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Electric Charges and Fields

Class 12 Notes Chapter 1
January 9, 2024 by Bhagya

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Electric Charges and Fields Class 12

Notes Chapter 1
1. Electric Charge Charge is the property associated with matter due to
which it produces and experiences electric and magnetic effect.
2. Conductors and Insulators Those substances which readily allow
the passage of electricity through them are called conductors, e.g. metals,
the earth and those substances which offer high resistance to the passage
of electricity are called insulators, e.g. plastic rod and nylon.
Electrostatic discharge testing equipment
3. Transference of electrons is the cause of frictional electricity.
4. Additivity of Charges Charges are scalars and they add up like real
numbers. It means if a system consists of n charges q1, q2, q3 , … ,qn, then
total charge of the system will be q1 +q2 + … +qn.
5. Conservation of Charge The total charge of an isolated system is
always conserved, i.e. initial and Lnal charge of the system will be same.
6. Quantisation of Charge Charge exists in discrete amount rather than
continuous value and hence, quantised.
Mathematically, charge on an object, q=±ne
where, n is an integer and e is electronic charge. When any physical
quantity exists in discrete packets rather than in continuous amount, the
quantity is said to be quantised. Hence, charge is quantised.
7. Units of Charge
(i) SI unit coulomb (C)
(ii) CGS system
(a) electrostatic unit, esu of charge or stat-coulomb (stat-C)
(b) electromagnetic unit, emu of charge or ab-C (ab-coulomb)
1 ab-C = 10 C, 1 C = 3 x 109 stat-C
8. Coulomb’s Law It states that the electrostatic force of interaction or
repulsion acting between two stationary point charges is given by

9. Electrostatic forces (Coulombian forces) are conservative forces.

10. Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic Forces This principle
states that the net electric force experienced by a given charge particle q0
due to a system of charged particles is equal to the vector sum of the
forces exerted on it due to all the other charged particles of the system.

11. Electrostatic Force due to Continuous Charge Distribution

The region in which charges are closely spaced is said to have continuous
distribution of charge. It is of three types given as below:

12. Electric Field Intensity The electric Leld intensity at any point due to
source charge is deLned as the force experienced per unit positive test
charge placed at that point without disturbing the source charge. It is
expressed as

13. Electric Field Intensity (EFI) due to a Point Charge

14. Electric Field due to a System of Charges

Same as the case of electrostatic force, here we will apply principle of
superposition, i.e.

15. Electric Field Lines Electric Leld lines are a way of pictorially
mapping the electric Leld around a conLguration of charge(s). These lines
start on positive charge and end on negative charge. The tangent on these
lines at any point gives the direction of Leld at that point.
16. Electric Seld lines due to positive and negative charge and their
combinations are shown as below:

17. Electric Dipole Two point charges of same magnitude and opposite
nature separated by a small distance altogether form an electric dipole.
18. Electric Dipole Moment The strength of an electric dipole is
measured by a vector quantity known as electric dipole moment (p) which
is the product of the charge (q) and separation between the charges (2l).

(il)ElectricFieldatanyPointonEquatorialLine/Broadsideon E,sineE,
Position/PerpendicularBisectorofElectricDipole
-P
Eequatorial = E,cose
(r?+12;3/2
e E2COse
Thedirectionofelectriefieldintensity(E)duetodipole
atanypointonequatoriallineisparalleltodipoleand
oppositetothedirectionofdipolemoment. Easino E2
Ifk<r, N+p
|Eequatorial|= Ipl
1
ATEO ,3 +9
下 -21.
-q
⼟

19. Electric Field due to a Dipole Electric Leld of an electric dipole is

the space around the dipole in which the electric effect of the dipole can be
experienced.

21. Torque on an electric dipole placed in a uniform electric Leld (E) is

given by

24. Dipole is in stable equilibrium in uniform electric Leld when angle

between p and E is 0° and in unstable equilibrium when angle θ= 180°.
25. Net force on electric dipole placed in a uniform electric Leld is zero.
26. There exists a net force and torque on electric dipole when placed in
non-uniform electric Leld.
27. Work done in rotating the electric dipole from θ1 to θ2 is W = pE (cos
θ1 – cos θ2)
28. Potential energy of electric dipole when it rotates from θ1 = 90° to
θ2 =0
U = pE (cos 90° – cosθ) = -pE cos θ = – p .E
29. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable equilibrium
to unstable equilibrium, i.e. when θ1 = 0° and θ2 = π.
W = 2 pE
30. Work done in rotating the dipole from the position of stable
equilibrium to the position in which dipole experiences maximum torque,
i.e. when θ1 = 0° and θ2 = 90°.
W = pE

CBSE Notes
Class 12 Physics Notes

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