5 UNIT

Introduction to Power
System Protection

CONTENTS
Part-1: Relays : Operating Principle 5-2B to 5-2B
of a General Relay
Part-2 Basic Terminology : Relay, 5-3B to 5-4B
Energizing Quantity, Setting,
Pickup, Drop Out, Flag, Fault
Clearing Time, Relay Time,
Breaker Time, Overreach,
Underreach
Part-3: Classification of Relays 5-4B to 5-7B
According to Applications,
According to Time,
Over Current Relay
Part-4 : Distance Protection
5-7B to 5-9B
Part-5 : Differential Protection.
5-9B to 5-13B
Part-6 : Circuit Breakers
Arc Phenomenon, Arc 5-13B to 5-19B
Extinction and its Methods,
Restriking Voltage and Recovery
Voltage
Part-7 : Cireuit Breaker
Rating .5-19B to 5-19B

5-1 B(EN
 Pwer System-II
3-2B (EN-Sem-6) lntvduction to Power System Protection
5-3B (EN-Sem-6)
PART- 1
Relays :0Operating Principle of aGeneral Relay. Basic Termindogy : Relay, PART-2
Drop Out, Flag, Fault Energizing
Clearing Tìme, RelQuant
Overreach, Underreuch.ay ity, Setting.
Que S.1.Discuss the operating principle of arelay. Time. Breaker Prckup.
Tune,
Answer Que 5.2, Explain in. detail the
(ivuit for relay is shown in Fg. 5.1.1. Relay cireuit is a S-phase circuit basic relay
and itsontact cirruit is complicated. Answer terminologies.
Busbar 1. Relay : Relay is a device which
Trip coil energizing the trip circuit of a detects the fault and is
Battery Trip ciruit
part from rest of the system. circuit responsithebie for
breaker.This i_elates
Energizing quantity : fauitr
CB
voltage or frequency whichEnnergi
iis zing quantityis
used t0 operate the defined as the current.
condition. relay under
8 Setting: The value of the abnormal
actuating quantity at
operate. This process iscalled setting which the rlar is set
to
4 Pickup :A relay is said to be
CT + Relay coil position to ON position, picked up when it moves
Thus when relay operates it is from the 0FF
has picked up. said that riar
8 Drop out or reset
Fault
comes back value : Arelay is said to
dropout or reset when it
to original
its closed position., The position i.e., wben relay ontacts get opened from
Fig. 5.1.1, value
below which the relay resets ofis an actuating quantity current or voltage
2 Let part A is to be protected. The current transformer is connected with called reset value of that relay
6 Flag or target:Flag
its primary around the line to be protected. The secondary of CT is a relay has
is a device which gives visual
indication whetber
connected in series with the relay coil. operated or not.
7. Fault clearing time
Relay contacts are part of the trip cireuut of circut breaker. In addition to :The total
fault and the instant of final are time required between the instant of
3.
trip contacts, trip circuit consists of tripcoil and a battery.
fault clearing time. It is sum of theinterruption in the circuit breaaer is
4 If the fault is as shown in Fig. 5.1.1, then current through the line relav time and circuit breaker time
connected to A increases to a very high value. Accordingly secondary A Relay time: It is the time between the instant
the instant of closure of relay of fault occurrence and
current of the CT increases which is nothing but the current through contacts.
relay coil. & Breaker
time : It is the time between the instant at cireuit breaker
5 In the influence of such high current, relay contacts mechanically get operates and opens the contacts to the instant of extinguishing the ar:
closed. ompletely.
10.
6 So trip circuit of circuit breaker gets closed and current starts flowing Overreach: :Sometimes a relay may operate
beyond its present
even when afault pint is
reach. This phenomenon iscalled overreach
from battery through trip coil,thus trip coil gets energized making the
circuit breaker open. This isolates the faulty part from rest of the healthy I1.
Underreach : Sometimes a relay may fail to operate even when the
part. fault point is within its reach. but it is at the far end of the prvtectedline
This phenomenon is called underreach.
54B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System Protectinn P o w e rS y s t e m - I I
Directionalor reverse power 56B (ENSem)
Que 5.3. Differentiate the following: applied current
and
voltage relay :The
compensationis allowed forassume specified relay operates
fall
voltage. phase displaeTErt
i Pickup and reset value no in when
ii. Relay time and breaker time. .Differential relay : The relay
magnitude differencebetween operates when
, andthe
two or more e some
relay the operationelectrical specifed
Answer
Distance relay : In this
Difference between pickup and reset value: quantitiesphase ay
upon the vAOur
the voltage to the current depends
S.No. Aspect Pickup Value Reset Value Que5.5. What do you understand ratin
of
by
1 Definition The input value at which T'he input value at which explain its type. overeurrent relay ? And
arelay/device activates.arelay/device resets.
Answer
2 Magnitude Higher than the reset | Lower than the pickup
value. value. A
Overcurrent
relay : The overcurrent
which operates only when the relay is defned
value of the as
current is greater thethanrelay.
ii. Difference between relay time and breaker time: relay setting time. It protects the equipment the
the fault current. of the power
S. No. Aspect Relay Time Breaker Time system from
B. Types of overcurrent relay :The
1. Definition The time taken bya relay The time taken by a depending upon the time of operation.overcurrent relays
These are classifiedareas ciasstfied
to sense afault and issuecircuit breaker to open
a trip command. and interrupt the fault. 1. Instantaneous Overcurrent relays :
These relays operate very fast a there is no time
and
2 Duration Typically shorter than Slightly longer due to timecan be as low as 0.01 sec. This delay. The operating
speed of
breaker time. mechanical operations. hinged armature type electromagnetic relay.operation can be achieved br
# These are effective only when
the impedance between the relay and
PART-3 source Z, is very small as compared to the impedance of protected section
Classification of Relays According to Applications, According to 2 Inverse definite time relays :
Time, Over Current Relay.
All overcurrent relay have inverse time characteristics means as the
fault current level increases, the operating time of the relav decreases.
according to ü These characteristics are more near the pickup valus of the actuating
Que 5.4. Give the classifieation of relays
quantity and become less inverse as it is increased. The nature of these
applications. characteristics can be obtained by using the suitable core and by varyng the
point of saturation of this core.
Answer
be classified as : the saturation occurs at a very early stage, then the time of operaton
According to applications the relays may almost remains same over the active working range of the reiay. Ihis S
Overvoltage, overcurrent and overpower
relay :The relay operates called definite time characteristics.
1. rises above a specified value.
when the voltage, current or power lnverse definite minimumtime relay(DM):
under-power relay :The relay
2. Under-voltage, under-current and specified When the core saturates at later time becomes
current or power falls below a stage, then the operating and
operates when the voltage, inversely proportional to the fault current near the
pickup value
value.
tne then becomes constant.
relay: The relay operates when value of
3 Directionalor reverse current with respect to The core saturation current is slightly higherthan the pickup
specified phase displacement time (IDMT)
applied current assumes a voltage. current. This is called inverse definite minimum
relay is compensated for fall in
the applied voltage and the characteristics.
5-6 B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System
4. Very inverse relays : As the core saturation occurs at a
Protection Power System-II
stage, then theinverse nature of characteristics continues further later by monitoring
range and takes the shape. This is called very inverse time
After saturation, the curve tends to definite time.
for
characterilonger
stics, 9
Itoperates
When the
current t
current
exceeds a preset througha current
threshold,
5-7B(EN-Sem-6)
5. Extremely inverse relays: In this, the saturation
is energized.
the relaytransíorrmer (CT)
0ccurs at very Depending on the relay type operating col
stage and the curve has an inverse nature for almoOst entire later
range. The equation is >'t =K where I is the operating current working
time), it may incorporate (instantbefore
a delay aneous, inverse time,
the operating time. This characteristic is called extremely inverseande t is
circuit breaker.
sending atrip or definite
characteristics. time This action disconnects the faulty signal to the
fault is cleared, the relay can reset section, preventing damage
system protection and continuity automatically eor
manually, Onee
Operating time the
in seconds a ’ Definite time
b ’ IDMT Explain PSM relay and find ensurtg
c’ Very inverse Que 6.7. out
10+ d ’ Extremely inverse multiplier for 50 %and 100 % relay
the value of plug
setting. The fault setting
A. andCT ratio is 400: 6 current is 2000
AKTU2021-22,
1+
Answer
Marks 10
A Plug setting multiplier (PSM) :The ratio
0Multiples of the relay coil to
the pickup of actual fault
current is called Iplug current in
Fault current in relaysetting multiplier.
0 plug setting
1 10 100
PSM = coil
Fig. 5.5.1, Characteristics of various overcurrent relays. Pickup value for faulty system
B. Numerical :
Que 5.6. Explain in detail the operation of an overcurrent relay. Given : Relay setting 50 %
CT ratio =400:5. and 100 %, fault current = 2000
A.
Answer To Find: Plug setting multiplier.
1 An overcurrent relay protects electrical systems by detecting excessive 1 Plug setting (for 50%),
currents due to faults like short circuits or overloads.
Bus-bar
= Relay setting x Secondary CT eurrent
= 50 % x5= 0.50 x 5 = 2.5
Trip coil 2 Plug setting (for
100%),
= Relay setting xSecondary CT current
= 100 %o x 5 =5
Plug setting multiplier (for
C.B. 50%),
Fault current 2000
Plug setting xCT ratio 2.5 x4005 - =10
t Plug
C.T.
setting multiplier (for 100%) = 2000
400
=5
5x
5
Relay coil PART4
Fig. 5.6.1. Distance Protection.
 P o w e rS y s t e m - I I
5-8 B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System PProtection 5-9B (EN-Sem-6)
Que 5.8. Explain in detailthe operation of an overcurrent reelay
seconds
:
Zone 1 Zone 2
Zone 3
and distance protection, accompanied by a neat diagram.
AKTU2023-24, Marks 10 Tinime
Answer
A Overcurrent relay : Refer Q.5.6, Page 5-6B, Unit-5.
A
B. Distance protection : (b)
Pic. 5.8.1. Distance or
1.Distance protection is used for the protection of transmission ay impedance protectign
sub-transmission lines; usually 33 kV, 66 kV and 132 kV lines 11. Furthermore, if a fault of finite
It includes a number of distance relays of the same or different tmee section, it is possible that1total resistance oceurs near the etd
2
operation. For these reasons
impedance is greater fa
3. Adistance relay measures the distance between the relay location and
relays.
it is
advantageous to usethanimpedance
that
the point of fault in terms of impedance, reactance,etc. time
Anumber of distancerelays are used in
4. The relay operates if the point of fault Iies within the protected section 12,
sothat the power system is divided into aassociation with timing relays
tripping times associated with each zone. number of zones with varving
of the line.
5. There are various kinds of distance relays. The important types are 10 The first zone tripping hich is
impedance, reactance and mho type. instantaneous is normallv set to 8)f
fault the protected section.
6 An impedance relay measure the line impedance between the 1A The zone 2 protection with a time
point and relay location; a reactance relay measures reactance, and a delay
mho relay measures a component of admittance.
onerating time and discrininating time sufficient for cireuit breaker
such 20 %portion of the protected section plusmargins covers the reraring
7 Fig. 5.8.1 shows the simplest system consisting of feeders in series 25 to 50 per cent
section. Zone 2 also provides backup protection for the relay of the pert
relay atÁ, B,Cand
that the power can flow only from left to right. The section for fault close to the bus. in the ne.
and Z,
D are set to operate with impedances less than Z, ZB Zç
respectively. 15. Zone 3 with still more timne delay provides complete backup
substations C and D, the for all faults at all locations. protertioc
8 For ashort-circuit fault at point F between
substations B and C are
fault loop impedances at power station A and
relay at substation
(Z +Z t+ Z), (Z, +Z), and Zrespectively. Now only PART:5
C will operate.
substations B and C, and
9 Similarly for short-circuit faults between Diferential Protection.
only relays at substation B and
between power station and substation B
power station A respectively will operate.
relays, set to act on impedances Que 5.9. Discuss about differential protection. Also explain the
10. Asystem with instantaneous impedance
impedance of a section, as shown in
less than or equal to the aious schemes of differential protection.
a fault near the junction of two
Fig. 5.8.l(a), would be difficult to adiust:
sections is likely to cause the operation of two relays. Answer
A
Power Substation Substation Substation
l.
Differential protection (Pilot wire protection):
at one end of
In
line differential
station entering
protection scheme, the current wires are
and leaving for other end of linee is compared. The pilot
A
B used to connect the relays.
equal and
Under both ends are
normal
pilot wires operation, the two currents at inoperative.
(a) do not carry any current, keeping relays
 P o w e rS y s t e m - I [
5-10 B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction toPower System Protection
CT 5-11 B(EN-Sem&)
When fault occurs, both the currents are different, thiss causes Feeder CT
3
current to flow and relays trip which operate the circuit breakers to
circulating
isolate the faulty section. Relay 1 Peeder
B. Various schemes of differential protection : Relay'2
1. Merz-price voltage balance system :
CT
: CT Feeder
Ro R
B B
Pilot wires
Fig. 5.9.3. Translay scheme of
Relays Pilot wires Relays:: The secondaries are connected to feeder protection.
connection is such that the each other
To trip To trip voltages using pilot wires.
circuit circuit oppose each other. induced in the two The
Fig.5.9.1. Merz-Price Protection for feeder.
secondarES
ii. The copper coils are used to compensate the
capacitance currents and unbalance between effect of
1 Under normal condition, both the currents are equal. Thus equal and two current pilot re
opposite voltage are induced in the secondary CT at the two ends. iV. Under normal condition, the two end
currents are
transforters.
Hence no current flows through relays. of the two relays carry the same currents same.The primares
the secondaries. inducing the same volage in
Under fault condition, currents are different and secondary voltage of the
twoCTs also differs. Thus circulating current flows and trips the relay. As these two voltages are in
two secondary circuits and noopposition,
V.
no current flows throngn be
2. Longitudinal differential protection system : torque is exerted on the discs of boxh the
a Translay Scheme: relays.
i. When fault occurs, the two currents are different.
Feeder Primary are induced in the secondaries due to which Hence unequal voitages
winding circulating current loRI
causing torque to be exerted on the disc of each relav.
CT
-Upper electrom agnet vi. But as the secondaries are in opposition, hence
torque in one relay
operates so as to close the trip circuit while in other relay the torque just
holds the movement in operated position. The case is taken that at least
To
one relay operates under the fault condition.
Copper trip b. Solkor scheme:
circuit
i.
ring Resistors each approximately equal tothe pilot resistance and bridged
by a rectifier, are connected in series with the pilot cinuit to obtain an
Secondary
-Lower electromagnet artiicial mid-point connection for the relay col.
i. As the
winding Fig. 5.9.2. Translay relay. conducting directions of these rectifiers are in opposition. the
during
equipotential point alternates between the two ends
relays through-fault at the on alternate mid-pont
These relays are used in feeder protection and in this two such
are employed at the two ends of feeder as shown in Fig. 5.9.3.
half-cycles. conditions, each relay being
u. The series rectifier in the relav coil circuit preventscurrent fron flowing
in the mid-point.
relay circuit when it is not operating attheelectrical
 PowerSystem-II
Introduetion to Power System Protection
5-12 B (EN-Sem-6)
In the diagram, CT, and CT, are the 5-13 B(EN-Sem-6)
2 side of the protected zone.
CT current
R
CT R
External fault protected transforners 9n either
CT; system
B
Element CT
B H
R
I,-43N,
N/2 4 N2
Restraining or biased coil
Fig. 5.9.4.Solkor scheme. Fig. 5.10.1.
the relay coils causjng The currents measured l by the CTs are
iv. Under internal fault conditions current flow in enable the resistance of tbe
3
suppliedto
The relay compares the currents and operates the
operation. Padding resistors are induced to
adjusted to 1000 Q. the trip differential relay
complete pilot circuit between the relays to be detected. circuit faadt s
The operational condition can be expressed
Que 5.10. Explain the working principle of differential relay and
4. as follows:
If the sum of the currents entering and
leaving
derive its operational condition with a suitable
diagram. Why
equal i, =I), the relay remains un-operated, the protected zote
restraining coil is used in differential relay ? condition. indicating a normal
AKTU2022-23, Marks 10 Tf there is a fault inside the protected
leaving will be unbalanced, resulting inzone, the currents enterng and
a difference beteen the t
|AKTU2023-24, Marks 10 currents , *out
5. When this difference exceeds the pickup current
thresbold set n the
Answer relay, it operates the trip circuit, initiating the cireuit breaker to isoiate
the faulty zone.
A Working principle of a differential relay: C. Reason : The restraining coilis used ina differential relay to pruvide
current balance.
1 The working principle of a differential relay is based on and leaving a stability and prevent false tripping during external fauhs or heary inrush
It measures the difference between the currents entering currents.
protected zone, such as a transformer or generator.
measure the currents on
2 The relay uses current transformers (CTs) to Que 5.1l. What is the objective of power system proteetion
compared inside
both sides of the protected zone. These currents are
the relay. scheme ?Explain differential protection relay used for the protection
fault, the current
3 Under normal operating conditions, when there is no of power system network. AKTU 2021-22, Marks10
leaving the zone. The
entering the zone should be equal to the current
these currents.
relay continuously calculates the difference between Answer
threshold (known as
4 If the difference between the currents exceeds a preset
the pickup current or differential current threshold), it
indicates an imbalance Objective of power system protection scheme : Power system
running
protection's main objective is to maintain the reiability of the
and suggests a fault inside the protected zone. damaged.
5
trip circuit.
When a fault is detected, the differential relay operates theisolating power system and to save the equipment from getting
(nità
This action initiates the opening of the circuit breaker,
the Dterential protection relav : Refer Q. 5.10. Page 5-12B,
faulty zone from the rest of the system.
B. Operational condition:
the
1. The operational condition of adifferential relay can be derivedtousing PART-6
principle of current balance. Let's consider a simnple diagram explain Circuit Breakers:.: Arc Phenomenon, Are Extinction
and its Methods,
the operational condition.
Recovery Voltage.
testriking Voltage and
 Power System-I[
5-14B(EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System Protection Answer
Arc extinction : Arc
Que 5.12.Describe the principle of operation of acircuit breaker.
A.
an electric arc in a circuit extinction reters
breaker tby uthe
and coxling, sylprtEa
restoring electrical
Also explain the arcing phenomenon in a circuit breaker. insulation it ing or ettgsatang
Answer
B. High-resistance and
High-resistance method loww- int
: resistance
e rrupt in g curtett, fawelnagting t.
A Operation of circuit breaker :
1
Inthis method. the resistanceeof the
meth ods of are
tintie:
insufficientarcis tograduaiy
1 The circuit breaker mainly consists of fixed contacts and moving contacts. where the current becomes
In normalON condition of the circuit breaker, these two contacts are
physically connected to each other due to applied mechanical pressure
extinction.
wutasr theeraset
ar. toaat
ii Techniques include: eatang 'A
on the moving contacts. Reduces the energy of
Cooling :
There is an arrangement stored potential energy in the operating Arc splitting : Divides the arc ionized particles by
2
b.
mechanism of circuit breaker which is released ifthe switching signal is
Are elongation: Lengthens into smaller tasatg hext.
the
increasngeentSgachtas
given to the breaker. C.
arc,
current.
3. The potential energy can be stored in the circuit breaker by different ways like
i1. This method is commonly used in
restarce nd ctq
by deforming metal spring, by compressed air, or by hydraulie pressure. low-power
4. Allcircuit breaker have operating coils (tripping coils and close coil), 2. Low-resistance method
(zero current DC systema
whenever these coils are energized by switching pulse, and the plunger The arc is extinguished by
througha natural zero pointforcing it to quench interTuption):
inside them displaced. in AC systems wber the
5. This operating coil plunger is typically attached to the operating ii. Techniques include:
mechanism of circuit breaker: as a result the mechanically stored High-speed coontact separation : Reduces
potential energy in the breaker mechanism is released in forms of kinetic b. Use of special arc energy suppiy ta te ar.
energy, which makes the moving contact to move.
quenching mediums: :Lke
6. Andthe contacts of circuit breaker separated.
rapidly deionize the medium.
ii This method is ideal for high-power AC
SF.gasortn
B. Arcing phenomenon in circuit breaker: svstems.
occur when the circuit is
1. The arcing phenomenon in a circuit breaker Que 5.14.Explain the arcing phenomenon in circuit
interrupted or opened, and a sustained electrical
discharge (arc) forms breaker. DefÑne
between the contacts as they separate. the terms restriking voltage and recovery voltage with
ofthe circuit breaker, a suitable
2 When the contacts start to move apart during the opening
continuity.
the current flowing through them tries to maintain contacts, the current diagram. AKTU N2-A Marks l0
3 However, due to the increasing gap between the OR
resulting in a sudden
reaches a point where it cannot bridge the gap, Define following:
arc.
and intense electric discharge in the form of an i. Recovery voltage ii. Active recovery votage
This arc is caused by the ionization of air or other insulating medium iii.
4
between the contacts, which creates a
highly conductive path for the Restriking voltage iv. RRRV
current to flow. AKTU 2023-34, Marks 10
reaches zero or until it is extinguished
5 The arc continues unti the current
magnetic blowouts, or arc quenching
by various means such as arc chutes, Answer
materials.
extinction ? Arcing phenomenon in circuit breaker:Refer Q312 Pae 5-145.
Que 5.13. What is meant by the term arc Unit-5.
OR B. Definitions :
methods of arc extinction appears
rms voltage wuch
Explain high resistance and
low resistance Recovery voltage :: Power frequeney transaent oscillations
de
AKTU2021-22, Marks 10 across the circuit breaker contacts after the voltage.
known as recorery
at the time fault. out and final extinction of arc has resulted is voltage that
OR i. voltage isthe
methods of arc Active recovery voltage: Active recovery after the
immediately
and high resistance breaker
Explain the low resistance appears across the contacts of a circuit
AKTU2022-23, Marks 10
extinction in a circuit breaker.
 Power System-II
5-16 B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System Protection
interruption efa fault current. It is critical in determining thebreakers At |dil V
ability to re-establish normal voltage conditions and ensure the stable
operation of the power system aftera fault. 4
Substituting in eq. (5.15.1),
iüi. Restriking voltage : The transient voltage that appears across the we get
cirruit breaker contacts at the instant of arc extinction is called restriking max
d'u
voltage. L
of this
L +C di'
The solution
iv. RRRV:lt is the rate of rise of restriking voltage which is expressed in 5
standardl equation is
voltsper microsecond. This will represent the rate at which transient. S32
V= V
recovery voltage isincreasing. The rate of rise of TRVis dependent on max 1- cOs
system parameters. NLC
C. Diagram of restriking voltage and recovery voltage: ii. RRRV: RRRV = du
dt max sin
LC
Restriking voltage VLC
Que 5.16. A 50 Hz, 400 kV,
three phase
ohm per alternator with earthed
-Recovery voltage neutral has a reactance of 10
busbar througha circuit
breaker. The phase and is connected t
Insant of Arcextinction the alternator and the circuit
breaker icapacitance to
Fper earth between
Current
the resistance of the generator to is0.05
be phase.
System voltage Arc voltage
following:
Maximum restriking voltage calculate the negligible, Assuming
Fig. 5.14.1. breaker. across the contact of
ii. Frequency of oscillations, cireuit
Que 5.15. Derive the expression for the restriking voltage and ii. Maximum value of RRRV.
iv. The average value of RRRV up
RRRV across the contact of circuit breaker. to the first nealk
Answer
Answer
i Restriking voltage : Tms = 400 kV,
1 When the breaker contacts are opened and the arc finally extinguishes peak 2 Em =2
400
at some current zero, a voltage v is suddenly applied across
capacitor -326.59 k
and therefore, across the circuit breaker contacts. Rlphase = 10 2, Ciphase =0.05 F
capacitor i. Maximum restriking voltage across the contact of circuit bre aker
2 The current iwhich would flow to the fault is not injected in the
and inductor. Thus = 2E.peak =2 x 326.59 kV =653.IS &V
R 10
i =i, +i, L= =0.032 H
du 2r x 50 2 x 50
or i-fudt +C dt
Frequency of oscillation,
1
d'u = 38 kH:
di ...(5.15.1)
+C 2rvLC 2r 0.032x005 x10
dt d?
0, and further Maximum value of RRRV =0 E=2r x50 x 326.59 =106
3. Assuming zero currents when t = V, Average value of RRRV up to first peak
U= V cOS t
max

circuit breaker Maximum restriking voltage 63 18 RV

L= sin ot before opening of Time upto first peak
oL
di = 653.18 x 2f.
10° kVsec
dt oL = 653.18 x 2 x 3.98 x
= 5.19 x 10° kV/sec
 P o w e rS y s t e m - I I
5-18 B (EN-Sem-6) Introduction to Power System Protection 5-19 B(EN-Sem)
R= 1 L
2 Vc 1| 8
Que 5.17.Calculate the RRRV of 132 kV cireuit breaker with neutr:al 2\0.02/10
earthed. Given data as follows : Broken current is symmetrical:
restriking voltage has frequency 20 kHz, pf = 0.15. Assume fault ie PART-7
also earthed. Circuit Breaker Rating.
Answer
Que 5.19. Give the important
Given : System voltage = 132 kV, cos =0.15, f, =20 kHz ratings of a circuit
To Find:RRRV.
Answer
breaker.
1. K, = sin¢= sin (cos-' 0.15) = 0.9886 Rated current, frequency
K, = l and K, = 1 both grounded A and voltage:
rated current is the rms
1. The value of the current
J2 x 132 can carry continuously without any that circuit breake
9 Rated frequency is the frequency at temperature rise
2. Em - 107.77 kV
J3 which thhe
3 V =K, K, K, E = 106.54 kV
tooperate. circuit has teen
3 Rated voltage is the maximum desei
Maximum voltage, e = 2 V = 213.09 kV voltage at which the
4
circuit breaker is generated. operation o the
B. Breaking capacity :
1. Breaking capacity of circuit breaker iis of
and f,= Symmetrical breaking two types :
2LC a
the rms value of the AC capacity:SSymmetrical breaking capaity is
TLC =tm= 1 breaker can break undercomponent
specified
of the fault current that the cir
2fn
sec
h Asymmetrical conditions of recovery voltazE
1 is the rms valuebreaking capacity :
of the total Asymmetrical breaking capacty
5 Maximum time,
2 x 20:
currents that the circuit breakercurrent comprising of both AC and DC
can break under speciñed conditions of
recovery voltage.
RRRV m 213.09 2. The breaking capacity of circuit breaker is
=8.52 kV/usec
[1/(20 x 10° x 2)].: 3. For a three phase circuit breaker: generaly in MVA
t
Que 5.18. In 130 kV transmission system, the phase to ground Breaking capacity = V3 x Rated voltage in kV xRated current in k4
capacitance is 0.02 uF. The inductance being 8 H. Calculate the Ratedasyr = 1,6 x (Rated I
CG Making capacity : The rated makingSVmcapacity is
voltage appearing across the pole of a circuit breaker ifa magnetizing value of current at which the circuit breaker can bedefined as the peak
closed into ashort
current of 12 A is interrupted. Find the value of resistance to be used circuit.
across contact space to eliminate the striking voltage transient.
Making current = 2x1.8 xSymmetrical breaking current.
Answer Making capacity =2.55 xSymmetrical breaking capacity
D. Short time
1 The current rating :
Given: L=8H,C = 0.02 F=0.02x 10 -6F, i= 12 A short time currentmustrating is based on thermal and mechanical limitatins
To Find : V and R.
The cirçuit breaker be capable of carrying sshort aircuit currentfor ashort
2 period while: another circuit breakerris clearingthe fauBt.
1 The rated short time current is the rms value of the total current that
Li2= Cy2
1 As we know, the circuit breaker
2
can carry safely for specified short period.
|L = 12y400 x10°
V= Wo-12,Vo.02x10 6
= 240000 V
5-20B (EN-Sem-6)
Introduction to Power System
Protection
VERY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
Following questions are very important. These
may be asked in your SESSIONALS as well questions
as
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION.

Q. 1. Discuss the operating principle of a

Ane. Refer Q. 5.1.
relay.
Q.2. Explain in detail the basic relay terminologies.
Ane. Refer Q. 5.2.
Q.3. What do you understand by overcurrent
its type. relay ? And explain
Ans. Refer Q. 5.5.
Q.4. Explain in detail the operation of an
overcurrent relay and
distance protection, accompanied by a neat diagram.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.8.
Q.5. Explain the working principle of differential relay
derive its operational condition with a suitable and
Why restraining coil is used in differential relay 2diagram.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.10.
Q.6. WVhat is the objective of power system protection scheme?
Explain differential protection relay used for the protection
of power system network.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.11.
Q.7. Explain high resistance and low resistance methods of arc
extinction at the time fault.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.13.
Q.8. Explain the arcing phenomenon in circuit breaker. Define
the terms restriking voltage and recovery voltage witn a
suitable diagram.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.14.
Q.9. Give the important ratings of a circuit breaker.
Ans. Refer Q. 5.19.