several investigations have been temperature (Tg), as follows:
conducted to evaluate the influence of these process
n3 �s
  
3αL  n − 1
parameters on the mechanical properties of FDM parts δ=   1 − cos Tg − Te .
6α Tg − Te (n − 1) n�s n2
[42, 62–68]. The results have shown that the structural
properties are directly influenced by the infill percent- (1)
age and the infill pattern. Spiral and curved filling paths The experimental results reported in Ref. [70] showed
have been proposed in order to reduce the anisotropic that warping of FDM parts decreases with n increas-
effect and improve the mechanical properties of parts ing, L decreasing, Δs decreasing, α decreasing, and Te
[69]. Regarding the external paths, the results have shown increasing.
that the number of contours has also a direct effect on
the mechanical properties of FDM parts. In addition, the
4.2.2 Surface Finish
effect of the raster angle and the number of contours on
The surface finish can be defined in terms of the surface
the build time, material consumption and flexural modu-
roughness value (Ra). Since FDM systems are based on a
lus was evaluated in Ref. [9]. The results evidenced that
layer by layer additive process, the staircase effect is pre-
the raster angle has a marginal effect on build time and
sent and affects the part surface finish [56]. The staircase
flexural modulus but has no effect on the material con-
effect depends on the surface inclination and the layer
sumption; whereas the number of contours has a direct
thickness [44, 45]. The average surface roughness (Ra)
effect on the build time, material consumption and flex-
can be estimated by the following equation [48]:
ural modulus. Figure 3 shows some of the filling patterns
used in the FDM process.
 
L  cos (θ − φ) 
Thus, the proposed DfAM strategies concerning part
Ra =  , (2)
2 cos φ 
geometry are shown in Table 3.
where L is the layer thickness, θ is the surface angle, and
4.2 Strategies for Quality φ is the profile surface angle, as shown in Figure 4. The
Distortion, shrinkage and warping are present in FDM surface finish in FDM depends not only on the part ori-
parts. If these defects are not considered at the design entation, layer thickness, layer orientation, and surface
and manufacturing stages, the accuracy and quality of the angle, but also on the material, intricate features, distor-
part could be reduced since the small features, surface tion, shrinkage, and warping.
finish, dimensional tolerances and shape tolerances may
be affected. 4.2.3 Stability and Post‑Processing
The stability of a part during and after its production in
4.2.1 Distortion, Shrinkage & Warping FDM systems must be ensured to preserve its quality
The quality and dimensional accuracy of FDM parts are and geometric characteristics. Therefore, factors, such as
affected by distortion, shrinkage, and warping, which support structures, building orientation, environmental
are known to be caused by the internal stresses gener- conditions, building material, and post-processing, are
ated during fabrication. The internal stresses depend on important for part stability. Parts produced by FDM are
the volume shrinkage during the cooling period from dimensionally stable, unlike parts made by vat photopo-
the glass transition temperature to the building room lymerization processes, which are vulnerable to shrink-
temperature. According to Ref. [70], the largest warping age and creep after fabrication. However, FDM parts
deformation (d) of FDM parts depends on the number made of polymers are affected by environmental agents,
of layers (n), the section length of the part (L), the mate- such as heat, UV radiation, moisture and chemical reac-
rial shrinking coefficient (α), the thickness of layer (Δs), tions, causing instability, material aging, layer bonding
reduction, and tolerance and geometry deviations. On
the other hand, post-processing comprises the removal
of support structures, the improvement of surface finish,
and the enhancement of dimensional accuracy (mainly in
features) to ensure part usability and stability. These post-
processing operations are usually required in parts fabri-
cated by FDM.
Thus, the proposed DfAM strategies concerning
part quality are shown in Table 4. Since the part geom-
Figure 3 Filling path strategies used in an FDM process
etry strategies shown in Table 3 are also related to the
Table 3 DfAM strategies regarding geometry
Support structures, Part size Thin sections Geometrical features Build orientation Path planning
overhangs and cavities

Orientate the part to provide Consider the build volume Consider a minimum wall Avoid extremely small features Orientate the part to generate Consider the effect of the filling
enough support surfaces and constraint of the available thickness no less than four and tolerances (beyond the the minimum number of pattern on the mechanical
reduce the use of support AM system times the layer thickness system accuracy and resolu‑ layers, i.e., with its minimum properties, material consump‑
structures Decompose oversized parts Element transitions’ thicknesses tion capabilities) dimension matching the tion, weight, inertia and cost of
Reduce or avoid overhanging into smaller sections suitable can be chosen freely as they Aim for small values of layer build orientation the part
features for AM fabrication [10] do not influence element’s thicknesses Orientate the part consider‑ Aim for closed (high infill
Overhangs’ length should Consider design for assembly form accuracies [21] Avoid sharp (outer and inner) ing the staircase effect and percentage values) and alter‑
be short to ensure that guidelines when decompos‑ Orientate hole’s axes perpen‑ edges or corners. Consider the functionality of the part nating filling patterns between
the filaments do not fall ing a large part [3, 10] dicular to the build platform the nozzle radius as a limita‑ surfaces layers for parts with high
off their nominal positions Consider the fastening method Consider a post-processing tion to any corner or edge Orientate the part to avoid the mechanical strength require‑
(lOh ≤ 1.8 mm) [21]. This is needed to assemble the part procedure to obtain radius staircase effect in curved and ments (e.g., functional parts
also applicable for support sections when decomposing extremely small features and Edges should be rounded. The sloped surfaces under mechanical loads)
structures a large part tolerances rounding radii correlate with Orientate axisymmetric parts Aim for open (low infill percent‑
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng.

Reduce or avoid enclosed the outer radii of simple- with the axis aligned to the age values) patterns for visual,
volumes or internal cavities curved elements [21] build direction light weight, low inertia, or low
Provide accessibility to all sup‑ Edges that form vertical Orientate the part to provide mechanical strength parts
port structures. Provide holes extreme points should be enough support surfaces Consider orthotropic mechanical
or channels to allow the blunted parallel to the build‑ and reduce the use of sup‑ properties of the part accord‑
removal of support material ing plane. The dimensions of port structures ing to the filling strategy, part
(2019) 32:53

from internal cavities the blunted areas should be Orientate the part with the orientation and layer orienta‑
Remove support structures in larger than non-curved ele‑ build direction perpendicular tion. The lowest structural
small sections to prevent the ments’ thicknesses [21] to the principal load direc‑ performance is in the direction
damage of the part Edges that form horizontal tion of the normal vector of the
Gap heights should be at least extreme points should be layer
0.4 mm to receive small blunted orthogonal to the Consider fully dense parts, spiral
dimensional deviations and building plane. The dimen‑ and curved filling paths, and
to ensure the removal of sup‑ sions of the blunted areas alternating filling patterns
port structures [21] should be larger than non- between layers, to reduce the
If accessibility to the gap curved elements’ thicknesses orthotropic effect and improve
between elements is given [21] the mechanical properties
along the complete width, Inner edges should be sharp in Align the filling pattern accord‑
the gap width can be chosen order to avoid surfaces that ing to the principal direction
freely [21] have to be underpinned with of the mechanical loads in
Gaps’ lengths can be chosen solid support structures [21] the part
freely because no disperse Locate small features no too Reduce the number of contours
support structures are con‑ closely spaced and far from to reduce the build time and
tained inside the gaps [21] support structures or part material consumption
surfaces Increase the number of contours
Aim for parts with small values to increase the structural
of length/width ratios to strength
reduce the distortion effect
Page 7 of 16
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 8 of 16

and processes, which has been generated from the anal-

ysis of the AM manufacturers’ accessible data and the
study presented in Ref. [71].

4.3.2 Mechanical Properties
One of the main characteristics to be considered when
designed a part for AM is the mechanical properties of
the material, particularly the mechanical strength. Sev-
Figure 4 Parameters to calculate the surface roughness in AM eral investigations have been conducted in order to
systems determine the influence of the process parameters on
the mechanical properties of AM components [38, 40,
65, 72–80]. The results have shown that the mechanical
properties of an AM part depend not only on the mate-
geometrical quality of the part, they must be also consid-
rial properties, but also on the process parameters used
ered to assure the quality of the FDM part.
when fabricating the part. In the case of the FDM pro-
cess, the process parameters that affect the mechani-
4.3 Strategies for Material
cal strength are the build orientation, layer thickness,
At the design stage, some characteristics of the material
infill percentage and filling pattern [42, 62–68]. The infill
such as mechanical properties, manufacturability, cost,
percentage and pattern are two of the most influenc-
availability and disposal, must be considered to select the
ing parameters; the larger the infill percentage is, the
appropriate material [4].
larger the strength of the part. Spiral and curved filling
paths have been proposed in order to reduce the aniso-
4.3.1 Type of Material tropic effect and improve the mechanical properties of
At the present time, the range of materials available in FDM parts [69]. One major weakness of FDM parts is
AM technologies is large and includes polymers, met- that they exhibit reduced strength along the build direc-
als, ceramics, and organics [46, 71]. Moreover, some AM tion caused by the bonding strength between layers. The
systems can produce parts with two or more different mechanical properties of FDM parts also depend on the
materials. Figure 5 attempts to summarize the range of number of contours used to fabricate the part; the larger
materials available in current AM technologies. In the the number of contours is, the greater the part strength.
case of commercial FDM systems, polymeric materials, The layer thickness has a small influence on the mechani-
such as ABS, PLA, PC, PP, PPSF/PPSU, Nylon, ASA, elas- cal strength; the smaller the layer thickness is, the greater
tomers and wax, are available. Table 5 presents a general the part strength. A mathematical model to estimate the
overview of the mechanical strength (tensile strength dynamic flexural modulus (DFM) as a function of the
ultimate) ranges of current commercial AM materials

Table 4 DfAM strategies regarding quality

Shrinkage, distortion and warping Surface finish Stability and post-processing

Use small values of layer thicknesses to Orientate the part considering the staircase effect and the Orientate the part to provide enough
reduce the distortion, shrinkage, and functionality of the part surfaces support surfaces and reduce the use of
warping effects Estimate the surface roughness based on Eq. (2) and com‑ support structures
Aim for parts with small values of length pare it with the design requirements. Adjust the process Orientate the part with the largest surface
to width ratios to reduce the distortion parameters if necessary area laying on the building platform
effect. If necessary, divide long parts into Use small values of layer thickness and surface angles close Remove support structures in small sec‑
several shorter parts to 90°, to reduce the surface roughness and the staircase tions to prevent the damage of the part
Avoid long thin parts as far as possible to effect Provide additional coating to parts to
reduce the distortion, shrinkage, and Orientate the part to avoid the staircase effect in curved and ensure environmental resistance
warping effects sloped surfaces Provide special coating to functional parts
Select material depositing directions along Consider post-processing operations to improve the surface to improve part integrity, stability and
the short side of the part to reduce warp‑ finish and eliminate the staircase effect. Conventional strength, if necessary
ing techniques, such as sanding, polishing, grinding, can be Ensure total adhesion or binding of the
If possible, use materials with low shrinking used material and layers in the part
coefficients and glass transition tempera‑
tures
Increase the build room temperature to
lower internal stresses and warping
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 9 of 16

FDM process parameters was proposed in Ref. [9] as thermal, dynamic and visual [26]. To achieve the desired
follows: properties of the FDM part, structures such as handles,

DFM(MPa) = − 1992.089 + 2507.582A − 2404.225B − 0.732C

+ 0.0519D + 10168.137E + 6.090F − 688.983AB
(3)
− 1725.895AE + 1818.298BE + 88.567BF − 7.228E − 003CD
− 2924.348A2 + 1175.176B2 + 9.988 × 10−3 C 2 − 9910.801E 2 ,

where A, B, C, D, E and F, are the layer thickness, air

gap, raster angle, part road width, build orientation
and number of contours process parameters, respec-
tively. This model is subject to the following rules:
0.127 mm ≤ A ≤ 0.3302 mm, 0 mm ≤ B ≤ 0.5 mm,
0° ≤ C ≤ 90°, 0° ≤ D ≤ 90°, 0.4572 mm ≤ E ≤ 0.5782 mm,
and 0 ≤ F ≤ 10. From this model it is observed that all
the process parameters affect the flexural modulus, but
the two most influential parameters are the air gap (the
opposite of infill percentage) and the number of con-
tours. The smaller the air gap, the larger the flexural
modulus; whilst the larger the number of contours, the
larger the flexural modulus.
More recently, the effect of the process parameters on
the wear behaviour of FDM PC-ABS components was
investigated in Ref. [81]. As a result, the following math-
ematical model was proposed:
 
SWR mm3 /Nm = 0.000002 + 0.000004A
−0.000000C + 0.000000D
−0.000000F + 0.000000F 2 ,
(4)
Figure 5 Parameters to calculate the surface roughness in AM
where SWR is the sliding wear resistance, and A, C, D and systems
F are the layer thickness, raster angle, build orientation,
and number of contours process parameters, respec-
tively. The SWR is defined as follows:
V
SWR = , (5)
F ×S Table 5 Mechanical strength of commercial AM materials
3
where ΔV ­(mm ) is the volume loss of the sample, F is Material group or AM process Mechanical strength
the applied load (N), and S is the sliding distance (m). (ultimate tensile strength)
(MPa)
According to this wear model, the raster angle, layer
thickness, build orientation and number of contours are Polymers 1.5–150
the most influential parameters affecting the wear perfor- Metals 150–500
mance of FDM parts; the wear rate decreases as the layer Alloys > 500
thickness and build orientation decrease and the air gap FDM process 36–71.64
and raster angle increase [81]. SLS process 19–470
The use of structures at three different levels (micro, SL, SGC and MJM processes (Photopoly‑ 22–79
meso and macro structures) have been proposed in the mers)
literature in order to optimize the design and perfor- MJM and BPM processes (Thermopoly‑ 1.46–60.3
mers)
mance of AM components [26, 82–87]. The performance
3DP process 9–24
is commonly defined in terms of the design require-
LOM process (paper material) 26
ments, such as weight, stiffness, strength, compliance,
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 10 of 16

ribs, cellular and lattice, are added and optimized to use, system’s cost, and post-processing work. The mate-
reduce weight and material usage. In general, these struc- rial consumption and cost depend on the part volume
tures are only possible to be created in AM systems. and the material unit cost. Some parts may require sup-
Considering the wide range of materials and properties port structures and therefore the additional material cost
of existing FDM systems, and the influence of geometry of these structures must be also considered. Build time
and process parameters on the mechanical properties also affects the part cost because it increases the energy
of FDM parts, DfAM strategies regarding material and consumption and the use of the system. Since the build
mechanical properties are proposed as shown in Table 6. orientation affects the build time, support structures, and
cost, the build orientation must be selected considering
4.4 Strategies for Sustainability a compromise among these three effects. The following
Design for sustainability consider the creation of prod- mathematical model to estimate the Feedstock Material
ucts that maximize their economic and social impact Consumption (FMC) in FDM was proposed in Ref. [9]:
and minimize harmful environment effects. Thus, the
AM strategies for sustainability must consider the FMC(cm3 ) = 0.972 − 0.545A − 2.423B + 6.301 × 10−4 D
design of durable parts, the use of recycled materials, + 3.866E + 0.025F + 0.332AB − 1.439AE
the use of high-efficiency manufacturing processes, the + 1.185BE + 0.113BF − 0.049EF + 1.888A2
reduction of toxic materials, and a deep link between
+ 1.088B2 − 7.410 × 10−6 D2 − 3.248E 2 ,
the product and the user. Products that meet these (6)
criteria usually have longer life and reduced negative
impact on the environment. AM technologies allow where A, B, C, D, E and F, are the layer thickness, air
designers to generate customized products with practi- gap, raster angle, part road width, build orientation
cally unlimited shapes for high value applications, such and number of contours process parameters, respec-
as medical (e.g., hearing aids, prosthesis and medical tively. This model is subject to the following rules:
implants), sports, aviation, automotive, marine, among 0.127 mm ≤ A ≤ 0.3302 mm, 0 mm ≤ B ≤ 0.5 mm,
others. AM systems can generate products that satisfy 0° ≤ C ≤ 90°, 0° ≤ D ≤ 90°, 0.4572 mm ≤ E ≤ 0.5782 mm,
the triple bottom line requirements: economy, environ- and 0 ≤ F ≤ 10. From this model it is observed that the
ment and society; making sustainable products [88]. most influential parameters on the material consump-
tion are the air gap and the number of contours. The
4.4.1 Part Cost larger the air gap, the smaller the material consumption;
The cost of a part fabricated in FDM depends on the whereas the smaller the number of contours, the smaller
material consumption, material cost, build time, energy the material consumption.

Table 6 DfAM strategies regarding material and mechanical properties

Material Mechanical properties

Define the material requirements of the part based on its application and Consider the effect of process parameters on the mechanical properties,
functionality weight, and inertia of the part, Eqs. (3) and (4)
Consider the limited range of existing materials (polymeric materials): ABS, Use high infill percentage values (low air gap values) and alternating filling
PLA, PC, PP, PPSF/PPSU, Nylon, ASA, elastomers and wax patterns for high mechanical strength parts (e.g., functional parts under
Consider the mechanical properties of existing AM materials (Table 5) mechanical loads)
Consider an experimental assessment of the mechanical properties of the Use low infill percentage values (high air gap values) and open filling pat‑
unprocessed material terns for visual, light weight, low inertia, or low mechanical strength parts
Consider the use of multi-material AM systems if necessary Use small layer thickness values for high mechanical strength parts (e.g.,
functional parts under mechanical loads)
Consider anisotropic mechanical properties of the part according to the
filling strategy, part orientation and layer orientation
Consider fully dense parts, and spiral, curved and alternating infill patterns
to reduce the anisotropic effect
Consider the use of structures at different scales (micro, meso and macro
structures), such as handles, ribs, cellular and lattice, to achieve the
desired mechanical properties and optimise the part design
Align the infill pattern and layer according to the principal direction of the
mechanical load in the part
Reduce layer thickness and build orientation, and increase air gap and
raster angle to increase the wear resistance of the part [81]
Consider an experimental assessment of the mechanical properties of the
part after its fabrication
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 11 of 16

4.4.2 Energy Consumption the amount of productions to dilute the pre-heating

Energy consumption in AM systems depends on the per- between productions [91]. Since the build orientation
centage of utilizing the machine (build time), the mate- (which defines the number of layers) and material con-
rial consumption and the part orientation. According sumption affect the build time, the energy consumption
to Ref. [89], the FDM process has the lowest ecological and environmental impact depend directly on the build
impact per part over the CNC and polyjet processes. In time; the larger the build time, the greater the energy
contrast, an investigation reported in Ref. [90] revealed consumption. The following mathematical model to esti-
that CNC machining has less ecological impact than the mate the Build Time (BT) in FDM was also proposed in
SLS and FDM processes. An investigation to analyse the Ref. [9]:
production time and energy consumption in terms of BT (min) = 21.616 − 129.180A − 3.732B + 0.022C
the building orientation and internal filling in FDM, was
+ 0.056D + 4.395E + 0.777F + 11.039AB
presented in Ref. [91]. A computation tool to assess the
product’s environmental impact was developed and the − 1.26AF − 0.073DE − 0.627EF + 224.347A2
results showed that the part orientation affects directly − 2.307 × 10−4 C 2 − 1.721 × 10−4 D2 ,
the energy consumption during the production process, (7)
and that the material consumption is also critical for the where A, B, C, D, E and F, are the same FDM process
product end-of-life disposal. Moreover, to minimize the parameters defined previously. In this case, the build time
energy environmental impact, it is essential to reduce the is greatly influenced by the layer thickness and the num-
non-productive time of the extrusion system and reduce ber of contours.

Table 7 DfAM strategies for sustainability

Part cost Energy consumption Environmental resistance

Aim for low-cost and recyclable FDM Aim to reduce the build time by Ensure total adhesion or binding of the material and layers in the
materials minimizing the number of contours part
Consider the effect of the air gap on the and layers, and by increasing the layer Provide additional coating to parts in order to increase their
material use, build time and part cost, thickness and air gap, Eq. (7) environmental resistance
Eqs. (6) and (7) Orientate the part with its minimum Provide protective coating to parts that will be exposed to aggres‑
Aim for open patterns (high air gap val‑ height matching the build orientation sive environments, corrosion, chemicals, humidity, UV radiation
ues) for visual, light weight, low inertia, Reduce the amount of productions or high temperatures
or low mechanical strength parts to dilute the pre-heating between Avoid the exposure of plastic parts to high temperatures (typically
Orientate the part to reduce the use of productions over 50 °C)
support structures Reduce the non-productive time of the
Consider the additional energy and cost extrusion system
of the post-processing work or treat‑
ment, if needed

Table 8 Results of applying the proposed DfAM strategies to case study 1

Design for AM guidelines Design and fabrication decisions

Support structures, cavities To reduce cost, material use, weight and production time, a hollow structure was considered, providing access to the
and overhangs support structures for their removal
Part size Since the dimensions of the breast implant are smaller than the system workspace, no part size problems were envis‑
aged
Thin sections In order to reduce the production time and increase the structural strength of the part, a 0.5 mm layer thickness was
selected. The wall thickness of the part was selected as 2 mm, i.e., four times the layer thickness
Geometrical features The model did not have fillets, knife edges or small features
Part orientation Part orientation was set with the minimum height matching the build orientation in order to reduce the production
time
Path planning A hollow structure was considered to reduce part cost, production time, material use, and part weight
Stability and post-processing In order to ensure the stability of the part during its construction and to reduce the support structures, the largest and
flat surface of the model was selected as the basis. Post-processing work was considered to remove the support
structures, improve the surface finish and eliminate the staircase effect
Design with materials ABS was selected as the part material because it will not be subjected to mechanical loads. PLA was selected as the
support material because it can be removed by dipping the part into water at a temperature above 80 °C [92]
Part cost A hollow structure was considered to reduce part cost, production time, material use, and part weight
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 12 of 16

5 Implementation
To demonstrate the use of the proposed design and
manufacturing strategies for FDM, three case stud-
ies were selected and correspond to the design of three

(from 3D systems®) FDM system, with a build volume of

components intended to be fabricated in a 3DTouch

275 mm × 275 mm × 210 mm and three layer thickness

Figure 6 Breast implant prototype (sliced prototype): a) top view, b) values: 0.125 mm, 0.25 mm and 0.5 mm.
front view, c) internal cavity, wall thickness and support structures

5.1 Case Study 1
4.4.3 Environmental Resistance This case study corresponds to the design and fabrica-
The environmental resistance of a component can be tion of a breast implant pattern to produce a mould. The
defined in terms of environmental variables such as tem- size of the breast implant is 170 mm × 120 mm × 80 mm.
perature, humidity, UV radiation, chemical exposure, From the analysis and application of the proposed DfAM
and corrosion, among others. FDM fabricated parts are strategies, the decisions and modifications shown in
resistant to weather conditions only for a short period of Table 8 were made. Figure 6 shows the breast implant
time since most of the FDM materials are polymers with after its fabrication.
limited environmental exposure resistances. Therefore, if
a higher environmental strength is required, additional 5.2 Case Study 2
treatments must be applied to the FDM parts. In addi- The second case study corresponds to an oil gear pump
tion, there are special FDM materials with high thermal, assembly. The end use of this component was to evaluate
chemical and tensile resistance, such as the ULTEM from different assembly plans and sequences. The gear pump
Stratasys©. comprises five parts: one pump casing with dimensions
Thus, the proposed DfAM strategies for sustain- 140 mm × 105 mm × 80 mm, two bearings with dimen-
ability are shown in Table 7. Since the product sustain- sions 90 mm × 50 mm × 20 mm, one drive gear shaft
ability is also affected by its functionality, the previous with dimensions 55 mm × 55 mm × 120 mm (shaft diam-
FDM design and manufacturing strategies (Tables 3, 4 eter 22 mm), and one driven gear shaft with dimensions
and 6) should be also considered to assure the product 55 mm × 55 mm × 80 mm (shaft diameter 22 mm). The
sustainability. decisions shown in Table 9 were made from the analysis

Table 9 Results of applying the proposed DfAM strategies to case study 2

Design for AM guidelines Design and fabrication decisions

Support structures, cavities and overhangs To reduce the use of support structures and avoid cavities, parts were orientated as shown in Figure 7. The
pump casing was orientated with the holes axes matching the build direction
Part size Since the dimensions of each part were smaller than the system workspace, part size problems were not
envisaged, each part was fabricated separately
Thin sections To reduce the production time a 0.5 mm layer thickness was selected
Geometrical features The small holes of the pump casing were orientated vertically
Part orientation To reduce the use of support structures and to guarantee the stability of the parts during construction,
parts were orientated as shown in Figure 7
Path planning To increase the accuracy of the component and avoid distortions or warping, a closed and alternating
Distortion, shrinkage & warping filling pattern was used in all parts
Accuracy
Stability and post-processing In order to ensure the stability of the parts during construction, the parts were orientated as shown in
Figure 7. Post-processing was considered to remove the support structures of the gears, improve the
surface finish and eliminate the staircase effect
Design with materials The ABS was selected as the part material because the parts won’t be under mechanical loads. The PLA
was selected as the support material
Part cost The parts were orientated to reduce the use of support structures and material
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 13 of 16

Figure 7 Gear pump: a) assembly, b) components of the gear pump,

c) pump casing, d) gear bearing, e) drive gear shaft, f) driven gear
shaft Figure 8 Pneumatic actuator: a) assembly, b) components, c)
cap-end head, d) screw, e) piston, f) cylinder, g) rod-end head

and application of the proposed DfAM strategies. Fig-

ure 7 shows the gear pump components after their were made. Figure 8 shows the pneumatic actuator com-
fabrication. ponents after their fabrication.

5.3 Case Study 3 6 Conclusions

The third case study corresponds to a pneumatic actua- In this paper a complete review and analysis of design
tor assembly. The end purpose of this component and manufacturing strategies for Fused Deposition Mod-
was also to evaluate different assembly sequences. elling has been presented. As a result, a comprehensive
The pneumatic actuator comprises the following set of design for additive manufacturing strategies have
parts: two cap-end heads (70 mm × 75 mm × 22 mm), been proposed based on the main technical limitations
four screws (φ8 mm × 130 mm), one piston and rod and drawbacks of current FDM technologies and sys-
(φ50 mm, φ15 mm × 160 mm), and one cylinder tems. The proposed DfAM strategies have been divided
(φ55 mm × 115 mm). From the analysis and application into four main groups: geometry, quality, materials and
of the proposed DfAM strategies to the pneumatic actua- sustainability. Since FDM technologies are continuously
tor, the decisions and modifications shown in Table 10 evolving, it is recommended to consider the capabilities

Table 10 Results of applying the proposed DfAM strategies to case study 3

Design for AM guideline Decisions

Support structures, cavities and overhangs To reduce the use of support structures and avoid cavities and overhangs, parts were orientated as shown
in Figure 8. According to these part orientations, none support structures were needed
Part size Since the dimensions of each part were smaller than the system workspace, part size problems were not
envisaged and each part was fabricated separately
Thin sections To reduce the production time and increase the structural strength of the part, a 0.5 mm layer thickness
was selected
Geometrical features Small holes of the cap-end heads were orientated vertically
Part orientation To reduce the use of support structures, and to guarantee the stability of the parts during construction,
parts were orientated as shown in Figure 8
Path planning To increase the accuracy of the components and avoid distortion or warping, a closed and alternating
Distortion, shrinkage & warping filling pattern was used in all parts
Accuracy
Stability and post-processing All parts were orientated with the largest flat area matching the build platform to ensure stability during
fabrication, Figure 8. Post-processing work was considered to improve the surface finish and eliminate
the staircase effect
Design with materials The ABS was selected as the part material because it will not be under mechanical loads. The PLA was
selected as the support material
Part cost To reduce the use of support structures and material, the parts were orientated as shown in Figure 8
Medellin‑Castillo and Zaragoza‑Siqueiros Chin. J. Mech. Eng. (2019) 32:53 Page 14 of 16

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Hugo I. Medellín-Castillo is currently a full-time Professor at Universidad prototyping to direct digital manufacturing. New York, NY, USA: Springer,
Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico. He received his PhD degree from Heriot- 2010.
Watt University, Scotland, UK, in 2006. His research interests include Additive [17] E L Doubrovski, J C Verlinden, I Horvath. First steps towards collabora‑
Manufacturing, Virtual Design and Manufacturing, and Metal Forming. tively edited design for additive manufacturing knowledge. Solid Freeform
Jorge Zaragoza-Siqueiros is currently a PhD candidate at Universidad Fabrication Symposium, 2012: 891–901.
Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, Mexico. He received his master’s degree in [18] R Ponche, J Y Hascoet, O Kerbrat, et al. A new global approach to design
mechanical engineering from Universidad Autonoma de San Luis Potosi, for additive manufacturing. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2012, 7(2):
Mexico, in 2014. His research interest is Additive Manufacturing and Virtual 93–105.
Engineering. [19] M B Comellas. Design for additive manufacturing. Technical University of
Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark, 2013.
[20] D W Rosen. Research supporting principles for design for additive manu‑
Acknowledgements facturing. Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2014, 9(4): 225–232.
The second author would like to thank CONACYT for the scholarship provided [21] G A O Adam, D Zimmer. Design for additive manufacturing-Element tran‑
during his postgraduate studies. sitions and aggregated structures. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science
and Technology, 2014, 7: 20–28.
Competing Interests [22] A H Azman, F Vignat, F Villeneuve. Evaluating current CAD tools perfor‑
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. mances in the context of design for additive manufacturing. Conference
on Mechanical, Design Engineering & Advanced Manufacturing, 2014.
Funding [23] M Kumke, H Watschke, Vietor Thomas. A new methodological framework
Supported by National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT) of Mexico for design for additive manufacturing. Virtual and Physical Prototyping,
(Grant No. CB-2010-01-154430), PROMEP Program of the Public Education 2016, 11(1): 3–19.
Secretariat (SEP) of Mexico, and Fund for Research Support (FAI) of UASLP. [24] Hällgren Sebastian, Pejrydb Lars, Ekengrenb Jens. (Re)Design for additive
manufacturing. Procedia CIRP, 2016, 50: 246–251.
Received: 15 June 2018 Accepted: 29 May 2019 [25] A W Gebisa, H G Lemu. Design for manufacturing to design for Additive
Manufacturing: Analysis of implications for design optimality and prod‑
uct sustainability. Procedia Manufacturing, 2017, 13: 724–731.
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