Chapter 4

Rooted in Knowledge
Education and Capacity Building

“The goal of sustainable agriculture should be to regenerate the soil and the ecosys-
tem, not just to maintain them.”

Joel Salatin

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the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana focus on promoting sustainable agricultural practices, reducing en-
vironmental impact, and ensuring the long-term resilience of food systems. The National Mission for Sus-
tainable Agriculture (NMSA) is dedicated to enhancing agricultural productivity, with a particular focus
on rainfed regions. The mission incorporates several crucial components, including integrated farming,
water use efficiency, soil health management, resource conservation, and rainwater management. These
strategic elements collectively aim to promote sustainable agricultural practices and improve overall pro-
ductivity, especially in areas dependent on rainfall for cultivation.

Rooted in Knowledge: Education and Capacity Building

Empowering Farmers: Knowledge Sharing and Skill Development

Rooted in knowledge, education, and capacity building are foundational pillars for cultivating resilient
food systems. By empowering individuals with the necessary skills, information, and understanding,
these strategies contribute to sustainable agriculture, climate resilience, and community well-being. One
exemplary case illustrating the impact of education and capacity building on resilient food systems is
found in India.
India has recognized the pivotal role of education and capacity building in creating resilient food systems,
particularly through initiatives such as:
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs): Kisan Vikas Kendras (KVKs) are agricultural extension centers established
by the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR) and its affiliated institutions. Operating as a cru-
cial link between the National Agricultural Research System (NARS) and farmers, KVKs play a vital role
in disseminating agricultural knowledge and technologies. The inaugural KVK was established in 1974
in Puducherry. The Government of India provides complete funding for the KVK scheme, and these
centers are sanctioned to agricultural universities, ICAR institutes, relevant government departments,
and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) engaged in agriculture. The primary objective of KVKs is
to bridge the gap between research and farming practices, facilitating the transfer of advanced agricul-
tural technologies and information to farmers for improved productivity and sustainability, by reducing
post-harvest losses and increasing their incomes.
Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering & Technology
(ICAR-CIPHET)): The Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineer-
ing & Technology (ICAR-CIPHET) stands as a pioneering institution dedicated to advancing research in
the field of post-harvest engineering and technology. Its focus extends to research and development,
aiming to drive technological innovations and interventions in this crucial sector. As a key institute in
the post-harvest domain, CIPHET serves as a nodal organization, offering essential support and technical
guidance to individuals aspiring to venture into entrepreneurship or processing activities. With a vision
set for the year 2025, CIPHET aims to position itself as a highly effective facilitator of technology transfer.
To realize this vision, CIPHET has outlined strategic plans, emphasizing the establishment of robust link-
ages with various entities on both national and international fronts. These include collaborations with re-
search and development institutions, Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs), State Agricultural Universities (SAUs),
industries, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Through these partnerships, CIPHET seeks to
enhance its role as a pivotal hub for disseminating technological advancements, ultimately contributing
significantly to the growth and success of stakeholders in the agricultural and post-harvest sectors.

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Atmanirbhar Krishi APP: A crucial component of KisanMitr, a national digital platform tailored for farm-
ers, addresses a significant information gap by integrating data from various government ministries and
departments, including the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Indian Space Research Organiza-
tion (ISRO), and the National Water Informatics Centre (NWIC). This consolidated data is made accessible
to farmers through the Atmanirbhar Krishi app, a pivotal initiative aimed at empowering the agricultural
community.
The app, launched in response to the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on farmers and migrant
workers, is a collaborative effort with a focus on supporting local manufacturing, market, and supply
chain. The Atmanirbhar Krishi app delivers evidence-based information generated by esteemed research
organizations such as IMD, ISRO, ICAR, and CGWA. It provides farmers with actionable agricultural in-
sights, early weather alerts, and personalized recommendations based on data related to soil health,
moisture, weather conditions, and water Cycle.

Conceived in five stages, from data aggregation to continuous improvement, the app prioritizes simplici-
ty, offering information in 12 languages and ensuring accessibility for users with basic phones. The app is
designed to function on minimal bandwidth, addressing connectivity challenges in remote areas for free.
The vision behind the app aligns with fostering sustainable farming practices and inclusive decision-mak-
ing for farmers across the country.
Key Aspects of Education and Capacity Building: Agroecological training plays a pivotal role in shap-
ing resilient agricultural practices by fostering a harmonious relationship between farmers and nature.
Through education programs, farmers are encouraged to embrace agroecological principles, including in-
tegrated pest management, organic farming, and sustainable soil management. These practices prioritize
ecological balance and contribute to the long-term health of agricultural ecosystems.
Capacity building extends to climate-resilient farming techniques, equipping farmers with the knowledge
to navigate the challenges posed by a changing climate. Weather-smart agriculture, water conservation,
and the cultivation of drought-resistant crop varieties are integral components of this training. By incor-
porating these practices, farmers enhance their resilience against climatic uncertainties.

Recognizing the transformative potential of technology, digital literacy initiatives are integrated into ca-
pacity-building efforts. Farmers are trained to leverage mobile applications for weather forecasting, ac-
cessing market information, and utilizing government schemes. This digital literacy empowers farmers
with real-time information, facilitating informed decision-making.

Educational initiatives place a significant focus on women’s empowerment in agriculture. Capacity-build-

ing programs address gender disparities by providing training on crop management, financial literacy,
and value addition. Empowering women in agriculture not only enhances their individual livelihoods but
also contributes to the overall resilience of farming communities.
Inclusive extension services ensure that educational resources and capacity-building efforts reach farm-
ers across diverse regions. Tailoring programs to specific needs and challenges faced by different commu-
nities ensures equitable access to knowledge and skills.

Encouraging youth engagement is a strategic aspect of building resilient food systems. Education and ca-
pacity-building programs are designed to attract and involve the younger generation in agriculture. This
approach fosters innovation, entrepreneurship, and a renewed interest in sustainable farming practices
among the youth.

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Community-based learning platforms serve as hubs for knowledge exchange. Farmers actively participate
in sharing experiences and best practices, creating a collaborative environment that strengthens local
resilience. This communal approach to learning contributes to a collective wisdom that supports the sus-
tainability and adaptability of local agricultural systems.

Farmer-to-Farmer Knowledge Exchange and Peer Learning

Farmer-to-farmer knowledge exchange and peer learning stand out as dynamic solutions for building re-
silient food systems, fostering a collaborative and community-driven approach to sustainable agriculture.
In India, numerous examples showcase the efficacy of these initiatives in enhancing agricultural practices
and resilience.

One notable example is the Farmer Field School (FFS) model implemented by organizations like the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and various non-governmental organizations. FFSs serve as plat-
forms for peer learning, where farmers gather to share experiences, insights, and practical knowledge.
These schools focus on experiential learning, enabling farmers to collectively experiment with innovative
and sustainable agricultural practices.
In the state of Andhra Pradesh, the Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) movement is another exemplary
case. Campaigned by Subhash Palekar, ZBNF relies heavily on farmer-to-farmer knowledge exchange.
Farmers who have successfully adopted ZBNF practices share their experiences with their peers, creating
a grassroots movement that emphasizes natural farming techniques, reduced input costs, and enhanced
sustainability.

Additionally, initiatives like the Digital Green project leverage technology to facilitate peer learning. This
project, active in various states across India, employs videos and community-led discussions to dissem-
inate agricultural best practices. Farmers record and share their experiences through digital platforms,
creating a rich repository of locally relevant knowledge.
The Farmer Producer Companies (FPCs) in India also exemplify peer learning in action. These organiza-
tions, formed by farmers themselves, enable collective decision-making and knowledge sharing. Farm-
ers within FPCs exchange information on sustainable farming methods, market trends, and post-harvest
management, contributing to increased resilience at the community level.

Fostering Innovation and Adaptability Through Education

Fostering innovation and adaptability through education emerges as a critical solution for building resil-
ient food systems, empowering farmers with the knowledge and skills needed to navigate challenges. In
India, various initiatives exemplify the transformative impact of education in promoting innovation and
adaptability within agriculture.
One standout example is the “Kisan Rath” mobile app launched by the Indian government. This app
provides farmers with real-time information on market prices, weather forecasts, and best agricultural
practices. By leveraging technology and providing accessible education, the app equips farmers to make
informed decisions, adapt to market dynamics, and enhance their overall resilience.
The Agri-Udaan program, supported by the Indian government’s Department of Agriculture, Coopera-
tion & Farmers Welfare, is another noteworthy initiative. Agri-Udaan focuses on fostering innovation in

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agriculture by providing mentorship, training, and networking opportunities to agri-entrepreneurs. This
educational platform encourages the adoption of innovative practices, driving resilience within the agri-
cultural sector.

Furthermore, agricultural universities and research institutions across India play a pivotal role in edu-
cating farmers and promoting innovation. For instance, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU)
has introduced educational programs that emphasize climate-smart agricultural practices, empowering
farmers to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
The National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management (MANAGE) and ICAR-Central Institute of
Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology in India also contributes significantly to farmer education.
MANAGE conducts training programs, workshops, and capacity-building initiatives aimed at enhancing
farmers’ skills, knowledge, and adaptability in the face of evolving agricultural landscapes.

Raising Consumer Awareness: Building a Culture of Sustainability

Understanding Food Systems and the Impacts of Choices

Understanding food systems and the impacts of individual choices stands as a foundational solution for
fostering resilient food systems. This involves creating awareness among consumers about the implica-
tions of their food-related decisions, and it plays a crucial role in building a culture of sustainability. In
India, several initiatives highlight the significance of informed choices and consumer awareness.
One notable example is the “Indian Food Sharing Alliance,” a grassroots movement that educates con-
sumers about food wastage and the environmental consequences of unsustainable consumption pat-
terns. This initiative emphasizes the importance of responsible food choices in reducing waste and pro-
moting sustainability.

Additionally, the “Anna Daata Sukhi Bhava” campaign, led by the Indian government, focuses on minimiz-
ing food wastage. Through public awareness programs and media campaigns, it educates citizens about
the impact of food choices on resource utilization, urging them to adopt more sustainable practices.
Consumer education and awareness also extend to certifications like the “Jaivik Bharat” logo for organic
products. This labeling system informs consumers about the ecological benefits of choosing organic pro-
duce, encouraging them to make environmentally conscious decisions.

Raising awareness about the carbon footprint associated with food consumption is another aspect. Initia-
tives that highlight the environmental impact of various food choices, such as adopting plant-based diets
or supporting local and seasonal produce, contribute to building a culture of sustainability.
Furthermore, educational campaigns by NGOs and environmental organizations emphasize the intercon-
nectedness of food choices, climate change, and biodiversity loss. These efforts aim to empower consum-
ers to make informed decisions aligned with the principles of sustainability.
Therefore, understanding food systems and raising consumer awareness in India, as evidenced by ini-
tiatives like the Indian Food Sharing Alliance, the Anna Daata Sukhi Bhava campaign, organic product
certifications, and educational campaigns by NGOs, play a vital role in building a culture of sustainability.
By making informed choices, consumers contribute to the resilience and sustainability of food systems,
fostering a positive impact on the environment and society.

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Reducing Food Waste and Promoting Conscious Consumption
Reducing food waste and promoting conscious consumption are integral components of building resilient
food systems, and various initiatives in India exemplify the significance of these efforts. One notable ex-
ample is the “No Food Waste” campaign, which originated in Chennai and has expanded to other cities.
This initiative focuses on preventing food wastage at events, restaurants, and households by redistribut-
ing surplus food to those in need. By raising awareness about the impact of food waste and encouraging
responsible consumption, the campaign contributes to building a culture of sustainability.
Additionally, the “Save Food, Share Food” program, supported by non-profit organizations, educates
communities about the consequences of food wastage. Through workshops, awareness drives, and col-
laborative efforts with local businesses, the program encourages citizens to adopt mindful consumption
practices and minimize food waste.

In the context of conscious consumption, the “Zero Waste” movement has gained momentum in vari-
ous Indian cities. This movement promotes a lifestyle that minimizes waste generation, including food
packaging waste. Consumers are educated about sustainable alternatives, reusable packaging, and the
environmental impact of single-use plastics, fostering a culture of responsible consumption.
Furthermore, collaborations between government agencies and civil society organizations have led to
the development of campaigns such as “Save Food, Fight Hunger.” These initiatives emphasize the dual
goal of reducing food waste while addressing issues of hunger and food insecurity. By aligning consumer
behavior with the principles of sustainability, these efforts contribute to the resilience of food systems.

Supporting Local Markets and Community Supported Agriculture

Supporting local markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) are pivotal solutions for resilient
food systems, and notable examples from India underscore the importance of these initiatives. In regions
like Maharashtra, the “Farmers’ Market” movement has gained prominence. These markets connect
consumers directly with local farmers, providing a platform for the sale of fresh produce and fostering
community engagement. By eliminating intermediaries, farmers receive fair prices, and consumers gain
access to locally sourced, nutritious food.
Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs, such as those implemented by organizations like Sa-
haja Samrudha in Karnataka, exemplify a direct connection between farmers and consumers. CSA mem-
bers receive a share of the farm’s produce, creating a mutually beneficial relationship. These initiatives
not only support local agriculture but also contribute to community building and sustainable food sys-
tems.
In the perspective of post-harvest management, training programs play a crucial role in educating farm-
ers on modern practices. Organizations like the National Institute of Agricultural Marketing (NIAM) in
India conduct training sessions and workshops. These programs cover topics such as proper harvesting
techniques, storage methods, and transportation practices. By equipping farmers with knowledge on
post-harvest technologies, the programs enhance the quality of produce, reduce losses, and improve
market access.
Extension services are instrumental in disseminating knowledge and empowering farmers. The Agricul-
tural Extension Services in India, facilitated by government agencies and non-profit organizations, offer
advisory services, training, and information on best practices. These services bridge the gap between
scientific advancements and farmers’ practical needs, facilitating the adoption of modern post-harvest
management techniques. Extension workers act as intermediaries, ensuring that farmers have access to
the latest knowledge and technologies, thereby enhancing the resilience of local food systems.

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 Chapter 5
From Seed to Supper:
Case Studies in Resilience

“We must shift our emphasis from economic efficiency to life efficiency.”

Kofi Annan

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Urban Agriculture: Cultivating Greener Cities and Sustainable Food Systems
Introduction:Urban agriculture, including terrace farming, has gained significance due to the uncontrolled
urbanization and migration of people to urban areas. This has led to the conversion of fertile agricultural
land into concrete structures, resulting in a need for sustainable food production within cities. Urban
agriculture involves practices such as backyard kitchens, community gardens, and intensive production
methods, aiming to meet the daily demand of consumers within urban and peri-urban areas.
Impact & Outcome: The implementation of terrace farming and urban agriculture has shown a significant
impact on households in urban areas. For example, households engaged in terrace farming have been
able to reduce their monthly expenditure on vegetables and have been able to sell their produce through
various channels. This has led to reduced reliance on market vegetables and increased self-sufficiency in
horticultural production. Additionally, terrace farming facilitates better time and space management for
households, thereby contributing to sustainable urban food systems.

The economic impact of terrace farming in urban areas has been notable. Households have demonstrat-
ed an interest in cultivating food for their own requirements and have become more aware of the need
for self-sufficiency in horticultural production. Locally produced food requires less transportation and re-
frigeration and can be supplied in nearby markets at competitive prices. This has resulted in easier access
to fresh produce, greater choice, and better prices for consumers. Proper government intervention and
awareness campaigns have contributed to the creation of sustainable production systems with a healthy
atmosphere.
Recommendations: It is recommended that government interventions focus on creating awareness
among the people regarding their responsibility to protect society from the use of harmful pesticides.
Reforms in the direction of sustainable urban agriculture and terrace farming need to be encouraged,
and support can be provided to initiatives such as the ‘Zero Waste and Safe-to-Eat Vegetable’ project.
Furthermore, efforts should be made to promote the economic and environmental benefits of terrace
farming and urban agriculture, emphasizing the importance of self-sufficiency and sustainable food pro-
duction within urban areas.
At corporate level, existing grocery suppliers can add use this urban agriculture method to optimize their
operation and increase profitability. They can motivate people in their operational area to do urban farm-
ing and sell those vegetables through their platform. It can also help companies to optimize their supply
chain, enhance their emission score, and build their brand reputation.

Permaculture for a Sustainable Future

Introduction: In June 2018, thousands of Indian farmers initiated a 10-day protest, demanding farm loan
waivers and higher prices for their products. This protest followed a 40,000-strong march to Mumbai in
March of the same year. The crisis in India’s farming sector, which employs most of the country’s labor
force, has been longstanding, marked by a surge in farmer suicides since the 1990s. The roots of this
agrarian crisis are multifaceted, with climate change and the transformation of agriculture into large-
scale corporate ventures being cited as major contributors.
Amidst this crisis, the permaculture movement has emerged as a concrete and viable alternative. Coined
in the 1970s by Australian biologist Bill Mollison, permaculture combines “permanent agriculture” and
“permanent culture,” promoting three ethics “people care, earth care, and fair share”. This approach,

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influenced by Japanese natural farmer Masanobu Fukuoka, offers practical guidance to build sustainable
alternatives aligning human needs with nature.
Impact & Outcome: Introduced to India by Mollison in 1986, permaculture gained momentum through
workshops, with the first demonstration farm established in Andhra Pradesh. The Permaculture Associa-
tion of India formed in 1989, and organizations like Aranya Agricultural Alternatives played a crucial role
in advancing permaculture through events like the National Permaculture Convergence in 2016.
The movement engages diverse actors such as agrarian-focused NGOs offering permaculture training,
non-farmers implementing permaculture designs on small farms, traditional farmers transforming lands
into permaculture farms, and urbanites practicing permaculture in limited spaces. The transformative
potential lies in making small-scale farmers self-sufficient, addressing the deep crisis faced by over 80% of
India’s agricultural holdings under 2 hectares. Permaculture incorporates elements of traditional farming
methods, offering viable solutions for food, soil fertility, input costs, and income. For many, especially
young and educated individuals, permaculture has become a life project aligned with ethical values, con-
tributing to a more sustainable and just society.
Recommendation: Considering the manifold benefits of permaculture in environmental conservation,
productivity enhancement, and community well-being, it is strongly recommended to embrace perma-
culture as a sustainable agricultural and lifestyle approach. The implementation of closed-loop systems
reduces environmental impact by minimizing waste and decreasing reliance on external inputs. Biodi-
versity thrives under permaculture practices, promoting essential ecosystem functions such as pollina-
tion and pest control, while the adaptable principles contribute to climate change resilience. Notably,
permaculture’s productivity methods, including vertical gardening and companion planting, yield higher
outputs in smaller spaces, diminishing dependence on external inputs and enhancing resilience to envi-
ronmental shocks. On the social and economic fronts, permaculture fosters community empowerment
through local food production and knowledge sharing, fostering robust local economies and healthier
living conditions. Choosing a permaculture lifestyle is not only a connection to nature and an encourage-
ment of creativity but also a conscious contribution to a sustainable and fulfilling future for individuals
and communities alike.

Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) Policy

Introduction: The Andhra Pradesh Community Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) policy is at the fore-
front of promoting sustainable agricultural practices by advocating the complete elimination of synthetic
chemical inputs. This initiative focuses on four key farming practices, including microbial seed coating
with cow-dung and urine-based formulations, integration of cow dung and urine to enhance soil micro-
biome, cover cropping, and mulching. These practices collectively contribute to the enrichment of soil
humus (organic matter), improved soil aeration, and enhanced water retention. The program further
encourages botanical extracts for pest management, minimal tillage using indigenous seeds, and the
promotion of crop diversity.
Impact & Outcome: To ensure the successful implementation of APCNF practices, the government of
Andhra Pradesh established Rythu Sadhikara Samstha (RySS). With a mandate to train the six million
farmers in the state, RySS has made significant strides, having trained 580,000 farmers in 3011 villages as
of December 2020. The training is conducted by community resource persons (CRPs), farmers selected
through a rigorous community audit assessing their natural farming knowledge and leadership skills. After

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selection, CRPs undergo a year-long training before being deployed in the field. Clusters of approximately
2000 farming households are assigned 2–5 CRPs, who, supported by government remuneration, reside
within the cluster to motivate, and assist farmers in adopting APCNF practices. Additionally, CRPs identify
master farmers, termed internal community resource persons (iCRPs), some of whom undergo 2–3 years
of training to become CRPs for new clusters. Notably, one iCRP is designated for every 100 farmers.
The involvement of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) further strengthens the APCNF initiative.
Implementing NGOs plays a vital role in conducting farmer training at the cluster level, while resource
NGOs contribute expertise and evaluation support to the program. This collaborative effort, combining
government initiatives, community engagement, and NGO support, underscores the comprehensive ap-
proach taken by Andhra Pradesh in promoting sustainable and natural farming practices.
Recommendation: Achieving a paradigm shift towards sustainable farming and reducing pesticide re-
liance mandates a focus on robust training programs. The farmers’ demonstrated willingness to adopt
alternative techniques underscores the ongoing imperative of continuous education. The pivotal role
of frequent farmer-extension worker interactions, crucial in reducing pesticide usage, necessitates the
expansion and reinforcement of government-led training initiatives. Ensuring widespread accessibility
and active participation in these programs is paramount for their efficacy. Beyond training, a holistic,
multi-faceted strategy is recommended, urging policymakers to integrate diverse policy instruments,
such as private sector regulations. The proposed ban on 27 hazardous pesticides in India exemplifies a
potent regulatory approach that, if rigorously enforced, can significantly contribute to reducing pesticide
dependency.
The Rice-Fish Farming System in Kerala
Introduction: The lush paddy fields of Kerala, nestled amidst the emerald hills of India, host a unique
and biodiverse agricultural system - the Rice-Fish Farming System (RFFS). This centuries-old practice in-
tertwines rice cultivation with aquaculture, creating a symbiotic relationship that enhances productivity,
sustainability, and biodiversity. It is considered as an innovative farming system in which rice is the pri-
mary crop and fish fingerlings are used as a secondary source of income. Farmers’ poverty is reduced
because of rice-fish farming, which improves yield, creates jobs, and increases nutritional consumption,
resulting in food security.
Impact & Outcome: The Rice-Fish Farming System (RFFS) presents a transformative approach to agri-
culture with multifaceted benefits. Through a symbiotic relationship, rice yields witness a substantial
increase of 20-30%, driven by the fertilizing effect of fish excrement and enhanced pest control. The inte-
gration of fish not only provides farmers with a valuable source of protein but also contributes significant-
ly to income diversification. Beyond the rice field, RFFS brings about positive outcomes for soil health and
water quality. Fish waste enriches the soil with organic matter, improving fertility and water retention,
while simultaneously acting as a natural filtration system that purifies irrigation water. This dual impact
reduces reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, aligning with sustainable agricultural practices.
Moreover, RFFS establishes a harmonious ecosystem within the rice field, fostering increased biodiversi-
ty. The presence of diverse life forms, including beneficial insects, birds, and amphibians, facilitates nat-
ural pest control and promotes pollination, contributing to the overall health of the agricultural environ-
ment. In terms of environmental sustainability, RFFS significantly minimizes the system’s carbon footprint
by optimizing water usage and relying on natural fertilizers and pest control methods. This reduction in
environmental impact aligns with the imperative of sustainable agricultural practices.
In terms of outcomes, RFFS emerges as an empowering force for farmers, providing a resilient and pro-

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ductive agricultural system. The consequential increase in food security, income diversification, and over-
all improved livelihoods highlight the system’s positive impact on farming communities. Furthermore,
RFFS stands as a beacon of sustainable food production, offering an alternative to conventional rice farm-
ing that minimizes environmental degradation and contributes to long-term food security. The conser-
vation of biodiversity, particularly local fish species and aquatic life, enhances the ecological balance of
the region. Additionally, RFFS demonstrates its resilience to climate change and extreme weather events
through its closed-loop system and efficient water management practices. In essence, the Rice-Fish Farm-
ing System encapsulates a holistic and sustainable approach to agriculture, exemplifying the potential for
transformative practices in the realm of food production.
Recommendation: To encourage widespread adoption by fostering knowledge-sharing and peer-to-peer
learning among farmers is crucial for the successful implementation and adaptation of RFFS across India.
Promoting awareness regarding the ecological and economic benefits of RFFS is vital to creating a de-
mand for fish cultivated within these systems. This not only benefits farmers directly but also contribute
to the overall sustainability of the practice.

Construction of Silos Under PPP Models: Schemes for Augmentation of Storage

Capacity
India faces a significant challenge in its post-harvest infrastructure, particularly concerning the impact of
tropical weather on perishable crops. The current inadequacy of storage facilities is evident, with the ex-
isting capacity capable of accommodating only 10% of plantation products. Furthermore, the deficiency
is pronounced in cold storage, where the country’s capacity of 32 million metric tonnes falls short of the
required 35 million metric tonnes. Proper packaging materials, climate-controlled storage environments,
and efficient cold storage facilities during transportation are imperative, emphasizing the pressing need
for substantial investment and improvements in the post-harvest infrastructure to ensure the quality and
viability of agricultural products.
Impact & Outcome: To overcome with the storage and Investment problem, Government of India come
up with Scheme name “Construction of Silos Under PPP Models”. Under this Scheme, The Government of
India is actively addressing the need for augmenting and upgrading storage capacity, particularly through
the construction of steel silos using various models. One such model is the Railway Siding Model, where
the government has sanctioned the construction of 100 LMT (Lakh Metric Tonnes) silos nationwide under
the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode. Out of this, FCI is set to construct 29 LMT, CWC 2.5 LMT, and
State Governments 68.5 LMT. As of September 30, 2023, silos with a total capacity of 14.25 LMT have
been completed, and those with a capacity of 9.5 LMT are currently under implementation. Additionally,
operational circuit-based silos with a capacity of 5.5 LMT are functioning at six locations.

Another approach to modernizing foodgrain storage in India is the Hub & Spoke model of silos. This
model, implemented in Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode, aims to enhance storage capacity and ef-
ficiency. The Hub & Spoke Model involves consolidating transportation assets from standalone locations,
known as “Spokes,” to a central facility called the “Hub.” The Hubs are equipped with dedicated railway
siding and container depot facilities, while transportation from Spokes to Hub occurs via road, and from
Hub to Hub via rail. This model, operating in Design, Build, Fund, Own & Transfer (DBFOT) and Design,
Build, Fund, Own & Operate (DBFOO) modes, capitalizes on railway siding efficiency, promotes cost ef-
ficiency through bulk storage and movement, reduces handling and transportation costs and time, and

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simplifies operational complexities. This approach also contributes to economic development, infrastruc-
ture development, and employment generation in the country.

The construction of 1 MT silos is estimated to cost approximately Rs 1,000 crore as part of a larger Rs
9,000-crore initiative to develop wheat silos with a total capacity of 9.4 MT over the next three to four
years under the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) mode. These silos will be strategically distributed across
196 locations in states such as Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Ma-
harashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Jammu, Uttarakhand, and Kerala. Notably, private entities, including Adani
Agri Logistics and KCC Infrastructure, have secured contracts for this project.

This initiative marks a significant milestone as it introduces a project specifically dedicated to rice silos,
a departure from the existing silos primarily designed for wheat storage. Silos, functioning as sub-mandi
yards, offer a valuable infrastructure for farmers to bring in their produce for procurement, thereby re-
ducing transportation costs. This development reflects a pioneering effort to enhance storage infrastruc-
ture for rice, contributing to improved agricultural logistics and procurement efficiency. Another, if food
grains are stored in silos and transported in bulk, losses due to theft, pilferage, and transportation would
be negligible compared to the food grains stored in warehouses.

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 Chapter 6

Roadmap to Resilience
Recommendations for Action

“The greatest threat to our planet is the belief that someone else will save it.”

Robert Swan

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Roadmap to Resilience: Recommendations for Action

Policymakers: Creating an Enabling Environment for Sustainable Food Systems

Successful
Foster an Reduce
Promote Deployment
Innovation Financial
Digitalization of Schemes
Ecosystem Barriers
and Reforms

Strengthen
Streamline
Agricultural Focus on
Regulations
Extension Sustainability
and Licensing
Services

Businesses: Integrating Sustainability into Operations and Value Chains

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A critical element of building resilient food systems lies in sustainable post-harvest management. By mini-
mizing losses and waste, optimizing resource utilization, and adopting environmentally friendly practices,
businesses can not only enhance their own operations but also contribute to a more robust and sustain-
able food supply chain. For example, Apeel Sciences, a US-based company, developed a plant-based ed-
ible coating that extends the shelf life of fruits and vegetables, significantly reducing post-harvest losses.

Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) primarily concentrate on educating farmers about the significance of
grading and sorting, effective crop handling methods, and the specific grading standards associated with
crops and buyers. Beyond the dissemination of knowledge and training, certain CSOs go a step further
by supplying farmers with equipment for these activities. For instance, Harnaut Kishan Producer Compa-
ny Limited (HKPCL) offers training sessions on grading and sorting techniques for various crops through
demonstrations and workshops. CSOs like the Indian Society of Agri-Business Professionals (ISAP) and
Agribusiness Systems International (ASI) contribute to farmers’ awareness and comfort levels by provid-
ing them with grading and sorting equipment, thereby facilitating the adoption of these technologies.

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NGOs and Civil Society Organizations: Mobilizing and Educating Communi-
ties.

NGOs and CSOs play a vital role in building resilient food systems by empowering communities through
education and mobilization.

The Bangladesh Krishi Andolon (BKAA), a farmer-led organization, successfully advocated for pro-peasant
agricultural policies through grassroots campaigns and collaborations with government agencies. Nay-
akrishi Andolon, the New Agriculture Movement in Bangladesh, advocates for the Shohoj way to Ananda,
emphasizing organic farming practices established in the 1990s. With ten simple rules guiding farming
practices, the movement embodies the Bangla concept of Ananda, signifying joy, and Shohoj, represent-
ing the collective capacity of human faculties to grow naturally in harmony with the shared natural world.
Nayakrishi draws inspiration from the rich philosophical traditions embedded in Bengal’s oral culture,
poetry, songs, and spiritual heritage.
At its core, Nayakrishi Andolon is presently dedicated to the urgent objective of safeguarding the planet
Earth from the detrimental effects of greenhouse gas emissions and rising temperatures. The movement

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strives to protect the existence and biological integrity of all life forms on our planet. A key focus is main-
taining food chains and the web of life free from harmful industrial chemicals like pesticides, herbicides,
toxins, biocides, and substances such as arsenic, which can enter food chains through modern industrial
food production. Nayakrishi Andolon actively defends farming and rural landscapes, recognizing agricul-
ture and food systems as the biological foundation of civilization. As farmers, they consider farming not
just a profe ssion but a way of life.

Monitoring and Evaluation

Track progress and impact: Regularly monitor the effectiveness of programs and interventions through
data collection, community feedback, and participatory assessments.

Adapt and improve: Use evaluation findings to identify areas for improvement, adapt strategies based on
community needs and changing contexts, and ensure continued progress towards resilient food systems.

Share best practices and lessons learned: Document successes and challenges and disseminate learnings
through publications, workshops, and online platforms to inspire and guide other organizations working
in similar contexts. The International Institute for Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) in the Philippines uses a
participatory monitoring and evaluation approach, involving communities in assessing the impact of their
projects on food security and environmental sustainability.

By implementing these recommendations, NGOs and CSOs can effectively mobilize and educate commu-
nities, empowering them to build and sustain resilient food systems. The thing that must be in consider-
ation is that long-term success requires ongoing commitment, collaboration, and adaptation to ensure
communities are equipped to thrive in a changing world.

Individuals: Making Informed Choices and Contributing to Food System Change

Individuals play a crucial role in shaping a resilient and sustainable food system. By making informed
choices about what they eat and how they engage with the food chain, individuals can contribute signifi-
cantly to positive change.

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Startup Targeting Post-Harvest Losses Agriculture Market

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Recommendation According to Value Chain Stage

Moreover, the Private business can use opportunity by adding value in Agriculture eco system as the
Government of India is focusing on Resilient Food Supply system. Some recommendations for business at
different stage of Resilient Food Supply system value chain are:

Individuals play a crucial role in shaping a resilient and sustainable food system. By making informed
choices about what they eat and how they engage with the food chain, individuals can contribute signifi-
cantly to positive change.

At the Harvesting and Primary Processing stage in the agricultural equipment sector, it is recommended
that companies explore customization of small-scale agricultural equipment tailored for farmers or farm-
er communities. Direct distribution to Smallholder Farmers (SHFs) or through Village Level Entrepreneurs
(VLEs) and franchisees can enhance accessibility.

For instance, companies can follow the example set by Kamal Kisan, focusing on manufacturing us-
er-friendly farm equipment directly sold to SHFs. The strategic re-engineering of equipment to align with
SHFs’ affordability and specific requirements, with minimal fuel dependence and ease of maintenance,
can be a key consideration.

Moreover, leveraging Information and Communication Technology (ICT) solutions is crucial for stream-
lining equipment purchase and hiring processes. Establishing online portals, mobile applications, and
WhatsApp groups, as demonstrated by FarMart and Agri Hub, can effectively cater to farmers’ equipment
needs. Exploring innovative models like peer-to-peer equipment renting and facilitating online purchases
can enhance efficiency. Incorporating these recommendations can contribute to the development of sus-
tainable and farmer-friendly solutions in the agricultural equipment sector.

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