oo a ’ 2, a ae ad ened ak. Bq sta €O(m In) value pe corps . peas Ct ose What & ible Acacon f* a ¢ : SL chvant : [Vint Conaiden 2b high AH am LO A) | Setestion -—- CO(MPZm) for any metal ch Aelated do Ke teeny 1h ena aharge ting pase, in Mem pabeutg RF . mcs) + OH —d (4) ; (9) + Ah > M?*(q) : . " ‘Mey + ay 2M) Ang igh ¢ cali and a be Cu tas a Sigh enthatpy ) atonuiation (45) enthalpy 4 day dacrt ( 3 trys") < Tha, diigh. energy maint do bambporm Cu(s) 40 Cu 2#( ag ) as not balanced by f Aydsattar evhalpy. Hence EO (Car 24/ Gi) fap OsttIKE 9. a, (Tyan Vi. Ove). Qi Why Lt the Aightst” ontdatin state a. moto, exhibited by it pluortolt ancl ontde only 2 Solute > Qo. ‘ puorive ced, oxygens baie very Dige, eleahonegativity vated « Thay 20rw oxtelise the. metals. fos the Aigheat oxidahire Bale. Aso AEE, he bugheae oxidation, state Oe ae, fluorides ancl oxides of he metals B Whitham Stronger ecing agent Gute cys 4s’ 3d" 1, es Say 46° 3d & Ty al ay cu or Fe™ and why, 2 a ot : : at | Cr ts a abrongen “reduring agent frau Feo. 6 iy herauee E°(en 2/7) regative (= O41) whereas €°/ fe 27/Fe 2!) res ze (tOeVTV). Tus Cr iy easty onittised f° CrP eand ost Bt fo?* rannot be cautly onidaed te fe~", TD) GG) Orgy WM om: 8 Cobeubate He spin only 0 : moment 24 ‘ E Zt @=27) “pe 4m Cay) teow ~ Sotutfer :— : i = Electronic. conpiguiatan Z = 27 fo = CAr] dys 452347 ; , mene cot > Lar] 4s°3d7 ‘ as 3d | UD BEE wrod) unpaired elecen = 3 b “Spt only ragrictig Aorant (“= n(n+2) 8m * ¥3(342) Vice @.m Ns Q Epa chy Caton Le nok ateble ih aquoais selusbions 2 Gouin -- Car *Lay,) az mot stable, aswitle, Cu ?*/ag) vs atoble’, Thi & because Hod Cut 1s much higher dhan Cat ard monte ft” Compeniates pr He And TE dG Cu + Thu many > Cu 1) wampaunds are. suatable sr aqueous solutar and 5 undergo dliapropos tiowa.pi. as follows t- : < 207 —s Gut Co Sale . s Trenat ton elemenG re epletued wit) oe pom ge Reuusen, enceny orbiial is becouse usher 42n eleabren. profing sui. - aubsell | thew, higher ¢ > uN a4 excrtation era in the viatble eal wand tee, E te peg aay cotout is Obyeowed | > cor ‘AP ; = Colon Bb due to a-d traunathion -PaO eee Or a wes! a “ Girly} 2) de datk elomenti Dawe vacant d- orbital, “That fs oy geod Anne ptr atenptor so eourdbinaliorr compound formation Ake place + ‘ AA Oepencling upon the Ligancl oud. Absorbed, the L- block. Clnent shew coleug dy correypencli ype and eleclron ump pon Louse. bo Ly and vice. ati ue For exanple Colour art Blue . AMO sossonn BB ton a to Bd 8 At Reddith bieusn fin?" Pak, Tr ard Cl 3 eoleuslor due Jo preeenee. dy mo unpaired e eet, 17 > Colousleas ; i) Altay formation * Attoyw me henogenean mictue 6 metals ebtosred- molting) Me canporentt ard, wing he mate hen ce fe ph a Jam slog ye Brass i on 4 lu and Zn- bronge on alley Cu ‘and Sn, Cav, Ws Moy Mn ore wed for Me preokeehiny dh variety qf ateel and, stain loss dteols , Able 10 generally harder , rave digh matting pers and ant to corrosfon Han the individual. metals, more phew MiQa QA shoring y "Tal AS FTF k TDs). (TTT NT as Vt Td Dee Seal se esos ce2 hee. olan! wefan ilove stnilas atone aaaliz and. atin sharasteristis Do ae el fem rAlbory wery Aeadily. The watonu of one element (metal ) can tently Anke up Hb peittin, iv the orystol Lattice 4 fie | olan metal, : ee Reason A enrol. pious meton m . | (%) Tatwcbitiab Compaunds ee Trosattion metals form o tage no. of, mntewtt bral, ae fn which amall ater Auch as uy olan 7 canons iy orn and mitregen ceenpy the empty paces ( interstitial sttes ) fr their Lattices - :, Potassium: Dichnomate , Ko Cr 4 + Propanation $e t prepmaed fri. Chasnuite. ore FeO, Ca, 0, (Fe Gr 04 =the préparation 4 Potassium oliheomate prone Abwinite ore inpolver He fateousing tops im i i) Conpeuton oh clusmit. ove. #0 Sodium cremate - The chromite ore. ts puitte= Sodium dy dsonide ot Sodium aarbonate br tro. preunte df air - 4Fe.Cry04 + 16NaDH + 10, 5% ¢'Nay top ap! (a) Cheoncile® ore, (21) Sed tum, chtomate. : ' + 203 remo OR, he 4 Felr0y + @Na, COs + 10, ~~ —9-8Na,Cr04 +2 RyD, +809 KA | Sodium ebaonate * Gh) Conweratow 4, Sodium ehxoneate, to Sodture dichaomate aaj + HyS0y > Nag lh O7 + Ne $0y +7 Sodtum chromate _ Sodium, ebickaomate Ya ystow satation 4 Sodium chiomale, ec 4iUerect and aeidlifd gol Dibute autphuate acid giving ib dichromate . On cooting Sodium sulphate. wuystelliges, aut as Na,C0y.104,0 and th cl The reading aolubion Lpntalns Sodium litlsomate , bi) Crema oh Sodium Piehromote fo fatostum Dieonate, Potassium. “dtdssonle ak grepareat by mbring 2 Rat concentrated, dedution A Medium dichsendte pnd fotastum. chioride) me eqprvotor proportion » ie Wa, C07 +t 2KCL —> K,%,03 + gat Goolium dithrsnale Potanium diewmae ”‘he thustunes : : th Cluomate. jon (Cr04”-) ancl crehromate fon ( Cry 074-) ore 3 sewn 2- : . a- | N ee e | AON omen Ta Lo i ° 7 @ id ° ° eo : Chusmnate fow Dicrrowate. ow | *papasstum fomargenale » Kin Oy wa Prep anation ie | E prepared yom LFyprolbeat be (00, ) | Potasstor permanganate i ore. the prpaattne Involves The pottousing chops 3 i a’ Comesion. + Mnd, +0 Potassium manganate fewdered, ote is fused wii, KOH In prsenee sf atr ot onidising agents Atke KNO, or KL0g « A green potassium marganate- is formed « KOH + 0 —> Kg Mindy + AHO Fotagsiom margerate (greny di Oxidation Potassium manganate. to fotoostune peamargarale anate thes obtained tan be oxidized: jn Ave Uap Q electaliyhic oxidatrow 2Mndy + Petaosiuny mang (0) Uvewital outlation (0) Chawteal ontdatiow Patagaiine margonrate is treated site ogone. ( Oa) chlorine te get potasatu petmargaralt . | 2Ma0y™ +O, + Heo —? 2MnO,” + 20H + O, | 2 MnQ,* + Cty > oMn0 + 2007 oy Elochraby tit oxidation Sn Ha mat aqpecus Atlujo etgsaiun mangarale i cleabslyged. Jn Hae pause 4" Lub alkali Ar a “#KM —> 2" + ttn dy 2 | 0 —> H+ on- Mang anate, ius are. comvated sito permanganate fou ab anode \ MnO?” = —> Andy” +7 Grew purple Mn Oy? <> tind” + 0 (grew) Cquspte ) Hy is Libuated at the cattede + ay” te" > WT The purple saleued setubou Js Lancesbrated, by ewaporapirw stu forme aystals of Potostune porsargarak. ow coating . ° 7 I Mw. ~ 07 Il ~o Tedrakediel pomanganal® jaw Canta Properties dy Achiow qf Meat ; whan, beated petasium permargancte cLeeanspores do form. potouium warganate and manganese. dioxide. 2Kt"n0y —> 2K Maly + Mnd, + 0, A Adin dy cones S01 On reali sol, eld cone, MSs Zt decanpauy to fom. mangaieat poptoxide sabe aaahyeqpuerty ducanypoats explosively , RKMady 2HS0, — Mngq + 2KHSO, + 40 (ody Mny0y > Mn, + 30,ut ity ot cone Hy60y , potassium pemarguvate. give NnSOy s1MinOy + 6H,S0y ——» 4ams } 0, 50. (ae nS0y -F 2K, SOy +EH0 + 50, 5 oxidéatng property t- Potasatum permanganate. is ahoug oxidising agent 9 Ob oxtdtetng vation, Aiffers te diffe reachiu. nodium. Ww Th_meutrot medium + ft fs reclueed to Mand, MnOy” + 2,0 + 3e7 —> Mno, + 40H ~ Gy St oxrtdises HLS fo Autphur aMtndy” + 34S —> 2Mno, + 3S * ily 4t oxidizes Hhostiphate into dutphate @MnDg” + 35,0577 + 1,0 —e 6S0y™ + BND, + 201~ 20H" + 2H,0 wb) Se -alaline mmecliunt_ Jn Me. proenee qh .atkale metal dydroridles y the pemanganate tw Bb canverkd into manganate, Madg 7 te SF Mndg : : This marganate in fusler xeoluded - 10) MnO, by aneue: decuetng agers : findy? + Hyd —> Mndg, + 20H + CO] So the oveall reashbw cour be written as fundy” + 2Hy0 +3e°—> Mnd, + 40H ©) dn autdic _mediun 4h He prrunren A dilute Aulphuric aero , KMndg, wok Ms vey atrong oxicliat enh. mee) eee a Mndy + GH" t Se” Mma” + 40 Ww 3t oxidiats fae He aaat . aMnd + 10 + 16H > 2Mn®” + pote” +2?y ily 4b oxtobius todide, ie bo fodiine, 2MnDy + 1OT + 16H? 2A? + 91a + 84,0 iy dt oxtdes oxalic. acid 0 COr amngy” + 5 (C00)* + 6H” —> aint +1000, +80 Wy) 4 oxidizers aulptide iow fo auelphug 2 Mnd,- + 557 + Ht —» ata t+ 5S F240 wv) # oxides nitriles do nitrates 14 NO,” +340 +6H' — 21° | amndy” + 50, w) se oxtdises ateohols Ao tld ryaes akeNindy + SHSdy + 5c, CHOH —> Kk,s0y + 2 MnSOy + 5CY,cHO 4+2H,0 wit) dt oxdises sutphile fo ovttphate - a- ie 2Mndy” + $0," + HEH" — 2m?” + 5804" + 3H 0 ‘| NCERT ely Deseathe the prepasatfow oh wm diehromate- tron abaomite OTe « what fe He oppoek 4 inowaotng pH on solution 4 potassium diebrsmate ° Sotutinn, - Effect, srweaaing pi av setubon dh petasrtane diduomate . onidltat ne avhite ortdises alter tompeurdh ty geet edueed. itself , The colour of W,C% 07 chopesrels on the pa ah Hoe aotubon + pH< 7 a the aptuhin fs aetdie . TE calor charger from erage, b yellow due to yetlaw cola Cry, * tow pH DT tf The Agtuhb & haatc. Ts cotaut etovges fiom yee do orange ue to orange. colaur 4 C0) tow 0 20704 + gut 2S Kyla O1 a abror Cg .Trowaaing the pl 4 a 146,07 salubo. Causes 2 color than or Ao yellow «This i because He Aichiomete fou (04,0779 ablide & or wonveals fe the chromate ton (er0?) ante bs yellow cu Ke dolubrr become: pore. baores : ACERT BOIS pesoithe the oniditng askin of potnsstum. dfduomale | aud utter the fone rons is reach ton Ut 3 | 6) fodide diy thon (1) soba ath HS \ Goturon :- Peatasatun. dichromate, als AS 0. abronge oxi ging agent. St ts areed od a primary Atandod in volumetric analysts. the oxidahtar oettow of diduowale. for tn an aniclic. medi ton ho. weiter af 3- : 7 Cx,0,7 + WH + bem a 20 + 10 i ° *, °, are, U) K,lr,0q ontelises potasvune podide +o fo - at ote CrOp7 + 14H + 6T7 — act + 31, + MH ily Ky Cr207 onidhiaes fo(T1) 40lb + fe.(@) salls- Oe ohe?* +7H,0 cll) Kyl 0, ontdies 4,8 4° autplun (S ) ie 2 C0) + 14H” + Bp 9s ace” + 98 + 7H,0