RADIO SCIENCE, VOL. 39, RS2017, doi:10.

1029/2003RS002995, 2004

Lumped element models of double negative

metamaterial-based transmission lines
Richard W. Ziolkowski and Ching-Ying Cheng
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA

Received 24 October 2003; revised 9 February 2004; accepted 12 February 2004; published 16 April 2004.
[1] Realizations of double negative (DNG) metamaterials using lumped element
representations of lossless and lossy transmission lines are reported. Double negative
media are artificial materials in which the permittivity and permeability are both negative.
Analytical and numerical results for a variety of transmission line network representations
explain how they can exhibit low-pass, high-pass, and band-pass dispersion characteristics
when a DNG medium is produced in a specified frequency region of interest. Detailed
dispersion properties of these various configurations are given. Comparisons with
previous formulations are provided. It is shown conclusively that the DNG metamaterials
occur only when the overall equivalent transmission line per-unit-length impedance is
capacitive and the overall equivalent transmission line per-unit-length admittance is
inductive. A convenient categorization of the possible DNG medium designs in
transmission line constructs or more complex 2-D or 3-D inclusion based structures thus is
provided. INDEX TERMS: 0619 Electromagnetics: Electromagnetic theory; 0689 Electromagnetics:
Wave propagation (4275); 0624 Electromagnetics: Guided waves; KEYWORDS: metamaterials, transmission
lines, wave propagation
Citation: Ziolkowski, R. W., and C.-Y. Cheng (2004), Lumped element models of double negative metamaterial-based
transmission lines, Radio Sci., 39, RS2017, doi:10.1029/2003RS002995.

1. Introduction applications [Pollasne et al., 1998; Yang et al., 1999;

Britun et al., 2002; Lam et al., 2002]. New physics and
[2] Since the ultimate performance of conventional engineering issues and opportunities that are associated
materials is limited by their inherent physical proper- with a variety MTMs are being explored. In particular,
ties, metamaterials (MTMs) have been considered as a the wave propagation characteristics of double negative
means of enhancing that performance by mimicking (DNG) MTMs, i.e., artificial materials having both
known material responses or by exhibiting new negative permittivity and permeability, have been stud-
response functions that do not occur in nature. For ied by several groups [e.g., Ziolkowski and Heyman,
example, a light-weight, isotropic, broadband artificial 2000; Ziolkowski, 2001; Shelby et al., 2001a; Markos
dielectric [Collin, 1990] with controllable refractive and Soukoulis, 2001; Bayindir et al., 2002; Ruppin,
index was explored in 1958 for microwave lenses 2001; Pendry et al., 1999; Smith et al., 2000; Shelby et
[Hu and Cheng, 1958]. An artificial dielectric medium al., 2001b; Smith and Kroll, 2000; Ruppin, 2000;
with refractive indices less than unity was investigated Lindell et al., 2001; Feise et al., 2002; Tretyakov,
in 1953 [Brown, 1953] and has been used for leaky- 2001; Caloz et al., 2001; Kong et al., 2002; Marques
wave antenna applications in the 1970s and 1980s et al., 2002; Alu and Engheta, 2002; Engheta, 2002;
[Bahl and Gupta, 1974, 1975; Bahl and Bhartia, Alu and Engheta, 2003; Fang and Zhang, 2002; Wu et
1980; Vishvakarma and Sharma, 1988]. Moreover, al., 2002; Ziolkowski, 2002, 2003]. Furthermore, a
electromagnetic band-gap structured materials have number of DNG MTM applications have been sug-
been developed in the 1980s and 1990s [Yablonovitch, gested that include subwavelength imaging [Pendry,
1987; Yablonovitch and Gmitter, 1989; Villeneuve and 2000], subwavelength sized resonators [Engheta,
Piche, 1992] and have been used in many microwave 2002; Alu and Engheta, 2003] and efficient electrically
small antennas [Ziolkowski and Kipple, 2003].
[3] These DNG MTMs are typically realized artificially
Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union. as composite structures that are constructed from volu-
0048-6604/04/2003RS002995 metric arrays of metallic inclusions in dielectric sub-
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strates. They exhibit unusual scattering and propagation

properties within a particular frequency range. To study
these behaviors with more convenient realizations,
transmission line models of DNG MTMs have been
studied by several groups [Iyer and Eleftheriades, 2002;
Eleftheriades et al., 2002; Grbic and Eleftheriades,
2002a, 2002b; Eleftheriades et al., 2003; Grbic and
Eleftheriades, 2003; Caloz and Itoh, 2002; Liu et al.,
2002a, 2002b; Caloz and Itoh, 2003; Lin et al., 2003;
Caloz et al., 2003; Okabe et al., 2003; Ziolkowski and
Cheng, 2003; Cheng and Ziolkowski, 2003]. All of these
groups take advantage of the connection between trans-
mission lines and their representations in terms of
lumped circuit elements arranged in periodic configu-
rations. They have led to several planar RF circuit
realizations of the DNG MTMs and to their applications
in practical microwave circuit devices. The DNG MTM
properties have been tailored for different engineering
applications by varying the physical properties of the
resulting transmission line models. Each group has
presented related variations of these lumped element
transmission line configurations to realize the DNG
properties. Nonetheless, one should uncover whether
or not they are the only possible ones. Moreover, if it
were possible to have a common framework from which
to interpret the representations already proposed, it
could lead to simplifications in their analysis, to their
common properties, or to other extensions. Conse-
quently, it is important to study in general all of the
potential combinations of lumped elements that produce
transmission lines that exhibit the DNG properties in
order to establish general rules for designing the DNG
MTMs. Once a DNG MTM lumped element model is
established, not only can one build the equivalent planar Figure 1. Equivalent lumped element representations
2-D transmission line system, but one may also be able for the unit cells of the lossless transmission line
to design in a similar fashion the analogous inclusion- representations of a DPS and a DNG medium. (a) L-C
based volumetric 3-D DNG MTM structures. configuration for a DPS medium. (b) C-L configuration
for a DNG medium.
2. Unit Cell Lumped Circuit Element
Representations
discussed below can be generalized straightforwardly to
[4] It is well known that a transmission line can be the finite periodic case. There will be additional very
represented as a periodic set of lumped resistance- low and very high frequency cutoff behaviors not
inductance-capacitance-conductance (RLCG) elements included here, but they have no immediate impact on
[Ramo et al., 1994]. The smaller the period of the the discussion below.
RLCG elements, the closer the transmission line prop- [5] A RLCG representation of a segment of a double
agation properties are to those of the corresponding positive (DPS) lossless transmission line of length Dz is
continuous medium. To simplify the following initial shown in Figure 1a. We will call this segment a unit
transmission line analysis, we will assume that the cell of the lumped element DPS lossless transmission
transmission lines are lossless. We will also assume line. To simplify the discussion, we will assume that
that the TLs are infinite in extent and that the period of the effective inductances and capacitances in this unit
the lumped element unit cells are small enough that a cell result from simple lumped elements and set Leff =
continuous wave rather than a discrete periodic wave L and Ceff = C. More generally, for instance in RF
representation of the behavior can be used. This will circuit designs, these effective values may represent
simplify the discussion considerably. All of the results more complicated structures with more complicated
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frequency dependencies. Clearly, this L-C unit cell in the literature. Because the distinctions are not always
configuration has a low-pass nature; i.e., a DPS well indicated, we have opted to do so here. Note that for
medium exists in the p frequency
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffi region below the cutoff the DPS lossless transmission line, one has
frequency w0 = 1/ LC . The effective impedance
and admittance elements for this DPS unit cell are also XDPS ¼ w L > 0
shown in Figure 1a. With the lumped element ð5Þ
assumption, they are simply Zeff = jwL and Yeff = jwC BDPS ¼ w C > 0
if the unit cell is driven at the frequency f = w/2p.
Referring to Figure 1a, the voltages V1 and V2 are and, hence, the DPS transmission line propagation
related simply as V2 = V1
jw L I1 ; the currents I1 constant would be positive and has the form
and I2 are related as I1 = I2 + jw C V2. rffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
wL wC pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
[6] Cascading many of these unit cells together, one bDPS ¼ ¼ w L‘ C‘ > 0 ð6Þ
produces a transmission line whose characteristics are Dz Dz
the same as those of an effective medium of the same where L‘ = L/Dz and C‘ = C/Dz are, respectively, the per-
length if the unit cell size is small in comparison to the unit-length values of the inductance and capacitance.
wavelength, i.e., if Dz/l is small. The continuum solution Furthermore, the phase and group speeds along the
will be recovered when Dz ! 0. If it is assumed that the lossless DPS transmission line are also positive. They are
effective medium associated with this unit cell has the given, respectively, by the relations
permeability, m, and permittivity, e, then the impedance
and admittance elements are related, respectively, to the w 1
vp;DPS ¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > 0 ð7Þ
permeability and permittivity as b L‘ C‘
Zeff ¼ jwm Dz
 
1
Zeff ð1Þ @b 1
m¼ vg;DPS ¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi > 0 ð8Þ
jwDz @w L‘ C‘
[7] We note that if the unit cell length is not considered
Yeff ¼ jwe Dz small enough, the transmission line must be modeled as
an infinite set of the discrete unit cells, i.e., as an infinite
Yeff ð2Þ periodic structure. The behavior of this periodic structure
e¼
jwDz can be treated with an ABCD matrix formulation [Pozar,
1998]. The ABCD matrix of the unit cell with Zeff and
Therefore, the propagation constant along this transmis- Yeff is
sion line and, hence, in the effective medium becomes
    
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffisffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi A B 1 Zeff 1 0
pffiffiffipffiffiffi Zeff Yeff pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ¼
b¼w e m¼w ¼
j Zeff ;‘ Yeff ;‘ C D 0 1 Yeff 1
jwDz jwDz  
1 þ Zeff Yeff Zeff
ð3Þ ¼ ð9Þ
Yeff 1
where the per-unit-length effective impedance and The behavior of a cascade of unit cells is obtained by
admittance are given, respectively, by the expressions multiplying the ABCD matrices of each unit cell
Zeff,‘ = Zeff/Dz and Yeff,‘ = Yeff/Dz. Because this together. Because the length of the transmission line is
transmission line is assumed to be lossless, one can also considered to be infinite, an eigenvalue (characteristic)
introduce the effective reactance and susceptance, equation is obtained [Ishimaru, 1991]. One finds the
respectively, through the relations Zeff = jXeff and Yeff = propagation constant for the infinite periodic transmis-
jBeff along with their per-unit-length values Xeff,‘ and sion line to be
Beff,‘. The propagation constant in (3) can then be
rewritten in the form    
1 AþD 1 1
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi b¼ cos
1 ¼ cos
1 1 þ Zeff Yeff
jXeff jBeff pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi Dz 2 Dz 2
b ¼
j ¼ Xeff ;‘ Beff ;‘ ð4Þ
Dz Dz ð10Þ
We have emphasized explicitly the per-unit-length This result imposes band-stop and band-pass features on
quantities along with their actual values to allow the dispersion relation near (A + D)/2  ±1, i.e., where
comparisons with the various forms of the results found bDz  ±(2m + 1)p, ±m2p, m being a nonzero integer.
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Below, to simplify the discussion, we assume that Dz is phase speed is negative and the group speed is positive
small enough so that the infinite periodic structure as indicated by the relations
analysis reduces to that of the continuous medium. This pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
approach will allow us to concentrate on the behavior of vp;DNG ¼
w2 L‘ C‘ ðDzÞ2 < 0 ð14Þ
the lumped element representations of the transmission pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
lines rather than on the effects associated with the vg;DNG ¼ w2 L‘ C‘ ðDzÞ2 > 0 ð15Þ
periodic structure. We note that the response of a realistic
transmission line structure that is constructed with N unit A wave for which the phase speed and group speed have
cells is described by the N-th power of the ABCD matrix opposite signs is known as a backward wave [Ramo et
in (9). It will have properties that are a combination of al., 1994]. This backward wave behavior is one of the
the responses associated with the periodic nature of the essential characteristics of a DNG MTM transmission
structure and with the lumped element combinations line. This basic representation of the DNG TL and the
associated with the unit cell. The periodic analysis has resulting descriptions of its behavior have been cham-
been used extensively to describe the results reported by pioned by G. V. Eleftheriades and his coworkers [e.g.,
Eleftheriades et al. and by Caloz and Itoh et al. Where Iyer and Eleftheriades, 2002; Eleftheriades et al., 2002]
important, we will indicate what impact the periodicity and by C. Caloz and T. Itoh and their coworkers [e.g.,
would have on the results. Caloz and Itoh, 2002; Liu et al., 2002a, 2002b]. The w

[8] Similarly, a RLCG representation of a segment of b diagram shown in Figure 2a and given essentially in
a lossless double negative (DNG) transmission line of Ramo et al. [1994] indicates the directions of the phase
length Dz is shown in Figure 1b. As has been pointed and group velocities in a DNG medium. In contrast, the
out by several groups, this C-L configuration of the w
b diagram for a DPS medium, such as a lossless cold
unit cell was noted in Ramo et al. [1994] in connec- plasma in which w2 = wp2 + (bc)2, is shown in Figure 2b.
tion with backward wave structures. This C-L config-
uration has a high-pass nature; a DNG medium exists 3. Metamaterial Based Lossless
in the frequency
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi region above the cutoff frequency:
w0 = 1/ LC . The effective impedance and admittance
Transmission Lines
elements for this DNG unit cell are, respectively, [9] It was desired to uncover if there are more general
simply forms of lossless DNG MTM-based transmission lines
(DNG MTM TLs) other than the simple C-L configura-
1
Zeff ¼ tion considered in the previous section. The results
jw C reported by G. V. Eleftheriades and by C. Caloz and
ð11Þ
1 T. Itoh and their coworkers contain a variety of repre-
Yeff ¼
jw L sentations that reflect their concepts and understanding
as they evolved and as their applications varied. We have
The voltages V1 and V2 shown in Figure 1b are attempted to simplify the descriptions by reducing them
related asV2 = V1
[jw1C ] I1 ; the currents I1 and I2 to their basic components. Moreover, because inductors
are related as I1 = I2 + [jw1 L ] V2. Consequently, the and capacitors at RF frequencies are generally fabricated
reactance and susceptance of the DNG unit cell have, as packages having their own RLCG values, we consid-
respectively, the forms ered series and parallel combinations of inductors and
capacitors to develop these lossless DNG MTM TLs.
1
XDNG ¼
<0 There are four possible unit cells formed with combina-
wC tions of these elements: series-parallel, parallel-series,
ð12Þ
1 parallel-parallel, and series-series. Each was examined to
BDNG ¼
<0
wL uncover the corresponding criteria for forming DNG
MTM TLs. It was found that their behavior encompass
Thus the propagation constant for a lossless DNG all of the results published to date with a few additional
transmission line is nuances. These four configurations are presented below.
Consideration to the effects of introducing losses into
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi these configurations is given in section 4.
1 1 1
bDNG ¼

¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi <0
wCDz wLDz w L‘ C‘ ðDzÞ2 3.1. Case 1: Series-Parallel Configuration
ð13Þ [10] The series-parallel configuration, Case 1, of a
lossless MTM TL is shown in Figure 3a. Since Leff =
which is negative for all positive values of L and C. L1 and Ceff = C1 are in a series configuration and LYeff =
Moreover, along the lossless DNG transmission line the L2 and CYeff = C2 are in a parallel configuration, the
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Introducing the angular frequencies

1
w1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð19Þ
L1 C1
1
w2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð20Þ
L2 C2
the propagation constant in (18) then becomes
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
1 w2
w21 w2
w22 1
bCase1 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
w L2 C1 w1 w2 Dz
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w 2 w 2
¼ w L1‘ C2‘ 1
12 1
22 ð21Þ
w w
where the per-unit length values Li‘ = Li/Dz and Ci‘ =
Ci/Dz for i = 1, 2. To achieve the DNG MTM TL

Figure 2. The w
b diagram indicates the allowed and

forbidden modes of wave propagation in a medium. It
also can be used to reveal the relationships between the
phase np and group ng speeds of the waves in the
medium. (a) DNG medium. (b) DPS medium.
complete forms of the effective impedance, Zeff =
ZCase1, and admittance, Yeff = YCase1, are obtained as
1
ZCase1 ¼ jwL1 þ
jw C1
w2 L1 C1
1
¼j ð16Þ
wC1
1
YCase1 ¼ þ jwC2
jw L2
w2 L2 C2
1
¼j ð17Þ
w L2
Consequently, the propagation constant for the series-
parallel configuration is
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ZCase1 YCase1
bCase1 ¼
j Figure 3. The series-parallel and parallel-series unit
Dz Dz
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi cells of the lumped element representations of a lossless
w2 L1 C1
1 w2 L2 C2
1 1 DNG transmission line. (a) Case 1: Series-parallel
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð18Þ
w L2 C1 Dz configuration. (b) Case 2: Parallel-series configuration.
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conditions, we set ZCase1 = jXCase1 and YCase1 = jBCase1 @bDNG;Case1
1
and extract the reactance XCase1 = (w2 L1C1
1)/(w C1) ng;DNG;Case1 ¼
@w
and the susceptance BCase1 = (w2 L2C2
1)/(w L2). ( "   
Clearly, one has XCase1 < 0 and BCase1 < 0 if pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w21
w2 1=2 w22
w2 1=2
¼ L1‘ C2‘
w2
w2 L1 C1
1 < 0 ð22Þ  2


2 1=2
2 2 w2
w
þ sgnðw1
w Þ  
w2
w2 1=2
w2 L2 C2
1 < 0 ð23Þ 1
 2  #)
1
2 1=2

2 2 w1
w
þ sgnðw2
w Þ  
With the angular frequencies (19) and (20), the DNG w2
w2 1=2
2
constraints for the series-parallel configuration given by  2 1=2  2 1=2
(22) and (23) can be simplified as 1 w1  w2 
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2
1  2
1
  
L1‘ C2‘ w w
w < w1 ð24Þ  2  2   2   2 
1
w1 w2  w 2  w1 
  2
1 2
1 þ  2
1 þ  2
1
      
w w w w
w < w2 ð25Þ
ð28Þ
Therefore, the DNG MTM obtained in the series-parallel
where sgn(x) = +1, for x  0; =
1, for x < 0 so that
configuration exhibits strictly a low pass behavior. 2
sgn(w1,2
w2) = +1 in the DNG region. Thus, when the
Setting XDNG,Case1 =
jXCase1j and B DNG,Case1 =
DNG constraints (24) and (25) are satisfied along the

jBCase1j, the propagation constant for the DNG MTM
series-parallel DNG MTM TL, one has bDNG,Case1 < 0,
TL in the series-parallel configuration is immediately
vp,DNG,Case1 < 0, and ng,DNG,Case1 > 0. Note that if w1 6¼
obtained as
w2 that ng,DNG,Case1 = 0 when w = w1 or w = w2.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi [11] Consider, as an example, the matched resonance
jXDNG;Case1 jBDNG;Case1
bDNG;Case1 ¼
j case for which L1, C1, L2, and C2 generate the same value
Dz Dz of w0 = 10+9 radians/sec, i.e., w1 = w2 = w0. Also, we
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
jXCase1 j jBCase1 j assume that Dz = 10
2 m, which is characteristic of the
¼

unit cell sizes used in several of the practical realizations.
Dz Dz
 2    The propagation constant (21) becomes
w L1 C1
11=2 w2 L2 C2
11=2 1
¼
     
wC1   wL2  Dz pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w20
 2 2 1=2  2 2 1=2 bCase1;matched ¼ w L1‘ C2‘ 1
2 ð29Þ
w =w
1 w =w
1 1 w
1 2
¼
1=2
wjL2 C1 j Dz It has the form corresponding to a lossless Drude (cold
  1=2   1=2 plasma) model that is matched for both the permittivity
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w2   w2 
¼
w L1‘ C2‘ 1
12  1
22  < 0 and the permeability. The w
b diagram resulting from
w w (29) is shown in Figure 4. The solid red line is plotted
ð26Þ for the DNG MTM region and the dash-dotted blue line
is plotted for the DPS MTM region. Since the medium
With the constraints (24) and (25), the corresponding is assumed to be lossless in this case, the imaginary
phase and group speeds are then derived in the forms parts of the wave numbers are zero. Clearly, the DNG
w medium exists when w < w0 and where b < 0. This
np;DNG;Case1 ¼ further confirms the low-pass nature of the series-
bDNG;Case1 parallel TL unit cell and validates the results given by
" #
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w1 w2 (24) and (25).
¼
L2 C1     Dz [12] To verify the frequency behavior of the effective
1
ðw2 =w2 Þ1=2 1
ðw2 =w2 Þ1=2 per-unit-length impedance Zeff,‘ and the effective per-
1 2
" #
1 1 unit-length admittance Yeff,‘, their imaginary parts are
¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi     <0 plotted in Figure 5. Again, because the medium is
L1‘ C2‘ 1
ðw2 =w2 Þ1=2 1
ðw2 =w2 Þ1=2 assumed to be lossless, the real parts of Zeff,‘ and Yeff,‘,
1 2
which correspond, respectively, to the effective per-unit-
ð27Þ length resistance and conductance of the medium,
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Figure 4. The w
b diagram for the series-parallel configuration shows a low-pass behavior
when the DNG medium behavior is produced. See color version of this figure in the HTML.

are zero. The frequency dependent behavior of the ibility in the design of this configuration for the
imaginary parts of Zeff,‘ and Yeff,‘ confirm the antici- realization of microwave devices. Moreover, as shown
pated C-L configuration for the realization of the below, the presence of resistance significantly alters the
DNG MTM region and the expected L-C configura- group velocity value, but with no change to the net zero
tion for the realization of the DPS MTM region. It is
important to notice that the value of the wave number
equals zero and, hence, the value of the wavelength
becomes infinite at w0. Therefore, the phase speed
approaches infinity as the medium switches between
the DNG and DPS regions at w = w0. On the other
hand, the derivative @ bw at the matched resonance
point,
p hence,
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi speed becomes ng = 1/(2
thepgroup
L1‘ C2‘ ) = 1/(2 L2‘ C1‘ ), which is finite. Because
both pieces of the series-parallel line are in resonance,
the entire matched line is in resonance. The system
thus has a collective state in which the series and
parallel elements act in unison to achieve this steady
state resonance response. Note that this behavior
corresponds to a plasmon resonance (i.e., e = m = 0
at w = w0).
[13] We notice that the matched resonance condition
means L1C1 = L2C2. The effective characteristic
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi imped-
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
ance of the TL becomes Zeff,0 = L2 =C1 = L1 =C2 . One
thus has two more degrees of freedom for the matched Figure 5. Imaginary parts of Zeff,‘ (solid red line) and
resonance model than constraints; and, hence, one is Yeff,‘ (dash-dotted green line) for the series-parallel
allowed to specify two values: either a desired value of configuration indicate that the DNG (DPS) behavior is
the group speed at w0 with b = 0, a desired TL realized only when Zeff,‘ is capacitive (inductive) and
characteristic impedance Zeff,0, or a desired angular Yeff,‘ is inductive (capacitive). See color version of this
resonance frequency w0. This allows considerable flex- figure in the HTML.
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Figure 6. The w
b diagrams for the continuous transmission line medium and for the infinite
periodic transmission line for the series-parallel configuration are compared. The DNG and DPS
regions are explicitly identified. The low and high frequency cutoffs in the periodic transmission
line case appear as expected. See color version of this figure in the HTML.

phase accumulation behavior associated with the value corresponding w
b diagram for the infinite periodic
b(w0) = 0. transmission line representation of Case 1. The former
[14] It is straightforward to show that the combined is defined by (29), and the latter is obtained from (10)
left-handed right-handed (CLHRH) TL media cham- as
pioned recently by C. Caloz and T. Itoh and their
 
coworkers [Caloz and Itoh, 2002; Liu et al., 2002a, 1 AþD
2002b; Caloz and Itoh, 2003; Lin et al., 2003; Caloz et b¼ cos
1
Dz 2
al., 2003; Okabe et al., 2003] are equivalent to this  
series-parallel configuration. Their so-called matched 1 1
¼ cos
1 1 þ ZCase1;matched YCase1;matched
(impedance) case is the matched resonance case con- Dz 2
sidered here. They rearrange the thought process to " #
1
1 1 ðw2
w20 Þ2
emphasize the capacitance of the LH (CL = C1) and ¼ cos 1
L1 C2 ð30Þ
inductance (LR = L1) of the RH lines combining with Dz 2 w2
the inductance (LL = L2) of the LH and the capacitance
(CR = C2) of the RH lines to form an impedance The continuous medium and the infinite periodic
matched pair: LR/CR = LL/CL so that LRCL = LLCR, transmission line medium results coincide near b = 0.
hence, L1C1 = L2C2, as was considered here. Also note The DNG and DPS results given by (30) show the
that in most of their results, the w
b diagrams show a anticipated low and high frequency cutoffs far away from
low frequency and high frequency cutoff not found in that point.
Figure 4. These cutoffs are a direct consequence of the [16] The UCLA (C. Caloz and T. Itoh and coworkers)
infinite periodic structure analysis noted above. If the group has demonstrated that there are several interesting
discreteness of the series-parallel MTM TL media is applications of the matched and unmatched CLHRH TL
taken into account, these cutoffs appear as they do in cases. These include backfire-to-endfire leaky wave
their results. antennas and reflectors, tight uniplanar directional cou-
[15] To demonstrate this, we plot in Figure 6 the w
pled-line couplers, dual-band and enhanced-bandwidth
b diagram for the matched resonance case of the components, and zeroth order resonators. However,
continuous medium representation of Case 1 and the much of their work has mainly emphasized the matched
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case because of its very unusual collective state (b = 0) Moreover, with these constraints, the propagation
properties. We note that the University of Toronto constant, phase speed, and group speed of the DNG
group (Eleftheriades et al.) has also demonstrated many MTM TL have the following forms
of the same applications. Our work provides a different
interpretation of the UCLA CLHRH TL. Instead of pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
impedance matching between LH and RH TL portions bDNG;Case2 ¼
w L1‘ C2‘
to obtain the matched point, we have found that any " #
series-parallel configuration in which the resonances of 1
       <0
the series and parallel components can be matched will  w2 =w2
11=2  w2 =w2
11=2
1 2
lead to the same results. This leads more naturally to ð36Þ
the collective state behavior of the b = 0 configuration.
Moreover, the series-parallel based DNG (DPS) wave
structures operating at the matched angular frequency 1
point and at frequencies below (above) but very near to np;DNG;Case2 ¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
L1‘ C2‘
it are interesting because they lead to low-pass DNG- h   1=2   1=2 i
based devices with zero or small negative phase   w2 =w21
1  w2 =w22
1 <0
accumulation.
3.2. Case 2: Parallel-Series Configuration ð37Þ

[17] In a similar manner the parallel-series configura-  2 1=2  2 1=2

tion of a lossless DNG MTM TL unit cell is shown in 1 w  w 
Figure 3b. Since the components Leff = L1 and Ceff = C1 ng;DNG;Case2 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  2
1  2
1
  
L1‘ C2‘ 1 w w 2
are now in a parallel configuration and LYeff = L2 and " #
1
CYeff = C2 are now in a series configuration, the 1 1
effective overall impedance and reactance, and admit-   þ 
1 > 0 ð38Þ
1
ðw21 =w2 Þ 1
ðw22 =w2 Þ
tance and susceptance, are given, respectively, by the
expressions
wL1 [18] Consider again, as an example, the matched case
ZCase2 ¼ j XCase2 ¼ j ð31Þ for which L1, C1, L2, and C2 generate the same value w1 =
1
w2 L1 C1
w2 = w0 = 10+9 radians/sec. Again, we assume that the
unit cell length is Dz = 10
2 m. The resulting w
b
wC2 diagram is shown in Figure 7. Since the results in (33)
YCase2 ¼ j BCase2 ¼ j ð32Þ approach +1 (
1) when w ! w0 from below (from
1
w2 L2 C2
above), the values for b are very sensitive to the values
Consequently, the effective propagation constant for the for w near w0. Clearly, a DNG medium will exist in the
parallel-series configuration is high pass frequency regime w  w0. In that region one
finds b < 0, np,DNG,Case2 < 0 and ng,DNG,Case2 > 0.
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi However, note that the slope of the b(w) curve is very
ZCase2 YCase2 steep outside of the very narrow high pass region where
bCase2 ¼
j
Dz Dz 0  jw
w0j  1; and in contrast, the low pass case has
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi its steep behavior only in that region.
w L1 C2 1
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffipffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi [19] It is important also to notice that in contrast to
1
w L1 C1 1
w L2 C2 Dz
2 2
the series-parallel case, the value of the wave number,
" #
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 hence, the phase speed is now zero as the medium
¼ w L1‘ C2‘ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi switches between the DNG and DPS regions at w = w0.
1
ðw2 =w21 Þ 1
ðw2 =w22 Þ
We note that unlike the series-parallel case, the paral-
ð33Þ lel-series configuration can not produce a matched
resonance zero-phase accumulation, i.e., b(w0) = 0,
Therefore, to obtain XDNG,Case2 < 0 and BDNG,Case2 < 0, situation. Furthermore, the derivative @ bw, hence, the
the constraints on w to produce a DNG medium are group speed also becomes zero at w = w0. On the other
hand, at frequencies well above w0, the wave number,
w > w1 ð34Þ hence, the phase speed approaches infinity where the
derivative @ bw also becomes infinite. One of the
original interests in the DNG TLs was their high-pass
w > w2 ð35Þ nature. Thus one finds that the parallel-series configu-
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Figure 7. The w
b diagram for the parallel-series configuration shows a high-pass behavior
when the DNG medium behavior is produced. The wave numbers are normalized to the value of
10+5. See color version of this figure in the HTML.

ration is the natural generalization of the early work by w2 L2 C2
1

both G. V. Eleftheriades and his coworkers [Iyer and YCase3 ¼ j BCase3 ¼ j ð40Þ
w L2
Eleftheriades, 2002; Eleftheriades et al., 2002; Grbic
and Eleftheriades, 2002a, 2002b; Eleftheriades et al.,
2003; Grbic and Eleftheriades, 2003] and by C. Caloz
and T. Itoh and their coworkers [Caloz and Itoh, 2002,
2003]. Their efforts have led successfully to several
microwave devices and realizations of the DNG-DPS
interface effects. To confirm these results further, the
imaginary part of the effective overall per-unit-length
impedance and admittance are plotted in Figure 8. As
one can see, the DNG MTM TL is produced by a C-L
configuration in the frequency band w > w0. On the
other hand, the DPS MTM TL is produced by a L-C
configuration in the frequency band w < w0. This result
recovers the original interpretations of the DNG TLs.
3.3. Case 3: Parallel-Parallel Configuration
[20] The parallel-parallel configuration of a DNG
MTM transmission line is shown in Figure 9a. Since
Leff = L1 and Ceff = C1 are now in a parallel configu-
ration and LYeff = L2 and CYeff = C2 are also now in a
parallel configuration, the effective overall impedance Figure 8. Imaginary parts of Z‘ (solid red line) and Y‘
and reactance, and admittance and susceptance, can be (dash-dotted green line) for the parallel-series configura-
expressed, respectively, as tion indicate that the DNG (DPS) behavior is realized
only when Z‘ is capacitive (inductive) and Y‘ is inductive
w L1 (capacitive). The amplitude is normalized to the value of
ZCase3 ¼ j XCase3 ¼ j ð39Þ
1
w2 L1 C1 10+5. See color version of this figure in the HTML.
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for the parallel-parallel configuration to realize a DNG

medium take the form
w1 < w < w2 ð42Þ
This means the parallel-parallel DNG MTM TL case
exhibits a band-pass behavior. With these constraints, the
corresponding propagation constant, phase speed, and
group speed expressions are
rffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 1=2
C2 ðw2 =w Þ
1 1
bDNG;Case3 ¼
 2 2  <0 ð43Þ
C1 1
ðw1 =w Þ Dz

rffiffiffiffiffiffi 1=2
C1 1
ðw21 =w2 Þ
np;DNG;Case3 ¼
w Dz < 0 ð44Þ
C2 ðw22 =w2 Þ
1

rffiffiffiffiffiffi" 2 1=2  3=2 #

C1 w2
w2  w2
w21 
ng;DNG;Case3 ¼ Dz > 0
C2 wðw22
w21 Þ
ð45Þ
[21] Assume that L1 and C1 have values so that w1 =
10+8 radians/sec and that L2 and C2 have values so that
w2 = 10+9 radians/sec. Also, let w0 = 10+9 radians/sec and
Dz = 10
2 m. Then, the w
b diagrams for the parallel-
parallel case shown in Figure 10 demonstrate that a DNG
medium exists only in the frequency band w1 < w < w2.
Outside this frequency band, the waves are cutoff. The
values of b are purely real numbers in the frequency band
w1 < w < w2 and are purely imaginary numbers outside
this frequency band. The existence of the DNG-only
pass-band region between two stopband regions for this
parallel-parallel case was unexpected. It offers even more
flexibility of the DNG-type of behavior with more
Figure 9. The parallel-parallel and series-series unit complicated circuit arrangements. Referring to (43), the
cells of the lumped element representations of a lossless wave number b approaches
1 when w = w1 and equals
DNG transmission line. (a) Case 3: Parallel-parallel zero when w = w2. It is noticed that the phase speed
configuration. (b) Case 4: Series-series configuration. becomes zero at w = w1 and infinite at w = w2. Similarly,
the group speed become zero at both w = w1 and w = w2.
It is not anticipated that the b(w2) = 0 point will have
immediate applications because waves with angular
Consequently, the effective propagation constant for the frequencies w > w0 are in cutoff. This arrangement is
parallel-parallel configuration is very analogous to waveguide modes near cutoff. To
further confirm these results, the imaginary part of
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ZCase3 YCase3 L1 w2 L2 C2
1 1 effective overall impedance and admittance are plotted
bCase3 ¼
j ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi in Figure 11. As one can see, the DNG MTM TL is
Dz Dz L2 1
w2 L1 C1 Dz produced by a C-L configuration in the frequency band
2qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 2  3
rffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 w1 < w < w2. In the cutoff regions one finds a L-L
C2 6 1
w2 =w 7 1 configuration in the frequency band w < w1 and a C-C
¼ 4qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
 2  5 ð41Þ
C1 w1 =w2
1 Dz configuration in the frequency band w > w2.
3.4. Case 4: Series-Series Configuration
Therefore, to obtain XDNG,Case3 < 0 and BDNG,Case3 < 0, [22] The series-series configuration of a DNG MTM
one finds that the constraints on the angular frequency w TL is shown in Figure 9b. Since Leff = L1 and Ceff = C1
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Figure 10. The w
b diagram for the parallel-parallel configuration shows a band-pass behavior
when the DNG medium behavior is produced and a band-stop behavior when it is not. The solid
red line indicates the DNG portion; the dash-dotted blue line indicates the band-stop portion.
(a) Real parts of the wave number (1/m). (b) Imaginary parts of the wave number (1/m). See color
version of this figure in the HTML.

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With these constraints, the corresponding propagation

constant, phase speed, and group speed can be expressed
as
rffiffiffiffiffi 2 2 1=2
L1 ðw1 =w Þ
1 1
bDNG;Case4 ¼
<0 ð50Þ
L2 1
ðw22 =w2 Þ Dz

rffiffiffiffiffi 1=2
L2 1
ðw22 =w2 Þ
np;DNG;Case4 ¼
w Dz < 0 ð51Þ
L1 ðw21 =w2 Þ
1

rffiffiffiffiffi" 2 1=2  3=2 #

L2 w1
w2  w2
w22 
ng;DNG;Case4 ¼ Dz > 0
L1 wðw21
w22 Þ
ð52Þ

Figure 11. Imaginary parts of Z‘ (solid red line) and Y‘

(dash-dotted blue line) for the parallel-parallel config- [23] Assume that L1 and C1 have values so that w1 =
uration confirm the band-pass behavior in the DNG 10+9 radians/sec and that L2 and C2 have values so that
region and again indicate that the DNG behavior is w2 = 10+8 radians/sec. Again, let w0 = 10+9 radians/sec
realized only when Z‘ is capacitive and Y‘ is inductive. and Dz = 10
2 m. One finds that if C1,Case3 = L2,Case4,
The band-stop regions occur when Z‘ and Y‘ are both C2,Case3 = L1,Case4, then w1,Case3 = w2,Case4 and w2,Case3 =
capacitive or inductive. See color version of this figure in w1,Case4 so that (43) and (50) yield the same results.
the HTML. Therefore, the behaviors of the w
b diagram and the
effective overall impedance and admittance for Case 4
will exhibit the same types of behavior as those obtained
for Case 3.
are now in a series configuration and LYeff = L2 and 3.5. Band Gap Behaviors of DNG MTM TLs
CYeff = C2 are also now in a series configuration, the
effective overall impedance and reactance, and admit- [24] As indicated above, the w – b diagrams in Case 1
tance and susceptance, can be expressed as and Case 2 show, respectively, low-pass and high-pass
behaviors for producing a DNG MTM TL. Since it was
assumed that w1 = w2 in the numerical examples for
w2 L1 C1
1
ZCase4 ¼ j XCase4 ¼ j ð46Þ both cases, direct comparisons were possible. It was
wC1 shown that dramatic resonance-related behavior was
realized at the matched resonance point w0 = w1 = w2
wC2 for Case 1. However, in general it is not necessary for
YCase4 ¼ j BCase4 ¼ j ð47Þ w1 to be equal to w2. Consider, for example, the case in
1
w2 C2 L2
which w1 = 10+9 radians/sec, w2 = 10+8 radians/sec, and
Consequently, the effective propagation constant for the Dz = 10
2 m. The real and imaginary parts of the w

series-series configuration is b diagram for the corresponding Case 1 configuration
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffirffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi are plotted in Figures 12a and 12b. As one can see, a
ZCase4 YCase4 C2 w2 L1 C1
1 1 band gap now exists in the frequency region between
bCase4 ¼
j ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi w1 and w2, i.e., there are no real wave numbers, hence,
Dz Dz C1 1
w2 L2 C2 Dz
rffiffiffiffiffi"pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi # there are no propagating waves in that region and the
L1 1
ðw21 =w2 Þ 1 loss is significant there. The slope of @ bw is now zero at
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð48Þ
L2 ðw22 =w2 Þ
1 Dz both of the edges of the band gap where the value of b
is zero. This behavior was expected from (21) and (28)
Therefore, to obtain XDNG,Case4 < 0 and BDNG,Case4 < 0, and its DPS counterpart. In both figures, the solid red
one finds the constraints on the angular frequency w for line represents the behavior over the DNG region; the
the series-series configuration to realize a DNG medium dotted green line represents the behavior over the DPS
take the form region. The dash-dotted blue line represents the behav-
ior over the band gap region. As w1 approaches w2, the
w2 < w < w1 ð49Þ gap closes and the matched resonance case is recovered
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RS2017

Figure 12. The w
b diagrams for the series-parallel configuration when w1 6¼ w2 show the
appearance of a band gap. (a) Real parts of the wave number (1/m). (b) Imaginary parts of the wave
ZIOLKOWSKI AND CHENG: METAMATERIAL-BASED TRANSMISSION LINES

number (1/m). See color version of this figure in the HTML.

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Table 1. Summary of the Lumped Element Transmission Line Configurations

Case Configuration Propagation Constant b DNG Conditions
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
1 series-parallel w L1‘ C2‘ 1
ðw1 =wÞ 1
ðw2 =wÞ w < w1, w2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi2ffi
1
2 parallel-series w L1‘ C2‘ 1
ðw=w1 Þ 1
ðw=w2 Þ w1, w2 < w
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffihpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii
3 parallel-parallel C2 =C1 ðw2
w22 Þ= ðw21
w2 Þ /Dz w1 < w < w2
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffihpffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii
4 series-series L1 =L2 ðw2
w21 Þ= ðw22
w2 Þ /Dz w2 < w < w 1

yielding a smooth transition between the DNG and DPS MTM TL is shown in Figure 13. The effective overall
TL regions. impedance and admittance (with the lumped element
[25] Similarly, this type of band gap behavior is also substitutions Leff = L1, Ceff = C1, Reff = R1, LYeff = L2,
observed for Case 2 when w1 6¼ w2. CYeff = C2, and RYeff = R2) for this MTM TL can be
expressed as
3.6. Summary
[26] From our analysis, we can conclude that lossless w2 L1 C1
jwR1 C1
1
ZCase1;lossy ¼ j ð53Þ
transmission line equivalents of DNG metamaterials wC1
exist only when the effective overall impedance is
capacitive, i.e., Xeff < 0, and the effective overall admit-
tance is inductive, i.e., Beff < 0. The series-parallel and w2 L2 C2 R2
jwL2
R2
YCase1;lossy ¼ j ð54Þ
parallel-series configurations of the lumped elements w L2 R2
produced, respectively, low-pass and high-pass behaviors
for the DNG MTM TLs. On the other hand, the parallel- Therefore, the effective propagation constant for this
parallel and series-series configurations produced band- lossy series-parallel case becomes
pass behaviors for the DNG MTM TLs. This behavior is pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
bCase1;lossy ¼ w L1‘ C2‘
summarized in Table 1. 2qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffiqffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi3
   
[27] The series-parallel case had the broadest band- w2
w21
jwðR1 C1 Þw21 w2
w22
jwðL2 =R2 Þw22
width for the DNG MTM TLs. In contrast, the parallel- 4 5
w2
series case had the narrowest bandwidth. The bandwidths
for the parallel-parallel and series-series cases were ð55Þ
dependent on the frequency range specified by the cutoff
angular frequencies w1 and w2. It was also discovered where the appearance of the time constants for the series,
that the parallel-parallel and series-series cases can R1C1, and parallel, L2/R2 components is to be expected.
produce the largest negative propagation constants and [29] If it is assumed that R1 = 0 and R2 = ±1 in (55),
the largest positive group speeds. In contrast, the series- the propagation constant given in (21) for Case 1 of the
parallel case can produce the smallest negative propaga- lossless DNG MTM TLs is recovered. One also finds
tion constant and the smallest positive group speed. Thus
one can match the DNG MTM TL model and its
properties to a particular application. While the series-
parallel and parallel-series results recover many of those
already reported in the literature, they provide a different
point of view as to how and why those results occur. On
the other hand, the DNG behavior that is exhibited by the
series-series and parallel-parallel configurations was
unexpected.

4. Metamaterial Based Lossy

Transmission Lines
[28] Having established the properties of lossless DNG Figure 13. Series-parallel configuration of the lumped
MTM TLs, their lossy counterparts were investigated. In element representation for the unit cell of the lossy DNG
particular, the lossy series-parallel configuration of a transmission line.
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RS2017

Figure 14. The w
b diagrams for the lossy series-parallel transmission line MTM when w1 = w2.
The amplitudes are normalized by the value 10+5. (a) Real parts of the wave number (1/m).
(b) Imaginary parts of the wave number (1/m). See color version of this figure in the HTML.
ZIOLKOWSKI AND CHENG: METAMATERIAL-BASED TRANSMISSION LINES

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Figure 15. Zoom-in view of Figure 14a near w0 and Re{b} = 0 shows the real part of the
propagation constant for the lossy series-parallel transmission line MTM has a cubic behavior in
this region for the matched resonance case, i.e., when w1 = w2. See color version of this figure in the
HTML.

that if C1 = L2, larger values of the series resistance R1 actually approaching the lossless case values, despite the
produce, as might be expected, stronger losses than larger appearance to the contrary in Figures 14a and 15. This
values of the parallel resistance R2. To confirm these perception is caused by the slopes of the lossier
behaviors, three combinations of R1 and R2 were studied Caselossy,2 and Caselossy,3 curves which are significantly
for the same matched conditions used in the lossless smaller than the Caselossy,1, hence, the Case 1 value.
Case 1 example, i.e., we choose L1, C1, L2, and C2 to
generate w1 = w2 = w0 = 10+9 radians/sec and set Dz = 5. Conclusions
10
2 m. Then, let Caselossy,1 be defined by R1 = 100
and
R2 = 10k
; Caselossy,2 by R1 = 10k
and R2 = 10k
; [31] It was demonstrated analytically and numerically
and Caselossy,3 by R1 = 100k
and R2 = 100
. The real that DNG medium properties can be realized with a
and imaginary parts of the w
b diagrams for these three variety of lumped element transmission line models.
cases are plotted in Figures 14a and 14b, respectively. Four classes of lossless DNG MTM TL configurations
[30] It was found from Figure 14a that the w
b were considered. The w
b diagrams for each case were
diagram for the lossy series-parallel configuration has a obtained. It was shown that DNG medium properties can
cubic-like functional behavior near w0 with its slope at w0 be realized in all four classes. However, it was demon-
being significantly different from the lossless case value, strated that the DNG medium only exists where the
particularly for Caselossy,3 where R1  R2. This behavior effective overall impedance of the model is capacitive,
is shown in Figure 15, which represents a zoom-in on the i.e., Zeff =
jjXeff j, and the effective overall admittance
b = 0, w = w0 portion of Figure 14a. The apparent of the model is inductive, i.e., Yeff =
jjBeffj. It was also
changes in the slopes of the curves at Re{b} = 0 has been found that there were three basic dispersion behaviors
confirmed to be due simply to the presence of the loss when the DNG medium properties were realized. The
terms R1 and R2 in (55). These results thus show that series-parallel case exhibited a low-pass behavior; the
losses provide yet another degree of freedom to tailor the parallel-series case exhibited a high-pass behavior; and
propagation characteristics of the series-parallel DNG the parallel-parallel and series-series cases exhibited
MTM TL near the zero-phase accumulation point. Note similar band-pass behaviors. Moreover, the different
that Figure 14b demonstrates that Caselossy,3, as ex- detailed frequency behaviors for the propagation con-
pected, produces more loss than Caselossy,1. Also note stants, phase speeds, and group speeds (e.g., bandwidths
that it has been verified that the real part of Caselossy,1 is and rates of variation in frequency) of each configuration
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were provided. The series-parallel configuration was ECE, University of Arizona, for his kind reviews of the final
used to illustrate the differences between the continuous revisions of this paper.
and infinite periodic transmission line representations.
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